Barons Zois Challenge

Napoleon
Abstract

Despite of scarce publications under his own pen, iga Zois (* 1747; 1819) was the first-
rate scientist, most of all the mineralogist and ornithologist, deeply interested in Slovenian
nomenclatures. He was the very first Carniolan who published an article on Proteus
Anguineus after he examined the animal personally and provided several sophisticated
modern experiments at his home laboratory during many years. He sent the Proteus to
Schreibers, Cuvier and other eminent literati to enable broader research. He was
extraordinarily wealthy and liked to invite researchers into his library. Among his close
friends was at the first place also the karst researcher Hacquet. The researcher of subterranean
waters Gabriel Gruber served as Zois personal tutor after Zois returned from Reggio Emilia
lower schools. For the first time in historiography we tried to find what kind of karst related
books and journals Zois bought for his library. We also explained the reasons for his
selections.

Zois article on Proteus was widely known as Zois probably unique publication. Its content
could be examined to prove that Zois and his assistants were the leading Proteus researchers
of his time.

The Books Like to Travel across the Oceans, or they do not? For the first time in
historiography this research presents the final examination theses of igas younger brother
the Baron Karel Zois (* 1756; 1799). The title of the document was its only known detail up
to now. The description considers the age of the documents and its path to the former
Ljubljana Lyceum Library. Its absence from Sigismund Zois catalogues and even in Joseph
Kalasanc Erbergs Carniola Literary History is striking and puts in the limelight some
limitations of the previous researchers. Despite of the poor references on Karel Zois title
page, a list of his Graz professors is provided. The mathematical-technical provenience in the
contents of Karels final examination is striking, but in some way, it was the useful path to his
later botanical interests. K. Zois' examination theses bound with Bion's mathematics was one
of the large group of reprints and translations, which Graz students provided under the
supervision of their mathematical teacher Taupe and most of all of their professor of physics
Biwald. A good deal of those books was widely read among the Carniolan folks, especially in
the well-equipped libraries of the Barons Zois and Erberg. For the first time, the limelight
shines on the one of most interesting among them, the anthology of doctoral dissertations
defended under the famous Linnaeus, which Biwald reprinted in Graz in 1764 for the first
time. Erberg bought the item for his botanical enterprises in his gardens of manor Dol by Sava
River near Ljubljana, but later the book eventually made pilgrimage to Berlin, and later found
its peace in the University town Norman in Oklahoma, which was in Zois and Erberg time
just a part of the huge mostly uninhabited prairie of the American Wild West Indians.
The main points of Napoleonic government influences on iga (Sigmund) Zois scientific
books and Kersniks Ljubljana university level physics, mathematical, and chemical
education were put in the limelight. French revolutionary novelties accompanied the last tracts
of the centennial Jesuits scientific education in Ljubljana higher philosophical studies. The
particularities of the life, lectures, and scientific works of the Ljubljana Illyrian Provinces
people interested in sciences are put forward, most of all Zois, Zendrinni, Kersnik, Marmont,
and Zellis networks. Kersniks scientific-didactic physics, mathematics, astronomy, and
chemical equipment were updated by French authorities. The leading literati of those days
Ljubljana included Nodier, Kersnik, Marmont, Zelli, and Zois. Their relations with the
capitals literati is presented, after the old Viennese Metropolis was replaced with the new
Parisian Capital City of Laplace, Gay-Lussac, and Biot.

The special attention was put on the schools at Ljubljana and Zadar. The destiny of French
mathematical sciences at Slovenian lands was researched with the surprising conclusion that
the Restoration brought almost no changes, because the Ljubljana professors of science kept
their chairs under new Metternichs regime.

Zois circle was a key for the development of Natural Sciences in Napoleons era Illyrian
provinces. Zois scientific books collection was compared with Kersniks Lyceum books. All
preserved catalogues of Zois library were examined with care. Besides well-known Korns
selling catalogue of Zois books preserved in NUK, the earlier Kopitars (1803), and other
unbound catalogues kept at ARS were also used. Zois scientific readings were compared
with Charles Nodiers Ljubljana Lyceum Library. Gabriel Grubers private practical
mathematical lectures influenced Zois book taste including Zois passion for Jesuit Bokovi,
Franklin, and also Newtons science. Even Hacquet impacted on his friend Zois acquisition
of chemistry, physics, and mineralogy books. Hacquet suggested Zois ordering of the
numerous scientific journals primarily focused on physics, chemistry, and mineralogy.
Kersniks collaboration with Zois and Marmont is reflected in Zois and Marmonts physics-
chemistry equipment donated for Kersniks school use. Zois home library was his guide for
physics or chemical experiments and observations. The French literati had a good reason to
recognize Zois as the leading figure of Illyrian Provinces chemistry, physics, and even as a
whole science with Slavic studies included.

The main points of Napoleons government changes at Zois science and Kersniks education
were put in the limelight. French revolutionary novelties accompanied the last tracts of the
Jesuits centennial education of physics and mathematics at Ljubljana higher philosophical
studies. The main points of the life, lectures, and scientific works of the Ljubljana
mathematical-physics Professors of Illyrian Provinces are put forward, most of all Gunz,
Kersnik, and their supervisor, Zelli. The lists of their scientific-didactic equipment were
provided. The relations between the leading literati of those days Ljubljana is given, including
Nodier, Knauer, Vodnik, and . Zois. Their relations with the literati of the capital is given,
the old one at Vienna including Jurij Vega, and the new one at Paris including Lalande,
Laplace, Lagrange, or Biot. The relevant sources for Gunz and Kersniks work at Ljubljana
are their mathematical books and Kersniks seismology measurements, although they
published all of that just after Napoleons downfall.

The French invaders organized the studies in the Illyrian Provinces as they did in the Parisian
revolutionary Jacobin coles Centrales. The professors of Illyrian Provinces did not relay that
much on the slightly differently organized cole Polytechnique or cole Normale Superieure,
established in 1795.
The professor of physics Kersnik used the Latin textbook of his chair predecessor Neumann
for freshmen of all five Ljubljana Central Schools Faculties in 1810/11.1 On October 31, 1803
Johann Phillip Neumann became the very first Ljubljana physics professor who was never a
Jesuit, and his lectures on physics included chemistry. Zois copy of Neumanns textbook is
among the few still preserved in Ljubljana. In his introduction Neumann also recommended
the Dutch chemists and physicists, including 'sGravesande, and Musschenbroeks
Institutiones (1748) or Introductio ad philosophiam (1762).2

Among the foreign tracts Neumann recommended Biot, Cavallo, Th. Young, Playfair, and
Giuseppe Saverio Poli. Zois had Cavallo and Polis books on his bookshelves. Neumann
described Beccaris experiments on animals and plants phosphorescence,3 as well as Bologna
Stone and Cantons Phosphor.4

The destiny of Napoleons scientific ancestry at Slovenian lands was researched with the
surprising conclusion that the Restoration brought almost no changes, because the Ljubljana
Professors of science kept their chairs also under Metternichs regime to support the poetical
thoughts of Gunz student, Jovan Vesel Koseski: The changes are only damages, just few of
them stays.

Zois circle is the key for understanding of the Illyrian provinces literati of Napoleons era.
Zois collection of minerals was compared with Kersniks one at Lyceum. Zois and Marmont
donated some instruments for Kersniks use. The common folks like Valentin Vodnik or
Puigdemont shout slogans and die for them, but the decisions were always in the hands of the
money guys like Amancio Ortega Gaon (* 1936), the former finance minister Juan-Miguel
marquis Villar Mir (* 1931) or iga Zois.

Keywords: S. Gunz, J.K. Kersnik, Volta, Marmont, History of Science, History of Libraries,
Slovenian lands, C. Nodier, Zelli, History of Sciences, Slovenian lands, Illyrian Provinces,
Napoleons Era, iga (Sigismund) Zois, History of Karst research, Proteus, History of
libraries, Karel Zois, University of Graz, Leopold Biwald, Karl Linnaeus, Nicolas Bion,
History of Science, History of Libraries, Marmont, Gunz, Vodnik, Catalan Republic,
Puigdemont.

INTRODUCTION

1
V. Schmidt, Zgodovina olstva in pedagogike na Slovenskem. DZS, Ljubljana, 1964, 2, 96-97.
2
J.P. Neumann, Johan Philip. Lehrbuch. 1-2. 12 Kupfer. Gerold, Wien, 1820 (NUK-8514), 2, VII.
3
Neumann, 1820, 2, 205.
4
Neumann, 1820, 2, 206.
iga Zois father Michelangelo Zois and Michelangelos brother left Bergamo areas for
Trieste to meet their other north Italian expatriate Codelli who already settled in his new
environments and hired brother Zois to help him. Codelli told the newcomers: Welcome, my
Bergamo compatriots, welcome to our new patria! It is a nice piece of land and I like it, and
you will also soon like it, I have no doubts about that. We are not alone here. Valvasors
family came from the same areas of ours somewhat earlier before us. It is the big opportunity.
Money is here left for us on the streets, just waiting for you to pick it up. You will become
happy and wealthy here, Im sure. Go, pick up some local girls and marry them and have a
great bunch of children. Those little guys will make you chilly, and you will make all this
country a great one too! Michelangelo appreciated that kind of greetings: Thank you, sir
Codelli. Im so happy to be here and Ill follow all your advices. Well, that I must say a little
better: Ill follow almost all of them. Especially that one with the local girls I really like that
Kappus maid very much. Michelangelo soon surpassed them all including his boss Codelli,
and in no time Michelangelos son iga became the wealthiest guy in the area with his iron-
trade business.

210th anniversary of Illyrian Provinces is the anniversary of Parisian guests in Ljubljana of the
expert mineralogist iga Zois. It celebrates a clash of two cultural networks which coexisted
for centuries without ever before so totally overlapping each other. As successful businessman
and baron, iga Zois did not bother to publish much. His only known published article about
Proteus Anguineus appeared unsigned in Laibacher Wochenblatt in 1807 (Faninger 1988, 7;
Valeni, Faninger & Gspan-Praelj 1991, 840; Aljani). Therefore, iga Zois library and
his private letters are evidently the main available reflections of his scientific opinions, also
about the karst questions. Zois used to buy many books and he got extremely upset when the
import of German books was limited during the Illyrian Provinces. iga Zois used to cry with
a glass of wine near his wheelchair when the Napoleonic master were not nearby: That
Parisian garbage looked like the educated folks from the distance. But now that we have them
at our doors, they forbad us by military force to get the books from the German publishers!
What a shame for a civilized nation. No German scientific journals, no nice beautiful prints.
And why? For no clever reason at all besides that funny ideas of the continental blockades.
So, they are blocking the British out from our seas, but they are also blocking Habsburgs out
form our shores on the opposite sides. Their oblivious intention is to make us French or at
least Italian! More than funny, we could not just forget our German learnings overnight after
it was just invented to replace those boring Latin texts. The fame of Napoleonic love for
learning is just a myth, all he cares about are his wars, wars and once again wars with no
clever endings Valentin Vodnik opposed him: Be careful, master, do not speak so loud.
Every sun has its spots and Napoleonic freaks obliviously had many spots of their own. But
do not criticize them loudly, be careful. They are not better or worse than Habsburgs rulers
they had just replaced, but they are building a real university in Ljubljana and thats a great
achievement, the greatest of them all. To be sure, it is not a Slovenian university after all, its
a French one. But it operates in the middle of our lands and that brings a joy into my heart!

iga Zois was only a member of new nobility by his fathers and by his mothers sides, and
that fact prevented his father from sending him to the Habsburg colleges designed for old
aristocracy like the elite Viennese Theresianuum. Zois learned basic facts about karst during
his studies in Seminario-Collegio for laic non-noble students of Reggio Emilia spiritual
seminary between October 1761 and 1765 (Kacin 2001, 54, 50, 62) where the priest Lazzaro
Spallanzani (* January 12, 1729 Scandiano near Modena; February 11, 1799 Pavia) taught
physics and mathematics at the short-lived university after 1752. Spallanzani also lectured on
Greek and French languages for brothers Zois in Reggio Emilia spiritual seminary (Kacin
2001, 62). Spallanzani corresponded with the biologist Charles Bonneti whose book Zois
acquired for his Ljubljana library. During the extraordinary ugly quarrels between Spallanzani
and Scopoli in Pavia University Zois was probably on Scopolis side, because he bought
many Scopolis works and no Spallanzanis books. The Natural History circle of Zois
mothers uncle, a successful Ljubljana physician Janez Krizostom Pollini (* January 27, 1712
Radovljica in Upper Carniola; November 7, 1786 Ljubljana) (Faganel 1999, 8), also
stimulated Zois interests for the nearby karst regions. Pollini became Carniolan land-
physician in 1737/38, and his son Franc Pavlanski Pollini (Franc de Paula * March 25, 1762
Ljubljana; September 17, 1746 Milan) was a student of W.A. Mozart.

Zois did not continue his studies in the Jesuit universities as his brothers did, because his
father needed his help for his business enterprise centered in Ljubljana. Anyway, Zois
managed to acquire the knowledge from leading Ljubljana Jesuits and their school without
formal matriculation. Zois used the influence of the leading Ljubljana Karst researcher of his
time Gabriel Gruber. Gruber and Grubers assistant Maffei were Zois personal tutors for the
mathematical sciences including Natural History. They jointly discussed karst phenomena
connected with Ljubljana Moors drainage and Grubers Canal building (Bufon 1971, 59;
Belar 1890, 1941). Baron Zois satisfaction with his tutor, Gruber, could be the main reason
why Gruber got the Ljubljana Canal building project on March 9, 1771, and became the
navigational director of all Habsburg Monarchy rivers except Danube on June 4, 1772.

Bathasar Hacquet was Zois close friend (Faganel 1999, 13) and admirer. In 1773, Zois
probably arranged Hacquets chair at Ljubljana Lyceum after the suppression of the Jesuit
order, lobbied for Hacquets secretary post at Carniolan Society for Agriculture and useful
arts, and enabled Hacquets scientific travel around Carniola for Society in 1774, when Zois
partially paid the expenses (Bufon 1971, 61). The relations between Zois and Hacquet
somewhat cooled after Hacquets quarrels with G. Gruber in autumn 1775 and the doubtful
Hacquets invention of his own French-Russian semi-noble origin. Zois grew somewhat
suspicious after he find out how Hacquet concocted most of the facts of his personal
biography. Zois and Hacquet corresponded with Frenchman Picot de la Peyrouse (* 1744;
1818), but the supposed Frenchman Hacquet initially certainly used awful French spelling
(umrada 2000, 12). Zois was probably well aware that Hacquet was pretty far from French
native speaker which Hacquet pretended to be.

In 1787 Hacquet was offered a position in Habsburg Lemberg University (Lvov/Lviv, now in
Ukraine). At the same time Petersburg academy secretary, Johan Albrecht Euler (* 1734;
1800) tried to attract Hacquet for Russia (Valjo 1997, 25). Two years later, Euler
corresponded with Jurij Vega. Zois and Hacquet kept in touch until the very end and Hacquet
wrote to Zois on July 24, 1804, May 13/15, 1804, June 10, 1804, and jointly with his bride
Julie Hacquet born Palkowska ( 1809) on August 5, 1804, and November 14, 1804 from
Lviv (Faganel 1999, 112, 143). Together with Zois or Joef Kalasanc Erberg, Hacquet
disliked Napoleon and resigned on his Krakow University chair after Frenchmen occupied the
town in 1810 (Valjo 1997, 93).
Figure 1: iga and Karl Zois ancestors.

Figure 2: Descendants of Lombardian Zois family in Carniola.

What did it look like to be the wealthiest guy in Carniola for iga Zois? His mother,
Michelangelos second wife Ivana von Kappus was as wealthy daughter of mine manager
with the strong feelings for Slovenian language and for the local-patriotism of Carniola, so
she taught iga about her love for Slovenian language as well as about her passion for
minerals. She used to tell iga: You are my firstborn and you seem to be a clever boy. I was
a kid in my 20th year when I have birth to you and I hope I will survive until you will be well
in your fifties. Your father was already in Jesus ages when I was born, so he might not be
able to live that long, which makes me your guide. I wish you to be aware that the land which
is yours is called Carniola, and the native language spoken here is Slovenian or Carniolan or
Windish or whatever name the folks are supposed to give to it, although we the native
speakers are so small in our numbers here that you must also learn few other languages to be
an operative businessman here, at least German, Italian and Croatian Languages. There are no
great problems with Croatians as they use almost the same speech as we do. The biggest and
decisive problems are in feelings. You must be aware of your native Carniolan origin and if
you will be so nice, please work for the promotion of our speech as hard as you could. iga
was deep in his thoughts: I understand you very well, dear mother. Do not worry, I will
follow your advice and my younger brother Karel will do the same. There is nothing which
could stop us. We will make a kind of informal society in our house in our Breg (Hill) house
of Ljubljana, just as the brothers Auerspergs made it here in Ljubljana a century ago and as
their student-friend Valvasor made it in Bogenperg. All sorts of Carniolan fans will be
welcome, and I will support their work to make our Carniolan native language a welcome
guest in every home nearby. I know that all artistic and scientific pursuits cannot be expressed
in Slovenian-Carniolan language at this point of its development, but I will try to better that
with a little help of my collaborators. You will see our language flourishing, thats for sure,
do not worry about that dear mother! You could see here around Jurij Japelj, Bla Kumerdej,
Jernej Kopitar, Linhart, Vodnik, Feliks Anton Dev and so many Carniolan fans around, and
many other will follow. We will make Carniola great again, the greatest as it ever was!

Figure 3 (GruberTobias1781Briefe131SJ): Gruber ideas of the underground water

connections beneath the Cerknica Lake which influenced Grubers student Zois (Gruber
1781, 130-131). In December 2008 the author of this article photographed whole Grubers
book kept at History of Science Collections in University of Oklahoma with the high
resolution professional camera XXXXX.
Figure 4 (GruberTobias1781Briefe133SJ): Grubers ideas of the water flows beneath the
Cerknica Lake (Gruber 1781, 132-133).

ZOIS LIBRARY

iga Zois was a guy of honor and he kept his promise which he gave to his mother. Although
his primary goals were focused on natural sciences of mineralogy, mining, and zoology of
Proteus and birds, iga Zois great hobby was the native Carniolan language and he kept
collecting the local names of birds, while his younger brother Karel vehemently used
Hacquets expert help to collect the local names for plants. Many other including Breckersfeld
continued that kind of work, but nobody was ever able to replace iga Zois as the Maecenas
of the pioneering researchers of Slovenian language in general. iga Zois even figured as a
kind of expert in that field with no recognized experts while he was discussing with his
protegee Valentin Vodnik which world should they use for the number zero: Zero, null,
circle (krog), or else? What do you suggest will be the best for that crazy kind of
mathematical nothings? In those times before Jernej Kopitar and Franc Miklois
professionalization of Slavistics studies, any Slovene language expert could figure as an
expert including iga Zois. There was so much to do in that new field of knowledge! And so
many diverse political and scientific opinions were at stage. iga Zois used to warn his
protegee Valentin Vodnik who was born and raised in the family of the innkeepers from the
suborn of Ljubljana: Illyria get up might be a nice poem of yours, my dear Valentin. But this
country is probably not Illyria at all. Besides that, the funny small commander of Napoleonic
armies might be not a do-gooder of this country at all. Be careful. Those Napoleonic guys
know no limits, their business is eternal fight, eternal conflict, eternal search for glory. They
cannot conquer all the world, that task is beyond human possibilities. There are some
Japanese and Chinese still waiting in the dark, you cannot beat them all, and those Napoleonic
guys just cannot find the way how to stop their appetites. Theyll meet their defeat sooner or
later, already my poor mother predicted that in her funny ways. Be careful, do not put all your
money on that unsteady Napoleonic horse. He might have some nice intentions with that
University of Ljubljana, but he is not doing that for the sake of Carniola, but because of his
continental blockade to prevent the Carniolan and neighboring folks from matriculating in
Vienna or Graz. His love of Carniola is limited on his love of the money which he gets from
the mercury mine of Idrija and nothing more. Sooner or later, those Napoleonic
megalomaniacs will meet their destiny and Habsburgs might came back into Carniola. What
will you do in that case? Vodnik was widely upset. He knew his master igas feelings for a
long while, but they were never expressed so straight-forwards: Im not afraid, my dear
master. Im just doing my job. The Napoleonic guys are a gift for this country of ours called
Carniola. They might be evil elsewhere, but that is nothing of our business. They fulfilled our
centuries of dreaming of our local university! They realized that we have our own language
and they support it as a teaching and spoken tool. They realize that we form a distinct nation
and they are willing to help us. It might be that all that is there just to oppose the Habsburgs
and Metternich, but that is the realization of the wishes of many generations of our people
here in Carniola! Napoleon might lose, her might have his troubles very soon, but the seed
which he has planted with this University in Ljubljana and his support for the Carniolan
nationalists will never fade. And if he will finally lose his battle, I hope that you will able to
protect me from the Habsburg anger as I am protecting you from Napoleonic anger now and
then in those days. You are sitting on two chairs of two different rulers, my dear master. The
chair of Napoleon and the chair of Habsburgs-Metternich are in yours game. You are wealthy,
and you could afford to do that. I do not have so much money, so I must support just one side
at a time, and thats the Napoleonic one Besides that, Im a poet. And, the poet is always
more than utile. It is impossible to make a poetry about nothing the poetry cannot be ever
identified with the poque or with the society. And vice versa. .5 iga Zois was silent and he
just empties another glass of wine. Deep in his heart he felt that Vodnik was right. Vodnik is
doing the great brave job for his country of Carniola and more, for all folks which use that
nice Carniolan native language. iga was angry because those Napoleonic guys ruined his
iron trade routes and they even ruined his import of books from the northern German speaking
areas in their effort to stop the Germanization of Carniola. Vodnik might not be Kopitars
friend, but they both tend to become the expert professional linguists of Carniolan language.
That was not what iga wanted himself to be: All right, my dear Valentin. Do as you please,
I will guide your back when the challenge comes over your neck. In the meanwhile, Ill let
you to develop our native Carniolan language, but please do not quarrel with poor old Kopitar
all the times just because he cannot support Napoleonic guys as he is employed in Viennese
library. For my sake, I will prefer to continue with my mineralogy studies and I will try to
make use of my library for that purpose after you had brought to me all those Triglav
mountain artefacts to prove my Neptunian hypotheses. Let every man do his duty as
onehanded admiral Nelson said. I feel that my duty is not linguistic as you other guys are
much better in that field that I will ever be. My home is in natural sciences as always, Im just
your Maecenas in humanities as much as I could help you to make it better.

Table 1: Zois' books and journals dealing with the Karst and Subterranean Phenomena.

Author Year Other editions; Catalogue title (price in fl:kr) = Place Catalogue
real title

Agricola 1546, 1546: De Ortu et causis Subterraneorum Lib. Froben, Z, page 3

1756 V. De natura eorum quae effluunt ex terra. Lib. Basel
IIII. De natura fossilium Lib X. De veteribus et
novis metallis Lib. II, Bermannus, sive de re
metallica dialogus (1:00) - Froben, Basiliea
(NUK-8947); 1558: - Froben, Basiliea (NUK-
8948); Translation: 1550: De la generazzione
de le cose, che sotto la terra sono -
Tramezzino, Venezia (NUK-9193).
Agricola 1550 De mensuris et ponderibis (NUK-1240; NUK- Basel: Z, page 3
252). Froben
Agricola 1657 1546: Bermannus, sive de re metallica - Basel: Zo, issued in
Papae, Lipisae (NUK-1698, ad-ligate Pontani, Koenig 1812,
J.J., 1545: Liber de meteoris (NUK-1697)); unbound
1657: De re metallica. Basel (NUK-11045, leaves, In
Grubers bookplate Zur mechanic 1772)). folio, No. 27
5
Pavlovi, Miodrag. 1965. Le pote et son temps, Nouvel Essai Yougoslave (ed. Stefanovi, Aleksandar).
Maribor: Obzorja, 253, 355.
Bonvicino, 1667 Lanx Peripatetetica, qua vetus arcani physici Pauli Z, page 3
Valeriano veritas appenditur et Auctoris mundi Frambotti
subterranei nova objecta recocantur ad veritas haeredum.
appenditur a Valeriano Bonvicino N., Ver. Sal. Patav.=Pad
Theol. Phil. tc. Doctore. (NUK-8416) ova
Volkmann, 1720 Silesia subterranea = Silesia subterranea, oder Weidmann, Z, page 650
Georg. Ant. Schlesien mit seinen unterirdischen Schtzen, Leipzig
Seltsamkeiten, welche dieses edelen und
unedelen, ohne und mit Figuren sich
praesentirenden und seltsam gebildeten
Steinen, durch ehemahls theils durch die
allgemeinen, theils durch Particular-Fluthen
hierher verschwemmten, und durch die
Versteinerung Krafft in und auer den Steinen
in Stein verwandelten Holz, Kruter und
Blumen, Frchten, Erd- und Wasserthieren,
ingleichen Metallen, &. Mit 54 Kpftfln (NUK-
501)
Rohr, Julius 1754 Physikalische Bibliotheque. (ed. Kstner) Leipzig Z, page 47
Bernhard (0:40). (NUK-37)
Raspe, 1763 Specima Hist. Nat. Globi. Terraquli. 8o. (0:32). Sumptibus Z, page 3
Rudolf Erich = Specimen historiae naturalis globi terraquei, J.
praecipue de novis e mari natis insulis. et ex Schreuder
his exactius descriptio et observatis ulterius & P.
confirmanda Hookiana Telluris hypothesi de Mortier,
origine montium et corporum petrefactorum Amsterdam
NT=Mit 3 Kupft (NUK- 8398) /Lipsi
Walch; 1774- Der Naturforscher. 1-16 (11:00) (NUK-8818, Gebauer,
Schreber 1781 8) Halle
Hill, John 1780 A review or the works of the Royal Society of Lady Hill, Z, page 45
London (1:00) 2nd edition, 265+3 pages 28 London
cm, 4o (NUK-8470)
Hpfner, 1787- Magazin fr der Naturkunde Helvetiens. (3:00) Orell, Z, page 47
Albrecht 1789 (NUK-8314/1,2,3,4; NM- 7055/1, 2,4) Gessner,
Fssli und
Comp.,
Zrich
De la Metrie, 1797 Theorie der Erde bersetzt D. Ch. Gotthold Breitkopf Z, page 47
Jean Claude Eschenbach ( 1831 Leipzig), Anfange von d. & Hrtel,
Johann Reinhold Forster (* 1729; 1798). 2 Leipzig
Bande. (2:00). (NUK-8389). Original: 1795:
Thorie de la terre. Maradan, Paris
Gren 1799- Annalen der Physik. 42 parts (47:10) (NUK- Halle Z, page 47
(followed by 1812 8153)
Gilbert)

Zois North Italian compatriot, Janez Vajkard Valvasor, used the works of Robert Boyle.
Boyles research later had only historical meaning for Zois, although even Zois bought at least
one Boyles book. Zois opinion on Karst and Subterranean phenomena mostly relied on the
book of Valeriano Bonvicino ( 1667), who also published a military book on fortresses in
1665. Ljubljana Lyceum copy of Bonvicinos subterranean book in the quarter of A4 format
has brown skin cover and greened leaves margins without decorated spine or ornamented
inner cover which was common in iga Zois library.

Figure 5: Pre-Title page picture of Bonvicinos work issued in 1665.

Bonvicino used somewhat old-fashioned Aristotles style in his discussion of the subterranean
phenomena. One of Bonvicinos favorite authorities was Paracelsus (Bonvicino 1667, 35,
109, 301). Bonvicino divided his work in eighteen chapters: he described the subterranean and
karst phenomena in the second chapter (Bonvicino 1667, 5-9), the great alchemistic
transmutation (magisterium) of Rajmund Lull in third chapter, and physics phenomena in
fifteenth chapter. He discussed the imagined universal seeds (Bonvicino 1667, 29), carbon,
fire, and atmosphere (Bonvicino 1667, 237).

Zois was interested in Rudolf Erich Raspes (* 1737; 1794) nerworks which supported
Hookes earth and subterranean theories. Raspe became famous in 1786 after he anonymously
published the humoristic science fiction adventures of the baron K.F.J. Mnchhausen
(Minhauzen, * 1720; 1797) who served for a while in Russian army. As well educated
mine-owner Zois also bought several Agricolas books, among them one about the
Subterranean Phenomena (1546), which eventually entered the Ljubljana Lyceum Library in
later 1558 edition.
Zois certainly bought several Hacquets works (Z, page 67, 76; Zo, unbound leaves) and
Volkmanns Silesia subterranea. In 1720, Georg Anton Volkmann published the research of
the Silesian subterranean phenomena. Zois bought the item in small format with several
bigger copper plates in between the text. Volkmann drew the natural shapes of crystals
(Volkmann 1720, 18/19 (tab. 1)), fossils (Volkmann 1720, 108/109 (tab. 13)), insides of hills
(Volkmann 1720, 147/148 (tab. 25)), conglomerates (Volkmann 1720, 130/131 (tab. 23),
338/339), shells (Volkmann 1720, 184/185 (tab. 33, 34)), karst images (Volkmann 1720,
278/279), damaged amphora, and similar vessels (Volkmann 1720, 318/319). Volkmanns
writing followed a strong crystallographic point of view and he somewhat used the new
fashion Hacquets writing style.

Following the spirit of changing scientific publications of his time, Zois bought
extraordinarily many scientific journals, while several among them was publishing the articles
of Zois friend Hacquet. Zois acquired journals which published the most important karst
research of his time, among them the acts of Uppsala Academy (1774-1781), and Der
Naturforscher published in Halle/Saale, where the famous society of Imperialis Leopoldino-
Carolina Academia Naturae Curiosorum had its permanent seat after 1878. Before Halle, the
seat of Imperialis Leopoldino-Carolina Academia Naturae Curiosorum moved with its
presidents residences and Karel Zois became its member in 1793 in Erlangen (Faninger
1988, 8; Praprotnik, private correspondence October 2009). Already Baron Zois predecessor
at the pedestal of leading scientific figure in Ljubljana, Count Volf Engelbert Auersperg,
bought Nicolaus Steno's (* 10. 1. 1638 Copenhagen; 6. 12. 1686 Schwerin) book of 1671,
published soon after Steno's critique of Kircher's speleological research (Schnleben 1668,
321; Ciancio 2004, 58), and the first volume of Academys official acts, Miscellanea curiosa
medico-physica/Ephemerides Academiae naturae curiosorum medico-physica (Schnleben
1668, 337). Philipp Jacob Sachs von Lwenheim (Lewenhaimb, * August 26, 1627 Wroclaw
(Breslau); January 7, 1672 Wroclaw) published the Academys acts in Leipzig, and Mayr
offered the first eight volumes of Miscellanea in his Ljubljana bookshop in 1678 (Mayr 1678,
58). On December 2, 1690 in the Miscellaneas volume for 1691 published in Nrnberg,
Schnlebens nephew Janez Gregor Dolniar reported on earthquakes in Ljubljana and
surroundings which happened on December 4, 1690, on February 19, 1691, and later in the
year 1691. Marko Grbec (Gerbec, Gerbezius, * 1658 entvid by Stina; 1718 Ljubljana)
published his research in other volumes of the same Journal (Smolik 1980, 74). A hundred
years later Hacquet published at least three articles in Miscellanea, and Wulfen published
there his work in 1791. Therefore, Zois had a good reason to join the Imperialis Leopoldino-
Carolina Academia Naturae Curiosorum and he probably also received its journal, although it
was not listed in his library catalogues.

The Journal Der Naturforscher printed Hacquets works on Karst and other topics in 1776,
1777, and 1779, which was probably the reason why Zois agreed to spend his money for the
subscription of the journal. Johann Ernst Emmanuel Walch (* 1725; 1778) edited the
volumes 1-13 between the years 1774 and 1779, and Johann Christian Daniel Schreibers (*
1739; 1810) edited the volumes 14-30 (1780-1804), although Korn in his Zois library
selling catalogue wrongly ascribed 14th volume to the deceased Walch. J.J. Gebauer printed
the Der Naturforscher, and after his death his widow and son Johan Jacob Gebauer continued
the work.

The Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin was the very first scientific society
which Zois joined in 1782 (Faninger 1988, 8), after Hacquet published several important
articles in their journal. Berliner apothecary and practical physician Friedrich Heinrich
Wilhelm Martini published the first four volumes of Beschftigungen der Berlinischen
Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde. After him the editor of Beschftigungen and of
Schriften der Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde became Johann Friedrich
Wilhelm Otto from Berlin. Among others, he published the letters of Scopolis student and
Hacquets best friend Dr. Jacob Reineggs (Reinegg, Christian Rudolph Ehlich, Ehrlich,
Oehlich, * November 28, 1744 Eisleben; March/April 1793 Petersburg (Vaccari 1993, 290))
from Georgia to Hacquets Ljubljana with Hacquets explanations in 1783 and 1788. Among
others, Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch (* 1714; 1786) (Gleditsch 1782, 109, 114, 115), Friedrich
Mller (Mller 1781, 127), and Rendant Siegfried (Siegfried 1782, 423; Siegfried, 1785 407-
409) cited Hacquets works in Ottos Schriften. Between 1782 and 1785 Otto also published
four volumes of Allerneueste Mannigfaltigkeiten in Berlin, but Hacquet did not published
there and Zois did not order the item.

Friedrich Albrecht Carl Gren (* 1760; 1798) published Journal der Physik between 1790
and 1794, and later used somewhat changed title Neues Journal der Physik until 1798. The
Journal der Physik was the predecessor of Annalen der Physik. Zois ordered Annalen der
Physik (1799-1812), which eventually become the leading physics journal. Ludwig Wilhelm
Gilbert (* 1769; 1824) edited the journal from 1799 until his untimely death, but the
Annalen were apparently still known under Grens name in Zois time. Gilbert was a professor
of physics in Halle, but in 1811 he moved to the University of Leipzig. At that moment Zois
ceased to order the Journal, probably because he had much better scientific and business
relation with Halle compared to Leipzig. After Gilberts death Johann Christian Poggendorff
became the new editor. Among others, Hacquet published a letter dated in Lviv (Lvov) on
July 1, 1801 in Gilberts Annalen. After 1787, Zois also acquired Magazin (fr die)
Naturkunde Helvetiens von Hpfner, and therefore read from the first hand Hacquets article
on Champagne flintstone published there in 1789. Among other scientific journals Zois
subscribed Journal des Gelehrten of Salzbug (1776-1782), Gesellshaft in Lhren (1785-1788,
1791-1798, 1801-1804), Gesellshaft in Wippertal, Acta societatis Jablonis (Iablonovianae,
1786-1809, Leipzig), and several others. He certainly also read (and published at) his domestic
Laibacher Wochenblatt, although his library catalogue lists just volumes 1817-1818 because
he probably did not like Wurzbachs editorial policy in Laibacher Wochenblatt (igon 2001,
81).

Zois acquired Hills report on Natural History meetings of the London Royal Society in
second edition. John Hill (* 1714?; 1775) dedicated the work to the Royal Society
President, Martin Folker. Hill discussed the Philosophical Transaction articles on
development of jewels in the interior of earth (Hill 1780, 163), natural crystal growth (Hill
1780, 202), earths karst stratum (Hill 1780, 204), natural gold laves (Hill 1780, 231), and
jewels again (Hill 1780, 242).

Zois used Julius Bernhard von Rohrs (* 1688; 1742) Physics Library on 964 pages. Before
the title page Rohr published the Muse with many breasts and books inviting the would-be
scientist on her left. Abraham Gotthelf Kstner (Kaestner, * September 17, 1719 Leipzig;
July 20, 1800) wrote the introduction to the second edition published after Rohrs death (Rohr
1754, 5r). Zois teacher Gruber used Kstners textbooks for his private Ljubljana lectures and
probably recommended Rohrs work to Zois.

Rohr mentioned Cardano (Rohr 1754, 5), Paracelsus (Rohr 1754, 6), Hermes Trismegistos
(Rohr 1754, 7), Robert Fludd (Rohr 1754, 9), Helmont (Rohr 1754, 10) among the people
involved in karst and subterranean research. Rohr cited the Jesuit Paul Casati as the authority
on fire in the earths interior (Rohr 1754, 160). Rohr continued his introductory discussion of
elements with the description of particular minerals.

Zois bought both volumes of Jean Claude De la Metries (* 1743; 1817) Theory of Earth
with the appendix of Johann Reinhold Forster, professor in the University of Halle. In the first
volume De la Metrie discussed inner parts of the earth (De la Metrie 1797, 1: 101). He
provided interesting ideas on the degree of heat on the surface of earth (De la Metrie 1797, 1:
106), described the characteristics of sulfur (De la Metrie 1797, 1: 208), phosphor (De la
Metrie 1797, 1: 209), and the crystallization (De la Metrie 1797, 1: 385). He ended the first
volume with the two copperplates full of figures. The first copperplate showed the shape of
the earth and the second showed the inner structure of the hill full of holes with strata, joints
and layers. In the second volume De la Metrie described the granite (De la Metrie 1797, 2: 3),
the crystallization of stoneware (De la Metrie 1797, 2: 20, 131), volcano lava (De la Metrie
1797, 2: 41-42). He described the crystallization in water (De la Metrie 1797, 2: 142) and fire
(De la Metrie 1797, 2: 184), and also the amount of water on the Earth (De la Metrie 1797, 2:
271). Among the subterranean effects he discussed the earthquakes (De la Metrie 1797, 2:
368), the nature of volcanoes (De la Metrie 1797, 2: 376), the supposed volcano electricity
(De la Metrie 1797, 2: 396) which was extremely popular after Benjamin Franklin theories,
and the mineral waters (De la Metrie 1797, 2: 400). He crowned his four hundred pages of
text in second volume with additional two copperplates full of pictures. For the first one he
provided the subterranean karst river with geological stratum and on the other both
hemispheres of the earth with the depths of oceans included.

iga Zois, the Pioneer of Proteus Research

Zois was very interested in volcanoes and bought several books about them. He certainly
enjoined mountain climbing in the times when he was still able to walk. He did not personally
research many caves because of his illness, but he organized other explorers expeditions, and
in Laibacher Wochenblatt he published the unsigned article about Proteus in Vir, ther village
situated a kilometer southeast of Stina (Sittich) (Zois 1807, page 1 left column; Faninger
1988, 7; Valeni, Faninger & Gspan-Praelj 1991, 840). Zois wrote over three pages and for
the introduction described geological situation of the area (Zois 1807, page 1 left column).
The unsigned long articles were common at that weakly published even on four pages, but the
Celje High School professor of mathematics, physics, natural history, Greek language, history
and geography Johann Anton Suppantschitsch (Zupani, * 1785; 1833) used his full name
several times. Suppantschitsch lived in Zois house (Valeni, Faninger & Gspan-Praelj
1991, 844). Suppantschitschs friend Jurij Stadelmann (* about 1780 Bregenz) edited
Laibacher Wochenblatt from March 1, 1804 until his untimely death on January 15, 1807. He
hired the widow Tekla Keinmayr (born Lieber) printing and bookselling Ljubljana office.
Stadelmanns successor was the Ljubljana lawyer Maksimilijan Wurzbach (* 1781; 1854),
father of the lexicographer Konstantin knight Wurzbach, who edited Zois article in
Wurzbachs encyclopedia. In that time between 1807 and French occupation of 1809, Tekla
managed her printing and bookselling Ljubljana office for a short while. Among interesting
natural history articles, Wurzbach published Johann (Gustav) George Fellingers (* Januar 3,
1781 Peckau; November 27, 1816 Postojna) works. While working as first lieutenant in
Postojna, Fellinger wrote a manuscript on Postojnska Jama (igon 2001, 77).
During the same year 1807 Zois also sent the sample of Proteus to Carl von Schreibers (Karl
Franz Anton knight Schreiber, * August 15, 1775 Bratislava (Pressburg); May 21, 1852)
who was a student of Zois personal friend, the Viennese professor of natural science in
Faculty of Medicine Peter Jordan (Fitzinger 1850; Shaw 1999, 286; Aljani 1993, 25-26).
Schreibers father worked for the army in Slovakia, but soon moved to Vienna. Schreibers
uncle was a Viennese physician Johann Ludwig von Schreibers, who was nicknamed the
Austrian Boerhaave. Schreibers studied in Vienna in every day meeting with Nicolaus Joseph
Jacquin (* 1727; 1817), Fichtel, and Ingenhous. Schreibers got his Viennese PhD., and
afterwards travelled to Germany, Switzerland, France, England, and Scotland. After he
returned, he became Jordans assistant professor for special Natural History in 1801. After
Eberls retirement Schreibers became the Director of Viennese Zoological Museum in 1806,
and after the death of Abb Sttz Schreibers was also the director of mineralogy Museum.
When Jordan became the director of Agricultural Museum, Schreibers got his chair for
Natural History. At the same time Schreibers helped Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (*
November 30, 1756 Wittenberg; April 3, 1827 Wroclaw (Breslau)) to prove the meteors
sublunary origin after Schreibers examination of the meteor of Stannern in 1808. In 1809,
Napoleonic occupation forces took care of Schreibers and his collection. Between 1817 and
1822, Schreibers joined the expedition to Brazil and described the humming-bird. Schreibers
married Jacquins daughter and as his son-in-law had his lasting influence in Vienna also in
connections with Ingenhousz who married Jacquins sister.

Zoiss network on Proteus

Zois gift and personal observations resulted in several Schreibers important publication as
Schreibers described in his London Lectures in 1801/1807. Schreibers success paved the way
for Rusconi, the custodian of Viennese Museum Leopold Joseph Fitzingers (* 1802; 1884),
Demans description of Koevje area black Proteus (mocheril) in 1882 (Aljani 1993, 29),
and other research. Forty years before Zois, Scopoli very ceremoniously and officially wrote
to Linnaeus and to the entire Uppsala Royal Society of Sciences on Proteus and mailed him
two Proteus pictures on May 3, 1762; he named the animal Lacerta caeca (blind lizard) and
demanded the answer again on December 30, 1762. Linnaeus today lost answer was probably
not affirmative and Scopoli and Linnaeus never mentioned the subject again in their
correspondence (Soban 2004, 46, 66-67). Stina Cistercian monks kept Proteus in tubs of
water for weather forecasting without providing the details, and the Jesuit Wulfen gave at
least two Stina Proteus to Scopoli (Soban 2004, 34, 65-66, 121, 123, 230-231, 288-289;
Groelj 1934, 1). As a Swede by origin, Wulfen could have some specific feelings about
Linnaeus and he certainly had good relations with Stina Cistercian Monks. Scopoli could
have heard about Primo Ziherls stories about Proteus caught at Malni near Planina in 1751
as he came to Idrija two years later to live in Franz Anton Steinbergs former house and
Steinberg reported on Ziherls funding in his 1761 book. However, in 1766, Linnaeus
published a thesis on American Siren lacertina and mentioned Scopolis research probably
hoping that Proteus is the larva of some Mediterranean sort of Siren lacertina. In his 1766
Systema Naturae XII Linnaeus did not give the Proteus name and place, which should be a
kind of disappointment for Scopoli (Soban 2004, 66, 69-70).

Scopoli also gave Proteus from Stina to Sigmund Hohenwart (* June 7, 1745 Celje; SJ;
1825 Linz), probably by Wulfens recommendation, although it is not quite clear why
Hohenwart did not get the Proteus directly from Wulfen. Sigismund's father, the Count Jurij II
Sigmund Hohenwart (* 1713), was an enthusiastic naturalist and used his heritage castle
Perovo near Kamnik as the basis for botanical excursion to Kamnik Alps. His son, the Count
Sigmund Hohenwart accompanied him. Sigmunds Ljubljana Jesuit professors Janez Joef
Lucius Erberg and Franc Ksaver Wulfen took care for the expert part of their research. During
the school year they collected the plants around Ljubljana and they used holidays for longer
visits to Alps.

Sigmund Hohenwart lived in Carinthia until 1809 as close Wulfens friend. In 1792 and 1812
he published the results of his Carinthia botanic research. In 1809 he became a Bishop of Linz
and his collections of plants, animals, and minerals later passed to Graz Joanneum. Among
them was Scopolis Stina Proteus which Viennese zoologist Joseph Nicolas Laurenti (*
December 4, 1735; February 17, 1805; alias Jacob Joseph Wintel (* 1739; 1809 (Soban
2004, 71-72))) used for the first published scientific description of the animal in his 1768
Ph.D. publication (Aljani 1993, 23). Laurenti criticized Linnaeus system just before
Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin began to use plant chemo-systematics instead of Linnaeus
taxonomic sexual system in 1769. Scopoli did not approve Jacquins decision, but Jacquin
was at much higher position as the director of Viennese botanic garden in Schnnbrunn. The
quarrel was still actual in Zois time because Ljubljana biologists did not like Nodiers praise
of Scopoli in 1813, and Zois criticized Linnaeus with strong Viennese connections although
Zois also praised Scopoli.

Laurenti erroneously transferred Proteus sites to Cerknica Lake claiming that Proteus uses
gills inside the lake and limbs outside while walking after the Cerknica Lake disappears,
which Rusconi later denied. Laurenti numbered three kinds of Proteus: raninus (jumping one),
tritonius, and anguinus (both walking). Laurenti stated that the Jesuit Hohenwart gave him the
animal and its picture, but Laurenti did not provide Hohenwarts Christian name (Soban 2004,
73-74). Other sources state that the person in question was Sigmund Hohenwart from
Klagenfurt (Aljani 1993, 23).

Figure 6: Laurenti's earliest useful picture of Proteus on 1768.

Scopoli probably did not mail the Proteus to Schreibers (Shaw 1999, 285), who was just
thirteen when Scopoli passed away. The Proteus-presents anyway indicated some
collaboration between Scopoli and Zois before Scopoli left Idrija for Bansk tiavnica
(Schemnitz, Schemnitzium, Selmecbnya) in 1769. Zois gave Proteus to Schreibers and to the
archduke Johans Viennese Schnbrunn Aquaria after Zois got fourteen Proteus samples from
Vir on December 26, 1804. The guys employed in the site of Vir usually provided for Zois
just 3 to 5 samples per year after 1798 and . Zois evidently did not know about the
Postojnska Jama possibilities of Proteus (Aljani 1993, 25-26: Zois 1807, page 3 right
column, page 4 left column). At those times before 1830s nobody except Scopoli considered
Proteus as cave animal (Aljani 1993, 90; Scopoli 1772, V. Observationes Zoologicae on
Proteus, pp. 73-74) and Zois himself (Zois 1807, page 1, left column).

Zois was certainly aware of Schreibers earlier publication on Proteus where Schreibers
explained Proteus existence as doubtful. Zois knew better and hurried to convince Schreibers
that Proteus is really a fully developed animal. Zois did not spare the effort and money to send
him the species. That was an act of the great promoter and really a successful move, because
in a decade later publication Schreibers did not express any further doubts on Proteus real
existence. Schreibers opinion was decisive because he acted as the director of Viennese
Natural History Museum.

Zois corresponded with Joef (Josip) Jerinovi von Lwengreif (Valeni, Faninger &
Gspan-Praelj 1991, 845; Shaw 1999, 285) and certainly noticed Lwengreifs research on
Pivka and Magdalena Grotte (rna Jama) Proteus in 1797 and 1808. Jerinovi later became
the administrator and treasurer of Postojnska Jama (Aljani 1993, 25).

The Baron iga Zois probably told the scientific world about the Proteus of Stina and later
Postojnska Jama at the first place (Davy 1831, 176; Shaw 1999, 286). Sir Humphry Davys
(December 17, 1778 Penzance Cornwall; May 29, 1829 Geneva) cited Zois as the
discoverer of Proteus in Postojnska Jama, near Stina, and even in Styria. Davy still had
Linnaeus doubts and he wrote that Proteus may be the larva of some other animal (Davy
1831, 177-178), as Schreibers did state in the first place before he got the Proteus from Zois.

Zois was brave enough to criticize Linnaeus, J. Hermann and J. G. Schneider. Zois proved
with microscope and observation that Proteus was well developed animal as Scopoli already
stated (Zois 1807, page 1 right column, page 2 left column). As Hacquet pioneered the
microscope use in mineralogy, Zois did the same in Proteus zoological research.

Zois discussed Proteus particularities with other similar animals and criticized Schreibers
opinion of the Proteus reproduction and tried to solve the question with observation of two
Proteus at his home aquaria for four years, at the same time disproving Linnaeus larva
hypothesis because those samples did not mature in four years. Linnaeus compared Proteus
from the basins of Inner Austrian with Schegk's Triton and Laurenti's snake and considered its
gill as the main point suggesting that Proteus observed in care will metamorphose soon
enough. Zois was convinced that almost four years of Proteus pair observation in his cabinet
proves Linnaeus wrong approach (Zois 1807, page 2 left column, page 3 right column). The
biologists from Ljubljana followed Viennese example and were not favorably disposed to
Linnaeus reforms and therefore criticized Nodiers praising Scopoli in the very first number
of Nodiers Telgraphe Officiel in 1813 (Soban 2004, 49-50). Zois and Wulfens follower
Hladnik were probably a part of these Ljubljana biologists (Pintar 1935, 323).

Zois measured limits of temperature Proteus could stand while he still used old fashioned
Ren-Antoin Ferchaut de Raumur's (* 1683; 1757) scale. The Parisian Academician
Raumur was unsatisfied with the steel and glass industry of his time and in 1722 published
his own research of crystallization. He believed in corpuscular philosophy of Rohault, the
son-in-law of Descartes friend Claude Clerselier (* 1614; 1684). Hacquet and the Ljubljana
Jesuits of Zois time, G. Schottl (1776) and Gruber, used Raumurs temperature scale. In
1730 Raumur published his own scale for alcohol thermometer. Jean-Andr De Luc (1727;
1817) described Raumurs scale of mercury thermometer divided on 80 degrees between the
freezing and boiling point of water and Zois bought De Lucs book (Z, 47; De Luc, 1776). in
1742, Linnaeus advised his fellow Swede Celsius to announce his scale which had 100
degrees at ice melting point at the first place. The connection between both scales was:

0oR = 0oC

1oR = 1,25oC

Zois also measured Proteuss nutrition and Proteus way of dying while outside his water
basin. Zois measured Proteus pulse as 45 to 48 per minute and examined its blood circulation
(Zois 1807, page 3 left column).

Zois student and protge, the Count Franc Joef Hanibal Hohenwart (* May 24, 1771
Ljubljana; August 2, 1844 Kolovec (Bufon 1971, 60)), was recognized as the most valuable
Carniolan Proteus researcher and he made his best soon after Zois death during his research
in rivulet near Lo (Laas) in 1825. Five years later, Hohenwarth published the first realistic
pictures of natural sinter damage in Postojnska Jama (Kempe & Horst-Volker 2004, 76). He
headed the Carniola Land Museum as the president of the Museum curators and the president
of the Zois beloved Carniola Agricultural Society between 1827 and 1834. Hohenwart and
director of Ljubljana Theology Seminary Joef Pinhak (* 1758 Moravia; August 20, 1814
Ljubljana) joined Zois expedition under Valentin Vodniks leadership to search the
Neptunian hypothesis proof-samples in Triglav Mountain chain in August 1795.

Pinhak mastered Latin and German languages as a German preacher in the cathedral, where
he served since 1789. He completed his theological studies in Vienna and became a prefect of
seminary. His exam for priesthood was excellent on 29 August 1792, Later, in 1797, he
became the parish priest of St. Jakob in Ljubljana and at the same time a conscientious
councilor. On 25 March 1810 he was placed on the Lambert canonical (Excerpts of Dr. Lojze
Kovai from the "Chapel of St. George at the Ljubljana Castle" - the crowd of prisoners in
Ljubljana, Ljubljana canonics in 1788, pages 15-16).

Somewhat earlier, Zois probably personally showed the parish manager in Bohinjs settlement
of Koprivnik named Valentin Vodnik the fossils in sand-cave nearby (Kos 1990, 148; Faganel
1999, 12; Faninger 1994/95, 562; Faninger 1988, 7). That occasion was also the only one
which shows us baron Zois as active speleologist because after 1789 illness prevented his
more personal researches. Zois stimulated Vincent Dorfmeister use living Proteus for drawing
and to mail his work to several natural scientists (Zois 1807, page 4 left column). Dorfmeister
also pictured Stations of the Cross for Saint Peters Ljubljana Church, illustrated Vodniks
Pesmi za pokuino (1796), and after restoration lectured in Ljubljana Philosophical studies. In
1804 the Upper Carniola mineral-merchant Simon Preeren sold two Proteus samples in wine
spirit to Schreibers of Erlangen and Nepperschmidt of Copenhagen, two others to Berlin and
one even to Paris. Preeren lived in Vienna and also supplied minerals for Zois (Zois 1807,
page 4 left column; Faninger 1988, 12). With all that in mind, Zois should be recognized as
pioneering promoter and also early active researcher of Slovenian karst and Proteus in
particular.
Proteus for London, Paris and Lombardy

Davy visited Postojna for the very first time in July 1819, several months before Zois death.
Davy's monument in Podkoren (ermelj, 1963, 1); Davy published Consolations with six
conversations in 1828/29. The second conversation contained the vision of an Illyrian girl
(ermelj, 1963, 2). 4. The conversation took place in Magdalen, now the Black Cave near
Postojna on Immortality and the Proteus (ermelj, 1963, 33). Davy met Pepca Detela, the
daughter of the pub-owner Ivan Nepomuk on Nazorjeva Street (ermelj, 1963, 4). In his last
will Davy later endowed her (ermelj, 1963, 5). On 9 July 1818, Davy left Ljubljana with his
wife; then he met 14 to 15 years old Pepca (ermelj, 1963, 5). On August 6, 1828, he
experimented with electric skates in Trieste (ermelj, 1963, 6), and in April 1820 he visited
Byron. Davy knew that the cervical respiratory organs could be removed from Proteus as the
Proteus has the double respiratory organs, a kind of reserve (ermelj, 1963, 34). Davy
guessed on the underground connection between Stina and Postojna. Zois was the first to
discover the Proteus in Magdalen's cave, and Zois workers discovered Proteus in the places
like Vir by Stina where Proteus was not so common, but there were much more folks to
notice Proteus when it appeared compared to the uninhabited Postojna cave (ermelj, 1963,
35). Davy hinted that the Proteus might be a larval - the interlocutor. The stranger denied this
in response to Davy's alter ego Eubathes. In captivity the researchers had not yet seen the
Proteus to eat for a long time. It was a question of Proteus reproductive organs could it
possibly even make a creation? (ermelj, 1963, 36). The Nitrogen was absorbed by Proteus
gills along with oxygen.

The Parisians wrote enthusiastically about the Dolnenius Proteus, among them Georges
Cuvier (* 1769; 1832) and Lamarck in his Philosophie Zoologique of 1809. Lamarck
described the Dolenjska (Lower Carniola) beauties with their eyes, which Schreibers first
found in specially-drained specimens. Lamarck highlighted Proteus's eyes as an example of a
twist for uselessness and thus paved the way for Darwin's discoveries, which we celebrate as
the evolution. In May 1806, Lamarck in the lecture Discours d'ouverture de cours des
animaux sand vertbres, pronunc dans le Musum d'Histoire Naturelle en 1806 described the
Proteus as a special form but did not mention their characteristics or even the deposits in
Carniola. In 1820, Lamarck, who at the beginning of his career supported Buffon as the home
teacher of his son, published La Systme analtique des connaissances, positives de l'homme,
restraints on celles qui provinnent directement ou indirectement de l'observation. Lamarck
also referred to Rumur's experiments with the propagation of fleas from July 1819. He
divided the animals into sixteen groups, including fourteen reptiles, which he probably
considered Proteus. He also quoted Dtervill's Extr. Du nouv. Dictionn. D'Histoire natur.
Cuvier published the Rescherche de ossemens Fossiles, from which the third edition in Paris
from 1825, Tome V, the 2nd partie, transcribed the Du Proteus (Proteus anguinus Laurenti)
typed length of 6 sheets from five printed pages 426-430 of the format 4o, which bought it for
the SAZU Library (SAZU-II 20196 B). The manuscript was provided by the head of Trubar's
Antiquariate tefan Tausik, and the purchase was approved by the secretary of the SASA
Primo Ramov, according to SASA Librarian Drago Samec. Cuvier argued that the
discovery of the Proteus was mainly provided thanks to Baron Zois (most probably
Michelangelo Zois), and his collected specimens were also those who served for the research
of Scopoli and Laurenti, as well as Hochenwart. Besides near Stina, Proteus were also
discovered in Postojna Jama. Schreibers and Professor of Physics in Geneva Marc Auguste
Pictet (* 1752; 1825) who was Nicolas Thodore de Saussure's co-worker in measurements
of heat reflections and the ancestor of chemist Raoul Pierre Pictet (* 1846 Geneva; 1929
Paris), studied the living Proteus, and Zois also provided the specimen for Cuvier. Cuvier
used it with a description in the first volume of the Humboldt Observations zoologique in
1807, and Schreibers published in Phil. Trans. in 1801 (Cuvier, 1825, 426-427). In 1752,
Michelangelo Zois acquired manor houses of Turn, Gabrje, Podpe and Kompolje in the
surroundings of Gabrovka, six km south of Stina. In 1772 he handed them as an inheritance
to his son of Joseph Leopold Zois (* 22. 11. 1748; 18. 4. 1817) (Valeni, 1991, 830), who
was also the owner of Selo by St. Paul 4 km east of Vir by Stina in the years 1773-1801.
Joseph lived mostly in Vienna (Preinfalk, 2003, Chronicle 51/1: 31), and after his death left
Kompolje to his son Karel (* 1775: 1836) and his widow Josefa (Smole, 1982, 433, 706);
Karel became iga Zois's heir in 1819. The manor of Sela was sold to Stina leaseholder
Jakob Wresitz on 30 November 1801. Thus. Zois family was strongly present in the vicinity
of Stina during the time of Laurenti's publication (1768), and the Proteus samples were
hunted by their own subjects, although Vir may not have been part of their estate.

In 1820/21, the Italian Mauro Rusconi (* 1776; 1849) wrote about the Proteus to the
American politician, lawyer, physician and professor Samuel L. Mitchill (* 1764; 1831).
Rusconi opposed Cuvier and especially Buffon. Rusconi stated that Proteus is an adult gular
animal and did not recognize beings that at one stage of development at the same time used
gills and lungs.

As the Proteus samples were discovered in Dalmatian Zadar areas, the Proteus ceased to be a
Carniolan animal. Despite of those competitors, the Carniolan regarded Proteus as their
species. Several decades after iga Zois passed away, the Carniolan experts declared that their
couple of Proteus had a baby Proteus for the very first time in captivity. In next days, the
event was celebrated as a kind of Carniolan national celebration. But, sorrowfully, not for
long. The naughty Viennese experts soon discovered that the couple of Proteus in captivity
consisted of two male samples of the species The humiliated Carniolan experts had not
much objections and the celebrations were postponed for many decades of waiting and
hoping

Figure 7: Rusconi's picture of Proteus by Zois on 1819.

Figure 8: Rusconi's picture of Proteus in 1819.
Figure 9: Rusconi's picture of Proteus in 1827.
Figure 10: Rusconi's picture of Proteus body parts in 1827.
Figure 11: Karl Deman on Rusconi's picture of Proteus by the samples of baron Zois.
Figure 12: Karl Deman on Rusconi's picture of Proteus inner organs.

Transcription of Zois article about Proteus published in 1807 as English translation

(page 1 left column)

A Report on Unusual Sort of Fish, Found in Village Vir near Stina

We found that unusual sort of fish in Carniola, between the old monastery Stina five hours
from Ljubljana if we travel to Novo mesto, and a little village domestically called Vir, and
noted on Florjani map as Weyer because of the German prolongation of Slavic words.

The hills around Stina are composed of the impermeable limestone which rises up to 1500
fathoms above the sea on our highest Alpine peaks. The geological structure is characterized
with numerous basins on the surface, with many holes and caves underground. On the
foothills of those limestone mass in the valley of Vir there are two holes, the entrances into
subterranean, whose circumferences are 15-18 inches. They are 3-4 feet above the ground and
2 fathoms remote from each other; clear water flows from each cave hole and gathers in the
small water caved basins. The water surplus slowly outflows and sinks about 750 feet from
the village.
In those basins lives the amphibian which we will discuss and which we found for the first
time. And even there we observe it only after the snow melting or heavy rain, therefore the
opinion prevails that excessive waters brings the amphibian after tearing it from its
underground settlements.

(page 1 right column)

The domestic Vir folks, who knew the animal from the tradition and experience, call it white
fish or human fish because of their feet shape which reminds the human fingers, and because
of their skin color.

Laurenti reported on that animal for the first time in 1768 in his Synopsis reptilium. He
described the animal by examining the Klagenfurt canon von Hohenwarts sample preserved
in spirit. Laurenti announced the discovery as the new species named Proteus anguinus.

In 1772 Dr. Scopoli, our great botanist, in those times a physician in Idrija, got the
opportunity to observe the living amphibian and he described it on page 73rd of his 5th volume
Hist. Nat. a great deal accurately than Laurenti. He concluded: III. Linnaeus, cui iconem misi,
habet pro larva lacertae, mihi videtur genus singulare [Linnaeus, whom I sent the picture
believes it to be the larva of some lizard, in my opinion it is a separate animal genus].

After Scopoli nobody mentioned the small animal except J. Hermann, who noted it in his
Comentarius Tab. Affinit. Animalium in 1783, and J. G. Schneider, who discussed the item in
1799 in his Hist. Amphibiorum, in the first volume on page 40.

Both mentioned authors explicitly meant that the Proteus is not an autonomous animal
species; we will now clear the matter according to Laurenti and Scopoli, and mentioned
Linnaeus error.

(page 2, left column)

We can find Linnaeus thesis in note 13th of his work System. Naturae of Gmelin issued in
1789 (1st book, 3rd part, page 1056). Si vera sint generis perfecta animalia Protei a
Soelmanno omni anni tempore observati tritonius a Schrenkio, anguinus a Laurenti, ambo in
lacubus Austriae Interioris reperti, enumerati, delineati, huic loco*) inserendi mihi quidem
videntur, et summa cum gyrinis utique branchiostegis, similitudo hactenus obstat, donec
conspirantibus et curatissimus plurium observationibus constet, nullam amplius, tardiorem
forte, subire metamorphosin.

To solve the problem, we sent several samples of our Stina fish preserved in the spirit of
wine to the Viennese natural History professor Schreibers, so he could research their anatomy.
During his stay in London Dr. Schreibers published the results of his research in
Philosophical Transactions for the year 1801. They were printed under the title A historical
and anatomical description of a doubtful amphibious animal of Germany, called, by Laurenti
Proteus anguinus, with 2 plates.

In connection with the Proteus way of life if it is the autonomous species or not the first
thing we notice with this animal is its determined avoiding of the daylight. If we expose it to
the Sun, it became extremely restless and tries to escape by any means and avoid it; but it has
no eyes which could be observed, or, as Scopoli stated: tubercula buna loco oculorum.
Mister Schreibers was the first who observed the little eyes beneath its skin: they are hardly
observable and show themselves up just with those samples which emaciated after the long
fast, when their epidermis skin became extremely thin.

Under the water the Proteus occasionally sometimes uses its legs, and at other times his tail:
his moving is slow and deliberate; but when irritated Proteus runs with full speed and his legs
stick on the trunk.

*) Among amphibian between frog and snake.

(page 2, right column)

During the day Proteus usually hides and stays at rest; during the night Proteus walks on the
bottom all the time, and from time to time gets to the surface to blow out the air.

The captured samples never tasted the food we offered to them never mind if there were the
fresh spawn, fish morsels, or frogs meat, water worms, polyps or artificial food, they even
refused the shells of helix thermalis sort, even if it was proven that they bolt huge amount of
them in freedom; in the secretions of the well-fed Proteus, who relieved itself three times
during its two days of capture, we found 84 sorts of those shells, some of them as little as the
eye of sewing needle. When we served one of those shells alive, the Proteus took one of them
in his mouth, but expectorated it and preferred to let them flourish without eating them.

Despite of their stubborn refusal of all food kinds those animals live for a long time in clear
water if only they have a shadow and the water is not colder than 8 degrees of Raumur, and
we change it every 4 or 5 days. In cold water with the floating pieces of ice the small animals
visibly suffered and died in twenty-four hours.

When several of them get together it looks like they recognize each other, the newcomers
quickly make acquaintance with others and feel domestic: we can also hear a low whistle
which show them satisfied; but if the small animals are provoked with curious spectators or
sunlight, they hiss with dry shrill tone, which is in sharply distinguishable from the previous
whistle, and in the same time they blow the air out through their mouths and gills. Their
unrest could be judged by the greater or smaller swelling of their ear-tuft and by their color
which became carmine: if we observe them through the magnifier, the ear-tufts look like coral
reefs; but if the animal rests the ear-tufts emaciate, loose themselves and became dull-white.
With an average microscope we observe those branched ear-tufts veins with flowing blood
and at each heartbeat we see the blood droplets,

(page 3, left column)

running to and from. We could count 45 to 48 beats per minute.

While on the ground, the Proteus is not allowed to go too far from the water, because the
pituitary substance which Proteus is coated with dries too quickly and glue the small animal
to its crawling site. Several samples which crept out of the tub during the night and have
fallen on the floor still showed life signs when we picked them up, but they perished after two
days with a red lateral line in that part of the body which lied on the flour; that is the proof of
inflammation. They survived only if we watered to unstuck them from the floor. On all the
perished samples we observed the unequivocal Hippocrates death signs. The mucus, which
covers them, actually dries up, unglues, and becomes visible in the water: the morsels of slime
float around and mostly deposit in the animals feet and tail; at the end the Proteus turns his
belly upwards and soon perishes on the water surface.

Considering the size, we found the samples 7-8, 12-13, or even 15-16 inches long, and 1.4-1.6
inches thick. Their bigness does not correspond to the water lizards moreover there is no
Carniolan reptile to compare with that animal.

Today (July 7, 1807) two of those animals live in the cabinet of baron Zois they are there
from October 1803. They lost the weight and grew twice thinner as 1803, but are otherwise
healthy.

We could infer from the undetermined Linnaeus period, tardiorem forte metamorphosin, that
it is already over and complemented after almost 4 years.

The comparison of our animals skin color with the protecting colors of some amphibian
misled several authors to mistake them for the other amphibian. There is the similarity to
embryos gill. Mister Schreibers pointed out that the Proteus embryos essentially distinguish
from the other amphibian or fish embryos, namely by their red color, that means blood, which
more or less flows through the body of that animal.

(page 3, right column)

Considering the mechanism of respiratory organs Mister Schreibers assures us that he

examined the anatomy of many water lizards and did not discover even minimal likeness of
the Proteus. He is more willing to allow the similarity of the little fish form Stina to the
Linnaeus Siren lacertina, but with the supposition that the Siren has lungs, which Hunter
allows, but Camper denies: the opinion of the later of famous anatomists prevailed in science
and therefore we do not classify the Siren lacertina among the amphibian any more, but they
class among the fishes and we call them Muraena Siren.

It is not decided yet: Dr. Schreibers also warns that the Sirens distinguish from the Proteus
also by having only two foots and the short head without lips, small and sharpen mouth, the
eyes very close to each other, also by the limbs, which similarly have just one membrane, but
Sirens extend without the cell division through both sides of the body, and they do not cause
different curves or considerable blowing so characteristic of the Proteus.

Irrespective of many difference Mister Schreibers means that both animals are related.

It is not at all surprising that Mister Schreibers had a lot of work and made every effort to
research all the organism, and especially to determine the sex organs during his anatomization
of the samples he kept in the spirit of wine for a long time: it looked like they have the ovaries
and even the organ similar to uterus, but Mister Schreibers did not stay just on the hypotheses.
We found new possibilities to get the living samples for his research.

After 1798, in Vir near Stina Sprig they captured just 3 to 5 samples per year.

On December 26, 1804 after great thawing they delivered 14 samples to baron Zois at a time,
among them several big ones. All of them are now in Vienna under his Emperors Highness
Archduke Johanns provision; some of them are with Prof. Schreibers, and others live in
subterranean, in

(page 4, left column)

the artificially dug Schnbrunn cave canal, where they have the advantageous conditions for
feeding and also for reproduction, if those animals are capable for that at all (while captured,
remark SJ).

In 1804 the Carniolan mineral-trader, Preschern, sold 2 samples of the Proteus in spirit of
wine, one of them in the hands of Mister Schreibers (sic!), and the other to Mister
Nepperschmidt, the merchant of naturalistic in Copenhagen, and he sent two samples to the
Berliner Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde. He sent one specimen to Paris. Mister
Dorfmeister, the professor in this towns School of Design, pictured the living models and
sent them to the numerous friends of natural sciences.

Table 2: Persons mentioned in Zois article in 1807

Zois note Author Note

Page 1 right column Laurenti Joseph Nicolas Laurenti (*

Page 1 right column
Page 1 right column
Page 1 right column
Page 1 right column
Hohenwart
Scopoli
Johann Hermann (* 1738;
1800), professor of
medicine, University
Strasbourg. After his death
his collection became the
base of Muse Zoologique
Strasbourg
Johan Gottlob Theaenus
Schneider (* January 18,
December 4, 1735;
February 17, 1805).
Sigmund Hohenwart (* June
7, 1745 Celje; 1825 Linz)
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (*
1723; 1788)
Hermann, 1783: Tabula
affinitatum Animalium olim
academico specimene edita,
nunc uberiore commentario
illustrata cum
annotationibus ad historiam
naturalem animalium
augendam facientibus.
Treuttel, Strasbourg. With
the portrait of author
compiled by Gurn (* 1758;
1831). 1st edition 1777 also
there a Ph.D. on 15 pages of
Hermanns student George-
Christophe Wrtza (* 1756;
1823)
Schneider, 1799-1801:
Historia. Amphibiorum
 1750 Kollmen (today
Collm); January 11, 1822
Wroclaw (Breslau)), after
1776 professor of philology
in Frankfurtu on Oder, after
1811 librarian
Page 1 right column Linnaeus
Page 2, left column Jacob Degen called Schegk
(Schengkius * 1511
Schorndorff
(Schorndorffensis); et repetitionbus quibusdam
1587), professor in
Tbingen, father of J.
Schegk junior (Schegkius, *
about 1550; after 1618).
Page 2, left column Johann Friedrich Gmelin (*
August 8, 1748; November
1, 1804)
Page 2, left column Carl von Schreibers (Karl
Franz Anton knight
Schreibers, * August 15,
1775 Bratislava (Pressburg);
May 21, 1852)
Page 2 right column Ren-Antoin Ferchaut de
Raumur (* 1683; 1757)
Page 3 right column Petrus Camper (* 1722;
1789)
Page 3 right column John Hunter (* 1728
outskirts of Glasgow;
1793)
Page 3 right column Archduke Johann
naturalis et literariae...
Frommann, Jena.
Carl Linnaeus (* 1707;
1778)
Schegk, J.D., 1570: Iacobi
Schegkii Schorndorffensis
Commentaria cum annotatis
additis in hos qui sequuntur
Organi Aristotelis libros, ad
artis partem Analyticam
pertinentes. In librum
praedicabilium, Librum
praedicamentorum, Librum
perihermenias, Libros duos
Analyticorum priorum... -
viduam Ulric Morbard
(Morhard), Tubingae.
Gmelin, 1789: Caroli a Linn
systema Naturae per regna tria
naturae, secundum classes,
ordines, genera, species, cum
characteribus, differentiis.
Synonymis, locis. Dedituio decima
tertia, aucta, reformata Cura J. F
Gmelin, Leipzig, Beer.
Viennese professor
Paris Academician
Leyden student of
Musschenbroek and
'sGravesande, later professor
in Amsterdam, Grnigen and
Franker. In 1778, he lectured
on common characteristics
of quadrupeds, birds and fish
to help them painting better.
FRS 1767, didn't matriculate
to any university. He became
surgeon in St. George's
hospital in 1768
Johann Habsburg (* 1782;
1859)
 Page 4 left column
Page 4 left column
Page 4 left column
Simon Preeren (Preschern)
Bud Nepperschmidt
Vincent Dorfmeister
Upper Carniola merchand
with Viennese seat
Natural samples merchant in
Copenhagen
Professor in Ljubljana
painting school

ZOIS NEPTUNIAN HYPOTHESIS

Zois' support of Neptunian hypothesis was not the output of his scientific relations with
Gruber and Hacquet. At least Grubers geology contained the elements of both antagonistic
systems. Grubers description of former European Mediterranean seas and their deposits was
Neptunian with some aspects of metamorphism. His idea of two deluges in earths history
sounds like catastrophist theories of De Luc and later Cuvier, who published his opinion in
1812. Gruber used three decades Joef Anton Nagels (* 1717; 1800) manuscript (Kranjc
1998, 340; Kempe, Hubrich & Suckstorff 2006, 157), and he used Plutonic theory of caves
developing after their roof landslips. He explained the natural bridges and arches with the
ground landslips (Gruber 1781, 108; Gruber 1784, 4; Habe & Kranjc 1981, 21). He described
today woody Javornik as very treeless (Gams 2003, 16).

Gruber was a pioneer of the landslide theory, but his antagonist Hacquet eventually supported
the corrosion hypotheses. Hacquet described the disintegrating limestone rocks causing
surface shapes. He checked the limestone solubility with muriatic acid to better the
understanding of karst. The corrosion theory eventually moved into mainstream only a
century later, and the time-gap prevented the recognition of Hacquet as its predecessor
(Kranjc 2006, 167; Gams 2003, 17-18). Hacquet was critical to all theories, but as the
pretended Frenchman he probably favored Plutonic hypotheses. He was anti-catastrophist
predecessor of Charles Lyell (* 1797; 1875 (Kranjc 2006, 166; Pirjevec 1925, 285)), who
criticized Cuviers catastrophist theory in his Principles of Geology (1830-1833 (Ravikovi
1976, 5)). The geological and karst theories broadened the antipathies between Gruber and
Hacquet, but Zois probably did not take any of their sides and rather developed his own point
of view.

Science in French Ljubljana (Bicentenary of Illyrian Provinces, 200th anniversary of Zois

death)

Termination of the Jesuits Monopoly of Ljubljana Mathematical Sciences

The first personal encounters of Slovenes with the French revolutionary armies (1797, 1805,
1809) coincided with the termination of the previously prevailed Jesuits influence on the
Ljubljana sciences. In 1802 and 1803 the Ljubljana Higher studies lost their last Jesuits, the
physicist and chemist Jernej (Bartholomew) Schaler and the mathematician Anton Gruber.
Anton was a younger brother of the famous Ljubljana mechanic expert, Gabriel. After the
Jesuits suppression, Ljubljana scientific education passed to the Jesuits students trained in
the spirit of Bokovis science: G. Grubers students Joef Marija emrl and Jurij Vega, G.
Grubers private student Baron Sigmund (iga) Zois, Schaler and A. Grubers student Janez
Krstnik Kersnik, and the Moravian immigrant Neumann.

iga Zoiss mother told her eldest son on her deathbed: Im leaving you now, my dearest
son, you will be all on your own in the future. There is nothing possible to help, the old age is
the sorrow. I can smell the Parisian revolution by now, although it did not begin as far. I can
hear its slogans of Egalit, libert and fraternit. Be careful about those folks. You may
support libert and fraternit, but you are a noble wealthy kid. Do not be a full. You could
never support any kind of Egalit, so long as you will remain a baron and the member of the
ruling class. There is no equality among humans as you are the boss and the common folks
are your servants. Even your funny friend Hacquet who just left our city never supported that
equality nonsense, even those outdated Grubers Jesuits cannot support such a nonsense
which could entirely ruin our ways of running the economy. Yes, the poor workers are equal
one to each other, but they could never be equal to us because we hire them, and we own their
products and their work. They are our modern slaves and no slave could ever be equal to their
masters. Remember that. Liberty and brotherhood yes, but never any kind of equality because
the differences are the motors that runs the prosperity of this world of ours. The widowed
mother was pale, and her voice was hardly recognizable. iga listened carefully but
sometimes he could barely decide the worlds just by watching her lovely lips which used to
kiss him so many times when he was a kid but also after iga was so heavily crippled by his
disease on his special wheelchair. iga barely dared to move when he pronounced into the
ears of his dying mother: I will follow your advice, dear mother I will follow it entirely.
There will be no equality in this house, not in this city, nor in the entire Carniola, never. I
promise you. No equality et all. Even brotherhood is not fine, I love my brother Karel even if
he is drunk much too often, but I do not need those dirty farmers or miners to act as my
brothers, mot me. Considering the liberty, I love that. Lets have a liberty, liberty of thought
and acts so long as those libertarians do not challenge my money. The poor folks are free to
have no money, but my and your liberty is to have a lot of it.
Figure 13: iga Zois in his wheelchair.
Figure 14: Zois coat-of-arms.
Ljubljana coles Centrales (1809-1813)

iga stood firmly on his mothers political views, but Napoleonic soldiers did not care much
for his opinion as soon they became the masters of the city of Ljubljaja-Napoleons Europe
enabled the Carniolan import of the foreign-born lay scientific experts. Before Napoleonic
Illyrian Provinces with Ljubljana as capital there were just few of lay technical experts in
Carniola. The most important Carniolan lay scientist was Zois personal friend Balthasar
Hacquet in Idrija and after 1773 in Ljubljana.

Ljubljana scientists had close contacts with the Parisian Laplaces circles during the four
years of Illyrian Provinces. The French invaders organized the university level physics,
mathematics, chemistry, machinery and architecture studies in the Illyrian Provinces as they
did in the Parisian revolutionary Jacobin coles Centrales. The professors of Illyrian
Provinces did not relay that much on the slightly differently organized cole Polytechnique
(created in 1794 as coles centrale des travaux publics)6 or cole Normale Superieure,
established in 1795.

The Frenchmen established the Illyrian Provinces metropolitan Ljubljana University to

prevent Illyrian brain drain to the rest of Habsburg Empire and to strengthen the continental
blockade against England.7 Napoleonic administrators had the hard time to find the useful
professors for chemistry, mathematics, and related subjects because the domestic experts were
considered insufficient compared to the modern Parisian trends.

Kersnik used the Latin textbook of his predecessor on his chair, Neumann, for the freshmen of
all five Ljubljana Central Schools Faculties in 1810/11.8 On October 31, 1803 Johann Phillip
Neumann became the very first Ljubljana professor of physics who was never a Jesuit while
his lectures on physics included chemistry which was not jet a separate subject. Zois copy of
Neumanns textbook is among the few still preserved in Ljubljana. In his introduction
Neumann also recommended the Dutch chemists and physicists, including 'sGravesande, and
Musschenbroeks Institutiones (1748) or Introductio ad philosophiam (1762).9

Among the foreign tracts Neumann recommended Biot, Cavallo, Th. Young, Playfair, and
Giuseppe Saverio Poli. Zois had Cavallo and Polis books on his bookshelves. Neumann
described Beccarias experiments on animals and plants phosphorescence,10 as well as
Bologna Stone and Cantons phosphorus.11

Janez Krstnik Kersnik studied in Ljubljana with the professor Schaler with Neumann and after
March 3, 1803. On December 10, 1808 Kersnik became the ordinary professor of physics of
Ljubljana Lyceum. In 1811, he began to teach chemistry in the Ljubljana Academy instead of

6
R. Taton, La formation de Sadi Carnot: cole Polytechnique er cole de Metz. Sadi Carnot et l'essor de la
thermodynamique. ditions du centre de la recherche scientifique, Paris, 1976, 35-51, here p. 39.
7
E. Vaupel, Ersatzstoffe, Surrogate, Imitate. Napoleon Kontinental Sperre und die Chemie. Kultur & Technik.
2006, 3: 50-55.
8
V. Schmidt, Zgodovina olstva in pedagogike na Slovenskem. DZS, Ljubljana, 1964, 2, 96-97.
9
J.P. Neumann, Lehrbuch. 1-2. Gerold, Wien, 1820 (NUK-8514), 2, VII.
10
Neumann, 1820, 2, 205.
11
Neumann, 1820, 2, 206.
Jean Maria Zendrinni (Zendrini),12 who left for his native Brescia. Between 1811 and 1814
Zendrinni mailed several mineralogical letters from Brescia to Zois Ljubljana. Zois answered
him on March 23, 1812, June 26, 1812, August 2, 1812, January 10, 1815, and October 30,
1818.13 After taking over Zendrinnis chemistry lectures in Ljubljana Kersnik practically
lectured on all scientific subjects. He had a huge family and they welcomed all extra money
he earned.

Kersnik was the professor of physics and chemistry, occasionally also of the applied
mathematics on the Lyceum of Ljubljana between the years 1823 and 1848. As the ordinary
professor under the Philosophical Studies Direction supervision he taught arithmetic,
geometry, mechanics, and chemistry. Among his students were the apprentices, helpmates,
and unskilled teachers. Kersnik lectured for two hours each Sunday in the Lyceums physics
lecture room after January 1818,14 when the Mechanical School for Arts and Handicraft
(Gewerbes-industrie-Schule fr Kunstler und Handwerker) permanently hired him. Kersnik
used the Slovenian language in chemistry lectures for the very first time. He began his
chemistry lectures in 183015 in Lyceum and taught his students two or even three hours every
Sunday.

In his old age Kersnik became the most popular Ljubljana Lyceum professor. That comes as
no surprise as he taught for almost half of a century.16 The Slovenians liked him because he
loved their language like Carles Puigdemont loves Catalan speech, the others tolerated
Kersnik because he became a part of the local legend.

12
Schmidt, 1964, 2, 105.
13
J. Faganel, Joe. Zoisovi rokopisi. ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, 1999, 43, 117-118, 151, 152, 159, 166, 168.
14
J. Ciperle, Podoba velikega uilia ljubljanskega. Licej v Ljubljani 1800-1848. Slovenska matica, Ljubljana,
2001, 179, 305.
15
I. Grafenauer, Kersnik Janez Krstnik (catchword). SBL. 1932, 1: 444-445, here p. 445.
16
ZAL, akc. fond 1, arh. division 76.
Figure 15: Voltaic pile by Bulletin Des Sciences Par La Socit Philomatique De Paris in
1801.

Kersnik and Marmonts Physics-Chemical Apparatus for Voltaic Experiments in 1811

Kersnik mastered French language which was a great advantage during the Illyrian Provinces.
In 1811 he listed his Ljubljana Central School experimental equipment in French language
with some minor grammatical errors. He demonstrated to his students the most recent
scientific discoveries, especially the Voltaic piles.
As his very first apparatus of the chemistry section Kersnik noted the vacuum pump, and on
the second place there was . Zois invention of the blowpipe for smelting furnace with the
movable pillar belongings.17 Zois probably donated his device, or at least its model, but it is
not quite clear if he also used it in his own ironworks north of Ljubljana in Upper Carniola.

Kersnik also had two bellows with table and lamps, two thermometers with metallic scale, a
pair of scales with brass weights, the smaller and bigger balance, the Voltaic pile, two
aerometers, a big bellows with a long copper pipe, the copper pneumatic tub (for vacuum
experiments), and a silver lamp with all equipment.

Next, Kersnik listed the crystalline, clayey, metallic, iron, wooden, porcelain, and other
instruments for chemical experiments. In the 9th division of chemistry section he noted 33
Idrija Mine samples and 250 minerals from different sites. Kersniks next list of 56 other
chemical elements and compounds filled a page and a half of folio format.18 He also described
the colors of some metals (he meant their compounds), among them yellow, red, and dark-
brown lead, black and red iron, black and red mercury, from Idrija Mine. Kersnik did not
hesitate to note the new metals which were discovered after his own birth. Kersniks
mineral collection was probably not better of Ljubljana Hacquet or Zois sets, but it gives us
the expression what Kersniks classroom looked like.

During Kersniks era of Lavoisiers discoveries, the heat phenomena predominantly belonged
to chemistry and not to physics. Therefore Kersnik listed his heat-related experimental
equipment simultaneously with his chemical apparatus.19 Among his equipment for chemistry
and heat measurements he noted the pyrometer, iron ring with ball to demonstrate the heat
dilation, elongated blowing furnace, several small vitreous horns, two bottles with two necks
each, two glassy balls with tubes, brass bellows with cocks, pipes with ordinary and bony
keys, two eudiometers for chemical synthesis, sink, crushing basin, vitreous vases for
crushing, and stove. Among his electrical equipment20 Kersnik listed a small frictional
electricity apparatus, electric brass conductor, circuit, a big, perhaps frictional electricity
apparatus with conductors, two Kleists Bottles also called Leyden Bottles, cylindrical brass
conductor, cylindrical wooden isolator, six differently sized Kleist-Leyden bottles,
dischargers with iron conductors, discharger with brass conductor, Henleys standard
discharger.21 When Kersnik sent an electric discharge through gunpowder placed on a table of
his Henleys discharger, it was not ignited, but was projected in all directions. When Kersnik
interposed the circuit with a wet string, a spark passed and ignited the gunpowder. The effect
arose from the retardation of electricity experienced in traversing a wet string or other
semiconductor, because the heating effect was proportional to the duration of the discharge.
After Kersnik passed the electrical charge through sugar, heavy spar, fluorspar, or other
similar matter, they became phosphorescent in the dark. Even the eggs were shown luminous
in the dark in this way to a great astonishment of Kersniks students.

17
J.K. Kersnik, Inventaire des objects existantes dans le Cabinet de Chimie et de Physique des coles centrales
Laibach. ZAL. Akc.fond 1, arh. Division 53, 1811, unpaged, p. 1; V. Valeni, Vlado, E. Faninger, N. Gspan-
Praelj, Zois iga (Sigismund) pl. Edelstein (catchword). SBL. 1991, 15, 832-846, here p. 832.
18
Kersnik, 1811, 4-6.
19
Kersnik, 1811, 8.
20
Kersnik, 1811, 8-9.
21
A. Ganot, Elementary Treatise on Physics. 12th edition, William Wood and Co. publishers, New York, 1886,
728-729 ( 790).
Kersnik also listed the brass plates, knotted conductor, electrophorus (probably Voltas),
condenser, conductors, toy with electric bells, (Voltas) electrical pistols, two vitreous stacks
as isolators, the plate capable of the electric spark discharge for lighting simulation, Voltas
pile with twenty-five copper elements, tower for lighting simulation, tower for thunder with
lighting presentation, Voltas pile with eighty-five plates without the material stated, and
isolator. The French occupation certainly enabled Ljubljana students to follow the inventions
of Napoleons protge, senator Alessandro Volta, almost without delay.

FIGURE 16: Voltaic pile with hundred (five) pairs of copper-zinc plates in Kersniks
Ljubljana lab (Kersnik, 1811, 1).

FIGURE 17: Voltaic piles with 25 pairs of copper plates and other 75 plates in Kersniks
Ljubljana lab (Kersnik, 1811, 9).
FIGURE 18: Kersniks Voltaic pile with 12 silver plates in Ljubljana lab (Kersnik, 1811, 10).

In 1811, Kersnik greatly improved his collection, when he got the portable Voltas pile with
zinc-gold elements, the optical observatory of floating feather, hygrometer with thermometer,
and pneumatic lighter.22 Early during the same year the Illyrian Provinces Governor General,
the duke of Dubrovnik Marshal Marmont donated to Kersniks Ljubljana Central School his
own wealthy equipped lab. On November 16, 1809, Marmont arrived to Ljubljana as
Governor General and left for Paris early in 1811.23 One of the reasons for Marmonts early
departure could be his wifes discomfort in Ljubljana. She was quite humiliated right upon
her arrival, when she attended the holy service in Capuchin Ljubljana Church, where the
preacher waved his hands while speaking and his handkerchief suddenly dropped on the
dcolletage of the surprised Lady Marmont. The Governor Marmont winded up the Ljubljana
Capuchin Monastery immediately, but his lady never really liked Ljubljana anyway. On his
leave Marmont endowed Ljubljana professor Kersnik with a precise analytical balance,
voltaic cell which gave voltage 100 V (probably the same which Kersnik listed in 1811),
galvanic cell with a hundred copper-zinc elements, distillation apparatus, gas-meter,
audiometer, glowing stove, high temperatures gas heaters, 49 retorts, 12 Woulfs bottles, 19
funnels, two mouflon horn-shaped bottles, 14 vases, thermometers, aero-meters, vitreous,
metallic, and porcelain pipes, several hundred gourds, 200 tumblers, porcelain glow-pots,
irony and wooden stand, pincer, and spoons.24 Marmont certainly learned a lot from his
personal chemistry tutor, Zelli. Without doubt, Marmont tried many chemical experiments in
his home lab at Ljubljana Bishops palace near Ljubljana Saint Nicolas Cathedral next door to
theological seminary library where they kept about 16,000 scientific books. The Ljubljana
Central School was nearby in the building of former Lyceum of todays Vodniks square.

22
Kersnik, 1811, 10.
23
J.O. Boudon, Marmont, gouverneur gnral des Provinces illyriennes. In: Napoleon na Jadranu. Napolon
dans l'Adriatique (ed. J. umrada). Annales, Koper/Zadar, 2006, 221-232. Here pp. 26, 231.
24
R. Zelli, Registre de correspondence. VII. NUK, Manuscript Division, 1811; J. Polec, Razvoj vijega olstva.
Ljubljana, 1929, 37-38; S. Jozelj, Pouk kemije na Slovenskem do prve svetovne vojne. olska kronika. 1992, 25,
38-47. Here p. 43.
FIGURE 19: The division general Auguste-Frdric-Louis Viesse de Marmont (* 1774;
1852) at his best in Musee Du Chatillonnais Chatillon Sur Seine in 1800.

Marmont certainly learned a lot from his personal chemistry tutor Benedictine Raphael Zelli
and his personal surgeon Fabre. Fabre taught Marmont anatomy six hours per day.25

Marmont belonged to the old military oriented family and joined Napoleonic Egyptian
expedition as brigadier to cultivate his passion for science which he shared with Napoleon
himself. The passion of new discoveries pleased the Emperor who published some research
himself and therefore Marmont selected Raffaelle Zelli for his private chemistry tutor to learn
more about Voltaic experiments in 1808 and 1809.26 Zelli was a professor and later the

25
Auguste-Frdric-Louis Viesse de Marmont, Mmoires du Marchal duc de Raguse de 1792 a 1841. 3rd
edition, tome 3 (Paris : Perrotin, 1857), 125-126; Auguste-Frdric-Louis Viesse de Marmont, Philippe Bulinge,
Avec Bonaparte / Livres I, II, III, IV, V des Mmoires de Marmont / dition tablie, prsente et annote par
Philip Bulinge (Paris : Arla, 2004), 233.
26
Auguste-Frdric-Louis Viesse de Marmont, Frano Baras, Iz memoara marala Marmonta / Ilirske uspomene
1806-1811 / (Dubrovnik, Boka Kotorska, Dalmacija, Civilna in Vojna Krajina, Koruka i Kranjska u doba
stvaranja Napoleonovih provincija) (Split : akavski sabor, 1977), 86, 250.
Principal of Zadar Lyceum. During the French occupation of Zadar in the central part of
Illyrian Provinces (now Croatia). The city of Zadar made progress in his school based
scientific education despite of the Continental Blockade against English Trade which ruined
the Dalmatian Economy. Zadar provided the unique Dalmatian Lyceum with the
mathematical, physics, chemical, agricultural, natural historical, and pharmaceutical
lectures.27

After the Illyrian Provinces establishment, Marmont asked Zelli to accompany him to his new
Ljubljana governors post. In April 1810 he appointed Zelli to the post of the Supreme Public
Education Inspector competent for the reorganization of all the Schools in Illyrian Provinces.
Henri Gatien Bertrand and Christophe Andr Jean Chabrol de Crouzol helped Zelli to
establish the complete Ljubljana University with five faculties.28

Marmont established the Botanical garden in Ljubljana in 1810.29 His able army pharmacist
named Paiss helped him in experimenting and Marmont spent a lot of money for his
chemical laboratory. Marmont was surprised to find the extraordinary effect of the sulfuric
acid which extracted a lot of heat after he poured a given quantity of water. Marmont was
convinced that the force of gravity also acts on heat and tried to measure the effect presenting
his work as his own invention. In fact, he was weighting the caloric. He told his Egyptian
expedition friend Gaspar Monge about his discovery, but Monge did not believe him.
Lavoisier already examined the similar problem and reported that phlogiston (or heat or
caloric) doesnt have a weight, but Marmont was eventually not aware of all aspects of
Lavoisiers work. The continuation of Marmonts Ljubljana experiments seemingly supported
Marmonts claims withstanding Monges doubts, although Marmont praised Monge and
Bertholetts friendship very highly30 already from their joint Egyptian expedition. When
Marmont returned to Paris during his holidays in 1810 and in early 1811, he immediately
visited Monge, Bertholett, and Marmonts former professor Laplace.31 All agreed that
Marmont without any doubts made a great discovery if his claims were right. They arranged
their joint visit to Polytechnic where Gay-Lussac repeated Marmonts experiment. On that
occasion, Marmont met the balloonist Gay-Lussac and Aragos friend a gay Friedrich
Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1759) for the first time and later kept in
touch with him. The result of Paris experiment eventually contradicted all Marmonts
previous claims and humiliated him. The polite Gay-Lussac advised Marmont to continue his
experiments but Marmont did not want to add a false pride to his wrong suppositions. Later
Marmont did not consider himself a scientist because he learned that such job needs a whole
man and a lot of time.32 Marmont was not faithful to Napoleonic hundred days under the
threat of French educated Habsburg prime minister Metternich (1773 Koblenz-1759 Vienna)
and Habsburg commanders count Nugent and de Ligne who was not especial fan of
Metternichs Napoleonic marriage with the favorite Habsburg princess Marie Louise.33 The
wealthy Talleyrand (1754-1838) played Napoleonic French opposition while the former

27
M. Trogrli, kolstvo u Dalmaciji za francuske uprave. Izvjea Vincenza Dandola o ustroju javne nastave u
Dalmaciji (1806.-1809.). Napoleon na Jadranu. Napolon dans l'Adriatique (ed. J. umrada), Annales,
Koper/Zadar, 2006, 151-158, here p. 153.
28
J. umrada, Poglavitne poteze napoleonske politike v Ilirskih provincah. Zgodovinski asopis. 2007, 61/1-2:
75-84, here p. 82.
29
Marmont; Baras, op.cit. in n. 18, 194
30
Marmont, Bulinge, op.cit. in n. 17, 213.
31
Marmont, Bulinge, op.cit. in n. 17, 45..
32
Marmont; Baras, op.cit. in n. 18, 195; Marmont (1857), op.cit. in n. 17, 446-447.
33
Dorothy Gies McGuigan (1914-1982). Metternich and the Duchess, 1975. Translation: Meternich in
vojvodinja. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva zaloba, 1980, 27, 49, 119.
Napoleonic multiple traitoring freemasonic police butcher minister Joseph Fouch (1759-
1820) became a last governor of Illyrian provinces after Marmont, Bertrand, and the crazy
Jean-Andoche Junot, 1st Duke of Abrants (177129 July 1813) who walked naked and
trough Ljubljana and demanded that the cannon shots great him for a great fun of local ladies.
Fouch served in Ljubljana in July 1813 - August 1813. He visited Prague upon Fouch
audience with Metternich on 20. 7. 1813.34

Figure 20: Marmonts Illyrian province notes of 1809 (SI_AS F 8).

Zois in the French Vice

Marmont regularly visited the Ljubljana house of baron iga (Sigmund) Zois, who studied in
Seminario-Collegio for lay non-noble pupils in Reggio Emilia Spiritual Seminary between the
October 1761 and the year 1765. On November 1, 1750 the school was established, and it was
abolished in 1790, but it later worked under the different names.35 In 1763/64 and 1764/65

34
Dorothy Gies McGuigan (1914-1982). Metternich and the Duchess, 1975. Translation: Meternich in
vojvodinja. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva zaloba, 1980, 162-163.
35
M. Kacin, iga Zois in italijanska kultura. ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, 2001, 50.
Sigmund learned some science.36 Reggio Emilia established its Jesuit schools in 1618. After
1752 Reggio Emilia even had university for two decades37 with the priest Lazzaro Spallanzani
as the professor of mathematics and physics. Spallanzanis cousin Laura Bassi turned
Spallanzanis interests towards the Natural Sciences during Spallanzanis Bologna studies.
Later Spallanzani eventually supported Galvanis theory of the animal electricity in
Galvanic quarrels with Volta.38 Zois didnt buy Spallanzanis books, but eventually got some
Natural History know-how from his mothers uncle, the Ljubljana physician Janez Krizostom
Pollini, who became the Carniolan Land Physicist in 1737/38.39

Zois toured around Europe as all younger men of means did in his time. He left Ljubljana
after January 15, 1779 and returned in May 1780. He visited Spa in Belgium in July 1782, but
could hardly walk in October 1793 because of his gout.40 He developed his strong scientific
contacts in Paris and other centers, and NUK inherited most of its contemporary French
scientific books from Zois library. Cuvier even stated, that all merits of Proteus discovery
should go to the Baron Zois (Sigmund or his father Michelangelo), because Scopoli and
Laurenti used Zois samples collected from Stina in Lower Carniola Surroundings, and later
also in Postojnska Cave. The Viennese professor Schreibers and Geneva physics professor
Marc Auguste Pictet (* 1752; 1825), who accomplished valuable heat rays reflections
research, also examined Zois live samples. Zois provided the Proteus sample for Cuvier for
his description in 1st volume of Humboldts Observations zoologique (1807), and Schreibers
in Phil. Trans. (1801).41 Lamarck described Proteus eyes as an example of atrophy caused
with disuse. With his Proteus research and distribution Zois became well known in Paris even
before the establishment of Illyrian provinces in 1809 and therefore Marmont and other
French used Zois Ljubljana home as the center for their scientifically colored social
gatherings.

The French Ljubljana Librarian and Editor, Charles Nodier, made acquaintance with Zois
very soon. He mentioned Zois collection of minerals on February 11, 1813 in his Tlgraphe
officiel, and again on May 6, 1813 when he discussed Dr. Francesco Tantinis (Tandini, 1770-
1831) scientific works on the medicine of fevers. Nodier probably met Tantini in Zois house,
although Tantini published most of his work in Pisa. In January 15, 1821 La Quotidienne
Nodier described already deceased Zois as the best mineralogist of all Europe.42 Nodier also
twice mentioned Ljubljana professor of mathematics Gunz (Gnz) among the Illyrian
scientists on February 1, 1815 in an article for Journal des Dbats, and for a second time as
Gienz in an article Laybach published on January 15, 1821 in La Quotidienne.43

36
Kacin, 2001, 62.
37
Kacin, 2001, 45,
38
G. Polvani, Alessandro Volta. Domus Galileana, Pisa, 1942, 152, 174, 420; Jozelj, 1992, 40-41; . Markovi,
Rue Bokovi. JAZU, Zagreb, 1969, 639, 756; J. umrada, iga Zois in Dodat de Dolomieu. Kronika, 2001,
49/1-2, 65-72, here p. 66; D. Soban, Darinka, Johannes A. Scopoli - Carl Linneaus Dopisovanje/Correspondence
1760-1775. Prirodoslovno drutvo Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2004, 48.
39
Faganel, 1999, 8.
40
J. ontar, Neznana pisma ige Zoisa, Kronika, 1954, 2/3, 188-191, here 188-189, 191.
41
Cuvier, Georges. 1825. Du Proteus (proteus anguinus Laurenti). Rescherche de ossemens Fossiles, 3rd edition.
Paris. Tome V, 2, pp. 426-427.
42
Schmidt, 1964, 2, 99, 105; J.R. Dahan, Charles Nodier dans les Provinces illyriennes. Napoleon na Jadranu.
Napolon dans l'Adriatique (ed. J. umrada). Annales, Koper/Zadar, 2006. 249-280, here p. 273.
43
Dahan, 2006, 272; R. Maixner, Charles Nodier et l'Illyrie. Didier, Paris, 1960, 37, 65, 66.
Figure 21: The French bookplate in a Francoeur's Mechanics of Ljubljana Lyceum Library
noted in Nodier's times (Francoeur, Mechanics 1807, NUK-8511)

Ljubljana mathematician Samuel Gunz was a son of Rabbi Simon Gunz (1743 Augsburg- 11.
1. 1824 Prague),44 a Prague teacher of mathematics in Jewish school after 1782. Simon taught
commercial calculations and authored many practical mathematical books as extension of the
work of Johann Christian Nelkenbrecher who died in 1760.45 Simon resembled Voltaire in

44
C.G. Keyser, Wollstndiges Bcher=Lexicon einhaltend alle von 1750 bis zu Ende des Jahres 1832 in
Deutschland und in den angrenzenden Lndern gedruckten Bcher. L. Schumann, Leipzig, 1834, 1, 460.
45
Gunz, Simon: Praktische Bemerkungen and Vorschlge zur Verbesserung des Lehrfachs fr angehende Haus-
und Schullehrer (Pragus 1792); Handbuch fr Kaufleute, enthaltend allgemeine Schlssel, [37] vermittelst
deren man den Localbetrag eines Wiener Centners oder Pfundes in Wiener Cours jeder vorkommenden Art ...
berechnen kann (Prague 1792); Verhltnisstabellen des niedersterreichischen Gewichts, nassen und
trockenen Masses, der Elle, Klafter, gegen das altbhmische und umgekehrt ... (Prague 1793); Theoretisch-
praktisches Rechnenbuch fr Lehrer und Lernende. 2 Theile (Prag 1802; 2. Aufl. 3 Theile 1808; 5. Aufl.
face and in sharp tongue and made a fortune through many editions of his mathematical books
about moneymaking. Samuel taught in Ljubljana from 1809/10 to 1819 based on Sylvester
Franois Lacroix (* 1765; 1843) textbook on calculus.46 On September 11, 1814 Samuel
Gunz was baptized as Leopold in Ljubljana and in 1819 he became the professor of
mathematics in Lyceum of Linz. Next year he published a book on parallels with Neumanns
appendix on tower clocks-gnomons.47 Gunz used the theory of Swiss Louis Bertrand and
Johannes Schulz (* 1739). Bertrand adopted Eulers ideas for trigonometry48 and influenced
Lacroix. In the second appendix Gunz described Legendres theory,49 in the third Bertrands
derivation of Legendres Elmens de Geometrie (1810),50 and in his forth, appendix Gunz
described Schulz theory.51 Gunz was clever to convert to Catholicism after the debacles of
Napoleonic bayonets while the Jewish monopoly over the borrowing money with interest was
fading. The ancient rulers were obliged to pay to Jews a great deal, so they got rid of everyday
debts with Jews. In the time of ancient Rome, the Jewish were primarily responsible for
troubles. Since most of Jews did not stop making problems to Romans at all, the Romans
finally expelled Jews to have peace in front of them. This trauma of exile can be important to
the Jewish soul, much like the experience of the Americans in the hard sailings in ships across
the Atlantic to the unknown future which damaged the genetics of their descendants. Such a
suffering is recorded in the genes, and a progeny becomes labile and seeks to avoid the re-
emergence of a similar destiny. If you do not want the Turks in Germany, then in May 1945
there should be a Jewish German state, or at least the Jewish state in modern Sebastian Kurz
Austria instead of the Jews appearing in Palestine as new crusaders, where there will never
make peace. The Jewish legends are, in fact, linked to Jerusalem, but it's just for propaganda.
While the Jews resuscitated their dead language with propaganda, the same move in the
Republic of Ireland had completely failed, as it seemed to the Irish people as a serious fault to
force their children to learn their own ancient language instead of the cosmopolitan English.
Therefore, a strong part of Judaism is in its susceptibility to propaganda, discipline and trust
in domestic primarily rabbinical institutions, which are mostly strange to the other modern
folk. It helps Jews to become the Nobel Prize winners, although their statistics are deceptive,
as many of the Nobel Prize winning Jews were not just Orthodox Jews, including Einstein,
although Einstein even had some offers for the first president of the state of Israel. Probably
the Jews or the Turks would be exactly the right counterweight to the Germans in German
states if they were hung up there. They would have beaten each other there, and the rest of
folks would have peace of them both. Possibly a Turkish Germany place would be a logistics

1816; 6. Aufl. 1832), der 3. Theil auch unter dem Titel: Praktischer Unterricht in Berechnungen auslndischer
Waaren oder Waarenkalkulationen (Prague. 1808; 6. Aufl. 1832); Cours- und Wechseltabellen ... (Wien
1807); Elementar-Theorie der parallelen Geraden (Gratz 18153, mit 2 Taf.), auch als Beitrge zur reinen,
angewandten und technischen Mathematik, 1. Heft; Der fertige Arbitrageur; ein Handbuch fr Banquiers
und Kaufleute ... (Neue Aufl. Prague 1818); Nelkenbrechers Taschenbuch, fr die sterreichischen Staaten
bearbeitet (Prague 1815; 2. Aufl. 1818 und noch spter); Rechenschlssel, oder usserst kurze allgemeine
Rechnenregeln, vermittelst deren der Localbetrag in Gulden C. M. eines Wiener Zentners oder Pfundes ... in
einem Amsterdamer, Hamburger, Londoner und Frankfurter Preiscourante ohne Federansatz blos mit 1 oder 2
Ziffern zu berechnen sei (Prague 1818); Tabelle zur schnellen Uebersicht, wie viel der jedesmalige Stand der
5percentigen Obligationen in Silbermnze nach dem jedesmaligen Geldcourse in W. W. betrage (Prag 1818);
Der Kassier, ein Taschenbuch fr Banquiers und Kaufleute ... (Prague 1818); Anfangsgrnde der
Gleichungslehre oder sogenannten Algebra ... (Prague 1826)
46
S.F. Lacroix, Trait lementaire de calcul diffrentiel et de calcul integral. Paris (NUK-4301), 1806.
47
L. Gunz, Elementar-Theorie der parallelen Geraden nebst einer Nachricht von der Legendre'schen u. einer
Beurtheilung der Schulz'shen & Bertrand'schen Theorie der Pararelen. Graz: Miller (NUK-4156), 1815, 59-60.
48
M.B. Cantor, Vorlesungen ber Geschichte der Mathematik. B. G. Treubner, Leipzig, 1908, 4, 425, 1095.
49
Gunz, 1815, 33.
50
Gunz, 1815, 47.
51
Gunz, 1815, 55-58.
basis supporting Turkish resistance in the north, camps for training guerrillas, monitoring
convoys of weapons and equipment, hospitals ... The Turks in Germany would not be lonely:
the same, or greater, heartbreak, would work Algerians in France, Moroccans in the
Netherlands, Pakistanis in England. While the anti-Semitism is precisely related with him: the
Jews are already leaving Europe, especially France. Hard to understand where all that leads.
By the statistics for the Nobel Prizes: The Jews rule with 22.5%, and globally they are only
0.2% of Jews worldwide. So a factor of 100, which suggests a particular ethnic factor, social
or genetic, Regarding the Jewish ancient dominance in finance the Christians had
considerable reservations about lending money on interest, but Jews did not tie it, and they
became the dominant financiers .. and whom you would hate more than the one you owe
money, and additionally payment service? Muslims were more inventive in terms of interest,
but they hated Jews anyway. Istanbul, of course, is a living mixture, and Jews have always
been there, as well as Slavs and all kinds of everything. Neither Istanbul is purely Muslim, it
is perhaps only now that the Turks have become bite Muslims with Muslim parties in power.
Beyond the bridge is skdar, and if you go down in Asia Minor there is even a large
Anatolian city of Nide, which does not mean to the Turks of course the same as to the Slavs.
The areas are full of castles and it's medieval. Once, I was debating with some Turks there
and I told them that I came from Yugoslavia, which was then in force. Well, a young man
came in and told me how this beautiful Yugoslavia was, what his grandfather had to say when
he was still theirs. At first, I thought he was hacking - later I was found that he really thought
more of Macedonia. If you go to their museums there, they sell all Asia Minors folks as the
Turks, even the Hittites who ruled there when there was no spirit or hearing from the Turks
yet. But all the neighbors are afraid of the Turks, a little because of the Ottoman traditions,
but more for their abundance and power. The Kurds are now slowly raising their heads, but
they have just recently begun to admit publicly that they are not Turks. The Turks are better
off than all other Muslims east and south of them in Syria and beyond, as only the Turks eat
with the spoons, but others prefer to take their soups and food with thin bread. So, the Turks
or Jews would be exactly the right counter-weight for the Germans if they were hung on their
heads there. The Jews were not allowed to sleep in iga Zoiss part of the Habsburg
monarchy during iga Zois youth; they could have been there in the daytime, but they did
have to live before the sunset: of course, the laws were, as always, there for people to violated
them, especially in places along the Carniolan border with Hungary-Croatia. That made Jews
exclusive. The bermensch thesis is always dangerous, even if it's true. If some folks are
ahead of others because of race, gender, geographical places which they occupy, the work
they do, then it leads to fascism even if their advantages are true and especially in that case, if
they are true and real. The German or Jewish racists are clumsy neighbors mainly because
they are more capable than others and they are aware of this. Some other folks like Serbians
also suppose they are superior, but they are not, which makes them less dangerous worldwide.
Other superior folks are not aware of their superiority which makes them nice, while the
fourth group of stupid guys who know that they are limited are just funny. In four sorts of
guys the most annoying are the ones who knows and knows that he knows as the erudite. The
ones who knows without knowing should be reminded. The one who doesnt know and
knows that he doesnt know needs to be directed. There is the one who does not know but he
does not know that he does not know which makes him disrespectful.52 iga Zois, Napoleon
and Valentin Vodnik all belonged to the first dangerous bermensch group, but only
Napoleon made his disaster worldwide.

52
Volos, Andrej, Vozvraenie v Pandrud. 2013. Translation: Vrnitev v Pandrud. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva
Zaloba, p. 313.
Zois Chemistry and Minerals

Gunz was certainly the best scientist in Ljubljana, but Zois was wealthy and famous. The
basis of the Carniolan Land Museum Ljubljana collections were Zois 5000 samples which
government bought from Zois heirs for 6000 or 7000 fl in 1823/24.53 The mineral
wulfenite called by Ljubljana and Klagenfurt Jesuit professor Wulfen, and Werners term
zoisite coined in 1805 for a mineral from Svinka Mountain,54 mirror the advanced levels
of Carniolan expert mineral research.

Zois library with 4000 volumes was disposed to broader circle of Ljubljana enlightenment
writers.55 We easily identify former Zois items in todays NUK by marbled inner cover with
prevailing red or blue colors, brown cowhide binding with gilded authors name, and
engraved title on spine with some gold-plated flowers below it. The Ljubljana Lyceum
Library, the predecessor of todays NUK, bought just the technical, mathematical sciences,
and natural history books from Zois collection.

Table 3: Zois books related to chemistry valued for the antiquarian sales.

Title (price in florins : kreutzers)

Author Year Place

Agricola 1546 De Ortu et causis Subterraneorum Lib. Froben, Basel

V. De natura eorum quae effluunt ex
terra. Lib. IIII. De natura fossilium Lib
X. De veteribus et novis metallis Lib.
II, Bermannus, sive de re metallica
dialogus (1:00, NUK-8947)
Agricola 1550 Georgii Agricolae de mensuris et Hier. Frobenium & Nic.
ponderibus Romanorum atque Episcopium, Basel
Graecorum Lib. V. De externis
mensuris et ponderibus. LibII. Ad ea,
quae Andreas Alciatus denuo
disputavit de mensuris et ponderibus
brevis defensio. Lib. I. De mensuris,
quibus intervalla metimur. Lib. I. De
restituendis ponderibus atque mensuris
Lib. I. De pretio metallorum et monetis
Lib. III (NUK-1240; NUK-252, Folio).
Agricola 1657 Georgi Agricolae Kempmicensis Koenig, Basel
Medici ac philosophi clariss. De re

53
F. Kidri, Zoisova korespondenca 1808-1819. SAZU, Ljubljana, 1939, 9.
54
E. Faninger, Zoisova zbirka mineralov. Zavod SR Slovenije za varstvo naravne in kulturne dediine,
Ljubljana, 1988, 26.
55
F.-M. Dolinar, Knjinice skozi stoletja. Filozofska fakulteta, Ljubljana, 2004, 183.

Encelli. Christoph (Entzelt,
Encelius, * 1517; 1583)
Valerius Maximus
van Gent, Carel
Bonvicino, Valeriano (
1667)
Geber Arab (Abu Mussah
Dschafar Al Sofi, 13th
century)
metalica libri XII, Quibus officia,
instrumenta, maschinae, ac omnia
denique ad metallicam spectantia, non
modo luculentissime describentur: sed
& per effigies, suis locis insertas,
adjunctis latinis, germanisque
appellationibus, ita ob oculos
ponuntur, ut clarus tradi non possint
(NUK-11045, Folio).
1551 De re metallica hoc est, de origine, varietate, & Chr. Egenolphum, Francoforti
natura corporum metallicorum, lapidum,
gemmarum, at[que] aliarum, qu ex fodinis
eruuntur, rerum, ad medicin usum deseruientium,
libri III (0:17, NUK-9192. 8)
1625 Dictorum factorumque memorabilium libri IX, Venezia
infinitis mendis ex veterum exemplarium fide
repurgati atque in meliorem ordinem restituti
per Stephanum Pighium. Breves notae Justi
Lipsii. Antverpiae: H. Aertssium (NUK-934);
Exempla quatuor et viginti nuper inventa ante
caput de ominibus. Venetiis : In Aedib. Aldi Et
Andreae Soceri, 1514 8 (NUK-933)
1658 Artis Libelli = Artis notariatus, sive Lugduni
tabellionum 1. In quo quicquid ad scientiam &
cognitionem eorum Iurium pertinet, qu circa
officium atque exercitium Tabellionatus
consistunt, quam exactissime prscribitur.
Huic additi sunt, qustionum, sive
Clausularum, quibus Tabelliones quotidie in
Instrumentis utuntur, Libelli. Cum Indice.
Lugduni Vincentium 1546
1667 Lanx Peripatetetica, qua vetus arcani Pauli Frambotti
physici veritas appenditur et Auctoris haeredum, Patav.
mundi subterranei nova objecta (Padua)
recocantur ad veritas appenditur a
Valeriano Bonvicino N., Ver. Sal.
Theol. Phil. tc. Doctore (NUK-8416)
1545 Alchemiae Gebri Arabis philosophi Jo. Petrejus, Bernae
solertissimi libri, cum reliquis, ut versa
pagella indicabit NT=Letzter sind:
Baco, R. Speculum alchemiae.
Richardus Anglicus, Correctorium
alchemiae. Bosarius minor, de
alchemia, inerti auctoris. Calid.
(Chalid) fil. Jazichi, Liber secretor.
alch. Hermes Trismeg. Tabula
smaragdina. Hortulanus Jo. de
Garlandia, Super tabulam smaragd.
Hermetis commentaries (0:40, NUK-
8723)
Geber Arab; Horn, Caspar; 1668 Gebri Arabis Chimia sive traditio Arnold Doude, Lugduni
Horn, Georg summae perfectionis et investigatio Batavorum
Magisterii innumeris locis emendata a
Caspare Hornio Medico Reip.
Noribergensis Accessit ejusdem
medulla Alchimiae Gebricae. Omnia
edita a Georgio Hornio (0:10, NUK-
8682)
Lull 1663 Chemie = Perhaps: Paracelsus of the Chymical
Transmutation, Genealogy, and Generation of Metals &
Minerals. : Also, of the Urim and Thumim of the Jews ...
Whereunto is added, philosophical and chymical
experiments of ... Raymund Lully ...
o
Frata et Montalbano, 1678 Del Tratato Pratica Minerale 4 Bologna
Marquis Marco Antonio de
la (* 1630; 1695
Bologna)
Maranta, Bartholomeaus ( 1683 (1681) De Metallica materia Aquae=De aquae, Neapoli: heirs of L.
1571) Neapoli, in Luculliano scaturientis (quam Caballus
ferream vocant) metallica material, ac viribus
(8 leaves + 109 pages 8o)
Zannichelli, Gian Girolamo 1713 De ferro ejusque nivis praeparatione: Andrea Poleti, Venetiis
(Joanne Hieronymo, * dissertatio physico-chimica, in qua
1662; 1729) varia de ipso metallo explicantur
(0:20, NUK-11126)
Boerhaave 1732 Elementa chemiae, quo anniversaris Is. Severinum, Lugduni
labore docuit, in publicis privatisque Batav.
scholis, Herm. Boerhaave. T. I., qui
continet historiam et artis theoriam. T.
II., qui continet operations chemicas
(2:54, NUK- 8587, 4)
Emanuelis Swedenborgii Sacrae Reg. Majestatis Regnique Swetiae
Swedenborg, Emanuel 1734 Collegii Metallici Assessoris. Principia rerum naturalium sive Frideric Hekeli, Dresdae
novorum tentaminum phaenomena mundi elementaris philosophice & Lipsiae
explicandi. (Tomus I:) Cum figuris aeneis [28 tabulis
expressis](Tomus II:) Emanuelis Swedenborgii etc. Regnum
subterraneum sive minerale de ferro, deque modis liquationum
ferri per Europam passim in usum receptis: deque conversione
ferri crudi in chalybem: de rena ferri et probatione ejus: pariter de
chymicis praeparatis et cum ferro et ritricto ejus factis
experimentis etc. Cum figuris aeneis [36 tabulis expressis et una
charta] (Tomus III.) Emanuelis Swedenborgii etc. Regnum
subterraneum sive minerale de cupro et orichalco deque modis
liquatiorum cupri per Europam passim in usum receptis: de
seretione ejus ab argento: de conversione in orichalchum; inque
metalla diversi generis: de lapide colaminari: de zinco: de vena
cupri et probatione ejus: pariter de chymicis praeparatis, et cum
cupro factis experimentis etc. Cum figuris aeneis [89 tabulis
numeratis et una sine numero expressis] (6:00, NUK-8914, folio)
Stahl, Georg Erns 1747 Fundamenta chymiae dogmaticae et Endter, Norimbergae
experimentalis, et quidem tum communioris, physicae,
mechanicae, pharmaceuticae ac medicae, tum sublimioris
sic dictae hermeticae atque alchimicae, olim in privatos
auditorum usus posita, jam vers indultu autoris publicae
luci exposita. Adnexus est... tractatus Isaaci Hollandi de
salibus et oleis metallorum. Editio 2.da, emendatior et
auctior. III partes (2:00, NUK- 8579, 4)
Stahl 1746 The first part of the item cited above

Wallerius, Johan 1760 Chemiae physicae pars prima, de L. Salvius, Stockholm:

Gottschalk (* 1709; chemiae natura ac indole in genere
1785) ejusdemque historia (0:30).
Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio 1772 Fundamenta chemiae praelectionibus Wolfgangum Gerle,
publicis Accomodata (0:15, NUK- Pragae
8726, 8)
Baum, Antoine (* 1728; 1773 Chemie experimentale et raison 1- 3 P. Franc. Didos, Paris
1804) (3:19, NUK- 8582, 12o)
Baum 1777 (1775) Erluterte Experimental-Chemie, aus Ziegler, Leipzig
dem Franzsischen bersetz von Joh.
Carl Gehlere (Gehler) (2:59, NUK-
8750, 8)
La Garaye, count Claude 1775 Chymie hydaulique, pour extraire les Didot, Paris
Toussaint Marot sels essentiels des vgtaux, des
animaux et des minraux, par le moyen
de l'eau pure. Nouvelle dit., rev., corr.
et augmente de notes par (A. A.)
Parmentier (NUK- 8728, 12)
Pini, Ermenegildo (* 1739; 1779-1780 Hermenegildi Pini de venarum Marelli, Mediloano
1825) metallicarum excoctione vol. I., quo in V (Milan)
libros tributo explicantur, quae ad eam
rem generatim faciunt. Vol. II, quo in VI
libros tributo artificia metallorum ex
singulis venarum generibus
conficiendorum explicantur 1-2 (2:30,
NUK-11113, 4)
Sage. B.G. 1777 lmens de minralogie docimastique. Paris: Impromer. Royale
2.de dit (NUK- 8979, 8)
Sage 1773 Mmoires de chimie (NUK- 8719, 8)
marquis de Luchet, Jean- 1779 Essaias sur la minralogie et la Dufour & Roua,
Pierre-Louis (* 1740; mtallurgie (NUK- 9122, 8) Maestricht
1792)
Lavoisier, Ant. Laur. 1774 Opuscules physiques et chymiques. Durand (etc.), Paris
(0:38) Tome I (NUK- 8703, 8)
Lavoisier 1803 System der antiphlogistischen Chemie; Nicolai Stettin, Berlin
aus dem franzsischen bersetzt, wie
auch mit Anmerkungen und Zustzen
begleitet von Sigism. Friedr.
Hermbstdt. 2.te durchaus verbess.
Ausgabe. 2 Theile (1:30, NUK- 8600,
8)
Anonimno. (Macquer, 1769 Dictionaire de chimie. (NUK-8619)
Pierre Jos.)
Macquer, Pierre Jos. (* 1777 Dictionnaire de chymie, contenant la thorie Didot, Paris
1718; 1784) et la pratique de cette science, son application
la physique, l'histoire naturelle, a la
mdicine et aux arts dpendans de la chymie.
2de dit. reune et considrablement
augmente. 3 tomes (NUK- 8736 English
Translation)
Macquer 1778 (1781- Chymisches Wrterbuch, oder Weidmann & Reich,
1783)
allgemeine Begriffe der Chymie nach Leipzig
alphabetischer Ordnung (8, NUK-
8586)
Ferber 2. 3. 1773 Berichte von der Naturlehre
Ritelson 1774 Sul' Inflambilita del capo 8o Basel
Monnet, A. G. 1775 Trait de la dissoluton des mtaux. Didot, Amsterdam &
(NUK-8747). Paris
Jars, Gabriel 1774 Voyage metallurgique. fig. 4. (1:30). = Voyages Reynault, Lyon
metallurgiques, ou recherches et observations sur les
mines et forges de fer. la fabrication de l'acier, celle du
fer-blanc, et sur plusieurs mines de charbon de terre, faites
depuis l'anne 1757 jusques et compris 1769, en
Allemagne, Suede, Norwege, Angleterre et Ecosse. Suivies
d'un mmoire sur la circulation de l'air dans les mines,
(etc.) (NUK- 11139)
Jars, Gabriel 1777 (-1785) Metallurgische Reise zur Untersuchung der Himburg, Berlin
vornehmsten Eisen- Stahl- Blech- und Steinkohlen-
Werke in Deutschland, von Jahr 1757 bis 1769. Aus
dem franzsischen bersetzt und mit Anmerkungen
beyleitet von Carl Abr. Gerhard. 4 Bnde (NUK-
11180. 8)
Stocklein 1776 Trait du manuelle Effect de la Feu Paris
De Luc, Jean Andr (* 1727; 1776, 1778 Untersuchungen ber der Atmosphre (2:00, (NUK-8317) Mller, Leipzig:
1817)
Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard 1777 lmens de chymie thorique et pratique, Frantin, Dijon
baron (* 1737; 1816); Maret, rdigs dans un nouvel ordre, d`aprs les
Hughes; Durande, J.-Fr. dcouvertes modernes, pour servir aux cours
publics de l`acadmie de Dijon (0:24, NUK-
8748, 12)
Guyton de Morveau; Duhamel, Jean Pierre
Franois Guillot (* 1730; 1816); Maret, 1786-1807 Encyclopdie mthodique de chemie et Panckoucke, Paris
Hugues (*1726; 1786); Chaussier, Franois
(* 1746; 1828); Fourcroy; Vauquelin, Louis
metallurgie. 7 vol. (4:30, 4o, 28 cm)
Nicolas (* 1763; 1829)
Fourcroy, Antoine- 1782 Leons lmentaires d'histoire Hotel Serpente, Paris
Franois count (* 1755; naturelle et de chimie dans lesquelles
1809) on sest propos, 1e. De donner un
ensemble mthodique des
connoissances chimiques acquises
jusqu ce jour : 2e. Doffrir un tableau
compar de la doctrine de Stahl & de
celle de quelques modernes : pour
servir de rsum a un cours complet
sur ces deux sciences (1:00, NUK-
8705)
Fourcroy, Antoine- Chimische Tabelle. = 1801. A.F. Fourcroy, Albert Camesina, Wien
Franois; Heidmann, Mitglied des Nationalinstitutes, Staatsrath,
Professor der Chymie am Museum Der
Johann Anton Naturgeschichte, Der Polytechnischen und
Medicinischen Schule von Paris. bersicht der
Chymie in Zwlf Tabellen: Franzsisch und
Deutsch, Camesina, Wien or 1800-1801.
System der Chymie, in tabellarischer Ordnung
dargestellt. Zur kurzen Wiederholung der
Vorlesungen in der Medicinischen
Normalschule von Paris, 1799. Albert
Camesina, Wien
Bergmann, Torbern (* 1781 (1779- Opuscula physica et chemica pleraque Magni Swederi, Uppsala
1790)
1735; 1784) seorsim antea edita (0:45)
Bergmann 1779 Opuscula chimica et physica (4:00). Uppsala
Watson, Richard (* 1737; 1782 Chemical essays. Second Edition, 1-5. London
1816) (3:30).
Scheele 1788 Opuscula chimica et physica. (1:00). Lipsiae
Jacquin, Joseph Franz baron 1793 Leons de alchemie
Jacquin, Joseph Franz baron 1793 Leons de chemie
Grassmann, Gottfried 1790 Anweisung wie man guten und reisen Pauli, Berlin
Ludolf (* 1738; 1798) Kleesaemen auf eine leichte Art und in
zureichender Menge gerinnen kmen, ohne da
derselben durch zu starkes Trockene in den
Oefen (etc) im Reinen und Aufgehen htte
Schaden nehmen kmen (0:24, NUK-942, 8o)
Creve, Carl Caspar (* 1796 Von Metallreize, einem neuentdeckten Heinsius, Leipzig &
1769; 1853) untrglichen Prfungsmittel des wahren Todes Gera
(NUK-12061)

Hildenbrand, Friedrich (* 1796 Dissertatione de Metallorum Erlangen

5. 6. 1764 Hannover; 23. metamorphosi. 8o
3. 1816)
M. de la Panhouse 1785 Nota de quelques Mineraux de Pyrinee
Berthollet, count Claude 1800 Recherches sur les lois de l'affinite Baudouin, Paris
Louis (NUK-8668, 8)
Berthollet 1803 (an Essai de statique chimique (NUK- Didot, Paris
XI) 8583)
Berthollet 1804 (an lments de lart de la teinture, Avec Paris: Firmin Didor
XIII) une description du blanchiment par
lacide muratique oxign. Seconde
dition. (NUK-5438).
Thomson, Thomas (* 1773; 1809 Systme de Chemie. (NUK-8592) Bernard, Paris
1852)
Davy, Humphry 1815 Elementi di Chemica Agraria (rurale). Agramo
Vol 1. Translated from: 1813. Elements
of agricultural chemistry. In a course
of lectures for the Board of agriculture.
London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme,
and Brown. German translation: Davy.
1814. Elementen der Agrikultur-
Chemie (NUK-9535)
Klaproth, Martin Heinrich (* 1743; 1810-1811 Dictionaire de chimie (NUK- 0 8604/1, Klostermann, Paris
1817); Translators: Wolff, F.; Bouillon-
Lagrange, E. J. B.; Vogel, H. A. 2, 3, 4)
Dandolo, count Vincenzo 1804 Del Governo delle Pecore spagnuole e Luigi Veladini, Milano
(* 1758; 1819) italiane e dei vantaggi che ne derivano.
8o
Dandolo 1810 Cenni ulla fabbricazione dello sciloppo Silvestri, Milano
e zucchero d'uva e sue applicazioni a
vantaggio si delle famiglie che dello
stato diretti (29 pages, 8o)
Constantin 1814 Discorsi sulla arte et scienze. 8o Padova
Jautini 1812 Opuscoli Scientifici 8o. Pisa
Voigt, Johann Carl 1805 Versuch einer Geschichte der Hoffmann, Weimar
Wilhelm Steinkohlen, der Braunkohlen und des (Hannover)
Torfes, nebst Anleitung, diese Fossilien
kennen und unterschieden zu lernen,
sie aufzusuchen und ntzlich
anzuwenden: eine von der Knigl.

Lorenz Florenz Friedrich von Crell (*
1744 Helmstedt (Helmstdt) Lower
Saxony; 1816 Gttingen)
Nahuys, Alexander Peter (* 1790
1737; 1794); Scherer,
Johann Baptist Andreas
Kirwan, Richard (* 1733; 1787
1812)
Kirwan, Richard
Kirwan
Fulhame, Elisabeth
Keimair
Marcher, Franz Anton von
Marcher, Franz Anton von
Marcher, Franz Anton von
Societt der Wissenschaften zu
Gttingen gekrnte Preisschrift 2, 8o.
1786 Beytrge zur Erweiterung der Chemie. Helmstdt & Leipzig
(-1791)
8o
Chymische Abhandlung von der Christian Friedrich
Entstehung des Wassers aus der Wappler, Wien
Verbindung der Grundstoffe der reinen
und brennbaren Luft. 8o
An essay on phlogiston, and the constitution of acids.
(0:20). (NUK-4907); Kirwan. 1783. Versuche und
Elmsly, London
Beobachtungen ber die specifiche Schwere und anziehung
Kraft verschiedene Salzarten; und ber die wahre
neuentdeckte Natur des Phlogiston's. Aus dem Englischen
bersetzt und mit einen Vorreide Verfasern von D. L.
Crell. Etc. Berlin und Stetlin: Friedrich Nicolai (Zois;
NUK-8428).
1798 Der Mineralien 2 Bande. 8 o
1796-1799 Physic.-Chemie Berichte
1798 Versuche ber die Wiederherstellung Dieterich, Gttingen
der Metalle durch Wasserstoffgas,
Phosphor, Schwefel, Schwefellber,
Geschweltes, Wasserstoffgas,
Gephosphorte Wasserstoffgas, Kohle,
Licht und Sauren. Aus dem Englischen
bersetzt von A. G. L. Lentin (NUK-
8709).
Anleitung zur gebrauch zur Geber
Eisen und Stahl
1791, 1792 Eisen Htte Metall=1808. Beytrge zur Kleinmayer & Kmel,
Eisenhtten-Kunde als ein Versuch, die Klagenfurt
Eisen Httenmnnischen Kunst-Regeln
durch Theorie und Erfahrungen nher
zu berichten 1,10 Von den Bestand-
und Nebentheilen der Eisenminern, in
soweit erstere auch in andern
Metallen, dann in Schwefel und
Phosphor und ihren Suern bestehen
1810-1812 Beytrge zur Eisenhtten-Kunde als Kleinmayer & Kmel,
ein Versuch, die Eisen- Klagenfurt
Httenmnnischen Kunst-Regeln durch
Theorie und Erfahrungen nher zu
berichten 2,1 Von der Manipulation in
Ham(m)erwerken, erster Band: Von
der Verfrischung des Roheisens an
Zerrenn- und Frischherden.
1808-1811 Die Notitzen und Bemerkungen ber Klagenfurt
den Betrieb der Hohfen und
Rennwerke zur Verschmelzung der
Eisenerze in verschiedenen Staaten
1,1,4 Von den Hohfen des
 sterreichischen Kaiserthums erster
Abtheilung, welche die eingelaufenen
Notitzen enthlt. Viertes Heft. Von
Herzogthume Steyermark. 4o
Boda, Larld Mineralogy von Boda, Manuscript
Dolomieu, Dodat de 1783 Reise nach den Lipari=Voyage aux iles Acadmie Royale des
Gratet (* 1750; 1801) de Lipari fait en 1781, ou, Notices sur Sciences, Paris
les Iles Aeoloennes pour service a
lhistoire des vulcans dun mmoire
sur une espce de volcan dair et dun
autre sur la temperature du climat de
Mathe et sur la difference de la chaleur
relle et de la chaleur sensible
Cavallo, Tiberius (* 1749; 1786 Mineralogische Tafeln: welsche Waisenhaus, Halle
1809); Forster, Johann sowohl die systematische Anordnung,
Reinhold als auch die vornehmsten
Eigenschaften, aller bisher bekannten
mineralischen Substanzen, enthlt;
nebst einem Register und der
Anweisung, wie man dasselbe
gebrauchen solle
Werner, Abraham (* 1749; 1794-1804 Versuch einer Mineralogie fr J.G. Oehler, Wien
1817); Estner, Franz Anfnger und Liebhaber nach des
Joseph Anton Herrn Bergcommissionsrath Werners
Methode
Mohs ber Geber Manuscripts
Halle 1816
Delius, Christoph Traugott 1806 Anleitung zu der Bergbaukunst nach k.k. Hof- und Staats-
(* 1728; 1779) ihrer Theorie und Ausbung. Druckerey, Wien
Gmelin
Leonhard, Karl Cser von 1807-1829 Taschenbuch fr die gesamte Mineralogie Hoh.Christ. Hermann,
(* 1779; 1862) Frankfurt am Main

Horns edition of Geber (NUK-8682) was a pocket 12o book bound in hard vellum with
gilded Gebers name and title on spine without bookplate or marginalia. Earlier 1545 book
(NUK-8723) was three times that big, bound in brown skin somewhat brighter compared with
Zois usual bindings, and had no marbled inner cover. None of both Gebers works kept in
NUK belonged to the former Zois library. NUK or any other public Slovenian library doesnt
have any other older Gebers work, because former Zois editions of Geber are probably lost.

As learned mine-owner Zois did not forget to buy Agricolas work. Zois had Bonvicinos
somewhat old-fashion Aristotles description of the subterranean with the notes on
Paracelsius.56 Bonvicino divided his work into 18 chapters. He described the subterranean in

56
V. Bonvicino, Matematiche discipline per uso della illustrissima Accademia Delia di Padova: dove si trattati
brevemente si ristringono aritmetica, geometria, trigonometria pratiche. Fortificazione, sfera, e geometria. eredi
di Paolo Frambotto, Padova, 1667, 35, 109, 301.
second chapter,57 and in third chapter dealt with alchemistic work (magisterium) of Raimund
Lull. Bonvicino discussed universal seeds,58 carbon, fire, and atmosphere.59

Zois bought the work of marquise Marco Antonio della Frata et Montalbano, who researched
the botany of Northern Europe. The Polish king Jean-Casimir invited him to his court and
gave him the title of marquis. Marco Antonio as a rich man exploited the cost of Adriatic and
returned to Bologna, where he also wrote on mineral waters.

Zois also read the works of Hildebrandt, who studied medicine in Gottingen and Berlin.
Hildebrandt became the professor of anatomy and physiology in Braunschweig (1786) and
Erlangen (1795), and professor of physics in Gottingen.

Emanuel Swedenborg certainly published one of the most original and expensive book of
Zois collection. In the second part of his work he described the iron ore and caves in
Sweden,60 the carbons connection with fire,61 the iron mining,62 and silver.63 He concluded
with the blowpipe of smelting furnace,64 similar to the later Zois invention. The first twenty-
one Swedenborgs figures in his 2nd volume showed the engineering equipment, and others up
to the last 36th picture dealt with the minerals and mining. In the concluding 3rd volume
Swedenborg described the cleaning of copper especially in Bohemia,65 the copper melting,66
and even the alchemistic Agrippas secrets.67

Guyton de Morveau, Maret, and Durande dedicated their book of three volumes to the prince
of Cond (Corde), and Zois bound the items in his standard way. Guyton de Morveau and his
collaborators accomplished the book during their public lessons in Dijon (1775),68 and gave
special thanks to the physics professor abb Rozier,69 later famous for his balloon flights.
Boerhaave was one of main authorities.70 The special attention was put on the equipment of
chemical lab with pieces named by Macquer and Baum71 whose books Zois also had. The
dissolution was defined according to the French Newton Buffon,72 Dsagulliers, Lagrange,
Giambattista Beccaria's Turin student Giovan Francesco Cigni (* 1734; 1790), and Taylor.73
They also discussed the famous quarrel between Clairaut and Buffon on possible exceptions
of Newtons gravity law of 1745.74 They noted the chemical tables proposed before Geoffroy,
and inserted their own tables of affinities with old alchemist symbols for elements, among

57
Bonvicino, 1667, 5-9
58
Bonvicino, 1667, 29.
59
Bonvicino, 1667, 237.
60
E. Swedenborg, Principia rerum naturaliumsive novorum tentaminum phaenomena mundi elementaris
philosophice explicandi, Frideric Hekeli, Dresdae & Lipsiae (NUK-8914), 1734, 2, 12.
61
Swedenborg, 1734, 2, 88.
62
Swedenborg, 1734, 2, 145.
63
Swedenborg, 1734, 2, 263.
64
Swedenborg, 1734, 2, tab VI, XI.
65
Swedenborg, 1734, 3, 166-167.
66
Swedenborg, 1734, 3, 191.
67
Swedenborg, 1734, 3, 301.
68
L.B. Guyton de Morveau, H. Maret, J.F. Durande, lmens de chymie thorique et pratique, rdigs dans un
nouvel ordre, d`aprs les dcouvertes modernes, pour servir aux cours publics de l`acadmie de Dijon. Frantin,
Dijon (NUK- 8748), 1777, 1, i-ii.
69
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, iv.
70
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, 5.
71
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, 34, 36, 38.
72
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, 51.
73
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, 53.
74
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, 56-58.
them also water and spirit of wine.75 The mineral kingdom was still formed up with four
natural elements: earth, water, fire, and air.76 Monnet, Black, and Margraff were noted as
specialists for earth,77 and Buffon was an authority for metals.78 Zois had Monnet and
Buffons works in his home library. Guyton de Morveau and his collaborators also discussed
the newly discovered semi-metals as zinc which Cronstedt recently described for the first
time.79 In the first volume they dealt with the dissolution with fire, air, and water. The second
had its own introduction with discussion of recent Scheele, Monnet, Bergman in Uppsala, and
Buffons observations.80 They cited the second edition of Sages lmens de minralogie
docimastique,81 which Zois also had in his library. Among the recent research on phlogiston
Priestley, Lavoisier, Fontana, and Bergman were mentioned,82 but the privilege was by no
means given to later famous Lavoisier. After such a broad introduction the second volume
discussed the dissolution in acids and salts, and in third also the vinegar, spirit of wine, ether,
and mercury. Guyton de Morveau later became the leader of the revolutionary comity for
public security as one of the politically most successful chemists.83

Zois bought at least three Berthollets books and used marbled red-green paper for their inner
cover. Berthollet began with the cohesion force explanation,84 and devoted the special chapter
to caloric.85 In the first volumes last sixth section he discussed the atmosphere,86 and he
began second volume with the discussion of different substances chemical activity. The last
fifth section of second volume dealt with the botany and zoology. The book was one of the
inexpensive Paris editions bound in somewhat thicker colored twofold paper with randomly
cut paper edges on hundred-five pages of A5 format. It was divided in fifteen articles
illustrated with many experiments, and the very last was summary of them all. Fourcroy was
seldom cited.87

Zois did not buy some other important Berthollets books,88 but had both volumes of
Berthollets discussion on paintings in quarto format with marbled flowers on both inner
covers. In the introduction Berthollet discussed the import of painting materials from China
and India,89 and next he analyzed the physics theory behind the painting process.90 The
important invention was due to the German Kuster, also called Kuffler or Kepflert. It was
secretly accomplished in London in 1653, after the German painter Kloeck or Jean Glucq
learned about it during his Oriental travel.91 Later they began to use indigo in Saxony.92
Bergman (Bergmann) experimentally treated the parts of water involved to improve the
75
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, 86, 90.
76
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, 99.
77
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, 106-107.
78
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, 110-111.
79
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 1, 126.
80
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 2, iv-v.
81
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 2, xii.
82
Guyton de Morveau, Maret, Durande, 1777, 2, xx.
83
C.G. Gilespie, Comment on J.Simon's Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Revolution in France 1777-1809. Medical
History, 2007, 51/4: 553-555.
84
C.-L. Berthollet, Essai de statique chimique, 1-2 (NUK-8583). Didot, Paris, 1803, 23.
85
Berthollet, 1803, 139.
86
Berthollet, 1803, 470
87
Berthollet, 1803, 96.
88
C.-L. Berthollet, Recherches sur les lois de l'affinite. Baudouin, Paris, 1800, p. 23: elasticity of substances
with chemical action.
89
Berthollet, 1804, 1, v.
90
Berthollet, 1804, 1, vi-vii.
91
Berthollet, 1804, 1, 24.
92
Berthollet, 1804, 1, 25.
process.93 In the second separately paged volume Berthollet continued his discussion on
painting, at first with black,94 and next with red Turkish color.95

Zois read the Monnets book of research of metals. Monnet was a member of Royal Societies
of Stockholm, Turin, and Rouen. In introduction he praised Kuncke,96 Rozier,97 Rutherford,
and Viennese Jacquin.98 Monnet experimented with the lead99 and mercury.100

The Irishman Kirwan left the Jesuits during his 1764 novitiate and became a Protestant. In
1791 he accepted Lavoisiers teachings,101 which also influenced the Madame Fulhame, a
wife of Dr. Thomas Fulhame. She communicated with the most important physical-chemists
of her era, among them with Joseph Priestley. Her phlogiston discussion with the traces of
later catalytic theory would excite Lavoisier, but he lost his head few months before Elisabeth
Fulhames publication.

Dr. A.G.L. Lentin authored a book on metals which found its way to Ljubljana Lyceum
library, and he also translated Fulhames book. He somewhat changed the title because he did
not want to mention old-fashioned phlogiston.102 Fulhame signed her work in November
1794, but in October 1793 the chemical research completely changed its course103 after
Lavoisiers revolution in the nomenclature, weighting, and research approach to the chemistry
and fire. Fulhame divided her research on the genesis of metals,104 reduction of metals with
phosphorus, hydrogen,105 and light,106 and finally the metal oxidation107 mostly in
hydrogenous media.108

FIGURE 22 (FizicarkrFulhame1794/fara1): Fulhames book listed in op and Kalisters

Ljubljana Lyceum Catalogue (op-Kalister, 1826-1831).

Nikolaus' son Joseph Franz baron Jacquin was the professor of chemistry and botanic in
Viennese University in 1797-1838. In 1793, he published a chemistry textbook which
eventually went through four Viennese reprints, and Zois bought at last two of them. It was

93
Berthollet, 1804, 1, 410.
94
Berthollet, 1804, 2, 1.
95
Berthollet, 1804, 2, 137.
96
A. G. Monnet, Trait de la dissoluton des mtaux. Didot, Amsterdam/Paris, 1775 (NUK-8747), III.
97
Monnet, 1775, 6.
98
Monnet, 1775, 9.
99
Monnet, 1775, 194, 324.
100
Monnet, 1775, 324.
101
D. Grdeni, J.F. Domin, Tumaenje Dominove fizikalne razprave. Fizikalna razprava o postanku, naravi i
koristi umjetnog zraka. JAZU, Zagreb, 1987, 74.
102
E. Fulhame, An Essay on Combustion with a View to a new Art of Dying and Painting. Wherein the Phlogistic
and Antiphlogistic Hypotheses are Proven Erroneous. J. Cooper, London, November 5, 1794; Reprint: James
Humphrey, Philadelphia, 1810; Translation: Versuche ber die Wiederherstellung der Metalle durch
Wasserstoffgas, Phosphor, Schwefel, Schwefellber, Geschweltes, Wasserstoffgas, Gephosphorte Wasserstoffgas,
Kohle, Licht und Sauren. Aus dem Englischen bersetzt von A. G. L. Lentin. Dieterich, Gttingen, 1798 (NUK-
8709), XIV.
103
Fulhame, 1798, IX.
104
Fulhame, 1798, 17.
105
Fulhame, 1798, 164.
106
Fulhame, 1798, 206.
107
Fulhame, 1798, 233.
108
Fulhame, 1798, 237.
used in Vienna until 1836.109 The Englishmen published the translation of Elements of
Chemistry three times in 1799-1803. Joseph Franz baron Jacquin later accepted Daltons
chemistry and praised Berzelius, but Jacquin avoided the use of the term atoms in modern
sense.

Zois also bought Izarns lectures. Izarn published about the vacuum experiment of candle
burning on his first copperplate.110 The last fourth copperplate presented the barometer, two
thermometers, electrophorus, natural magnetic needle, and distillation bottle. Izarn published
the other figures between the text.

Zois had the Italian translation of his friend Davys Agricultural Chemistry with one
copperplate, which NUK today have in German translation. The Italian translations were also
printed in Naples and Florence in 1815. Davy arranged his paragraphs according to his
lectures delivered at the Rumfords Royal Institution. He described the atmosphere, plants,
and bettering the land with burned ashes. Davy concluded with the experimental results and
put the special attention on Gay-Lussacs trials of the carbon dioxide, oxygen, and
hydrogen.111

Zois grew extremely interested in Galvani and Voltas discovery as did Kersnik, Marmont,
Zelli, and even Napoleon himself. Therefore, Zois bought today lost Nicholson and Davys
works, but he did not have the original Galvani or Voltas books. Davy visited Zois during his
excursions to the Alps. Zois Ljubljana home looked like a laboratory described in de la Fond
or Dufieus books kept in Zois library.

Zois wanted to learn the gaseous composition of atmosphere and therefore studied Cavallo
and Priestleys experiments, and De Lucs measurement. Jean-Andr De Luc concluded his
first volume with logarithmic graph of measurements and he pictured the barometer which he
used. In the end of second volume he added copperplate with his measurers.

De Luc first chapter dealt with the history of vacuum barometer including Descartes and
Galileos speculations.112 Next De Luc discussed barometers of various authors and their
hypothesis.113 The second part of first volume noted fabrications of barometers and
thermometers including several experiments.114 The second volume dealt with the new
experiments, variations of air density, and the use of barometers. There was no discussion on
gases which formed the air mixture yet.

Zois used the modern scientific journals, mostly the ones his friend Hacquet published in.
Therefore, Zois had Grens Annalen der Physik (1799-1812), Hills report on London Royal
Society, the Uppsala Academy Acts, and Der Naturforscher of Halle (1774-1781). Walch
edited Der Naturforscher with Hacquets articles (1776, 1777, 1779). Walch edited volumes
1-13 (1774-1779), and Schreibers edited volumes 14-30 (1780-1804).

109
G. Lind, Physik im Lehrbuch 1700-1850. Zur Geschichte der Physik und ihrer Didaktik in Deutschland.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992, 385.
110
J. Izarn, Lecons experimentelle de physique et chemie experimentalle. Lerault & Schoell, Paris, 1805 (NUK-
8348), 64/65, fig. 5.
111
H. Davy, Elementi di Chemica Agraria (rurale). Vol 1, Agramo, 1815, 113.
112
J.A. De Luc, Rescherches sur les modifications de l'atmosphere. Geneve, 1772. Translation: Untersuchungen
ber der Atmosphre. Mller, Leipzig, 1776, 11.
113
De Luc, 1776, 67-83.
114
De Luc, 1776, 300.
Between 1790 and 1794 Gren edited Journal der Physik, and later renamed it to Neues
Journal der Physik. His journal preceded Gilberts Annalen der Physik issued after 1799. Zois
subscribed the journal until Illyrian Provinces establishment, but afterwards the foreign
journals import was forbidden, which made Zois simmer with anger. Henrik Viljem Korn as
the posthumous cataloger of Zois library still called the Journal with Grens name, although
Gilbert already took over the editorship. Gilbert published Hacquets letter from the
University of Lemberg (today Lviv) mailed on July 1, 1801. After 1787 Zois also ordered
Magazin (fr die) Naturkunde Helvetiens von Hpfner (Zrich: Orell, Gessner, Fussli & co.)
which included Hacquets 1789 publication. Gmelin published there his funny opinion of
chemical research influence on states, especially on Switzerland.115 In 1789 in 4th volume on
the eve of French revolution, Hpfner published Hacquets research on limestone adorned
with a copperplate.116

Zois ordered J.H. Voigts Magazin fr das Neueste aus der Physik und Naturgeschichte,
where Voigt published several Hacquets works. Later between 1797 and 1806 Voigt edited
twelve volumes of Magazin fr das Neueste Zustand der Naturkunde in Jena.

Zois also subscribed six volumes of Crells Chemischen Journal fr die Freunde der
Naturlehre, Arzneygelahrtheit, Haushaltungskunst und Manufacturen (1778-1781). Crell
continued the journal under the name Neuesten Entdeckungen der Chemie in Leipzig (1781-
1784) with the first twelve volumes. Crell published Hacquets works in both journals, also in
Supplements (Beytrage). In 1783 Crell published two volumes of Chemiches Archiv, and
continued it between 1784-1791 with the first eight volumes of the Neues Chemiches Archiv.
Between 1784 and 1803 Crell published forty volumes of the journal Chemische Annalen fur
Freunde der Naturlehre, Arzneygelahrheit, Haushaltung und Manufakturen, and between
1785 and 1790 six volumes of the Beitrge zu der Chem. Annalen. In 1785 and 1786 he
edited five volumes of Auswahl aller eigenthml. Abhandl. Aus d. Neuest. Entdeckungen d.
Chemie, and in 1798 Crell edited the first volume of Neuestes Chemisches Archiv.117

Zois also bought Gabriel Jars chemical itinerary. Jars was a son of the Mining Director in
Ghessy and Sain-Bel. Between 1757 and 1759 Jars and somewhat older Jean Pierre Fanois
Guillot-Duhamel traveled across Saxony, Austria, Bohemia, Tyrol, Carinthia, Styria,
Schemnitz (Bansk Stiavnica), and some other Hungarian places. In 1758 Jars examined K.
Hells Mine Pump in Bansk Stiavnica to find out why the compressed air folded as snow
after leaving the valve, and published his findings a decade later. After he returned from his
travels, Jars was appointed the corresponding Parisian Academy member on January 10,
1761. On May 19, 1765 Jars became the ordinary member after competition against the
primary candidate, Lavoisier. Zois bought posthumous edition of Jars research and also
ordered Grens Journal where Gabriels brother Tobias Gruber examined vacuum effects of
Jars and Hells deep Mine Pumping on January 1, 1791.

Zois acquired the French translation of his friend Klaproths Chemical Dictionary. Klaproth
included even the somewhat old-fashioned caloric.118 Klaproth wrote to Zois on September
115
J. Gmelin, Magazin (fr die) Naturkunde Helvetiens von Hpfne. Orell, Gessner, Fussli & co., Zrich, 1788,
2, 153.
116
B. Hacquet, Beschreibung und Abbilding der Werkzeuge Beschreibung samt Abbildung der Werkzeuge
womit die Flintensteine zu Muene. Magazin (fr die) Naturkunde Helvetiens von Hpfne, 1789, 4, 527-542,
334/335.
117
J. C. Poggendorff, Biographisch-Literarisches Handwrterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften
von J.C. Poggendorff, I-II. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, 1863-1898, 496.
118
M.H. Klaproth, Dictionaire de chimie. Klostermann, Paris, 1810 (NUK- 0 8604/1, 2, 3, 4), 1, 468.
16, 1805 from Berlin, and Zois answered him on April 16, 1812,119 after he studied
Klaproths book.

Zois provided almost the same binding as Zois used for Klaproths book for the somewhat
thicker translation of Thomsons Chemistry. Jean Riffault edited the translation of the English
edition in 1797, and included the seventy pages of extra paged C.L. Berthollets introduction.
Berthollet carefully described Stahls hypotheses and caloric.120 The main part of the book
dealt with the particular elements and compounds, among them the phosphorus,121 iron,122
arsenic,123 the fragile metals resembling tungsten,124 and the mirroring titanium-like metals.125
For each metal or other element Thomson provided the history of its discovery, for example
he carefully described the Ekelbergs discovery of titanium.126 Thomas Thomson was a
professor in Edinburgh, and he became the Royal Professor of Chemistry in Glasgow in 1817.

Ljubljana Lyceum Napoleonic Scientific Books Outside Zois Collection

The later famous French writer Charles Nodier got the official decree for a Ljubljana Lyceum
Librarian on September 20, 1812. His Ljubljana library acquired a copy of four volume
Chaptals chemistry127 bound in the marbled inner cover inside the cheaper cardboard and the
leathery spine. Chaptal provided the innovative pictures at the end of each volume, the second
and third connected with the chemistry and cooking.

Nodiers Ljubljana Lyceum Library also had Bouillon-Lagranges translation with the
marbled inner cover without bookplate, bound in blue leather published in 1807. It probably
did not come from Zois library.128 The professor of chemistry, practical physician, and
translator of Klaproths work in Zois library, Bouillon-Lagrange, described the English
potter Josiah Wedgwood who became the Queens potter and FRS in 1783. Together with
Watt, dr. William Small, E. Darwin, Watts assistant William Murdock, and J. Priestley,
Wedgwood attended the meetings of Birmingham Lunar Society. Wedgwood and Darwin's
families also had strong marriage links.129 Wedgwood provided the pictures of pottery factory
and at the end of his book he added the appendix about mirrors manufacturing, paged with the
Roman Numbers.130 After 1797 Watt corresponded with Thomas Beddoes, the assistant of
Zois friend H. Davy, and his work must have been well known in Ljubljana.131

119
Faganel, 1999, 145, 151; Faninger, 1988, 7.
120
T. Thomson, Systme de chimie. Bernard, Paris (NUK-8592), 1809, 1, 161. (First edition: 1800. A new system
of Chemistry. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson)
121
Thomson, 1809, 2, 64.
122
Thomson, 1809, 2, 260,
123
Thomson, 1809, 2, 419,
124
Thomson, 1809, 2, 473.
125
Thomson, 1809, 2, 481
126
Thomson, 1809, 2, 486.
127
J.A. Chaptal, Chimie applique aux arts. Deterville, Paris, 1807 (NUK-8581).
128
E.J.B. Bouillon-Lagrange, Die Kunst seines englischen Steinporcellain auf Wedgwood'sche Art zu
verfertigen. Samuel Flick, Basel, 1807 (NUK-5431).
129
Jenifer Tann, Book Review: Jenny Uglow, The Lunar Men; The Friends who Made the Future 1730-1810
(Faber and Faber, London). ICON, 2005, 11, 217-218, here p. 218.
130
E.J.B. Bouillon-Lagrange, Chemisch-praktische Abhandlung von Bley= und bleyfreyen Tpferglasuren zu
irdenen Koch= und Spiegelschirren,Gerlach, Freyburg & Graz, 1807 (NUK-5449).
131
D.P. Miller, T.H. Levere, Inhale it and see? The Collaboration between Thomas Beddoes and James Watt in
pneumatic Medicine. Ambix, 2008, 55/1, 5-28, here pp. 5, 8, 13, 27.
To mnage their mineral collections, the Carniolan folks had to buy many books about
mineralogy, among them the French Priest and crystallographer Hays works. Nodier had
two Ren Just Hays books and Zois had other two. Hay's physics textbook was also used
in cole Polytechnique together with Lacroix' calculus,132 which Nodier also had. Hay liked
the theory of the small invisible material parts, but also tolerated the views of his
opponents.133 He used Laplaces hypotheses about the distances between molecule which
considerably surpassed their diameters. The molecular density surpasses the density of
bodies.134 Hay supported Laplaces description of the condensation and his observations of
the specific heats.135 Hay discussed the permanent gases,136 and supported novelties of the
Englishman John Dalton.137 Hay described the quarrels around Galvanis ideas. He took
Voltas side, especially after Napoleon awarded Volta in 1801. Hay stated that there is no
difference between the Galvanic electricity and the electricity from the Leyden jar.138 Among
the researchers of electrochemistry Hay mentioned Berthollet and sanskulotte Monge, who
were among the best Napoleonic scientists.139

Karel Zois botany

A few years ago, we discovered in Oklahoma the former Auersperg's Ljubljana edition of
Clavius's calendars, and Erberg's Dol manor collection of Linnaeus PhDs just came under our
hands.

FIGURE 23: Clavius' calendar from 1588, once in the Duke of Prussia's Prince of Prussia,
today in Oklahoma (Clavius, 1688). (With the permission of the University of Oklahoma)

This story emerged from the exploration of the background of Karel Baron Zois' final
examination. Karel studied with the famous Biwald, who repaired Linnaeus Ph.D. in Graz.
Zois was at the same time a naturalist friend of Joef Kalasanc Erberg, who bought Linnaeus-
Biwald's book for his collection at Dol by Sava river. Complications related to book travel to
a reader reveal the background of Carniola distinguished ideas on the threshold of Napoleon's
era, their active involvement in fashion flows of flower gardens, libraries and, above all, the
knowledge of those days.

132
Taton, 1976, 47.
133
R.J. Hay, Trait lementaire de Physique. 2nd edition. Paris, 1806 (NUK-22077), pp. 57-77.
134
Hay, 1806, 1: 50.
135
Hay, 1806, 1: 123, 126, 127.
136
Hay, 1806, 1: 128
137
Hay, 1806, 1: 190
138
Hay, 1806, 2: p. 57.
139
Hay, 1806, 2: p. 50.
Linnaeus Students Ph.D. Theses Sailing from Carniola towards the Indians

Figure 24: Karel Zois academic ancestors

The story of the pilgrimage of Linnaeus doctorates from Dol near Ljubljana into the Lands of
the Indians of the Wild West, which was renamed Oklahoma a century ago, was started by the
former Jesuit professor Gottlob Leopold Biwald (* 26 February 1731 Vienna; SJ 17 October
1747; 8. 9. 1805 Vienna). As soon as he became a professor of physics in Graz, Biwald
reprinted Karl Linnaeus (1707; 1778) and his doctoral dissertations without delay in 1764
in Graz; some of the preserved copies today have inserted information about the Assertiones
exam with Biwald as the professor on seven or even ten pages, but there is no excerpt from
the former Erberg library, which is now stored by the Bizzell library in Oklahoma. Biwald, as
a proud teacher in his books, wanted to list students who, in the summer heat, performed final
exams on the banks of the Mura river; among them we often find candidates from the area of
modern Slovenia. Naturally, the biweekly students who wished to insert their publication in
Biwald's writings had to be fairly pruned into their father's wallets. In Uppsala, Graz or
Ljubljana, the candidate paid the cost of printing his exams; so, it was right and appropriate,
since Biwald's salary was not excessive, and some students were often very wealthy.
Linnaeus kept Biwald's edition from 1764 in his own library; we can think that the Graz
physicist sent the item to Linnaeus as a gift. They had a common friend and correspondent,
Scopoli. Similar Latin collections of Linnaeus and his doctoral candidates were published,
among others, in Leiden in 1749, where Linnaeus spent his some of his student times. Biwald
himself subsequently afforded two other similar collections in 1766 and 1767, reprinted in
1769 and 1785. Biwald added the inventories of local Styrian flora and fauna according to
data he collected along with his friends Poda and Scopoli. In some of his publications, Biwald
was signed with the initials "L.B. e S.I. , then L. Biwald of Societatis Jesu.

In Biwald's print of 1764, the first among Linnaeus students was Martin Khler (* 1728;
1773), who advocated a medical dissertation on the production of crystals in Uppsala in 1747.
Khler's achievement in 1774 and again in 1780 was published in Graz in a German
translation without a student list or exam questions; we can think that even in these
publications, the main word was the most ingenious Biwald. Khler cited the work of
Linnaeus Leiden University professor Boerhaave in the Specimen de Crystallorum
generatione on the formation of crystals and crystalline substances after the introduction. In
Editorial Additamentum Editoris, with the knowledge of his friend Nocolaus Poda, he
categorized crystals by deposits as compared to the crystal growth sketches on the twenty-six
drawings of the Khler dissertation; he placed the nice sketches on the end of the file. At the
beginning of his remarks, Biwald listed properties and deposits of individual crystals,
including in Htenberg near Villach in Carinthia, where the famous Paracelsus grew up.

In the following, Frederic Hasselquist (* 3. 1. 1722 Toernvalla, stergtland; 9 February

1752) wrote about the plants in his doctorate, which he defended at Linnaeus on June 20,
1747. He discussed fourteen newly discovered plant species. Later in 1754, he described them
in the fifth edition of Genera Plantarum. Biwald added to his Hasselquists discussion his
findings, amongst others about the Atropa belladonna deposits in Styria. Hasselquist was one
of Linnaeus favorite students; he also quoted Linnaeus Leyden teacher Boerhaave, though
only in a note. The editor Biwald was noted at the end of Hasselquist's work; he referred to
the acts of Parisian academics published in 1703. Of course, he did not forget to mention
Florae Carniolicae of his friend Scopoli. The courageous Hasselquist met Olof Toren in
Gttenburg (Toreen, * 1718; 1753), who just went to China for plants for the Linnaeus
collections. Of course, Hasselquist as a genuine descendant of the Vikings did not want to lag
behind, so he embarked a commercial ship to the east and arrived in Smyrna on 27 November
1749. Half a year later, on 13 May 1750, he went to Alexandria. In March 1751 he was in
Jaffa, today's Tel Aviv, and then in Jerusalem. He sent to his fatherland the first naturalistic
description of the Holy Land; Linnaeus published it in 1757. It was soon translated by the
French, the Germans and the English. Unfortunately, Hasselquist was not given the joy of
reading his own books, because the experienced elderly deadly woman visited him all too
quickly. The third among Biwald's selection of Linnaeus dissertations were the items of Eliae
Aspelin Smolandi (Alias, * 1721; 1795) addressed as Flora Oeconomica in the Doctorate
defended on the use of three hundred Swedish indigenous plants on 25. 6. 1748. Aspelin's list
of 1137 plants published in Flora Suecica was supplemented by the editor Biwald in
Additamentum editorials in the same order with their deposits in Styria. Henric Fougt (Fougy,
* 1720; 1782) devoted the fourth part of the dissertations to the Coralis Balticis Coral
(Dissertatio de Coralliis Balticis) in the dissertation on 8 June 1745. In the introduction, he
gave the opinion of the Count of Marsilius on the coral and modern research Ren-Antoine
Ferchault de Raumurja (* 1683; 1757) from the Paris Academy, where he proved
Peyssonel's assumption of the animal's and not the vegetal essence of the coral. In 1748,
Raumur became a member of the Swedish Academy. The Swedish coral was studied by the
native Magnus von Bromell (Bromellius, * 1679; 1778) and Georg Andrea Helwingius in
Prussian flora published in Leipzig in 1719. Fougt also used tienen-Franois Geoffroy's (*
1672; 1731) description of the medicines, allegedly from Parisian Latin editions. He cited
Peyssonellius' academic Parisic publication from 1727. He again referred to Raumur's
description of insects, as well as to the work of Parisian Linnaeus follower Bernard de
Jussieu (* 1699 Lyon; 1777 Paris) published in the fourth edition of Linnaeus Systema
Naturae on May 5, 1744. To summarize, Fougt added twenty-three sketches of coral in a
folding picture under number 1. In 1747, he wrote in Stockholm on the Mineralogy of Johan
Gottschalck Wallerius (* 1709; 1785) who was an associate of the Faculty of Medicine and
Professor of Chemistry in Uppsala. He recalled Scopoli's Carniolan site of the alleged
Madreporae tropical coral (Madrepora). Biwald particularly emphasized Wallerius'
contribution in his comments on Additamentum Editoris on Austrian deposits of coral. Zois
acquired a later Latin edition of Wallerius's Physics-Chemistry of Minerals from 1760 for his
home library; its French translation with an imaginative description of snowflakes was also
read on the Ljubljana Lyceum. The fifth part was provided by Ionae Kiernander (Jonas
Andersson, * 1721; 1778) under the title of Radix Seno in the dissertation defended at
Linnaeus. On 8 April 1749, he printed it with the printer Laurentiy Salvia in Stockholm with
the Latin name of Stockholm being Holmiae. He talked about the Indian treatment of snakes
with the Seno plant in North America. In that year, Sweden Uppsala was almost full of
sniffing snakes, since the same year a similar dissertation was defended by another Linnaeus
candidate who preferred to treat snakes bites with an alkaloid strychnine from the Mungos
tree. Kiernander finally added a drawing of leaves and roots of Polygal called Seno. He also
noted Geoffroy. Kiernander's findings were reinforced by Biwald in an editorial addendum,
citing research by Albrecht von Haller (* 1708; 1777), who was literally known as the
opponent of the leading Habsburg naturalist, Gerard van Swieten (* 1700; 1772). He
followed Linnaeus speech Oratio, qua peregrinationum intra Patriam asseritur necessitas,
where a famous botanist praised his teaching physics devices. He also did not forget to write
about the anatomical and other aids. He spoke of various nations, as well as of neighboring
Lapland. He was thinking of rocks and mineralogy, petroleum, botany, pharmacy and
zoology.

In Additamentum Editoris, Biwald supplemented Linnaeus speech from 1741 for the
Austrian lands; At the same time, he put the crucible to his more mathematically set
disciplines with the praise of astronomical observations and encouraging improvements to
physics devices. The research of Leuven professor of botany Carolus Clusius (Jules Charles
de l'Ecluse, * 1526; 1609) in Austria, Styria and Carniola was noted; but he did not mention
the two of his friends, Scopoli and Poda. The seventh part was written by Isaac Biberg
(Isaacson, * 1726; 1804) who addressed Oeconomia naturae in his Ph.D. specimen
academicus de Oeconomia naturae, quid ... and Reg. Academia Upsaliensi, praeside ... Carolo
Linneau, ... examini submittit Isacus J. Biberg ... ad diem March 4. Anni 1749 ... The defense
thus succeeded in Uppsala, describing the harmony between the three kingdoms in nature on 4
March 1749. He cited the Alps and India. He also read an academic speech about the mass of
animal life of a very popular Pieter van Musschenbroek (* 1692; 1761) whose works were
widely read in Ljubljana. The Ljubljana professor Baron Bernard Ferdinand Erberg (* 20. 5.
1718 Ljubljana; SJ 27. 10. 1734 Graz; 1773 Krems), the cousin of the grandfather of Joef
Kalasanc baron Erberg, published Musschenbroek's research of magnets in the Latin language
in Ljubljana in 1754. Biberg was particularly fond of Florae Sueciae, and in the note
mentioned Johan Georg Gmelins (* 1709; 1755) description of the Siberian plants, which
also interested Zois at his home. Biberg was interested even in the cartography of the new
world with the Indies in the Far East and Brazil included under the pen of Geor Margraf
(Marckgraff, * 1610 Liebstadt; 1644 Luanda in Angola) which Elzevir printed in Amsterdam
in 1658 and 1659. In 1764, the reprint of Linnaeus dissertations evidently brought Biwald a
lot of satisfaction; so, in two years (1766) he again undertook similar tasks. In his new book,
N.E. Dahlenberg's discourse on metamorphosis of plants defended in 1755. He added Poda
and Scopoli's list of minerals in Upper Styria. Special attention was paid to the iron ore in
Erzberg.

The closing Additamentum Editoris was written for planting with plant sources and notes to
the Linnaeus system of nature, according to Heinrich Johann Nepomuk Crantz (1722-1799)
work on the Austrian flora. It is doubtless that the Jesuit Biwald was extremely happy to
introduce Linnaeus work to the Habsburg monarchy with the publication of the original
works of his friends Poda and Scopoli, among whom only Pada used to be a Jesuit. Biwald's
friend, the mathematician Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus (Boda(nus), * 4. 10. 1723 Vienna, SJ
22. 1. 1740 Vienna; 29. 4. 1798 Vienna), and after him Ptuj native Karl Tirnberger
(Tirenperger, * 27 10. 1731 Ptuj; 1780 Schottwein) in 1773, left Graz after the successful
management of the new astronomical observatory and physics cabinet. Poda also taught
Gabriel Gruber among others. In 1771, he first described Karl Hells device for pumping
water from the mine in Bansk tiavnica (Schemnitz) and other steam engines in the
monarchy. During the years 1743-1746 Poda studied philosophy in Klagenfurt, and then
during the years 1748-1749. Poda repeated mathematical exercises with students from
Vienna. In the years 1754/55 and 1755/56 he was found in Klagenfurt as a professor of
mathematics; In 1756/57 he took the same chair in Linz. Between 1758-1765 he was a teacher
of mathematics in Graz, a prefect of the Museum of Mathematics and Special Astronomy;
Soon after the arrival of his friend Biwald, he went to the Bansk tiavnica Mining Academy
and taught mechanics and hydraulics there between 1766-1771. Between 1772-1773 he was
"the famous mechanic" Traunkirchen in Upper Austria. After the ban of the Jesuits, Poda
stayed there and after 1773 he became confessor of Emperor Leopold II. He was no longer
prudent under his name, but under the pseudonym Physiophilus, his biological work was
translated into English. Scopoli and Poda worked with baron Karl Ehrenbert Moll (* 21
December 1760 Thalgau near Salzburg; 1. 2. 1838), who was also close to B. Hacquet,
although Scopoli's opinion of Hacquet was not high. Linnaeus directed a total of 186
dissertations of his students between 1743-1776. Only in the defense of the latter was the son
replaced. The texts were prepared in a hurry a week before the defense, printed on slightly
worse paper, distributed to visitors and then publicly defended. Similar festive advocates were
also used by the well-standing residents of Jesuit higher studies at that time. The present
dissertation was not an independent work, but rather a widespread discussion of the ideas of
mentor Linnaeus, just like in the Jesuit schools of that time om Ljubljana or Graz. In the
collection of Linnaeus dissertations from the former Erberg's Doll Library, it's not possible to
talk about worse kind of used paper, although there are no watermarks in paper; cardboard
tying of a copy stored in a collection of the history of science of the Bizzell University of
Oklahoma University with reinforced edges and the back with the Linnaeus / Selectae label
are undoubtedly of a novelty origin. Erberg's book in the same Biwald's Graz based Edition
on 316 pages is also kept in the Lyon Library in France with the publisher noted as Joseph
Maurice Lechner. A copy of the library in Mainz gas 285 pages, and similar books are also
stored in Freiburg and, of course, at the Swedish Academy. Erberg's copy was inherited by the
counts Attems to which J.K. Erberg's daughter and heir Antonia married. In the second half of
the 19th century, the book was first taken over by the antique book archer Rudolf Damkhler
of Berlin; on the back side below and between his cover was pressed his oval blue seal R.
Damkhler / Buchhandlung u. Antiqiariat / Berlin. N. In 1885 in Berlin, the Bookshop R.
Damkhler published with A. Haack a list of his old treasures with the subtitle: Catalog No. ...
des Antiquarischen Bcherlagers von R. Damkhler. Damkhler collected books about
Berlin, Elzevir's edition, heraldry, genealogy, medicine and attractive rarities. R. Damkhler
was quite well known in the books-market. He received a special music collection (Studien
zur Geschichte der franzsischen Musik). The books on Lafayette and others with R.
Damkhler's seal are found today at the Yale University Library. Damkhler apparently in
some way sold at least one Erbergs book, although it was so far considered that Attems had
sold the entire Erbergs Dol library to Rudolfinum to the present-day National Museum in
Ljubljana, which evidently did not happen.

Figure 25: Linnaeus dissertations from the former Erberg collection, which traveled through
R. Damkhler's bookshop in the history collection Science of the University of Oklahoma.
The title page with the Erberg seal is noted as a proprietary evidence (Linnaeus, 1764).
Photographed with the permission of the University of Oklahoma.

Figure 26: The back page with R. Damkhler's Berlin blue seal in Linnaeus dissertations
from the former Erberg collection (Linn, 1764). Photographed with the permission of the
University of Oklahoma.

Karel Zois and other wealthy Biwalds students

The former Ljubljana professor Biwald developed a small factory in Graz to promote and
distribute foreign works, although he also published his physics textbooks in Bokovi's spirit.
In the first half of the year, Linnaeus dissertations printed with a dozen of similar works,
which were often caused by the fluttering of the pupils, filled with exam questions. Karel Zois
was fabulously wealthy after his deceased father of Michelangelo Zois (* 1694; 1777) was
replaced by Karels brother iga.

Table 4: Biwalds exams related to Slovenian libraries

Student names August of year __ Volume, professors Bind with

No exams or names 1764 Biwald Linnaeus, Selectae ex
of students amoenitatibus
(Uppsala)
Jakob Valentin 1767 Biwald Carlo Benvenuti (*
Perko (*Styria) 1716; SJ 1732),
Dissertatio physica
de lumine (Rome
1754)
Exam theses 1768 Biwald G(iacomo) Bartholomeo
without the names Beccari (SJ Bologna),
Comentarii duo, de
of students Phosphoris Naturalibus
et Artificialibus
(Bologna 1731)
Carniolan Josephus 1769 Biwald; Francisco Abb Jean-Antoine
Polz Loscani; Taupe Nollet, Vergleichung
der Wrkungen des
Donners mit den
Wrkungen der
Elektricitt (1769
Praga)
First cousin of . 1771 Biwald, Pller, William Lewis (*
Zois mother the Wisenfeldt 1714; 1781),
Ljubljana native Geschichte des
Joannes Nepomuk Goldes (1763
Pollini London)
Exam theses 1773 Biwald; Taupe; Wolf Franz Seraphim
without the names Zallinger zum Thurn (*
1743; SJ; 1828).
of students Boscowichische System
(1772 Freiburg)
Senj citizen 1775 Biwald /
Maximilianus
Chiolich de
Levensperg
Schmutz, Andreas; Biwald; Leopoldo /
Hoffmann, Michael Plappart; Aloysio Mayer

Senj noble Ioannes 1775 Biwald; Taupe, Axel Frederik Cronstedt

Nep. Pasquich later Carolus; Wolf, (* 1722; 1765),
astronomer; the Joannes Nepomuk Versuch einer
Styrian Petrus Mineralogie (1775) ed.
Morten Thrane
Hoblnigg
Brunnich (* 1737;
1827)
Antonius Boschi (* 1776 Biwald; Taupe; Wolf Johann Friedrich
Gorika) Gmelin,
Abhandlungen von
den giftigen
Gewchsen
Graz native count 1777 Biwald; Ios. Ianach; Meteorology,
Cajetanus Aloysio Mayer calendars
Wildenstein
 Karel Zois 1778? 7 leaves, 12 pages, Nicolas Bion,
(Biwald, Taupe, mathematische
Wolf)? Werkschule (1709 Paris,
1726 Nurnberg)

Among the richest Biwalds students was iga's younger brother Baron Karel Zois. The
former Jesuit Karl Taupe of Klagenfurt taught mathematics to K. Zois, so he and K. Zois
passed the final exam with Biwald, although he did not name them on the front page because
of a strange set of circumstances. Shortly thereafter, on 4 November 1782, Joseph II.
humiliated the Graz University in the Lyceum-like Ljubljana, but Biwald and Taupe
continued their physics and mathematical lectures in Graz. So, the curious Karel caught the
so-called last train for a university study so close to home, although he would have had as
many problems as he had at Graz with Biwald and Taupe in Ljubljana with Ambschell. In the
beginning of K. Zois's studies, Biwald set up a natural science in 1775 museum for Styria. As
a cosmonaut, he had contacts with Goethe, and he was primarily friends with Wulfen, Scopoli
and Podo; the latter two co-authored a edition in which under the number 1326 named the
plant Biwaldia, which is today synonymous with the flower of Garcinia L. At the end of K.
Zois's studies, in 1777, the Graz University first received a science chair, of course with
Biwald as a full professor; His bust in the Graz library was made by the professor Johann
Martin Fischer of Vienna.

FIGURE 27: the rector Biwalds bust in Graz University library.

One after another, Biwald and Taupe were among the teachers in the Jesuit college of
Ljubljana. First, the four years older Taupe (Taube, * 11 November 1726, Klagenfurt; SJ, 23
February 1742; 1791) taught the Carniolan students between 23 October 1755 and the year
1757. In 1757 a similar ungrateful craft was launched by Biwald. After the Viennese
novitiates, they both taught grammar and rhetoric in Ljubljana, where they met Zois' family.
Taupe then taught philosophy at Theresianum for four years, while after the experience of
Ljubljana, Biwald immediately left for Graz, which he no longer left except for the fourth
oath in Judenburg in 1762. Taupe, in the meantime, became a German guardsman and he
afforded half of a decade the teaching of mathematics in Graz from November 1765 until the
visit of the old maid with a slant. He had successfully overthrown the ban of the Jesuits in
1773 and, despite the complications of teaching, continued in fruitful coexistence with his
colleague Biwald. In the pleasant Graz service he replaced Franz Pachner (* 2 November
1729 Vienna, SJ 14 November 1744; 18 March 1791), who published his mathematical
lectures in Graz in 1763 and the philosophical-physics one three years later. Taupe also taught
mechanical engineering (Maschinenlehre) and Military Architecture (militrische Baukunst)
in Graz, which is well evident from such topics in Karel Zois exam questions; With such a
technical application, Taupe continued N. Poda's work in Graz. Taupe published the thesis in
the company with Biwald and Pller in the years 1767, 1771, 1773, 1775, and 1776; Pller
replaced Wolf in the 1770s. Graz had 2600 houses and 44,000 inhabitants in K. Zois student
times; Karel Zois has deepened his Carniolan love to the mountains, and perhaps even
occasionally to a noble drop of wine in Graz. What kind of mathematics did the learned baron
Karel Zois learn in Graz? Shortly before Karel Zois arrival in Graz, Biwald dedicated his ten
exam testimonies to mathematics in 1771. The students had to answer the questions: what is
the conic, when this curve is an ellipse, when a hyperbole, parabola, a circle or a line; what is
the diameter of the conic, which depends on its length, what is the conjugate diameter that
does not exist in the parabola. We had to know the pronouns about the properties of the cones.
Further theses included primarily the planning tasks: to determine or draw a conic, if a guide,
a focal point, a theme is given; for the same data, determine if the curve has an infinite axis;
Draw a tangent to the conch in a given point. If the teacher described only a part of the
conjunction, the diligent student had to determine its type and position of the axis. Theses or
assignments were rather demanding; the study of conic sections necessarily required their
important roles in physics and astronomy. In the Biwald editions of 1777 and 1780, the
mathematical chapters were also of ten theses, but quite different from those of 1771; they
included a brief overview of all geometry. The theorem was about angles with parallels, the
sum of angles in the triangle, the angle between the tangent and the tendon using the
Pythagorean and the sinusoidal theorem. Questions or tasks expected students to explain the
conformity of triangles, determine the sum of the angles of the polygon, calculate the triangle
plate, the parallelogram, the trapezoid, the circle; nor did they calculate the area of prism,
cylinder, pyramid or cone. Pythagoras and other utterances were written uniquely that they
were easier to remember. Geometric theses were considerably lighter than those of the 1771
couplings, since they included only the basic general knowledge of geometry according to the
standards of the then schools. Thus, at least as far as mathematics is concerned, students of the
K. Zois generation could break through their study clutches in 1777 and 1780 as their older
colleagues in 1771.

In 1779, a little after Karel Zois' final exam, his older brother iga paid for the print of Karel
a similar final examination to the listener of the second year of Philosophy Wolfgang Muha.
Muha, of course, prospered very well; therefore, the discussion of his professor of physics,
Ambschell, focused on the center of gravity, along with the examination thesis, to Zois; He
joined the Slovene rebirth and Zois's Freemasonry, and after his departure for Vienna, he
collaborated with Freemasonry friends Jurij Vega. The fly was born in 1759 in Lokve near
Karst city of Lipica. The Muha family is still there, and his important relative Muha was a
Carniolan Provincial Member of the 19th Century. In 1776, W. Mucha (Muha) boasted at
Ljubljana's lower studies, although the award for the best listeners of rhetoric was swayed. A
year after the Ambschell exam, he published a survey of the Idrija mercury mine in Vienna in
1780, which he obtained from J. Kalasanc Erberg with his Doll Library. The book dedicated
to the Count Janez Nepomuk Jakob Count Edling (* 1. 5. 1751 Gorizia; 1793 Vienna), a
referent of the Ljubljana School Commission and the administrator of the kofja Loka's
possession of the Freising Bishop. He named him the science promoter in the consecration.
He divided his work into seven chapters on various minerals and their crystalline forms:
limestone, clay, asbestos, quartz, salt, earth's salts and, finally, mercury. He also described the
operation of the Idrija mine in 1761. He cited Scopoli's discussion of Idrija mercury and
fossils, and the description of the Idrija mine of Johann Jacob Ferber (9 September 1743
Carlscrona in Sweden-12 April 1790 Bern). In 1786 Ferber became Prussian senior mining
councilor (Oberbergrath); He was also a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and of
Leopoldine. Karel Zois wrote his own bookmark in the Ferber edition of the three letters of
the Carniolan botanist Freyer sent to Baron Josef Friedrich Racknitz (* 1744; 1818), which
was printed a decade before Charles's death. Racknitz himself published the basalt research.
In 1780, Ambschell published five pages of physics questions, in descriptions of experiments,
before theses; that summer, he listed a range of famous names among his students, among
them the late inventor of the protomatic Joef Peter Alkantar Mislej (* 19 October 1761
Podraga (Vipava); around 1840) and the Ljubljana Michael Gruber. Like his older associate
Biwald, the former Jesuit Ambschell asked his students for measuring methods. He was
particularly interested in determining the integrity of the river flow connected with the works
on the Gruber crossing, which was ceremonially opened in Ljubljana with cannon towers
from the castle a few weeks after the Mislej's exam. Ambschell asked Mislej and his
classmates for the mathematical derivation of mechanics, the determination of the center of
gravity, the division of the resultant forces into the components, the determination of the ratio
between the number of fluctuations and the oscillation time, the calculation of the equilibrium
and the efficiency of machines, the conversion of liber and other existing units of
measurement, the clarification of the balance of liquids in binding vessels and siphons,
explanation of swimming, parts of the atmosphere, winds, explanation of the reasons for
lifting mercury in the barometer, description of the composition of various types of
precipitation, description of the structure of the eye, the appearance of the image in it and its
errors. Most of Ambschell's questions from 1780 sound quite contemporary. Of course, he
also envisioned some of the ones we do not want to teach today, among them "What is Fire?"
Or "What is Light?"; it would surely be that modern-day modern pupils would be able to
invent such answers so swiftly that the poor professor would have a serious headache.
Ambschell did not interfere with the issues of electricity, magnetism and astronomy, although
he published the theses for physics questions dealing with all fields of physics other than
magnets. Zois' mathematically colored exam questions - foreplay for the first Alpine botanical
garden among Slovenes.

The student Karel Zois

In Graz in the 1770s, Karel Zois met his half-year-old senior future baron of Jurij Vega, who,
as G. Gruber's engineer, regulated the course of the Mura River in the area between Graz and
Radgona until 1780. K. Zois published his exam papers on eight non-papered pages with
thirteen pages of questions and tasks listed. The cover page and the back page were left blank.
The rich baron did not save paper. First, we read the instruction for algebraic calculations
(Buchstabenrechnung) with proportional quantities, then repeatedly repeating tasks
(Aufgaben), followed by a capital account with a rebate. There followed the surveying (Aus
der Mekunst) in the fields, also with questions. Karel had to determine the surface of a
triangle from given sides, angles, or similarities of triangles. He then began to calculate the
surfaces of cylinders, cones, circles, and prism: he did not avoid the rules for the volume of
the sphere. In chapter Von der Weis und Art auf dem Felde / zu messen, and die Lngen zu
bestimmen, he began to measure in nature with a compass, a compass and a measuring table.
Questions were channeled to land assessments, especially on the hills. The acquired
knowledge soon helped him to regulate the castle garden in Brdo pri Kranju, where he planted
trees from the local logs along the Alpine plants, as well as the Asian from Kamchatka, Ural,
Bajkal and Altai Alps; he even afforded American and other foreign trees in the first Alpine
botanical garden in Slovenia. Karel Zois has introduced American plants through English
nurseries in a scientific way in line with the design of the area in Brdo. The garden was
planted between 1781-1790 with the help of the caretaker Martin Urbani; By the year 1795,
he was also helped by brother iga, who was sadly saddled on the cart for the insidious gout.
On the late Renaissance base, Zois set up an orangery for the wintering of non-native plants
along a 600-meter-long pathway, followed by a merry garden after the Baroque pattern. The
founder of the Viennese Botanical Garden in 1793, Nikolai Thomas Host (* 6. 3. 1761 Rijeka;
13. 1. 1834 Schnbrunn near Vienna), sent living copies of exotic plants to K. Zois. Karel
Zois wrote to Joef Kalasanc Erberg three letters with botanical content in 1797 and 1798;
they discussed the mutual exchange of plants and the scientific significance of the non-native
plants, as well as the Erbergs mansion Dol garden, was established around 1781, although it
was abandoned during the minority of Joef Kalasanc. Later, Joef Kalasanc Erberg was also
supplied by Gabriel's younger brother Anton Gruber (* 26 March 1750 Vienna; SJ 18 October
1765 Vienna; 1819); In Dol, he sent a leash, "eastern" pelagony, "useful" cactus, "Indian"
saloria, "Indian" chrysanthemum, geranium, verbena, "bee" legumes, glycini and other
flowers. Erberg drained his knowledge of the garden system in Dol particularly from Hoppe's
work on the planting of plants from 1773. In November 1782, K. Zois ordered tulips and
narcissus from the Dutch orangery; In 1783, in the Eberfeldic nursery, he purchased several
apple-tree apple trees, pears and necklaces, some of them for Slovenian lands of a new species
of apple, plum and cherries. Most of the trees in Zois Botanical Garden originated from the
London tree nursery of Joachim Conrad Loddiges (* 1738 Hannover; 1826), which also
conserved orchids from the then largest gardens, based on the ideas of the 6th Lord of
Devonshires gardener, Joseph Paxton (1803-1865). Paxton was in his time the most wanted
person in England: nevertheless, he found enough time to send out numerous alien species to
Zois in 1784. Zois also designed gardens in Ljubljana from the intersection of Roman
(Rimska) road with the Trieste road down to the former wall of the nuns walls under the
shadow of the Linden trees. Zois has afforded 400 exotic plants, over 1000 domestic trees and
an additional thousands of fruit trees. In the year of the French Revolution (1789), Zois'
Garden of Ljubljana was opened to the public. Similarly, the scarcely humorous visitors were
bathing freely in the ponds at Zois' Brdo pri Kranju (Hill by Kranj). Karel Zois multiplied the
foreign plants and sold surpluses. The gardens were regulated by gardener Riedl, who liked to
transport plants from Ljubljana to Brdo or back; however, according to the Franciscan
Cadaster of 1826, the original image of the garden in Brdo has already disappeared in that
times. Therefore, Erberg's Garden of Dol by Sava river became the largest collection of
exotics in Carniola. In 1818, the plants were transplanted from Zois Gardens to Erberg's
gardens, including ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba); in Dol, under the proud Erberg's eye, the local
garden grew into the greatest in the country. In the botanical park of Brdo there were about
7446 non-native plants. Together Zois nursed there 165 different trees and 38 shrubs. In 1782,
Zois received a shipment, which was captured in Tahiti by Captain Cook. Unfortunately, most
of the seedlings have failed, the reconstruction needed a lot of effort, as Karel Zois reported
with sadness in the botanical heart. Of course, Zois acquired Cook's work for his library
without any delay were. Zois gave each of the three volumes of the famous Cook's travel
book a special tie in brown leather with reddish edges of leaves. Data on the famous writer
was ordered to stamp on the back of the cover of the A4 format, but without the marbled
sheets for the covers, which he usually afforded with other beauties from his library. A front-
page picture shows a co-image of Cook with the subtitle FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society),
which at that time was already a sufficient recommendation to the reader. In four cartridges, a
total of 65 images were greeted. The foreword of an unsigned translator praised the second
Cook trip as even more remarkable than the first with visits to the South Seas, the Pacific, the
Atlantic, and Tahiti. According to the translator's preface, Cook's preface was specifically
paginated, mentioning Ferdinand Magellan. He quoted the island of Saint Jago, painted a
plant from New Zealand, an Aboriginal family there, and a marine "thrombus de mer". Cooke
transported a portable observatory with an astronomical clock on a stand under an emergency
tent, which he painted on the most recent picture on panel 65. He was primarily interested in
maps and people; therefore he described the structure or ornaments of their tools and
weapons. Of course, Zois also purchased several Linnaeus works, including a two-piece
Leipzig translation of contributions to science, physics and medicine; The book was tied in
brown leather with golden letters on the back and marbled interim cover. Linnaeus drew the
Pygmies with the pictures of Androvandi's light carrier (lucifer) and monkeys; He talked
about coffee, about tea, about the usability of natural science, mineral waters, sleep, bread,
and natural science discoveries. At the end of the first book, he thought of the (osmotic) force
of the plant, which Hasselquist already described in his doctorate at Linnaeus. In the second
book, Linnaeus undertook the economics of nature, tricolor, crystals, chocolate, Indians,
Spaniards, cocoa and finally fruit wine.

Although the future botanist Karel Zoos would have expected that he would put his exam
questions in a kind of Linneaus-like book about the flowers, it was pierced differently, and
Karel preferred to select a part of Bion's mathematical textbook on eighty-eight pages.
Nicolaus Bion (* 1652; 1733 Paris) served bread with the production of utensils as the royal
master of mathematical devices of the solar King Louis XIV. in Paris and apparently became
the first curious love of the future plant lovers, Karel Zois. Bion's adligate may have had a
sticker on the bottom corner, which is now torn off; the other three adligates still have labels,
Zois's exam is yellow painted. The Greek Windmanstad heirs did not dated Zois's or Bion's
writings in their Gothic prints; other ad-ligates are the Viennese Widmanstad's Latin presses,
and the 1773 papers are without a place of printing and printing. Under the Zois exam
questions, a bird drawing is a nice looking one that tastes between two meaningful sketches of
a trilitary plant; under the picture is a double fan sign. Bion's work does not have such
decorations, and the fourth adligate serves us with completely different ones. Both Zois's and
Bion's papers were printed on autonomous poles. The ribbed water print of all ad-ligates
paper has longitudinal lines spaced by two centimeters, so each page wound got two lines
after cutting. Bion's work in the Zois edition consists of eighty-eight pages paginated with a
front cover as the first page; in the end, a table with fifteen geometric figures is filled with
balls, necklaces and cubes. Bion first explained the use of lines, followed by planning tasks,
including drawing parallels of a given line. He studied the use of polygon lines (linea
polygonorum) for drawing circles. From the diameter of the sphere, the volume and weight of
the sphere were counted using metal hexes or rulers; Similarly, Karel Zois was doing the final
exam, where Bion's work was clearly the main guidebook. iga Zois also had an undated
Bion's book on proportionality, which Kopitar described as: Grndliche Anw. zur Gebrauch
des Proportional Zirckel. 12o; Unfortunately, in this document, Bion's edition is not dated.
After the final examination of Charles in 1785, the whole of Bion's work was reprinted by
Ljubljana's bookkeeper Mayr in his branch office in Salzburg; Geometer and author of the
first road atlas of Salzburg, Matthias Pock (* 1720; 25.6.1955 Salzburg), edited the edition
on three pages of introduction and 108 pages of seven-sheeted copper cuts, which also
contained the sixth copper with a proportional compass drawing introduction to geodetic
surveying.
Figure 28: A picture in front of the title of Bion's work in 1765.

Figure 29 (BION1765DopplemayeMathematiscjeTirtlepage: The title page of the Bion's

German edition of 1765.

Figure 30 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran36Plosca6Proporcional Compass): A

proportionality compass as an analog computer of the Zois days (Bion, 1752 (Bion, 1752, 62
(table 7)).

Figure 31 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran70Plosca8sestilaInPrirocneNaprave): Compression

measurements (Bion, 1752, 70 (Table 8)),

Figure 32 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran62Plosca7Proporcional CompassSupports: Use of

the proportional compass))

FIGURE 33 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran80Plosca9compasiuZanimiviMerilci): Meters in

Bion's work (Bion, 1752 80 (plate 9)). +

Figure 34: Theodolites, telescopes, and vacuum devices (Bion, 1752, 90 (plate 10)).

Figure 35 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran110Plosca11sGeodestskeMeriltveUtrdbe):
Surveying and fortifications (Bion, 1752)

FIGURE 36: Ground planes (Bion, 1752, 114 (Table 12)).

FIGURE 37 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran152Plosca15UtdsbeVojaske): Military

fortifications (Bion, 1752 152 (plate 15)).
Figure 38 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran162Plosca16ZvezdastaIUtrdba) star-shaped
fortifications (Bion, 1752 162 (plate 16)).

Figure 39
(Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran176Plosca17sestilaInPrirocneNapraveVojaskeGeodfetske):
Layouts fortifications ( Bion, 1752, 176 (table 17))

FIGURE 40 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran180TabelaBalistics): Ballistics tables (Bion,

1752, 180).

Figure 41 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran183Configuration of the Gunsmen): The cannon

and canons chapter (Bion, 1752, 183).

Figure 42 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran188Plosca18Topovi,
MeasurementsStelovPodRaznimiKoti): Cannons, measuring angles of shooting (Bion, 1752,
199).

Search for the Karel Zois Examination

It shows that Karel's final exam is preserved in Ljubljana only in the legacy of the Ljubljana
Augustine and Lyceum professor Johann Evangelist Tretter (28 March 1747 baptized with the
name Joseph in Vienna; 6. 11. 1763 Augustine Bruck an der Leitha; 1814 Graz). The
document has so far been shifted to the watchful eyes of researchers, primarily because the
adligate of other works and the name of the Karel Zois in the cobiss is written only as a
description of the first ad-ligate, and not as a keyword or even the name of a writer; this
obviously refines in the future as soon as possible. In the cobiss library catalogues of
Slovenia, the adjectives of the Hiltenbrand's file are misquoted as additions to the Hiltenbrand
book with the marks a, b, c, d (Zois) and e (Lion, Nikolaus (sic!, of course, Bion)); so we
cannot find them by searching for a writer or key words. Tretter reached the philosophical
baccalaureate with a public disputation in Graz on 12 August 1771, and the theological
baccalaureate a year later, on August 25, 1772, that is several years before Karel Zois. On
June 2, 1775, Trettner received a doctorate from theology in Vienna. On 24 December 1777
Johann Tretter became a provisional professor in Graz and on 5 May 1778 and on 9 May 1778
he passed the exams for the full professor. On April 23rd, 1784, Emperor Joseph II. a mild
memorial abolished Tretters Presbyterian Monastery in Graz, so the poor professor had to
replace the apartment; nothing better happened to Ljubljana's Augustus who lived before the
ban in today's Franciscan church on Preeren Square, which was once named after Marija.
Tretter lost his job on the Graz Lyceum in the winter semester of 1788, when Graz theological
studies with four shortened for three years; possibly the same year he traveled to Ljubljana,
although he probably went to Styrian monastery of Admont, where he was professor and
pastor at least between 1788-1790. On all the holy day on November 1, 1791, he became a
professor of dogmatic theology on the Ljubljana Lyceum; He continued his lectures in the
Carniolan capital until 1799. At that time, one of his books, the same with Zois' final exam
and other moorings, left the Ljubljana libraries library; the cause is not exactly in the palm; it
certainly could have been a kind of gift, for example at the end of the Tretter Service in
Ljubljana. In any case, Tretter's Ljubljana associate historian Franc Wilde already in the year
1800 wrote the Tretter's book between the Ljubljana Lyceum collection; it is not known yet
whether there was any other Tretter's book in Ljubljana. Tretter initially tried to get the job of
becoming a librarian in Graz, but then only returned to Graz as a professor of dogmatics in
1799/1800; in Graz he became a deacon of the lichen between 1800-1801 and then the
director of the lichen from 1806 to death. Between 1806-1808 he also taught polemical
theology. Due to the objections of the Habsburgs, he did not publish his theological
manuscripts. Tretter tied the book with Zois's final exam in a fairly cheap blue card. The joint
bonding of six adligates works in a modern blue cardboard with a yellowish sticker; the name
of the first writer Hiltenbrand and the title of his work are marked on the back. Adligates are
gathering together at the most of the print years of print 1773-1780, formats and printers from
Vienna and Graz; but the substance under consideration is very different. The first and last
two adligates are physically mathematically colored, and the intermediate three belong to
Tretter's occupational interest in dogmatic theology. The reason for socializing so much of the
work in a common volume is, of course, saving; but it is more difficult to determine how
Tretter received a copy of Zois exam questions as a teacher from Graz and left him with the
Ljubljana Lyceum. but among them there is no Charles final examination, which Tretter
preserved for us kindly. K. Zois's final exam does not mention even the enviously precise J.K.
Erberg in his manuscript of Literary History of Carniola, although he listed numerous similar
Erbergs writings published at the end of their studies at various universities. The first
adligate in the former Tretter booklet was written by Hiltenbrand (* 1721 Vienna; between
1784-1787 Lviv); In 1780, he was a professor of history and physics at Theresienstadt.
Hiltenbrand called his time as an important investigator of the electrophony, which Volta
discovered at that time, and Zois was also greatly attracted; In 1776, Hiltenbrand published a
translation of letters about the electrophoric friend in Pressburg (Bratislava), and in 1779 he
published mechanics. In the spring of 1784, Tretter became a professor of natural science
related to the physics description of the Earth, agriculture, technology, natural sciences and
theology at the University of Lviv, today in Lviv, Ukraine; when he died, he was replaced in
July 1787 by Balthasar Hacquet. Hiltenbrand began his book with an unpainted foreword on
the substance, and then gave the reader the index of his chapters: 1. senses, 2. bodies in
general, 3. movement in general, 4. wrong movement, 5. obstructed movement, 6.
equilibrium, 7.. fluids, 8. hydrostatics, 9. hydraulics, 10. air, 11. fire, 12. light, 13. colors, 14.
electricity, 15. magnetism, 16. physics-astronomy and 17. earth globe. Together he shared two
hundred and six pages without sketches. The Latin chapters of Hiltenbrand's book were:

I. De Sensibus;

II. De corpore in genere, ejusque attributis communibus (1. De extensione, 2. De figure, 3. De

soliditate, 4. De porositate, 5. De compositione, 6. De mobilitate, 7. De vi ineritiae, 8. De
gravitate, 9. De elasticatate, 10. De vi cohaesionis, 11. De vi attractive, 12. De vi repulsiva);

III. De motu and genere;

IV. De motu curvilineo (1. De pendulis, 2. De viribus centralibus);

V. De motus impedimentis (1. De conflictu corporum, 2. De resistentia medii, 3. De

adstrictu);

VI. De aequilibrio, seu de statica (1. De vecte, 2. De libra & statera, 3. De axe in peritrochio,
4. De trochles & polystasto, 5. De plano inclinato, 6. De cuneo, 7. De cochlea);

VII. De fluidis (1. De aqua, 2. De vapore, 3. De glacie);

VIII. Ex hydrostatica (1. De aequilibrio fluidorum homogeonorum, 2. De tubis capilaribus, 3.
De aestu maris, 4. De aequilibrio fliudorum heterogenum, 5. De aequilibrio fluidorum fluidis
immensorum);

IX. Ex hydraulica (1. De motu fluidorum a gravitate oriundo, 2. De cursu fluminum);

X. De Are (1. De atmosphera, 2. De motibus in are excitatis);

XI. De igne (1. De modis ignem excitandi, 2. De flamma & fumo;

XII. De Luce (1. Ex optica, 2. Ex catoptica, 3. (mistakenly written 2.) Ex Dioptrica);

XIII. De coloribus;

XIV Hiltenbrand describes the translation of electricity, and was interested in idoelectric and
symper-electrics: glass, crystals, seeds (gems), porcelain, sulfur, resins, cera hepanica, air
(ar), plants, animal parts (animalium partes) ...

After lengthy experiments, Hiltenbrand inspected the courthouse Secretary of Wrtemberg,

and especially the new second issue of Herbert's electricity. He described the cera hepanica
and tourmaline from Sri Lanka (Ceylon) as an example of electricity translation. He was
interested in natural electricity, because he knew electric deflection. In the electrometer
substance, the electrons are attracted to the electricity. He studied the fluorescence of the
barometer.

Chapter XV followed. De magnets and XVI. Astronomia physica (1. De planetis, 2. De luna,
3. De sole, 4. De sphaera mundiana). He devoted the final chapter to the Earth: XVII. De
globo terraqueo (1. De regnio minerali, 2. De regnio vegetali, 3. De regnio animali).

The next berth for Hiltenbrand's was an undated description of the blessed Augustine;
followed by the anonymous Luther contrary to the defense of the Genaue Prfung der lehre
von den Ablssen dismissal from 1773. The subsequent adligate was anonymous "Catholic"
answers, then we are reading the final exam of Karel Zois von Edelstein, and finally Bion's
mathematical school. In August, in 1778, Zois defended the final exam in Graz; his relatively
short adligate did not list the wildlife librarian Wilde, although he listed the other five. Zois's
final examination has four distinct proprietary code numbers of the allegedly older S-39. S 58
/ N. 446 N 40 on the cover of the Stze und Aufgaben aus unterschiedenen Theilen der
Grossenlehre ... Zois apparently afforded his final examination at the Graz Higher School
Lecture Hall of the Faculty of Philosophy; where he studied as a fellow student of the
Archdiocese of the nobility. Thus, Despite of his father's new nobility, for his family's wealth
at the University of Graz, he had already appeared as a social cream, after the older brothers
in October 1761 at Reggio Emilia nevertheless studied only as laymen who did not care.
Money opens all the doors, even doors dedicated to learning are not an exception. The
conclusions The papers like to travel, just like most of their readers. It is often difficult for
them to follow, and it is even more difficult to draw up a story of their actions and failure,
which in our case revolves around the sorrows and joys of the important Carniolan barons,
friends of Erberg and Zois. Rich families like to exchange books, and even preferred wet
flowering plants, as our precious poem France Preeren, who completed his teenage dreams at
the death of iga Zois, was labeled over time in rhymes.
The Carniolan Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts 1767-1787: Promoting Practical
and Theoretical Knowledge Based on Cameralist and Physiocratic Ideas

iga Zois and his mothers uncle Janez Krizostom edler Pollini were the distinguished
members of The Carniolan Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts, often somewhat loosely
named the Carniolan Farming Society.140 The Society worked between the years 1767 and
1787 in the Habsburg duchy of Carniola on the southern border of Holy Roman Empire,
which now forms the central western part of Slovenia with its capital Ljubljana (Laibach),
Northeastern Italy with the city of Duino, and a part of Croatian Istria with the city of Pazin.
The official name of the Society was Kaiserlich Knigliche Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und
ntzlicher Knste im Herzogthume Krain. It published two important periodicals: the
Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte and a weekly magazine titled Wchentliches
Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogthum Krain. Both publications promoted intellectual and
scientific developments of the time and reflected a progressive spirit of Enlightenment and
rationalism, characteristic of the 18th century in Europe. In 19th century, the Society was
renewed under iga Zois leadership.

The Societys lifespan, 1767-87, also marks the beginning of organized efforts to improve the
agricultural and general economic efficiency which were part of a comprehensive reform
process going on in the Habsburg Monarchy. The Carniolan Society, through its publications,
certainly influenced that process. Not only did it search for practical solutions to economic
problems, but it also engaged their theoretical dimensions in discussions based on the
prevailing economic doctrines of the time, German cameralism and French physiocracy.
Apart from that, the Society actively promoted science, education, research and innovation in
general; it popularized agricultural and technical innovations, and contributed to the
awareness of the importance of technological advancement for the progress of society. The
progressive stance of the Society regarding economic, technical and developmental issues is
all the more interesting, because Carniola had in the preceding centuries been exposed to
much heavier economic devastation from recurring Ottoman invasions compared with other
Austrian Habsburg lands, and therefore lagged behind them in terms of productivity and
wealth.

The discussion is structured in five sections. In the first section, we outline the historical
circumstances, especially the progressive spirit of Enlightenment and scientific and
technological advancement, which in the 18th century spurred the establishment of a wave of
agricultural and economic societies throughout Europe and the Habsburg Monarchy. The
second section presents the goals of the Carniolan Society and its membership, including
some of its most prominent figures. The third section analyzes European economic thought in
the 18th century that characterized the thinking of the Societys members, thought that was
dominated by the ideas of mercantilism and physiocracy. These schools of thought
contributed to a growing concern among the ruling classes and intellectuals for the ways in
which knowledge and technological advancement were of critical to the long term economic
performance of their countries. The fourth section describes the Carniolan Societys
progressive activities in education and research, especially establishing schools and promoting
140
Under this name the Society was reestablished in 1820, when its official name became Kaiserlich Knigliche
Landwirtschaft Gesellschaft in Krain.
scientific experiments and innovation. It was the interest in creation and dissemination of
knowledge that made the agricultural and economic societies typical institutions of the
Enlightenment period; the Carniolan Society was no exception in this respect. In the last
section, we present the Societys publications, which promoted the mercantilist and
physiocratic economic ideas of the time and dealt with various aspects of economic efficiency
as well as with practical issues of economic life. Especially the essays initiated by the
Societys prize competitions and published in the Societys yearly proceedings brought
forward many interesting practical proposals as well as some quite advanced theoretical
concepts.

Historical background: transition to liberalism and the rise of economic societies in

Europe

The historians of economic thought consider iga Zois 18th century as a period of transition
from mercantilism to classical liberalism,141 a period in which restrictive state policies and
pervasive regulation, typical for the mercantilist era, were becoming increasingly
incompatible with the entrepreneurial economic ambitions, and began to be considered as
barriers to economic progress. On the other side, during this period liberal ideas gained
ground and the free market was increasingly seen as a mechanism that could lead the
economy and society towards a desirable 'natural order', which was one of the crucial
concepts of the Enlightenment philosophy. However, the speed of this transition differed from
country to country. In England and France, the spread of classicism and liberal ideas were
relatively fast, whereas in Germany and Austria (and together with the latter also in Carniola)
mercantilist/cameralist142 support for the pervasive role of the state in economic life tended to
be more persistent although classical liberal thought was an international phenomenon, and
the cameralism was more liberal in Carniola of Habsburg monarchy than it was previously
believed. In France, the critique of mercantilism came from the physiocratic economic school,
which opposed all government restrictions and favoured freedom of business enterprise,
individual efforts, and private property. Its specific feature, however, was that it considered
agriculture to be the only productive economic activity (resulting in tangible surplus), while
manufacturing and other sectors were considered to be useful, but sterile in terms of
producing net surplus. Although the physiocratic school remained limited to France, its ideas
of fostering agriculture found many supporters in other European countries, including the
Austrian Monarchy.

The transition towards classical liberalism in the 18th century was accompanied by an interest
in scientific and technological advancement, which increased comparison of economic
conditions among European states and made the ruling classes as well as the intellectual
public aware of the need to improve the productive powers of their countries. One of the
outside expressions of this awareness was the wave of societies that sprang up throughout
Europe with the explicit aim of improving the economic basis of their respective countries.

141
See Robert B. Ekelund, Jr. and Robert F. Hebert, A History of Economic Theory and Method (New York,
1975), 41. E. Heckscher also wrote about the transition from mercantilism to laissez-faire and pointed out that
mercantilism contained also some liberal aspects, like the interest in the new entrepreneur and the tendency to
have private interests serviceable to the community. Eli F. Heckscher, Mercantilism, Volume Two (London and
New York, 1994), 323. In 18th century the importance of these aspects increased.
142
Cameralism (Kameralismus) was the German and Austrian conception of mercantilism. It was a broad term
covering the whole body of political and economic practices of absolute monarchy in the states of Germany and
Austria, that is, political policies, tax measures, regulatory laws, general economic policies, etc. See John Fred
Bell, A History of Economic Thought (New York, 1967), 87ff.
Although the names of these societies differed, they all clearly pointed to their intention to
encourage agriculture, manufacturing and trade. Usually these societies were called
agricultural or economic. One of the first such societies was The Honourable Society of
the Improvers in the Knowledge in Agriculture in Scotland, which was founded in 1723. In
England, The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was
founded in 1754. The Society of Agriculture, Commerce and Arts of Brittany143, founded in
1757, was the first of this type in France. In Switzerland, The Economic Society in Bern144
was established in 1759. Agricultural and economic societies were organized also in Germany
(e.g. in Hamburg), Sweden (e.g. in Stockholm), Italy (e.g. in Milan), Russia (St. Petersburg)
and elsewhere. They were established at the level of countries, towns, counties, regions, etc.,
and according to some estimates their number in 18th century Europe exceeded five
hundred.145

These societies were patriotic in character: they sought to improve the economic performance
of their respective country relative to other countries. Their basic objective was to help their
own state to increase and fully use its economic potential and thus fare better in competition
between states.146 This did not mean, however, that the economic societies were closed or
sought protective policies. On the contrary: although they were nationally or locally oriented,
as their mission was to improve the economic situation in their geographical area, these
societies were at the same time typically open, looking for inspiration abroad, comparing
themselves with sister societies in other countries, cooperating and exchanging experience
with them, emulating their practices, inviting honorary foreign members, etc. According to
Marjanen, they displayed what could in modern terms be described as transnational
imagination, a vision of belonging to a common movement of similar societies in Europe.147
There is no doubt that this was an enlightened movement, intended to reform, improve and
liberalize economic life in line with technological progress and scientific discoveries of the
time. It also needs to be mentioned that the societies were not against the state. Rather, they
served the state as consultative bodies. They proposed changes in institutional settings and
regulative practices in order to stimulate productivity, increase production and improve the
wellbeing of the population.

As in other European countries, the main purpose of organizing agricultural societies was to
spread knowledge about new agricultural techniques, stimulate interest in new methods of
cultivation, promote modern farming equipment and novelties in crafts and manufacturing,
disseminate information about interesting scientific discoveries, conduct various experiments,
set up educational institutions, encourage exchange of ideas and practices, etc., and thus help
improving all branches of farming and manufacturing. In fact, the agricultural societies in
Austrian Monarchy were part of a much broader scheme within which Maria Theresa and
Joseph II planned to carry out enlightened reforms intended to raise by amending the
regulatory framework and promoting technological advancement the productivity of
agriculture and industry, to stimulate commerce and expand communications, and to improve
the economic and administrative efficiency of the monarchy in general. The ultimate goal of
this broad reform process was, of course, strengthening the state. However, Maria Theresa set

143
Socit d'agriculture, de commerce et des arts des tats de Bretagne.
144
Die konomische Gesellschaft Bern.
145
Jani Marjanen, Economic Societies in the Eighteenth Century: Remarks on the Swedish Case, Discussions
7 (2012), (1-17), 9.
146
Many societies, like the ones in Bohemia, Tyrol, Milan, included the word patriotic in their names. Cf.
Marjanen, Economic Societies in the Eighteenth Century, 4, 5, 8.
147
Marjanen, Economic Societies in the Eighteenth Century, 5.
out on this task in a comprehensive and enlightened manner, which relied on progressive
economic ideas of the time and produced not only economic but also deeper social
consequences.148 The spirit of Enlightenment, combined with pragmatic economic views of
advanced cameralist authors on the one side and fresh ideas of physiocratic thought on the
other, thus represented the ideological background of Theresian and Josephian reforms. As we
shall see, the Carniolan Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts was a typical expression of
this progressive, reform-oriented combination of practicality and theoretical considerations.

The Carniolan Societys goals and membership

In the second half of the 18th century, agricultural societies were established also in many of
the Habsburg lands: in Bohemia, Moravia, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Tyrol, etc.149 The
Carniolan Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts was founded in 1767. In the vicinity of the
Carniolan Society, which covered the duchy of Carniola (Krain), were established also the
agricultural societies in the duchies of Carinthia (1765), Styria (1766) and
Gorizia/Grz/Gorica, (1765).

The Carniolan Society was originally founded as an advisory and consultative body to the
provincial governor. As with other similar societies in the monarchy, the general guidelines
for its activities were established by the central court office and, probably, also by the Council
of State. That body had been established in 1760 at the initiative of state chancellor Wenzel
Anton Kaunitz with the purpose of coordinating and supervising the reform process in the
monarchy. In the first two years the Society was subordinated to the provincial commercial
committee (Kommerzkonsess) in Ljubljana, which determined, on the basis of Courts
guidelines, the Societys working agenda, and to which the Society reported about its work.
From 1769 on, however, the Society was directly subordinated to the provincial governors
office, which forwarded the Societys reports to the central court office.150 In line with the
enlightened reform spirit of the monarchy, the Society was expected to contribute to the
raising of the agricultural production in the local environment, so that domestic agriculture
would be capable of supplying more raw materials needed for the increased production of the
growing manufacturing industry, as well as more food for population and more fodder for
cattle. Providing larger quantities of domestic raw materials (as well as of other resources)
also meant reducing the need for imports and thus increasing the level of self-sufficiency,
which was a classical mercantilist requirement. Therefore, the main goal of the Society was to
find ways to improve the variety of agricultural production (e.g., stimulating the introduction
of new crops like potatoes) and promoting the use of better or innovative agricultural
techniques (e.g., a more intensive system of crop rotation, where no land could lie fallow but

148
In the multinational monarchy, agricultural societies, as well as other regional scientific and intellectual
institutions, contributed also to the rise of national consciousness and to the promotion of local identity, which,
according to R. Krueger, reinforced provincial, peripheral particularity to the ultimate detriment of the center
the Habsburg state. In some parts of the monarchy, these (unforeseen) consequences of the societies activities
turned out to be even more important than those intended (raising prosperity, etc.). See Krueger, Mediating
Progress in the Provinces, 51.
149
The Bohemian Agricultural Society (later called the Patriotic-Economic Society) was established in 1769 and
the Moravian-Silesian Agricultural Society in 1768. Rita A. Krueger, Mediating Progress in the Provinces:
Central Authority, Local Elites, and Agrarian Societies in Bohemia and Moravia, Austrian History Yearbook 35
(2004): 49-79.
150
Ema Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba 1767-1787 (The Carniolan Agricultural Society 1767-1787), Arhivi
(Ljubljana) 29, no. 1 (2006): 1-3. See also Ernst Wangermann, An Eighteenth-Century Engine of Reform,
Austrian History Yearbook 37 (2006): 58-61.
was rather planted with fodder plants, which was at the same time beneficial for stock
farming). In accordance with this goal, the Society advocated the intensive cultivation of all
arable land in the country (no plots of land should be left uncultivated) and promoted
industrial plants (such as flax, hemp and white mulberry), new ways of fertilizing the fields,
apiculture (bee-keeping and related production of honey) and rational usage of resources such
as wood (suggesting replacing it with coal where possible).151 In addition to this, the Societys
goal was to raise the level of craftsmanship and manufacturing in Carniola, mainly through
popularizing knowledge about (or directly stimulating) research and experiments that could
potentially result in technological innovations in various productions (e.g., in the production
of paper, sugar, etc.).

The creation and dissemination of knowledge was an important goal of the Society. Two
points need to be mentioned with respect to this: First, from the beginning of its work, the
Society was deeply involved in educational activities in Ljubljana. The role of its Jesuit
members was of prime importance here, most notably of Gabriel Gruber, a versatile engineer
and scientist, who later also became the General of Jesuits. And secondly, the Society relied
on printed periodicals to spread knowledge about technical and scientific achievements
among its learned members and sympathizers. In fact, the Carniolan Society was amongst the
first of its kind to publish its work.152 This is an important feature, which placed it ahead of
many other agricultural societies of the time.

Membership of the agricultural and economic societies in the Austrian monarchy was,
according to R. Krueger, generally reserved for a self-selected group of people who were
educated, well versed in agricultural issues and methods based on practical experience,
scientifically inclined, and politically moderate. Such requirements immediately set the
members apart from the majority of the rural population. These institutions de facto excluded
uneducated peasants, who were hindered not so much by social norms as by their inability to
communicate ideas effectively in written form. In the opinion of the reformers, peasants were
also too likely to be excessively cautious in the implementation of new crops and farming
methods, and were therefore inappropriate as members of societies whose intents included
scientific inquiry into just such innovations.153 As can be seen from Table 4 in the Appendix,
the membership of the Carniolan Society confirms the above described pattern. Namely, its
membership combined the old noble aristocracy like the Auerspergs, the newly ennobled
wealthy bourgeoisie like iga Zois, the literati of the educated bourgeois like the Jewish
physician Johann Haymann or professor of anatomy and surgery Balthasar Hacquet, as well
as the clergy. Although no peasants are to be found in the membership, some members
occasionally argued that even peasants of the lowest class could be beneficial to the Society as
members.154 Another factor excluding peasantry from the membership was the predominant
illiteracy in countryside as wel as the language farmers used. Peasants were mainly illiterate
Slovenian dialects speakers , most didnt speak German, which was the predominantly used
language in the Society.

151
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 7. ARS (Archive of the Republic of Slovenia) 553, KKD / Spisi, statut
(writings, statute).
152
Later, the Styrian Agricultural Society also issued Sammlung konomischer Schriften, Herausgegeben von
der Kaiser Knigl. Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher Knste, printed by Widmanstetter in Graz in
1782.
153
Krueger, Mediating Progress in the Provinces, 60-1.
154
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 5.
No low profiled manufacturers were admitted to the membership of the Society. But some
manufacturers did attend Grubers lectures on mechanics and civil engineering that were paid
by the Society. Most of the priests who joined the Society were Jesuits. The Jesuits as the
intellectual elite of the Carniolan Society worked in close social and economic relations with
the newly ennobled wealthy bourgeoisie. This was especially obvious in the navigational
projects led by Gruber. 155 Without the support of the leading families in Carniola the
Mhlbacher, Taufferer, Apfaltrer, Liechtenberg, Hallerstein, Breckerfeld and Auersperg
Gruber (who was a foreigner, born and raised in Vienna) would have not been able to carry
out his ambitious projects, especially the creation of a canal in Ljubljana.156

Table 1 in the Appendix shows that the number of domestic members of the Society remained
very stable over the years (around 40), whereas the number of foreign honorary members
constantly rose, reaching 37 in 1782. The leaders of the Carniolan Society (Table 2 in the
Appendix) were mostly noblemen, counts coming from the families such as Auersperg,
Rosenberg, Lamberg, Hohenwart, etc. The provincial Governor filled the official role
Protector of the Society since after 1769 the Society was directly subordinated to him. The
founding meeting of the Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts, took place in Ljubljana on
26 October 1767 and was held under the auspices of the provincial governor of Carniola,
Count Heinrich von Auersperg. The first president of the Society was the Governors
Councilor and freemason Joseph Brigido von Brezovica. His secretary during the first two
years was Dr. Valentin von Modesti. After 1778, the first permanent secretary of the
Societyhappened to be Brigidos protg Balthasar Hacquet, the already mentioned professor
of surgery, who became a member of the Society in 1772.

The first Societys leadership with Heinrich von Auersperg and Joseph Brigido resigned in
February 1773, after Heinrich left Ljubljana to take over the position of Governor of Galicia,
a region that had been recently annexed to Habsburgs Lands.157 In 1775 Count Maria Barbo
Dizma Wachsenstein from the Lower Carniola Rakovnik branch of the famous Barbo family
became secretary of the Society. In 1779, the Actuary of Society was official Paul Joseph
Semen from the iron-works elezniki family. In 1784 the president of the Society became
Georg Jacob Hohenwart, who had been president of the regional court in Ljubljana in 1770. In
its last decade, as already mentioned, the permanent secretary of the Society was Hacquet,
whose humble opinion later was that the Society immediately ceased to function after he
had left Ljubljana for Lvov in Galicia in 1787. However, his departure from Ljubljana was
probably not so decisive. The fact is that the Society ran into financial troubles, when
Emperor Joseph II suppressed imperial support for the orgnization.158 In 1787 the Society did

155
Gruber was the navigational director of all rivers in the Habsburg monarchy, except the Danube. His younger
brother Tobias and their stepfather Andreas Schwindel were also members of the Carniolan Society, as well as
his assistants J. Kaufmann, F. Millbacher, and J. Maffei.
156
Gruber designed the canal in Ljubljana to prevent recurrent floods, caused by the Ljubljanica river. The
construction of the canal (in the years 1772-1780) was in its time one of the greatest and most expensive projects
in the Habsburg monarchy. Grubers main opponents in this project came from the old aristocratic high nobility.
They were landlords, who possessed most of the Carniolan land, and looked with suspicion on Grubers
visionary work in fear of losing their lands. The canal, which proved to be an excellent solution, is today known
as the Gruber canal.
157
It is interesting to note that in 1780 Joseph Brigido succeeded Count Heinrich at his Galician position and
remained there for almost fifteen years.
158
Despite the funny fact that Hacquet was in good relations with Joseph II, especially after the Imperial visit to
Hacquets collections on 21 March 1784, which was prolonged for an hour and a half. Namely, besides being a
surgeon, Hacquet was also doing research in the fields of botany, mineralogy, petrology and chemistry, and was
a fervent collector. In Ljubljana, he established a natural history cabinet, which was visited by many
representatives of European nobility including Pope Pius VI and the emperor Joseph II. (See S. Juni,
not get any governmental grants and it stopped all activities for more than three decades. A
collapsed imperial patronage of the Society and related financial troubles were part of the
broader imperial politics of Joseph II, aimed at the centralization and consolidation of the
Habsburg monarchy. This left no great opportunities for the development of peripheral centres
of erudition. Joseph also suppressed the theological and philosophical faculties in Ljubljana as
well as many prosperous monasteries in Carniola.

Economic thought in the 18th century

Economic ideas in England and France: late mercantilism and physiocracy

In 18th century the mercantilist doctrine, which emerged at the beginning of the Modern Age
with the purpose of increasing, by protectionist policies, the wealth (i.e. the reserves of gold
and silver) of the European absolutist monarchies was on the decline. Already in the second
half of the 17th century John Locke (1632-1704) and Dudley North (1641-91) criticized
mercantilist views by claiming that stock of precious metals is not the ultimate form of a
country's wealth and that wealth should rather be judged by the investment, entrepreneurial
activities, technological advancement and growth.159 The only way to achieve these goals was
through free domestic markets and free international trade. International trade was no longer
understood as a zero-sum game, but rather as a mutual process from which all participating
countries could profit. Another critical theoretical insight came from David Hume (1711-76)
who clearly explained that there was a natural tendency of the balance of trade towards
equilibrium (price specie-flow mechanism), which made the mercantilist efforts to gain a
permanent surplus redundant and senseless. Besides, mercantilist regulatory policies for
manufacturing, intended to guarantee the quality of manufactured goods, turned out to be
counter-productive in the long run, because they hindered innovation and technological
progress. For the same purpose of guaranteeing the quality of products, the state also granted
rights to production and trade of particular products, which, however, frequently produced
corruption. Successful businesses were carried out by various court protgs or those who
successfully lobbied the state administration. Liberally oriented authors rightly claimed that
guaranteeing the quality of production should be left to the process of market competition. All
these views contributed to the spread of the spirit of the Enlightenment, which was founded
on the concepts of reason and freedom. In fact, Lockes theoretical propositions, especially
his three pillars of liberty160, belong to the core of the Enlightenment philosophy, that
permeated the European intellectual aspirations of the 18th century.161

In the middle of the18th century the French physiocratic school which, although relatively
short-lived, contributed to European economic thought by supporting the idea of economic
liberalism. The physiocracy developed as a reaction against the mercantilist policy led by the
French finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert. While Colbert favored manufacturing and
discriminated against agriculture, the physiocrats claimed that agriculture was the only
productive sector of the economy that could produce a surplus (produit net). Manufacture and

Magistrat je osel: K zgodovini prepirov med ljubljansko mestno in njej nadrejeno oblastjo (City-Hall is a
Donkey), Zgodovina za vse (Celje) 20, no. 1 (2013): 7.
159
Cf. Terence Hutchison, Before Adam Smith: The Emergence of Political Economy, 1662-1776 (Oxford,
1988), 56-86, and Jacob Oser and Stanley L. Brue, The Evolution of Economic Thought (4th ed., New York,
1988), 50-52.
160
Nicholas Capaldi, Gordon Lloyd, Liberty and Equality in Political Economy (Cheltenham, UK, 2016), 1-14.
161
Cf. Marvin Perry, Western Civilization (4th ed., New York, 2001), 294-5.
trade, they claimed, were in fact sterile. Therefore, they argued for free corn trade and for the
introduction of free market, not only in agriculture but also in all other sectors of the
economy. Free entrepreneurial initiative and private property were observed as the
cornerstones of a natural order (ordre naturel) already by two precursors of French
physiocracy, Pierre de Boisguilbert (1646-1714) and Richard Cantillon (c.1680-1734).
Boisguilbert was the first to use the famous phrase laissez faire la nature, which soon became
synonymous with economic liberalism. Cantillon introduced into economic theory the figure
of entrepreneur, which was later used by Francois Quesnay (1694-1774), whose idea was to
reform French agriculture with capitalist farmers who, by that time, had already emerged in
some of the regions in France. Les fermiers were innovative farmer entrepreneurs cultivating
large areas of land, rented by the landowners, using modern agricultural techniques and
attaining high productivity. At the theoretical level, Quesnay's Tableau conomique was the
first attempt to model macroeconomic flows, which clearly showed that rents, accruing to the
landowners, represented the surplus of the economy and should therefore be taxed.

Physiocratic ideas made Paris in mid-18th century the center of European economic thought.
Many economists from elsewhere came to France,162 including Adam Smith, who at the time
was already preparing the Wealth of Nations. As a critic of mercantilism, he was deeply
influenced by the physiocratic ideas about the importance of productivity and free trade,
which he later developed into a broader framework of economic growth analysis. However,
reforming the economy in line with the physiocratic ideas was far from easy. When Anne
Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-81), one of the last French physiocrats, became a minister of the
navy in 1774, he attempted to reduce the state administration, to tax landlords, and to
deregulate the corn trade, all of which aimed to abolish long established privileges. Turgot
was soon forced to resign, and, as J.K. Galbraith later commented, since reform from above
was obviously not possible, the revolution from below became inevitable.163 After the
revolution, the physiocratic school ceased to exist, but the tradition of liberalism in France
remained alive throughout the 19th century, e.g. in the works of Jean Baptiste Say (1767-
1832) and Frdric Bastiat (1801-50).

Mercantilism in Austria: cameralist ideas and the dominance of Joseph von Sonnenfels

In the German states and in Austria, mercantilist ideas existed in the form of cameralism,
which was very resistant to critiques and, in comparison with England and France, lasted
much longer than mercantilism as a leading economic doctrine. Cameralism aimed to increase
the financial, economic and military power of the state and paid much more attention to the
improvement of state administration than did English and French mercantilism. Whereas
English mercantilists were predominantly businessmen164, the most influential cameralists
were state administrators or university professors, like Johann Heinrich von Justi (1717-71),
who taught cameralist science in Vienna, or Ludwig von Seckendorf (1626-92), a 17th
century cameralist, who emphasized the importance of domestic resources and self-
sufficiency in agriculture and industry. The most important Austrian cameralist was Joseph
von Sonnenfels (1733-1817), professor of financial and police sciences in Vienna, who was
considered as (o)ne of the most successful transmitters of the Enlightened policies to less

162
Roger E. Backhouse, The Penguin History of Economics (London, 2002), 89. On Physiocracy see also Henry
William Spiegel, The Growth of Economic Thought (3rd ed., London, 1991), Ch. 8.
163
John K. Galbraith, The Age of Uncertainty (BBC Documentary series, 1977), Episode 1: The Prophets and
Promise of Classical Capitalism.
164
E.g. Thomas Mun (1571-1641), director of the London East India Company.
advanced social strata in the Habsburg monarchy165. His famous course on Polizey- and
Cameralwissenschaften, together with the corresponding textbook, was designed to create
competent and loyal state officials for different levels of the administrative apparatus, capable
of not simply carrying out the orders of the central authorities but also of actively promoting a
spirit of reform and innovation.166 Although a cameralist, Sonnenfels was already more
liberally oriented: while he still favoured the absolutist state, he nevertheless emphasized the
welfare of the individual. Like the physiocrats, he opposed the exemption of the aristocracy
from paying taxes.167 His firm belief that the true goal of the state should be the happiness of
its citizens (die Glckseligkeit der Brger),168 resembles the proposal of the Italian
Enlightenment thinker Cesare Beccaria (1738-94) that the state should aim at creating the
maximum happiness divided among the greatest number,169 a proposal which later strongly
influenced utilitarian approaches in economic thought. Nevertheless, the strong role of the
state and the priority of collective national interests over individual interests remained at the
heart of cameralist tradition. 170

Mercantilist ideas appeared in texts by Carniolan authors already in the 17th century. Jurij
Vohinic (Wohiniz) (1618-84) and Ivan tefan Florijani (1663-1709) discussed monetary
issues from the mercantilist perspective in the Latin and German languages. In the 18th
century the leading Carniolan mercantilist was Franc Rakovec Raigersfeld (1697-1760), who,
as a member of the state committee for the reform of custom duties, proposed many
cameralist measures designed to stimulate technological progress, increase exports, reduce
imports, and improve the balance of payments. He opposed the power and influence of the
guilds, which he saw as a serious barrier to industrial progress. According to him guild
members should become free craftsmen and entrepreneurs. Raigersfeld also suggested
introducing transparent statistical evidence about foreign trade, which would serve as a basis
for setting tariffs and regulations.171 His son Mihael Raigersfeld studied law and cameralist
science in Vienna in the years 1761-67 and was one of the most talented students of
Sonnenfels. In the years 1769-74 he served as secretary of the Carniolan Society.172 Marko
Pohlin (1735-1801) was another Carniolan author who promoted pragmatic measures based
on cameralist as well as physiocratic ideas and aimed at improving farming methods in
Carniola. Unlike other contemporary Carniolan authors, he already wrote in the dialect of

165
Olga Khavanova, Joseph von Sonnenfelss Courses and the Making of the Habsburg Bureaucracy, Austrian
History Yearbook 48 (2017): 54.
166
See Khavanova, Joseph von Sonnenfelss Courses, 55, and Wangermann, An Eighteenth-Century Engine
of Reform, 58-9. In the years 1770-80, Sonnenfelss lectures in Vienna were attended also by the already
mentioned Carniolan historian Anton Toma Linhart.
167
See Bell, A History of Economic Thought, 97-9.
168
See Wangermann, An Eighteenth-Century Engine of Reform, 59.
169
Ernesto Screpanti and Stefano Zamagni, An Outline of the History of Economic Thought (Second Edition)
(Oxford, 2005), 63. Sonnenfels was familiar with Beccarias work, including Dei delitti e delle pene, which was
translated by one of Sonnenfelss students and criticizing torture and death penalty. Sonnenfels also strongly
opposed torture in judicial procedures, which led to another enlightened reform in the Monarchy, the abolition of
torture in 1776. See Wangermann, An Eighteenth-Century Engine of Reform, 60.
170
This tradition was in the 19th century continued by the German Historical School and, with authors such as
Gustav von Schmoller (1838-1917), preserved its influence even in the first quarter of the 20th century.
Therefore, explicit liberalist ideas in German economic literature appeared only in the second half of the 19 th
century and in the first half of the 20th century, thanks to economists such as Carl Menger, Joseph Schumpeter
and Friedrich von Hayek.
171
ARS, AS Dolski arhiv, F. Reigersfelds writings. See also Joe orn, Merkantilist Franc Rakovec-
Reigersfeld (1697-1760) (Mercantilist Franc Rakovec-Reigersfeld (1697-1760), Kronika (Ljubljana) 3, no. 2
(1955): 81-87.
172
More on Slovenian cameralist authors see in Lazar Peji, Jugoslovenski merkantilisti (Yugoslavian
mercantilists) (Beograd, 1988), 192-99.
Slovenian language. His book Kmetam za potrebo inu pomo (A manual for farmers) (1789)
was an adaptation of the German bestseller Noth- und Hilfsbchlein fr Bauersleute (1788),
written by Rudolph Zacharias Becker (1752-1822), a representative of the German
enlightenment. In accordance with physiocratic teachings, the book provided advice for
efficient farming, offering also instructions to ordinary people about healthy nutrition, proper
clothing, hygiene, etc.

A key feature that developed in Austria under the influence of cameralist and physiocratic
ideas was the awareness of the importance of knowledge and skills. Increasing both the
literacy of the population and the capability and education of those officials who served at all
levels of administration, as well as innovative manufacturers and skillful workers and farmers
in production, became a priority for the court. A significant part of the Theresian reform
program was dedicated to the reform and improvement of the schooling system, and to the
establishment of new educational facilities. Thanks to its Jesuit members, the Carniolan
Society played a significant role in this process.

The Societys activities in education and research: establishing schools and promoting
innovation

The Carniolan Society strongly influenced education in Ljubljana. The Jesuits, as already
mentioned, were especially instrumental in this respect. They represented the driving force in
the organization of an educational system in the Monarchy. Until the state suppression of the
Jesuit order in 1773, the order had an absolute monopoly over formal institutional secondary
and higher public education in Inner Austria, and also played a highly important role in
Carniolan education and sciences. In 1704 the Jesuits had established their semi-university
level philosophical studies in Ljubljana with regular lectures on physics in the second year,
which also covered some aspects of agriculture, and a chair of mathematics (which was
sometimes vacant because of money shortages).173 It is logical that all chairs for lecturers
which the Society later established were connected to the Jesuits higher philosophical studies
in Ljubljana. A similar symbiosis developed between the Agricultural Society of Carinthia
and the Jesuits higher studies in Klagenfurt.

At the initiative of the Society two chairs were organized as part of the Jesuit philosophical
studies in Ljubljana. In 1768 the Society founded the Chair of Mechanics, which was held by
Gabriel Gruber, and in 1771 they created a Chair of Agriculture held by Johann Ghiell (Giell).
In 1774 the Society hired one of the first experimental physicists in Ljubljana, the ex-Jesuit
Franz Ferdinand Lukas Mhlbacher, who later left for Galicia. Between the school years
1768/69 and 1784/85 Gruber was professor of drawing, geometry, mechanics and hydraulics.
He also covered engineering sciences, civil engineering, and mapping, and there was also a
special section for the construction of ships. On Sundays Gruber also lectured at the craft
school, asking the Society several times to obtain awards for his most talented students. After
Gruber left for Russia in January 1785, his student Joseph Maria Schemerl took over the chair
in Mechanics and the lectures at the craft school. Schemerl stopped lecturing in 1787 after the
Society was no longer supported by the state. The withdrawal of government support also
ended the spinning courses that the Society organized in many towns in Carniola. In Carniola,
spinning yarn was popular among peasants who wanted to earn some extra income. The
Society worked to bring improvements in the technology of spinning, that at the time were
173
In Ljubljana, the ex-Jesuits retained their professorships outside theological fields as secular priests even three
decades after their suppression, because no other qualified professors were available.
being made in other Austrian regions, to Carniola.174 Spinning schools for children were also
often organized in cooperation with shrewd textile manufacturers, who smelled profits in the
learning-by-doing teaching process.175 Although the Society promoted such schools as
providing useful knowledge for teenagers between 12 and 16 years of age, it is obvious that
such practice also meant taking advantage of cheap child labour.176

The Societys members encouraged and/or were themselves engaged in research,

experimental activities and innovation. One of the most renowned scientists among them was
Johann Anton Scopoli, a physician, botanist and zoologist, who made the first scientific
descriptions of several plants, birds and insects from Carniola. He corresponded with Carl von
Linn, who respected him and showed great interest in his work. Gregor Schttl, the Jesuit
professor of physics, carried out experiments to increase the yearly production of corn. In
1775, he proposed to soak seeds to prevent the eventual spread of contagious diseases in so-
called poudre de la providence of evidently western model considering the French
denomination used. Scopoli also presented to the Society a paper sample sent to him by Jakob
Schffer from Regensburg.177 Scopoli proposed making paper from sawdust under his
instructions. The project was carried out at the paper mill in Radee on the right bank of the
Sava river between Ljubljana and Zagreb. In the spring and summer of 1769 the Provincial
Government ordered Gruber to test and evaluate the quality of the paper made from wood
sawdust in the Radee paper mill, but Gruber did not approve the enterprise. He was himself
attempting to produce blue wrapping paper for sugar trade and succeeded in developing his
own process for its manufacture.

In his Ljubljana workshop Gruber also studied a spinning wheel with two spindles that
Scopoli had proposed to the Society in 1769. Another member of the Society, Count Johann
Nepomuk Ursini Blagay also tested the innovation and argued that it was not useful for
spinning hemp. Gruber also suggested inventions to protect horse tracks and to drain river
branches that impeded navigation. In 1770, he renovated the hydraulic pump for lifting water
from the Sava River in Kranj and improved the sailing of his boats. He studied the
performance of several types of wood in the water and found the advantages of oak for
building ships. In the summer of 1778, at the initiative of the Society, he tested the usefulness
of cinnabar varnish, which was offered in 1767 as the protection against grubs and rotting of
wooden objects in the water. The novelty could well have become important in the
construction of ships, but Gruber refused it, because he believed it was more appropriate to
use oil paints, which were common in those times. Gruber experimented with schists as a

174
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 22-23.
175
In Ljubljana, the spinning school was organized in 1767 according to the preliminary agreements of Joseph
von Desselbruner with the Commercial council and the Town Hall. By the time the school was established,
Desselbruner, in his professional cloth-making manufacture, worked already with 24 looms. He was willing to
pay the students 3 kreuzers (copper coins) for each pound of spun wool. In Celje, a similar school was organized
in the same year by Joseph baron Gallenfels, a member of the Carniolan Society and owner of Medlog manor by
Celje, who provided the school attenders with flax. The spinning school in Novo Mesto was founded a year
earlier, and a similar institution also worked in Ptuj, connected with the local branch of a cloth-making enterprise
from Linz, which was founded already in 1672. Their wool was imported from Bulgaria and transported
upstream the navigable rivers.
176
Another example of such practice was in Klagenfurt, where in 1762 Jan Reiner von Thys, later member of the
Carniolan Society, with the backing of ministers Gerard van Swieten and the Ljubljana native Johan Karl Philip
count Kobencl (Cobenzl), established a spinning-mill and textile manufacture K.k. Feintuchfabrik Thys, based on
the cheap work of students and orphanage residents (Joe orn, Zaetki industrije na Slovenskem (The
beginnings of industry on Slovenian territories) (Maribor: Obzorja, 1984), 114).
177
Jakob Kristijan Schffer (1718-90), the inventor of washing machine and researcher of electricity, tried to
produce paper from plant fibers already in 1765.
substitute for shingles roofs. He was also known for some construction innovations, which
were used both in the building of the canal in Ljubljana as well as in many buildings he and
his brother designed in Ljubljana, Bohemia, Polotsk in Belarus, and St. Petersburg.

On 20 April 1774, Gallenbergs committee meeting of the Society concluded that three of its
members should travel around Carniola, collect material for the political history of the region,
note the natural resources and suggest their use and proliferation. The three travelers were
Giell, Millbacher (Mhlbacher) and Hacquet. On 27 June 1774, the order for travelers was
signed by Secretary of Society, Count Sigismund Gallenberg, and Actuary of Society,
Leopold Wismann.178 The data collected by Hacquet and his companions were later used by
historian and Society member Anton Toma Linhart in his Versuch einer Geschichte von
Krain und den brigen Lndern der sdlichen Slaven sterreiches, published in 1788 and
1791.

The Societys publications: yearly proceedings and weekly magazine

From a broader European perspective, the founding of the Carniolan Society coincided with
the decline of mercantilism and rise of economic liberalism. In the Austrian monarchy,
however, economic thought in the second half of the 18th century was still dominated by
cameralism, and cameralist doctrine represented the background to Austrian reforms.
Nevertheless, as we have seen, the most influential figure for Austrian economic theory and
policy in the second half of the 18th century, Joseph von Sonnenfels, was not a rigid
cameralist, but rather a progressive and broad-minded intellectual open to all novel ideas
including the physiocratic ones coming from France.179 Under his influence the Court set out
to liberalize trade and industry by reforming regulations, and to invigorate agriculture by
improving the position of the peasants. This openness to diverse ideas and approaches was
reflected in the publications of the Society, especially in its Sammlungen ntzlicher
Unterrichte, that is, yearly proceedings delivered to the Society's members, in which
contributions ranged from physiocratic ones, dealing with agricultural techniques, etc., to
those purely cameralist, dealing with trade and monetary issues.

Four volumes of Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte included relatively extensive treatises

dealing with practical and theoretical issues. In these proceedings the Society also published
the award-winning essays (Wettschrifften), which came in as a response to the prize-questions
announced by the Societys committee once a year. The first volume of proceedings was
released in 1770, the second volume in 1771, the third in 1776, and the last one in 1779.180

178
ARS 533, AS 7, Kmetijske zadeve (Farming topics), Technical unit 204, Lit. B, No. 4, Volume 1. On 8 July,
1775 Gallenberg approved, for this same purpose, additional holidays to Hacquet for September and October of
1775.
179
Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (London, 1954), 171, 174, 375. See also Peji,
Jugoslovenski merkantilisti, 21. Cf. Khavanova, Joseph von Sonnenfelss Courses, 56.
180
The last volume (1779) was titled as Neue Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte.
FIGURE 43: Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte cover page of the first volume

In addition to the Sammlung, for the comparatively short time the Society also published
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt, a pragmatic weekly magazine, intended to popularize its
activities. The weekly, which was published in the years 1775-76181, brought economic and
technical news from the Monarchy and abroad. In its first year, the articles concentrated
mostly on practical matters like agricultural techniques, stock breeding, pest control, market
prices of agricultural products, etc. In the second year, to attract more readers, the editors
introduced new sections dealing with political events, the weather, accidents, etc. and
included also advertisements of local traders and obituaries. Since the Wchentliches
Kundschaftsblatt was the first and only periodic publication in Carniola, advertising in it was
a matter of prestige for the local elite of traders and manufacturers, who in this way aimed at

181
The full title of the weekly in 1775 was Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogthum Krain. In 1776 the
title changed slightly, to Des Wchentlichen Kundschaftsblattes im Herzogthume Krain.
increasing their reputation in the local environment. Among other interesting contributions,
the weekly brought a German translation of the debate on the updated technology of
constructing buildings, which was originally published in Paris in 1774.182 There were articles
on the then prestigious science of geodesy183 and sugar production184. Also, the authors wrote
about the newly introduced rhubarb185, the patent for a fire device186, a new type of saw187,
etc. But despite the efforts of the editors to include diverse and interesting topics, the weekly
did not reach the wider audience as intended. One of the reasons were certainly the illiteracy
and the dialects in use on countryside (Hslrer, 2016. Von Krain zu Slowenien: die Anfange
der nationalen Differenzierungsprozesse in Krain und der Untersteiermark von der
Aufklarung bis zur Revolution, 1768-1848. The weekly was published in the official standard
German language, which in Carniola was not spoken or read by the most of countryside folks.
Another reason was their pride. The otherwise mostly illiterate peasants believed that
throughout years of their work they had accumulated enough knowledge and skills and that
they did not need advice. So even the peasants who understood German, most of them based
in Gottscheer-land south of Ljubljana, were reluctant to be given instructions about how to
perform their work.188 Although the final farewell letter of the editor189 pointed to several
problems of the weekly, low circulation was probably the main reason that at the end of the
second year the Society stopped publishing it.

Main contributors to the Societys publications and their innovative ideas and experiments

Most of the contributions to the Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt were unsigned, while the
editor might be Schttl, Hacquet or the printer Egger190, who later served also as Ljubljana
mayor (1782-85).191 A frequent contributor to the Societys publications was Friedrich Franz
Edler von Entnersfeld, a member of farming societies in Graz, Ljubljana, Klagenfurt, Vienna
and St. Petersburg, and a counsellor of the princely court in Passau. As a researcher, he was
especially interested in the advantages of fertilization. In 1777, the Styrian Agricultural
Society acknowledged his work on forestry with an award. Entnersfeld was a member of the
Carniolan Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts from its beginning. In 1776, he wrote three
articles in the Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt dealing with, respectively, a new type of saw,
manure, and the rational use of seeds. Entnersfeld was also an enthusiastic inventor. Together
with Gruber he designed a ship that could navigate against the current (Maschinenschiff), a
prototype of which was tested on the river Mur in Graz.192 He also designed and built a
practical stove (called Maschine) to be used in private households. The invention was offered

182
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 1 (1775): 401-07, 410-13.
183
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt, 1 (1775): 244-47.
184
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt, 1 (1775): 268-69.
185
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt, 2 (1776): 501-04.
186
Feuer Patent, Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 1(1775): 441-45.
187
Neue Sgmaschine, Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2 (1776): 197-99.
188
Barbara Kalan, Profil tedenskega asnika Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt, publikacije Drube za kmetijstvo
in koristne spretnosti na Kranjskem (The profile of the weekly Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt) (Ljubljana,
2001), 47.
189
Anonymous. An das Publikum. Wochentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2 (1776, 28 Dec; No. 52): 824-28 (because
of the wrong pagination the original was paged as 824-32).
190
The Societys proceedings and the weekly were printed by the Saxon Johann Frederick Egger (c.1735-1799),
who was the only printer in Ljubljana until 1782.
191
See Juni, Magistrat je osel, 12. See also S. Juni, A. Kranjc, Bibliography of Balthazar Hacquet
(Ljubljana: SAZU, 2013), 48-49.
192
See S. Juni, Euler and the Jesuits in Russia, Quaderns d'Historia de l'Enginyeria (Escola Tecnica
Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona) 9 (2007): 219-47.
to the Styrian Agricultural Society in Graz with the pioneering use of a specially polished
iron. The stove was one fathom (6 feet) high and almost reached the ceiling. It was 2 feet
broad and 1.5 feet long. Its temperature was measured using a mercury thermometer of
Raumur. There were three different models of the stove, and the value of the invention was
appraised at about 100 ducats.
FIGURE 44: Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt cover page of the 13 April 1776 issue
bringing the first part of the abbreviated version of Entnersfelds treatise on manure

Two other contributors to the weekly are worth mentioning: Jean Jacques Paulet (1740-1826),
who in 1745 lectured at the universities of Montpellier and Paris, reported under the heading
Nachrichten von der Viehseuche (News from Cattle-breeding), and a local physician (Gerbec)
who described the disease which had raged in Hungary in 1710, and in the rest of Europe in
1714. Among the other themes tackled in the magazine was also the practical use of solar
energy,193 an issue which is again topical nowadays.

The Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt also reported on abbot Fontanas research into the
circulation of fluids in plants.194 In 1772 Felice Fontana (1730-1805), who was professor of
logic and physics in Pisa and later in Florence, discovered gas adsorption on the hot wood
charcoal which was used to improve the vacuum. Marsilio Landriani (1751-1815) of the then
Habsburg Brera in Milan described this achievement in a letter to Joseph Priestley who
successfully repeated Fontanas experiment in 1775. The Dutchman Jan Ingenhousz (1730-
99) described the invention in 1782, but he doubted that Fontanas method could replace
vacuum pumping.195 The weekly also reported about Benjamin Franklins publications and
his Poor Richards Almanack.196 Of course, the weekly had no shortage of reports on the US-
English war.197 The early promotion of Franklins works in the Kundschaftsblatt reflects the
broad international reach of the Carniolan Societys members. Again, the Jesuit connection
probably played a decisive role. A leading Jesuit Rudjer Bokovi (1711-87), who visited
Ljubljana at least three times, was one of the best friends of Benjamin Franklin. The
whereabouts of freemason Franklin were certainly extremely interesting to the leading
freemasonic members of the Carniolan Society such as Joseph Brigido von Brezovica, iga
Zois, Joseph Maffei de Glattfort, mathematician and Gabriel Grubers assistant, and Tobias
Gruber, Gabriels brother.

Another scientific experiment described in one of the articles of the weekly discussed
measuring the effects of winds. 198 The author was Giuseppe Toaldo (1719-97), a priest, who
was a member of the Bologna Academy and a corresponding member of the Scientific
Society in Montpellier. Toaldo held the chair of astronomy and meteorology at the University
of Padua and was the first director of the observatory set up in 1761. He also wrote about
meteorites and earthquakes. The weekly noted his success in academic competitions, which
certainly affected the fact that Joseph Kalasanc baron Erberg (or his father) from Ljubljana
purchased Toaldos book. Toaldo was interested in the theory of winds with its practical
implications, and he also considered the impact of rain and snow. Also, he presented
Newtons and Franklins opinion about plants dependence on air or light.199

193
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2 (1776): 702-03.
194
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2 (1776): 231-234.
195
Ingenhousz married the daughter of the scientifically more important (honorary) member of the Carniolan
Society Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin. He regularly corresponded with his close friend Benjamin Franklin.
196
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2 (1776): 247-49, 263-67.
197
E.g. Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2 (1776): 251-52.
198
Wirkung der Luftbegebenheiten auf die Gewchse, Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2 (1776): 533-43.
199
Toaldo published, together with Horace Bndict de Saussure (1740-99), two books which favored the
introduction of Franklin's lightning rods, and even reprinted Franklins letter mailed to Saussure of Geneva on
October 8, 1772. Cf. Giuseppe Toaldo, Della maniera di preservare gli edifici dal fulmine: informazione al
populo (Venezia, 1772); Giuseppe Toaldo, Dell' uso de' conduttori metallici a preservazione degli ediz. Contro
de' fulmini, nuova apologia colla descrizione della pubblica specola di Padova. Con una lettera del Sig.
The 1776 edition of the Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte brought Entnersfelds treatise on
the disease of fruit seeds. In the 1779 edition Entnersfeld published an interesting treatise on
feeding livestock and barns,200 in which he referred to the court counsellor Franz Anton von
Raab, another foreign member of the Carniolan Society, who also widely published on
Bohemian agriculture and economy.201 Entnersfeld mentioned the use of a special Dutch salt
for curing livestock, and praised the works of the Russian general practitioner Johann
Bernhard Fischer (1685-1772). In the already mentioned research on forestry, Entnersfeld
praised the natural conditions in Styria. He referred to Count Buffon, Du Hamel, Raumur,
Crammer (sic!), and Beckmann, and discussed the efforts of von Lamberg and the Archbishop
of Vienna Migazzi.202

A frequent contributor was also Balthasar Hacquet, who held his own publications in the
Sammlung in high esteem. On 1 October 1789, he mailed from Lvov to the Academy in St.
Petersburg the fourth volume of the Sammlung, which contained also his observations about
an endemic horse disease. He enclosed the fourth part of his Oryctographia Carniolica,
published in Leipzig in 1789. The son of the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler, Johann
Albrecht Euler (1734-1800), who became the secretary of St. Petersburg Academy in 1769,
read Hacquets letter to St. Petersburg Academicians on 25 February 1790, and expressed his
gratitude to Hacquet.203

Prize competition questions and theoretical issues in the award-winning essays

During its two decades of operation the Carniolan Society, like other such societies in Europe,
issued prize competition questions. The purpose of these questions was twofold: to bring
suggestions about how to solve concrete practical problems (e.g. problems with the communal
pastures, dispersed land plots of the peasants, soaring prices of corn and instability of its
supply, etc.) and to confront various theoretical perspectives on these practical problems. The
questions had to be confirmed by the Court, which then also provided funds for the award-
winning essays. The Court favoured practically oriented questions. In 1772, it even prohibited
theoretical questions and requested the Society to follow the example of the practical
questions proposed by the agricultural societies in the Prussian states. However, the Carniolan
Society did not agree with this, so from 1772 it issued two questions a year: a theoretical one,

Franklin (Venezia, 1774).

200
F. Entnersfeld, Abhandlung von den eigentlichen Ursachen, der Viehseuchen: dann einige Prservatio- und
Kuratzions Mittel dagegen, in Neue (Vierte) Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte, herausgegeben von der
Kaiserlich Kniglichen Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher Knste im Herzogthume Krain (Laybach,
1779), 145, 146, 150. Later Entnersfeld turned more towards political and economic issues. In 1791 he published
an economics textbook, and in 1794 he became an associate professor of economics at the University of Vienna,
where Sonnenfels lectured.
201
Franz Anton von Raab, Unterricht ber die Verwandlung der kais. knigl. bhmischen Domainen in
Bauerngter (Wien: Johann Thomas Edler von Trattnern, 1777).
202
Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau (Du Hamel, 1700-1782) wrote extensively on the agriculture, fruits, as
well as shipbuilding. In 1738, he was admitted to the Paris Academy, and in 1755 he began to publish an
encyclopedic work on forests which interested Entnersfeld. Johann Beckmann (1739-1811) was professor of
economics at the University of Gttingen and the author of one of the award-winning essays at the Carniolan
Societys competition. He corresponded with Hacquet. Beckmann positively reviewed the Societys Sammlung
ntzlicher Unterrichte and highly praised Hacquet's book Oryctographia carniolica I-IV (Leipzig, 1778, 1781,
1784, 1789). Johann Andreas Cramer (17101777) was an expert in metallurgy and chemistry who taught in
Leyden. In 1737 among his students in Leyden was Gerard van Swieten (1700-1772), who in 1745 arrived to
Vienna and soon became a leading reformer of education in Habsburg Monarchy.
203
Johann Albrecht Euler, Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae 8 (1790): 17-18.
with an award financed from domestic resources, and a practical one, with an award financed
by the Court. Even when the questions were practical, the essays written by the participants
were often theoretically oriented and based on scientific approaches.204

In 1767 the society posed the question of whether communal pastures were beneficial or
harmful to the country. Franz Jamnik, manager of manor Rifnik near Celje, won the award,
but the Society also praised the essay submitted by the Jesuit professor of physics Johann
Pogrietschnig with the motto Labor omnia vincit,. Both authors argued against communal
pastures, although from somewhat different perspectives. The authors of the essays pointed
out the poor condition of the communal pastures and attributed it to the fact that, while these
pastures were extensively used, nobody really cared about their maintenance (manuring, etc.).
Consequently, the situation was constantly deteriorating. They were obviously aware of the
problem, which emerges when a limited resource is freely accessible and over-extensively
used. In economic theory, this problem later came to be known as 'the tragedy of the
commons' and was a critical question all over Europe. The suggested solution in the winning
essay focused on the issue of incentives and aimed at distributing communal land to
individual farmers who, by proper cultivation, would improve its quality. As a result more
food for people and more raw materials for the manufacturing would be produced and their
prices would decrease.205 The members of the Societys committee that judged the essays
were Ignaz von Purg, the temporary secretary of the Society, the physician Haymann, himself
author of several treatises on fertilization, and Bruno Ortner, Bistra Convents Procurator-
Prelate.206 The debate on the issue of communal pastures reappeared in Wchentliches
Kundschaftsblatt in 1776.207 It is interesting that the majority of the participants in the debate
favored the 'liberalist' solution, based on the individual initiative of peasants, and not the
control or intervention by the state, as one would expect given the continued prevalence at
that time of mercantilist thought.208

Despite Maria Theresas preference for practical issues, the Society launched in 1773 another
theoretical question asking which sectors of the economy would be most conducive to
improving the income of citizens and farmers in Carniola. In 1774 only one essay arrived, so
the Society re-launched the same awarding question with the new submission deadline of the
end of 1775. The committee, consisting of three ex-Jesuit members of the Society, Johann
Giell, Joseph James Maffei de Glattfort and Gregor Schttl, gave the award to the professor of
204
An overview of the questions, committees for awards and authors of winning and praised essays is provided
in the Appendix (Table 3).
205
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 24-25.
206
Haymann, Pogrietschnig, and Entnersfeld wrote several treatises on fertilization. The Jewish Johann Joseph
Anton Haymann was born in Postojna. He was promoted to the title of doctor of medicine in Vienna with his
dissertation Dissertatio physico medica de aere (Viennae, 1758). In that work he thanked van Swieten, and cited
Hippocrates, Daniel Le Clercs (1652-1728) Histoire de la Medicine, Bernardino Ramazzini's (1633-1714) De
Constitutione anni 1691 apud Mutinenses dissertatio, and Boerhaaves Praelectiones academicae in proprias
institutiones rei medicae. Haymann was interested in Edme Mariottes (1620-1684) research of air resistance,
which was supposed to increase by the square of the projectile velocity. Haymann discussed Johann Christoph
Riegers (?-1774) Introductio in notitiam rerum naturalium et arte factarum of 1742/43, Swietens observation
of animals in a vacuum, mercury barometer, experiments of Raumur, Boerhaaves inner heat of air, Stahls
research of burning, and Fahrenheit thermometer. In general, Haymanns thesis provided more physics than
medicine. Haymann practiced in Carniola, where he became medical adviser and physician. He took special care
on the equipment and operation of pharmacies and he died in Ljubljana after 1791.
207
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2 (1776): 27. Cf. Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 24.
208
In modern economic theory, the solutions to this problem go either in the direction of privatizing the resource
or in the direction of state regulation. However, Elinor Olstrom (1933-2012), the 2009 Nobel Prize winner,
showed in her research that these are not the only alternatives, and that in some cultures also efficient ways of
managing the communal property have been preserved.
economics from Gottingen Johann Beckmann,209 while special praise went to Karl von
Zallheim. A lot of ideas about potential additional earnings of Carniolan farmers came in, all
of them focusing on crafts or trades that were easy to learn, did not require expensive tools
and for which there were sufficient raw materials in the vicinity. The products should be
robust while the fine products should still be produced by specialized craftsmen in towns. The
best material was supposedly wood which was abundant in Carniola. The suggested trades
were therefore transporting wood, making simple wooden products for everyday usage or
producing charcoal, as well as lime burning and making yarn from flax or hemp fibers.210 The
referees obviously had no qualms about child labor, since the author of the winning essay
advised parents that children between five and twelve years of age should work in domestic
crafts while those older than twelve should help on the fields.211

Highly dispersed land parcels that were cultivated by peasants were one of the major
obstacles to higher productivity in Austrian agriculture, which was present also in Carniola.
Therefore, the Society's prize question in 1768 (repeated in 1769) focused on this problem.
The author of the winning essay proposed several ways of fusing small parcels into bigger
ones through exchange of land parcels, rectification, reparcelizing, etc. He also suggested that
feudal vassals should become local landlords and that judicial, police and tax services should
be organized within each local economic entity. The ensuing concentration of land would lead
to higher productivity, and the peasants would also have more time to cultivate their own
plots of land as well as for pursuing various forms of craftsmanship.212

The physiocratic influence was present also in essays that answered the Society's question in
1772 about how to stabilize the supply of corn at reasonable prices. The prize winner was
Swedish economist Johann Friedrich Kryger. The question was what kind of pragmatic
legislation would be needed in a country with good infrastructure (roads and navigable rivers)
to prevent the perils of shortages and high price of corn and to stimulate agriculture.
Gallenberg, Blagay, Giell and Hacquet, the members of the Societys prize committee, chose
Krygers essay, which argued for legislation that promoted free trade in corn. Special praise
was also given to the essay of the Venetian botanist Francesco Grisellini, who expressed
similar ideas as Kryger.213 In their essays, Kryger and Grisellini argued for the liberalization
of corn trade, both within the state and internationally.214 Kryger also strongly criticized the
feudal system that limited the personal freedom of peasants, and Grisellini emphasized the

209
J. Beckmann, Welche sind die schicklichsten Nebengewerbe fr die Landleute berhaupt, vornehmlich aber
im Herzogthum Krain, in Neue (Vierte) Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte, herausgegeben von der kaiserl.
knigl. Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher Knste im Herzogthume Krain (Laybach, 1779), 83-107.
Facsimile was reprinted with comments by Ema Umek and Gerhard Teich (Mnchen: R. Trofenik, 1972).
210
The Carniolan Society favoured increased domestic production of industrial plants, such as flax and hemp, as
well as of wool and silk. This was a typical mercantilist feature. E.g., English mercantilist writer Thomas Mun in
his England's Treasure by Foreign Trade (1630, Ch. III) also advocated for increased domestic production of
hemp, flax, cordage, tobacco, etc., which would reduce imports and prevent waste grounds from lying idle . See
Martin C. Spechler, Perspectives in Economic Thought (New York, 1990), 16.
211
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 29-30.
212
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 24-27.
213
From December 1776 to 19 May 1780 Grisellini was a secretary of the Agricultural Society in Milano, which
was supported by Brigido and freemasons of Vienna (Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 7).
214
Johann Friedrich Kryger, Wettschrift, welche den 28ten Christmonats 1772. der Preis zuerkannt worden, in
Dritte Sammlung Ntzlicher Unterrichte (Laibach, 1776); Franz Grisellini, Wettschrift, welche den 28ten
Christmonats 1772. mit dem Accessit beehret worden, in Dritte Sammlung Ntzlicher Unterrichte (Laibach,
1776). See also Peter Vodopivec, vedski merkantilist J. F. Kryger v glasilu Kranjske kmetijske drube 18.
stoletja (Swedish mercantilist J.F. Kryger in the journal of the 18th c. Carniolan Farming Society), Arhivi
(Ljubljana) 22 (1999): 12-27.
importance of having good infrastructure (ports, roads, navigable rivers), which would help
free trade and lead to proper prices of the means of subsistence.215 This was basically also the
position of the French physiocrats.216 We need to mention here that Grisellini's proper price
of corn probably did not refer to the lowest price (covering just the costs of production), but
rather as in the writings of the physiocrats to the price that would enable a long-term
development of agriculture. The physiocrats envisioned a society of rich and progressive
farmers. This can also be deduced from a slightly enigmatic Quesnay's saying that
(a)bundance and cheapness are not wealth, scarcity and dearness are misery, abundance and
dearness are opulence.217 In the background is the physiocratic concept of bon prix, that is, a
price which is formed through the process of competition and is profitable enough to
stimulate farmers to reinvest their profits in machinery and improvement of technology which
leads towards long-term growth of production.218 It could be said that this concept was a
distant precursor of the so called reproductive price which emerged in economic theory in the
20th century as a strategic price of price leading firms, where the profit margin is set with the
aim of providing sufficient funds for constant investing in modernization of equipment and
thus maintaining of long-term competitiveness.219

In the last volume of the proceedings Kryger published another economic treatise, which has
no physiocratic features, but is nevertheless worth mentioning for its theoretical merits.220
This treatise dealt with the consequences of increasing the money stock. Here Kryger moved
away from the orthodox mercantilist position that money stock automatically increases the
wealth of the state and claims that there should be a balanced relationship between the money
stock, population size and aggregate production. Growth of money supply should be
accompanied by rise of population and (because of larger labour supply) also by growth of
production. If additional money stock ends only in consumption, this results in inflation
which soon causes several other problems. It is important that additional money (coming into
circulation either from new gold mines or through bank loans) is followed by rise of
employment and growth of output. In this way, the stability of prices is maintained, which is
one of the main preconditions for the country's prosperity. In some aspect, Kryger's analysis
resembled Cantillon's approach in Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Gnral (1755) and it
is possible that he knew the essay. Cantillon believed that the effect of the rise of money
supply depends on the recipients of the additional money: if the money comes into the hands
of lavish consumers, the prices will rise; if it reaches those who tend to save, the loanable
funds will increase, and the interest rate will decrease, which will stimulate the investment
and employment. Kryger's treatise is undoubtedly a theoretical masterpiece, that can be
compared with the works of late mercantilists or early classics such as William Petty (1623-
87), John Locke, Richard Cantillon and David Hume.

The practically oriented Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt however, rarely tackled any

theoretical issues, although in the last issue of the first volume we find a typical physiocratic
statement that land is the ultimate source of all our achievements and that the only way to

215
Cf. Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 28.
216
Improving the infrastructure, however, cannot be attributed only to physiocrats; it was the goal of mercantilist
policies too.
217
Cf. Charles Gide, Charles Rist, A History of Economic Doctrines: From the Time of the Physiocrats to the
Present Day (Calcutta, 1973), 35.
218
Cf. Gianni Vaggi, The Economics of Franois Quesnay (London, 1987), 129-30.
219
E.g. Marc Lavoie, Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economic Analysis (Aldershot, 1992), 143; see also Nina
Shapiro, Pricing and the growth of the firm, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 4, no. 1 (1981): 85-100.
220
Johann Friedrich Kryger, Von dem Verhltnisse der Menge des Geldes in einem Staat, gegen die Menge der
Menschen und Waaren, in Neue (Vierte) Sammlung Ntzlicher Unterrichte (Laybach, 1779), 157-74.
increase the wealth of countries is to cultivate all land and all estates in the most efficient
manner possible.221 In the same issue we learn that, in order to achieve this goal, an
economic school had been established in Carniola to develop and disseminate theoretical and
practical knowledge on efficient agriculture.222 In the second year there were some more
articles with theoretical economic thoughts such as that economics is a practical science
about how to acquire property in an honest way and how to use it properly223, that the soul
of economy is human diligence and clever handling with money224 and the goal of
economics is happiness of individuals as well as of families and of the state as a whole225
and that the welfare of state is built through the happiness of individuals. This obvious shift of
emphasis to the level of the individual shows that the idea of economic individualism
promoted by English and French liberal economists was gradually entering also the Austrian
economic reasoning.

Conclusion

The Carniolan Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts gathered under one roof almost all the
established educated men and literati of Carniola at that time. These men had began their
study of agriculture, craftsmanship and economy in general under the influence of the
prevailing cameralist and physiocratic principles. The Society was aware of the importance of
education, and many of its members actively participated in establishing technical,
agricultural and economic education in Ljubljana. The Society saw itself as an educational
instrument in the economic and technical knowledge it disseminated through its two types of
publications. Whereas the weekly, Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt, was intended to reach a
broader domestic educated audience in Carniola or other parts of Inner Austria and was
therefore practically oriented, the proceedings, Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte, also dealt
with theoretical issues and had some characteristics of an elite academic journal which dealt
with agricultural questions not only in Carniola but also in Central and North European
networks. Yearly announcements of prize questions were also meant to stimulate discussion
in various fields and to contribute to the development of innovative ideas and critical
reasoning, which reflected the prevailing currents in European economic and social thought of
the time (the concept of natural order, rationalism, liberalism, individualism,
entrepreneurship). The prize essays contained considerations about some advanced economic
issues (the relation between money and production, strategic long-term price, problems of
incentives and productivity) that could be compared with the achievements of the early
English and French classics, and have remained relevant up to present times.

The international links of the Society were also at an enviable level by European standards.
The membership included many respected foreign scientists and thinkers, and the Society was
closely linked through mutual members to similar groups in Udine, Milan, and Savoy. Several
members of the Society were also members of similar societies in Inner Austria in Carinthia,

221
Die Erde ist die Quelle aller unserer Erfordernisse, und Bequemlichkeiten, und der enzige Weg die
Reichthmer der Staaten zu vergrssern ist dieser, da man alle Erdstriche und Grundstcke zur Hervorbringung
der grten mglichen Menge, Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 1 (1775): 819.
222
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 1 (1775): 822.
223
Die Oekonomie oder Hauswirtschaft ist eine praktische Wissenschaft, wodurch man sich ein Vermgen
ehrlich zu erwerben und das Erworbene recht zu brauchen wei, Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2 (1776): 23.
224
Die Seele der Oekonomie is der Flei und die kluge Auslage des Geldes, Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2
(1776): 41.
225
Das Ziel der Oekonomie ist die Glckseligkeit sowohl der eigenen Person oder Familie, als den ganzen
Staats, Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt 2 (1776): 40.
Styria, or Gorizia. Cooperation between foreign experts and local scientists produced some
interesting experiments and innovations. For the domestic population, the Societys
publications served as an important source of information about technical, agricultural, and
economic novelties in the world. On the other side, the Societys publications, especially its
proceedings, were not known only in Carniola or in the Austrian Monarchy but attained
international recognition as well, since contributions came from quite distant European
countries. All this suggests that, although relatively short-lived, the Carniolan Society for
Agriculture and Useful Arts played an important and progressive role within the broad
framework of reform-oriented processes that were launched by the state administration in the
second half of the 18th century with the intention to reform the Habsburg Monarchy and to
improve its economic performance at all levels.

Table 5: Number of members of the Carniolan Society. The published listings began with the
most influential members, and each year new members were added at the end. In 1779, the
listing was provided separately only for leaders and other members, while domestic and
foreign members were not presented separately.
Year Leaders Members from Carniola Foreign honorary members

Proposed members 4 38 (together with leadership 42) 3

in 1765
1769 4 41 7
1775 5 (added treasurer) 38 27
1776 6 (added secretary) 40 32
1779 5 70 (including nine assessors and erroneously omitted Kryger and
Haymann)
1780 6 42 34
1781 6 43 36
1782 6 41 37

Table 6: Leaders of the Carniolan Society

Name Function Period

Heinrich count Auersperg Patron 1767-February 1773

Vincenz Ferriers Andreas Patron 1773-74
count Orsini Rosenberg
Marija Joseph count Auersperg Patron 1774-80
Franc Adam count Lamberg Patron 1780-
Joseph baron Brigido President-director 1767-73
Georg Jacob (Jurij Jakob) count President-director 22/8/1773-87226
Hohenwart
Valentin von Modesti Secretary-Chancellor 1767-69
Ignaz Anton von Purg Associated temporary secretary 24/12/1769227
Mihael Gottlieb baron Raifgersfeld Secretary-Chancellor November 1769-1774
Sigmund count Gallenberg Secretary-Chancellor 1774-75
Dizma Barbo count Wachsenstein Secretary-Chancellor 1775-82
Franc Ksaver Jamnig (Jamnigg) Treasurer 1775-82
Balthasar Hacquet Permanent Secretary 1776-87
Johann Justin Lenz Actuary 1767-31/12/1771
Leopold Wismann Actuary 20/4/1774-1776
Ignaz Anton Hubner Sub-Actuary 24/12/1769-

226
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 7.
227
ARS 33, Deelna vlada, Convolute 455, Technical unit 182, Lit. N, Num. 1, Volum. 1, 43, 45, 65.
 Pauk Joseph Semen (Smen) Actuary 23/8/1779-15/5/1785228

Table 7: Some questions for Societys golden medal of 36 ducats. The questions were posed
once a year up to 1770 and afterwards every second year.229 p indicates practical questions.
Year Question topic Commission for awards Winners (and praised contributors)

1767
November 1768, repeated
in 1769
1770
1771, 1772 p
1771 p
1772, autumn 1773
20/11/1771, 28/2/1772
deadline 15/9/1772 for
approaching Society or its
secretary Raigersfeld
26/4/1773, announced again
with deadline on the end of
the year 1775
Answers accepted during
Winter 1777/78 (3/12/1777
and 18/3/1778237
Common pastures their
usefulness or harmfulness for
the country
Concentration of lands of
peasants how to address the
problem of highly dispersed
land parcels
Unequalled land taxes (several
years before they were
abandoned)
The Champion in (practical)
planting of mulberry trees233
The best and cheapest midden
The Champion in (practical)
sieving seeds of trees,
especially conifers235
The pragmatic legislation to
prevent expensiveness or lack
of grain in a large country,
which has towns located by
the sea, roads and navigable
rivers
The preferred industrial sector
in Carniola
The right way of development
of Society to its general
applicability
Purg, Haymann and Franc Jamnik (praised
Bruno Ortner (procurator Pogrietschnig)230 23/11/1768
of Jesuits, and procurator
and prelate of the Stina
Monastery)
Ortner, Franc Apfaltrer, Franc Zahlheim (praised Janez
Glavar, Haymann Nepomuk Blagaj) 20/11/1770231
Copy of awarded paper dated in
1772232
Martin Demark, the subject of
Lupoglava manor234 (prize: 12
ducats)
Ortner, Gusitsch, Janez Johann Kryger (praised Francesco
Blagaj, Schwab Grisellini) (14 candidates)
Liechtenberg 28/12/1772
Giell, Maffei, Schttl Johann Beckmann (praised Karl
Zahlheim)236
Gallenberg, Blagaj, 7 candidates
Buset, Giell, Hacquet

Announced 11/4/1777 with
deadline 1/4/1778
The advantages of previous
travels across the country for
officials of Land-Prince
Franc Joef Wurmbrandt, Kristijan Ferdinand Spittler (1751-
Franc Apfaltrer, Giell 1827) from Stuttgart, member of
the Physical and Economic Society
in Zrich (Physicalische und
konomische Gesellschaft zu
Zrich) (praised Ivan Jurij Strang,
clerk at the Cistercian abbey
Bielhausen in the Duchy of
Franconia)238

228
ARS 553, KKD / Spisi, statut.
229
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 23-24.
230
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 12, 24.
231
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 26.
232
ARS 553, KKD / Spisi, statut.
233
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 10.
234
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 12.
235
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 21.
236
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 29.
237
ARS 533, KKD P/5a / Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a; drugi sveenj (Foundation and session
protocol, Convolute 2) /
238
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 31.
Table 9: Members of the Carniolan Society. The list is compiled with the use of the list of
proposed members of 1765 and by the printed listings of membership of 1769, 1775, 1776,
1779, 1780, 1781 and 1782. In parentheses are persons, who are known from the Societys
documents as its members, but are not noted on printed lists. For some members membership
after 1782 is known from other sources. Spelling of names often varies between lists. h
indicates honorary membership. SJ indicates date of entering the Jesuit order (Societatis
Jesu).
Name (with date and place of *birth and death - if Notes
available) and period of membership

(Anton Ambschell (* 9/3/1751 Gyr (Raab, Rb,
Jaurinum; SJ 17/10/1767 Trenin in Slovakia;
14/7/1821 Bratislava)) after 1782
Janez Franc von Amigoni (Amignoni) 1769-81
Count Antonini 1775-82h
Franc baron Apfaltrer (Andrej, * 2/12/1729 Grmae;
10/9/1796)240 1765, 1769-82
Ignac baron Apfaltrer (Janez, * 1710; 1765) 1765
Joef baron Apfaltrer 1769-82
Leopold baron Apfaltrer (* 16/10/1731 Grmae; SJ
1/11/1747; 9/12/1804 Gyr) 1769-82h
Fabius count Asquinio (Fabio Asquini, * 1726 Fagagna;
1818) 1775-82h
Heinrich count Auersperg (* 1721 Graz; 1793 Graz)
1767-73, 1775-82h
Karl count Auersperg244 1765
Marija Joef count Auersperg 1775-80, 1781-82h
Pavel Alojz count Auersperg (* 3/7/1729; 5/6/1810)
1765, 1769-75h, 1776-82
Rihard count Auersperg (Rihard Joef, 1798)246 1765
Dizma Barbo count Wachsenstein (Waxenstein) 1775-1787
Joef count Barbo (probably Jot Vajkard Anton Barbo
count Wachsenstein (* 1702; 1775), Dizmas father from
Rakovnik by Mirna) 1765
Member of the Carniolan Society and of Academia
Operosorum Labacensium (forerunner of the Academy in
Sciences in Ljubljana) as stated under the title of his book
in 1792
Higher Post Manager in Carniola, owner of manor Novi
Dvor by Hoteme,239 Full Imperial counselor
Vice-president of the Agricultural society (Societ
d'agricoltura pratica) in Udine in 1775, descendant of
family of Carniola origin
Governor of Upper Carniola, owner of Grmae, the son of
Ignac baron Apfaltrer
Son of Sigmund Ferdinand (* 1700) and Ivana Elizabeth
Erberg (* 1696)241
Jesuit professor of mechanics in Klagenfurt
Supporter of the manufacturing of silk, 242 up to 1780
perpetual secretary of the Agricultural Society (Societ
d'agricoltura pratica) in Udine and member of the
Agricultural Society in Gorizia243
Provincial Governor of Carniola until 1773, later Governor
of Galicia
Owner of uperk manor
Gubernial Counsillor, from manors Turjak and Ig245
Secretary of the Society, appointed in 1775247

239
Majda Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem (Castles in Carniola) (Ljubljana, 1982), 185, 321, 465, 580.
240
Ludwig Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain (Grz (Gorica), 1905),
79, 208, 331; Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 177; Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 58,
88.
241
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 409.
242
Fabio Asquini, Il supplimento al diffeto delle Legna da fuoco nella Torba nuovamente scoperta nel Friuli.
(Venezia, 1765).
243
Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und
Residenzstadt Wien 1779, 511.
244
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 130.
245
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 69; Miha Preinfalk, Auerspergi -
po sledeh mogonega tura (The Auerspergs on the trail of the great tur) (Ljubljana, Zgodovinski institut Milka
Kosa ZRC SAZU, 2005), 118, 496; Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 46, 88.
246
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 586.
247
ARS, AS 7, Deelno glavarstvo za Kranjsko, Kmetijske zadeve (The Carniola Land Governorship, Farming),
box 204, Litera B, No. 4. Volum. 1.
 Johann von Beckmann (* 1739; 1811) 1776-79h
Mark Anton Baron Billichgrtz (* 19/5/1713 Polhov
Gradec; after 1781) 1765, 1769-82
Janez Nepomuk count Blagaj (Ursini, * 1729; after 1806)
1765, 1769-82
Von Brickerfeld (sic!, Franc Anton Breckerfeld,
Preckerfeld (* 1740; 1806) 1781-82
Joseph baron Brigido von Brezovica (* 1736 Triest; 1817
Vienna) 1765, 1769-82h
Pompej baron Brigido (von Brezovica, * 1729; 1811)
1765, 1769-82h
Gabrijel von Buset (Joef Busset, Buseth, * 6/3/1716
Gracarjev Turn; 1777)250 1765, 1769-76
Friderik Dietrich 1765, Ludwig Dietrich (* 1706;
29/3/1787 Vrhnika) 1769, Josef Dietrich 1779
Janez Nepomuk Jakob count Edling (* 1751 Gorica;
1793 Vienna) 1780-82
Friedrich edler von Entnersfeld (* 1731; 1797) 1776-82h
Joseph count Erddy (Monyorkerk in Moslavina
(Monoszl) * 1754; 1824) 1776-1779, 1780h-1782h
Gottfried Franc Fischer 1775-82h
Matija Furlani 1776-80
Sigmund Count Gallenberg (Jan iga, *4/2/1751;
11/8/1800 Vienna) 1776-81h
Joseph baron Gallenfels (* 28/4/1730) 1769-82h
(Johann Gandini von Lilienstein)
Jurij Ghiel (Johann Ghiell, Giel, Giell, Giehl, * 16/5/1734
on Hugarian side of Leitha River; SJ 17/10/1753 Vienna;
after 1786) 1775-79, 1780-82h
Peter Pavel Glavar (* 1721; 1784) 1765, 1768-82258
Francesco Grisellini (Griselini, * 1717 Venice; 1787
Milan) 1775-82h
Gabriel Gruber (* 6/5/1740 Vienna; SJ 18/10/1755 Vienna;
7/4/1805 St. Petersburg) 1769-82
Tobias Gruber (* 12/9/1744 Vienna; SJ 18/10/1760
Vienna; 31/3/1806 Prague) 1780
Edler Guich (Seifried baron Gusi, Gusitsch* 13/12/1709
Preek; 13/6/1794 Ljubljana)260 1775-82
Professor of economics in Gttingen
Owner of Polhov Gradec manor248
Owner of manor Stari grad by Novo mesto
Member of the Styrian Agricultural Society249
Friderik Dietrich of Vrhnika; Ludwig Dietrich, a soldier in
1724 and later a Master of Post in Vrhnika251
Counselor of Provincial Governor,252 manager
(Lehenprobst) of the property of Freising bishops in kofja
Loka in 1780253
Full Imperial Chamberlain
Secretary of the Court Treasury
Priest
From 20/4/1774 to 8/7/1775 Secretary of the Society254
with his Actuary Leopold Wismann255
District Governor in Celje from 1771 to 1775, co-owner of
Golnik manor until 1776256
In 1780 Commissioner (Zeugskommissar) for Upper
Carniola257
Professor of agriculture
Priest
Honorary member of Royal Societies in London and Lyon,
member of the Economic Society in Bern and of the
Agricultural Society in Gorizia259, Secretary of the
Agricultural Society (Societ Patriottica) in Milano
between 1776 and 1780
Priest
President of Academia Operosorum Labacensium

248
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 355; Smole, Graine na
nekdanjem Kranjskem, 591.
249
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, 51; Hof- und Staats-
Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien
1779, 503.
250
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 56.
251
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 132, 599.
252
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782 (Laybach: Egger, 1782), 48, 90.
253
Hochfrstlich Freysingischer Hof- und Stiftskalender, auf das Jahr 1780 (Freising: Mmer), 24, 34.
254
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 7.
255
ARS, AS 7, Deelno glavarstvo za Kranjsko, Kmetijske zadeve, box 204, Litera B, No. 4. Volume. 1.
256
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 155, 610.
257
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 515.
258
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 6; In 1769 noted as Glanar (Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer
Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, p. LXXIII), and in 1779 noted as Glovar (Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der
rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien 1779, 506).
259
Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und
Residenzstadt Wien 1779, 512.
260
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 227.
 Balthasar Hacquet (* 1739 Le Conquet; 1815 Vienna)
1772-87261
Albrecht von Haller (* 1708; 1777) 1776-77h
Lovrenc Sigismund Ksaver (Aleksander) Baron Hallerstein
(* 1720 Menge; 1804 Ljubljana) 1765, 1769-82
Johann Joseph Anton Haymann (Hayman, Hainan,
Haiman, * 1732 Postojna; 26/11/1799 Ljubljana) 1769-82
Georg Josef edler Haulab (Hauslab, Hauslaab, Hauslb)
1769-82
Jakob count Hohenwart (Jurij, * 1714; 1808) 1769-87
Bernhard baron Hornstein (Bruno-Maria, * 1717; 1792)
1781-82h
Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (* 1727; 1817) 1776-82h
(Lovrenc Jake)
Franc Ksaver Jamnigg 1775-82h
Franc baron Janei 1765
Joef (Anton) baron Janei (* 1723; 2/2/1780) 1769-80
Martin Jakob Jebain (Joef Jabazin, Jabacin, * 7/9/1724
Vipava; 1789) 1769-82
Paulus Job (Eduardus a Santo Colomano, * 1/4/1730
Hohenrupersdorf in Lower Austria; joined Piarists on
16/10/1747; after 1783) 1775-82h
Joseph Kaufmann (* 22/8/1725 Vienna; SJ
20/10/1741 Trenin; 1791) 1769-,270 1775-82h
Janez Nepomuk Karl von Klaffenau (Claffenau, * 1727;
31/5/1814) 1765, 1769-82
Ivan Friderik Krieger (Johann Friedrich Kryger, * 1707
Rgen; 1777) 1775-77h
Franc Florijan Crobath (Krobath, 1776) 1769, not a
member in 1775
Physician, professor of anatomy and surgery
Swiss, member of the Economic Society in Bern, president
of Royal Scientific Society in Gttingen
Abbot in Kostanjevica in Carniola
Physician262
Commercial counselor of the k.k. Banko-Gefllen
administration for Carniola and Littoral263
Full secret counselor (Kuhrfrst) of Prince Clemens
Wenceslaus of Saxony (* 1739; 1812) in Trier264
Professor of chemistry and botany, member of the Styrian
Agricultural Society265
Manager of Socerb manor266
Owner of manors Medija and Jablje267
Abbot, dean in Novo mesto268
Professor of physics, mathematics, and mineralogy in
Theresianum, later at the Savoyische Ritterakademie269
Jesuit, mathematician, constructor
District Governor in Novo mesto from 1767 to 1783, owner
of manor Nemka vas,271 District Commissary on
21/1/1788272
Retired economist from Sweden 273
Administrator of Bled manor 1769-1774274

261
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 6.
262
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 286. Not listed among members
of Society in 1779 (Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und
erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien 1779, 505-506). He was listed as member of Society in 1769,
1775, 1776, 1781, and 1782.
263
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 109, 114, 115; Neuer
Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 99.
264
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, LXXIII; Placidus Braun, Die
Domkirche in Augsburg, und der hohe und niedere Clerus an derselben (Augsburg: Schlosser, 1829), 179-80.
265
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, 51.
266
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 8.
267
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 205; Smole, Graine na
nekdanjem Kranjskem, 640; Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1780, noted in third place among the domestic
members of the Society although he died early in 1780.
268
http://www.arzenal.si/files/knjiznica/knjige/1183/pdf (pp. 157-158), retrieved on 31/1/2013; Neuer
Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 34, 89.
269
Eduard Job, Institutiones philosophiae practicae (Bambergae: Klietsch, 1781); Karl Adolf Franz Fischer,
Verzeichnis der Piaristen der deutschen und bhmischen Ordensprovinz, Catalogus generalis provinciae
Germanicae et Bohemicae ordinis scholarum Piarum (Mnchen: R. Oldenburg Verlag, 1985), 75.
270
In 1769 erroneously noted as domestic member Rapustmann (Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer
Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, LXXIII).
271
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 293, 304; Ivan Vrhovec,
Zgodovina Novega mesta (Ljubljana, 1891), 124.
272
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 164.
273
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 6; Toussaint Hoevar, Monetary Theory in J. F. Kryger's second
Ljubljana essay (1779), Economy and History 18, no. 1 (1975): 36. Not listed for 1779 (Hof- und Staats-
Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien
1779, 506).
274
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 466, 632.
 Bla Kumerdej (*1738 Bled; 1805 Ljubljana) 1781-82275
Franc Adam Prince Lamberg ( 1803) 1781-82 Governor General276
Johann Justin Lenz 1767-69 Actuary, in 1805 Court Secretary in Innsbruck277
Franc Joef baron Schweiger Lerchenfeld (* 1736;
1817)278 1765, 1769-82
Franc Ksaver baron Liechtenberg Janei ( 1832) 1775-82 Governor of Lower Carniola in 1782 279
Franc Ignac count Liechtenberg (Ksaver Gottfried, * 1715
Ljubljana; 1782 Snenik)280 1765, 1769-81
Karl count Liechtenberg (Gottfried, * 1718) 1769-81 Owner of Tutanj manor281
Unnamed Schwab von Liechtenberg from Lower Counselor of Land Governorship284
Carniola282 1765, 1769; Leopold (Livius) baron
Liechtenberg (Schwab Lichtenberg, * Selo by martno;
1799)283 1775-82
(Georg) Sigmund count Liechtenberg (* 1719 Snenik; Chamberlain285
9/11/1797) 1769
Sigmund count Liechtenberg 1765, 1769
Anton Toma Linhart (* 1756; 1795) 1781-87286 Not listed in 1781 and 1782
Joseph James Maffei de Glattfort (* 1742; SJ 19/10/1757 Jesuit, professor of mathematics
Vienna; 1807) 1775-76, 1779-82h
(Martin Maze) Manager of manor Senoee287
Janez Krstnik Melling (* 1716; 1783) 1769-82

Janez Joef Menz von Schnfeld (Johann Baptist, * 1719
Bolzano; 1811) 1769-82h
Franc (Franz) Millbacher (Mhlbacher) (* 1744; SJ
10/10/1760 Vienna; 1826) 1775-82h
Valentin von Modesti 1769-82h
Bruno Ortner (* 1722 Tyrol; 4/1/1800 rni Vrh) 1765,
1769-82
Natalis Paliaruzzi (Palliaruzi, * 1746 Kobarid; 1832)
1775-82
Jernej (Bartholme) Poganik 1780-82
Max Poganik 1782
Janez Krstnik Pogrietschnig (* 1722; SJ 31/10/1745
Trenin in Slovakia; after 1782) 1765, 1769-82h
Janez Krizostom edler Pollini (* 27/2/1712 Radovljica;
7/11/1786 Ljubljana) 1765, 1769-82
Commercial counselor, director of mint, director of salt
mine in Hall in Tyrol, member of the Patriotic Society
(Patriotische Gesellschaft) in Tyrol
Jesuit, experimental physicist
Senior civil servant (Regierungsrat) in Graz in 1782
Prelate in the Carthusian monastery in Bistra
Physician and factory owner
Manager (Verwalter) of the Teutonic Knights Order288
District civil servant (Kreisamtoffizier) in Upper
Carniola289
Jesuit, professor of physics
Physician, uncle of iga Zois mother290

275
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 6.
276
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 45, 87. Before Carniola he was patron of the Agricultural Society
in Gorizia (Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt-
und Residenzstadt Wien 1779, 511).
277
Instanzen-Schematismus fr Tyrol und Vorarlberg: Mit einem Kalender und Post-Stationen durch Tyrol
(Wagner, Innsbruck, 1805): 4, 9; ARS 33, Deelna vlada, Convolute 455, Technical unit 182, Lit. N, Num. 1,
Volum. 1, 65; Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 106, 113, 202.
278
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 680.
279
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, p. 60, 89; Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 640.
280
Lidija Slana, Lichtenbergi na Tutanju (Lichtenbergs in Tutanj), Kronika (Ljubljana) 57, no. 2 (2009):
191; Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 88.
281
Slana, Lichtenbergi na Tutanju, 186.
282
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 8.
283
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 434, 640.
284
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 46, 88.
285
Slana, Lichtenbergi na Tutanju, 186; Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums
Krain, 79, 208.
286
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 6.
287
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 8.
288
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 8.
289
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 59.
290
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 67, 81, 89.
 Wolfgang Possavitz (Joef Possaviz, after 1794) 1781-82
Kasper Premru 1769 (noted without a Christian name as
administrator Premru), 1775-1782 administrator Kasper
Premru
Ignaz Anton von Purg Purger (* 1725; 1770) 1769
Johann Wenzel count Purgstall (* 1724; 1785) 1769-82h
Franc Anton edler Raab (* 21/12/1722 St. Leonhard in
Carinthia; 20/4/1783 Vienna) 1765h, 1769-82h
Mihael Gottlieb baron Raigersfeld (Amadej, * 1744;
1783) 1775-76h, 1779-82
Ignac von Rastern (* 1697; 22/3/1777)299 1769-76
Mihael baron Rastern (* 18/9/1720; 3/11/1797) 1769-82
Revicul 1780-82h
Count Rinaldi 1775-82h
Count Vincenz Ferriers Andreas von Orsini-Rosenberg
(*1722; 1794) 1769-82h
Aleksander baron Schell ( 11/3/1792) 1780-82
(Gregor Schttl (* 1732; SJ 18/10/1747 Vienna; 1777))
Andreas Schwindel 1781-82
Johann Anton Scopoli (Giovanni Antonio * 1723 Cavalese;
1788 Pavia) 1769-82h
Pavel Joef Semen (Paul Joseph Smen) 1779-87
(tefani)
Anton baron Taufferer (Janez Nepomuk Tadej, * 6/5/1723
Vinja Gora; 3/3/1787 Ljubljana) 1780-82
Ph.D. in law, owner of Abondinis castle,291 the lawyer of
Land Government292
Administrator of Vipava, worked for the owner Andrej
knight Premrov Premerstein (Premru, * 1696;
16/10/1785)293
Ph.D., temporary (angesezter) secretary of Society294
Director of the Styrian Agricultural Society,295 later
member of its leadership,296 chamberlain
Counselor of commercial intendance of Triest and member
of the Styrian Agricultural Society297
Secretary of the Society from November 1769 until 1774298
Ignacs brother, priest in Menge300
Secretary of the Savoy Society (Socit Royale
Acadmique de Savoie)
President of the Agricultural society (Societ d'agricoltura
pratica) in Udine.
Governor (Landeshauptmann) of Krnten 1774-82 and
patron of the Carinthian Agricultural Society301
Jesuit, professor of mathematics and physics
Stepfather of Gabriel Gruber302
Physician in Idrija, a small mining town in Carniola, from
1754 to 1769, famous botanist and zoologist, author of
Flora Carniolica (1760) and Entomologia Carniolica
(1763), member of the Styrian Agricultural Society303, part
of his correspeondence with Carl Linn has been preserved
Actuary of the Society,304 officer of Land Government305
Manager of Tri manor ,306 probably Joef tefani,
tenant of Bled manor from 1774 to 1782
Governor of Upper Carniola,307 Court counselor,
administrator, chamberlain308

291
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 63, 663.
292
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 66, 90.
293
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 434; Smole, Graine na
nekdanjem Kranjskem, 389; Janko Pajk, Dr. Joef Mislej, slovanski modroslovec. Ljubljanski Zvon 11, no. 5
(1891): 284.
294
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 203; ARS 33, Deelna vlada,
Convolute 455, Technical unit 182, Lit. N, Num. 1, Volum. 1, 43, 45; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 7.
295
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, 50.
296
Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und
Residenzstadt Wien 1779, 503.
297
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, 51.
298
ARS 33, Deelna vlada, Convolute 455, Technical unit 182, Lit. N, Num. 1, Volum. 1, 65; Umek, Kranjska
kmetijska druba, 7, 31.
299
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 417; Smole, Graine na
nekdanjem Kranjskem, 114.
300
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 61, 227; Smole, Graine na
nekdanjem Kranjskem, 114; Franiek Pokorn, ematizem duhovnikov in duhovnij v ljubljanski nadkofiji l. 1788
(Ljubljana, 1908), 66. In 1769 among the members of Society noted with name and in next row again as priest-
dean in Menge (Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, LXXIII.)
301
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 114, 228.
302
AS 309, Heritage Inventories, lit. S, fasc. XXXV, t. 258 (Josefa Schwindel widow Gruber 28/3/1787); Neuer
Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 90.
303
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, 51.
304
ARS 33, Deelna vlada, Convolute 455, Technical unit 182, Lit. N, Num. 1, Volum. 1, 43, 45.
305
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 52, 87.
306
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 505; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 8.
307
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 689.
308
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 64, 89, 99.
 Janez Nepomuk Taufferer (Aleksander Matija, *
25/2/1752; 9/2/1832 Vienna) 1782
Jurij Joef Dizma (Franc Ksaver) Taufferer (* 1733 Vinja
gora; 1789) 1765, 1769-82
Jan Reiner von Thys (* 25/9/1715 in Eupen of then
Habsburg Belgium; September 1773 Klagenfurt) 1765h,
1769h
Friderik count Thurn 1765
Janez count Torres (Thurn, della Torre) 1769-82
Gian Battista von Tranquilli 1765, 1769-82
Ulah (Jurij Vlah, * 1699/1700 Kastav; 1772) 1765, 1769
Maks Kritof baron Waidmannsdorf 1775, 1776-82h
Sigmund von Wallensperg (Wallensberg) 1775-82
Karl Augustin Weickhard (Waickhart, * 24/8/1735
Ljubljana)315 1779-82
Karl Erhard von Walter 1780-82
Joef Peregrin Werner 1780317
Gottlieb Wessenschneid 1781-82h
Priest R.Wiebald 1775-76h, Joseph Biewald 1779, Priest
R.Wiewald 1780h, priest Wiewald 1781-82h
Franc Joef count Wurmbrand-Stuppach (Wurmbrandt)
1780-82h
Karl von Zahlheim (Zallheim, * 1746; 1787) 1775-82h
Karl count Zinzendorf (Pottendorf, * 1739; 1813) 1775-
82h
Janez Krstnik Citeneg (Ivan Zitteneck, Zittenegg, 1791)
1765, 1769-82
iga (Sigismund) baron Zois (Triest * 23/11/1747 Triest;
10/11/1819 Ljubljana) 1775-82
Franc Matej Zorn von Mildenheim (* 29/9/1731 Ljubljana;
Abbot309
Antons brother, Abbot in Stina
From the Netherlands, Chancellor of the Carinthian
Agricultural Society
Herbersteins canon in Ljubljana Cathedral from 1770 to
1787, lived in Domherrhaus No. 210310
From 1758 till 1768 administrator-governor of Carniolan
Pazin311 in Istria
Administrator of the Jesuit Kastav manor in 1723, in 1770
organized a public school, descendant of a Bohemian
family312
Baron Waidmansdorf from Tyrol313
Relative of landlords of Trebnje314
Physician
Curate by St. Peter parish in Ljubljana316
Member of the Economic Physical Society in Obern
Launitz in Saxony318
Probably ex-Jesuit and professor of physics in Graz Gotlib
Leopold Biwald (Biewald, * 1731; SJ 17/10/1747 Vienna;
1805), member of the Styrian Agricultural Society319
Gubernial Councillor in Graz
In 1769 an imperial secretary in Vienna, also lecturing on
police sciences in Theresianum; in 1776 appointed as
permanent secretary of the Viennese (unter der Enns)
Economic Society, next year full professor of agronomy in
Viennese High School320
Governor of Triest, member of the Styrian Agricultural
Society in 1779
The owner of manor Novi grad by Menge321
Entrepreneur, owner of iron works, mineralogist, central
figure of Enlightenment in Carniola
Ph.D. in theological and civil laws

309
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 31.
310
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, 30, 89.
311
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 342.
312
http://imehrvatsko.net/profile/juraj_vlah; http://imehrvatsko.net/namepages/view/family_name/prezime-
VLAH, retrieved on 8/4/2013; Amir Muzur, Kako su se Opatijci kolovali (Schooling of the Opatians), Suaka
revija (Rijeka) 18, no. 72 (2010): 87-93.
313
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 501.
314
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 502, 698.
315
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 76.
316
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 359; Neuer Instanzkalender auf
das Jahre 1782, 43, 89.
317
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel des Herzogtums Krain, 163.
318
Freysingischer Hof- und Kirchenkalender, auf das Jahr 1780 (Freising, Mmer), 35.
319
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, 51. According to index of 1779,
Leopold Biewald is the same person as Joseph Biewald (Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch
kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. Wien: Joseph Gerold, 1779, 503-504,
506), who was a member of the Carniolan Society but not a member of the Styrian Society in 1779.
320
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 5.
321
Smole, Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem, 290, 705; Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Matrikel
des Herzogtums Krain, 106; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, 8.
 13/4/1790) 1768322-82

Kersniks Ljubljana Physics under Napoleonic Rule

Figure 45: Kersniks teachers and students

322
He was noted below Glavar, who was appointed to Society in 1768, and he was also noted on eighth place
after G. Gruber, who arrived in Ljubljana in July 1768. Therefore, Zorn also became member of the Society in
1768 (Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, LXXIII).
 Slovenski nejezuitski fiziki po panogah Robida
Lavtar
Vlacovich
Rain Finger
Valvasor Stefan

350
Zois,
Marmont

300
Barbara
Celjska
Kersnik
250

Tartini

200
Santorio

150

100

50

Vsa raziskovanja mehanike iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci

Vsa raziskovanja elektrike in magnetizma iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci
Vsa raziskovanja optike iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci
Vsa raziskovanja toplote iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci
Vsa raziskovanja zgodovine fizike iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci

Figure 46: Carniolan physics flourishing during the Illyrian Provinces.

Resources

The archival documents of Ljubljana's secondary and higher education are stored under the
name of the Fund of Classical Gymnasium Ljubljana and the signature of SI ZAL LJU 184 at
ZAL. Among them are Kersnik's French and, later, the German inventory of teaching aids in
various mathematical and natural science cabinets, the highest among the Ljubljana schools.
The Archives of the Republic of Slovenia do not have a special collection of documents on
the education of the Illyrian Provinces (Kolanovi, umrada, 2005, 684, 831), but these are,
for example, part of Guberni in Ljubljana SI AS 14 reg. III. 46: Grammar schools, humanistic
studies (Kolanovi, umrada, 2005, 693) or the Main Intendant of the Illyrian Provinces
(ARS, SI AS 27). 71-73 XXXV (Kolanovi, umrada, 2005, 702). Documents on the Idrija
mine, its technological solutions and Napoleon's interest in it as the most valuable fruit of the
Carniola region are stored in special funds (Kolanovi, umrada, 2005, 767, 828-830).

The sources for school libraries in the Illyrian Provinces are less transparent for Ljubljana.
The Illyrian purchases of the Ljubljana Higher Education Library are not directly accessible,
as there is no preserved catalog from the time of Nodier's Illyrian administration, but we can
present them when comparing the Wildes Lyceum Catalog from 1803 with later supplements
(Supplementum, NUK Handbook) and Zois catalogs (Z, Zo) or op-Kalistra (1826-1831,
NUK Handwriting Department).

Circumstances

A little less than 1.5 million inhabitants of the Illyrian provinces cut off the Habsburg
monarchy from the sea for a continental barrier against England and a land link to the trade of
France's desirable trade with Ottomans of Turkey (umrada, 2007, 76). For the first time in
the history during the Illyrian province, the Lands inhabited with Slovenes have been linked
to a much more developed center in Paris, allowing for the inclusion of the latest Parisian
inventions for displaying to Ljubljana schoolchildren. By far the most attractive were, of
course, the inventions of Volta's relatively constant electric current. Education in schools is
the sole welfare of every nation, and the four-figure Napoleon score has brought into the
Illyrian provinces a revolutionary update during the experiments that students from Ljubljana
have ever seen in the departments of their professors. What new, mainly Volta-based devices
were brought by the French and the Italians to the schools of the western part of the Slovene
settlement? How many innovation instruments did survive the restauration of Metternich after
the Napoleonic downfall?

Table 10: Number of students at higher studies in Ljubljana after the reconstruction of the late
18th century.
1788 1792 1800 1808 1809 1810/11 1811/12 1812/13 1813/14 1822/23 1830/31 1831/32 1848/49 1813-1849

Grammar 110 (C) 187 249(C) 463 701

School
(197) (1828)
312 329

Theology 28 125 125 233 179 159 36 151 100 3159

Philosophy 108 108 27 70 40 138 60 2450

Medicine 78 21 24 31
lower

Surgery 3 13

Law 30 19

Engineering and Architecture 14 9 9

All higher studies 233 233 (301) (313) 313 273

Central school in Ljubljana (1809-1813)

In Napoleon's Illyrian provinces, between 1809 and 1813, only the upcoming higher studies
of philosophy were upgraded in Ljubljana; Even though the Goriani had even slightly older
philosophical studies, their schoolmates did not fall into the hack as much as the Ljubljana
rival. Joseph II. between 1785-1788 he abolished philosophical studies in Ljubljana in order
to free up the departure of future Kranj scholars to the larger Czech and Austrian scientific
centers; Napoleon developed higher studies in Ljubljana between 1810-1813, in order to
prevent such an outflow of the brain. In the Habsburg monarchy, the Lyceum of Ljubljana
caused inconvenience since the time of the centralization of the state administration at the end
of the 18th century. The Emperor Joseph could not pursue enough free-flowing streams in
remote schools when he was no longer guided by the Jesuit order in 1773. Napoleon, of
course, was no longer bleaching his head because he wanted to create in Ljubljana the
educational center string enough to keep the locals from migrating to Graz, Prague or
Viennese Universities.

The French have established university studies in the center of the Illyrian provinces of
Ljubljana in accordance with the school policy of their empire. Interestingly, Napoleon's
officials about mathematics and chemistry are not easily found by permanent domestic
lecturers. It seems that in the natural science field, the strongest outflow of educators into the
more scientifically advanced Habsburgs was precisely the one from which, from the golden
Pragua, Napoleon's Ljubljana received excellent mathematics, Gunz. In addition to Paris,
Gunz' Ljubljana International Scientific Circle was strongly linked to Graz, Vienna and
Prague; operated in parallel with Zois as a counterweight to Zois' business use.
Three or four years of existence of high schools in Ljubljana as the central educational
institution of the Illyrian Provinces were certainly encouraged by the later demands of the
University of Ljubljana. After the Marvelous Revolution, the dream of the home university
wrote down the common message of educators from lands inhabited by Slovenes. Except for
Gunz or . Zois, however, the short-lived Illyrian provinces provoked no major scientific
achievements, since education in the Illyrian provinces was constantly in the middle of
financial difficulties. In 1810/11, at the two-year or three-year (Ljubljana) gymnasiums of the
Illyrian provinces, they did not learn physics or science. Also, on colleges between 1811-1813
and on a five-year Lyceum in Ljubljana there was no lesson in science. In the middle stage,
they taught physics in the natural sciences only in 1810/11 on the Lyceums of Trieste
(astronomy), Koper and Gorizia. In the part of the Illyrian provinces inhabited by Slovenes,
only Kersnik lectured physics in the first years of all five faculties of the Central School in
Ljubljana in 1810/11 according to Neumann's textbook in the Latin language; Neumann was
Kersnik's teacher and predecessor in the same department in Ljubljana, so the choice of his
textbook was quite inevitable. Neumann from Moravia became a professor of the Ljubljana
gymnasium on 21 July 1801 and stayed there until his departure from Ljubljana. In addition to
classes in grammar classes, on February 16, 1802 he became a syllable for Greek. 3. On 3
May 1803 he changed the diseased Schaler and became the first regular professor of physics
who was never Jesuit on October 31, 1803 in Ljubljana's Lyceum. On 12 September 1806,
Neumann together with the director of the Ljubljana Philosophical Studies, F. Wilde, signed a
certificate of the Greek Philology exam for Jurij Pauek.

In the autumn of 1806, Neumann went to the University of Graz and there from 1812 taught
Astronomy at Joanneum. Unlike Ambschell before him, he first published a Latin physics
textbook in Graz in 1808 to 1812; The textbook was later translated into German by a decade
later. He published the translation in the Gothic and dedicated it to Josef Baron Stifft. He
devoted a song to his director at the Polytechnic, Prechtl (Neumann, 1820, 1: XIII).

The first part of the German translation comprised 560 pages in 522 chapters, and at the end
he added twelve tables of copper cuts with 270 small images. The longer second part of the
textbook has 722 pages. On page 723-783, he put out a table of contents for both books,
which they already had each of them at the beginning. He has published fifteen copper cuts,
with a total of 372 images, on five sides of the error list; almost genuine for the eyes of
diligent students. On the penultimate figure 371, six different shapes of snowflakes were
drawn in the spirit of the then emerging mineralogy, which was also supported by our Gruber
and Hacquet. The Latin NUK edition of Neumann's textbook is lost today, and the German
translation was once Zois's with a reinforced leather back of cardboard covers, triangular
leather edges of covers and red marble inner covers.

Neumann has drawn a comet (tab III), the Tychos solar system (tab IV, fig 47), a vacuum
pump (Tab VIII, Figure 164), a Leyden bottle (tab VIII, fig 171), capillary (tab IX, X),
crystalline forms (tab XI, XII). The sketches in the second book were dedicated to sound (tab
I, II), a telescope with a micrometer to measure the rotation of the polarization plane (tab III),
the steam engine (tab V), the eye (tab VI), the geometric optics (tab VII), the bipolar crystal
tab IX), fracture and eye (tab X), microscope (tab XI), Leyden bottle (tab XII), vacuum
pumps (tab XIII, Figure 298, 323), rainbow trousers and snowflakes (Tab XV, Fig. 357 and
371). Among the Latin textbooks, at the beginning of the second volume, he recommended
Newton's Principles, 'sGravesanda, Ch. Wolff, Musschenbroek Institutiones (1748) or
Introductio ad philosophiam (1762) (Neumann, 1820, 2: VII), and not Bokovi, although his
dynamic theory of punctile bodies was described as the last of the dynamics and therefore
most relevant (Neumann, 1820, 1 : 27). Among the new German textbooks printed after 1790,
he praised Imhoff, which was also used by the Franciscans of New France. Among the new
Latin textbooks, he also boasted of Ambschell and Dttler's work (Neumann, 1820, 2: IX).
Among foreign editions, Biot, Cavall, Th. Young, Playfair and Giuseppe Saverio Poli, were
also read by Zois. Among the encyclopedia, he liked to see Gehler (Neumann, 1820, 2: X),
but among the journals and newsletters of scientific societies, he did everything (Neumann,
1820, 2: XI). Among the physicists of history, he praised Fischer and Gilbert (Neumann,
1820, 2: XIII), and among the specialized works Priestley's optics and electricity, Pfaff,
Bohenberger and Brandes from 1820. He was interested in Beccaria's experiments with the
phosphorescence of animals and plants (Neumann, 1820, 2: 205), as well as the Bologna
stone and Canton phosphorus (Neumann, 1820, 2: 206). He introduced Newton's emanation
theory of light (Neumann, 1820, 2: 207-208) and the opposite Euler vibrational system
(Neumann, 1820, 2: 209), as well as the dynamic variants of the vibrational system Huygens
and Descartes (Neumann, 1820, 2: 209); but Neumann did not say which version he was
holding. He was interested in the photometer (Neumann, 1820, 2: 218) with Newton's paint
on the prism (Neumann, 1820, 2: 218), which also influenced Goethe's criticism (Neumann,
1820, 2: 324). In 1842, Neumann reprinted the first part of his textbook. In 1815 Neumann
left Graz and from 1816 until his retirement in 1844 professor physicist and secretary of the
Polytechnic in Vienna; Today, near the Polytechnic, a memorial plaque is built under the
tower of the bell tower next to the church. In 1819, in the first year of the Polytechnic Institute
News, he published a discussion about Breguet's metal thermometer. Breguet was a
watchmaker in Paris, a member of the Paris Academy and a length bureau. He left the
position to a nephew who was also a famous watchman, while in his free time he measured
the speed of light and sound in various substances. The older Breguet did not know only after
hours; two years before Neumann's discussion published research on temperature
measurements by observing the stretching of the metal. Breguet used a tension spring that
extended during heating. He placed the needle on the bottom for reading the temperature, but
of course he set the scale empirically. In the late 19th century Breguet's thermometer was used
in schools; In 1900, nearly a century after Neumann's description, James W. Queen & Co.
from Philadelphia sold Breguet thermometers at $ 25. Besides Breguet's, Neumann also
attributed the invention of metal thermometers to Hollmann, a full-time professor of
philosophy at the University of Gottingen and director of a local science company. Hollmann
was, of course, mainly concerned with barometers, but he also liked the thermometers. After
moving to Graz, Neumann published a Compendia Physica Institute textbook in three parts in
1808-1812. He was also acquainted with Neumann's Gaelic textbook immediately after the
printout in Ljubljana. Under number 17, he was recorded in the Supplementum (year-old) of
the Wildes List of the Lyceum Library from 1789-1809. Between 1811-1813, the Academy
of Ljubljana had a special one-year philosophy faculty. There Kersnik lectured physics in
French to the seventeen students, and next year to seventy students. In 1812/13, some students
of philosophy also passed exams from cosmography. Kersnik with the first Ljubljana
geometry for craftsmen at Slovene chemistry lectures Janez Krstnik Kersnik (* March 26,
1783, Moste pri irovnici in Upper Carniola; 24 June 1850 Ljubljana) first appeared in
lectures of physics at Ljubljana's higher studies. The wealthy father brought him up with the
income of the farm, mill and sawmill, and the greatest Slovenian leader was Janez Kersnik's
grandson, writer Janko Kersnik. Janez Krstnik Kersnik attended two years of philosophy in
lower secondary studies (gymnasium). He was physically listened to in the second year of
1802-1803 two hours a week with the former Jesuite Schaler, who was replaced by Neumann
after 3 March 1803. After his philosophical studies were finished, Kersnik completed another
study of theology in 1803-1804, but he was not consecrated to the priest. On 15 September
1804, he preferred to become a 4th grade teacher on a regular basis in Ljubljana, like his pupil
Monik later in Gorizia. On December 10, 1808, Kersnik was appointed as a full professor of
physics on the Lyceum of Ljubljana, in the town of Matija Kalistra. Kersnik was also a
member of the Carniolan Farming Company together with his colleague Gunz; on Brdo pri
Lukovici had a good possession, while the physiocratic ideas of the Carniolan agricultural
society were well balanced with Kersnik's teaching and property views.

Physics of Kersnik

Table 11: Kersniks textbooks of physics during his studies and teachings in Ljubljana.

Author Job during printing Title, place and year of issue Year of use at higher Language
schools in Ljubljana of lectures:

Up to 1783/84 Latin
1784/85-1804/05 German
1805/05-1809/10 Latin

Neumann Professor of Physics at Physica Institutio tomus 3, 1810/11 Latin

the Graz University Graz 1808

1811/12, 1812/13 French

Remigio Professor of Physics at Elementa Physicae 1816/17-1823-1825 Latin

Dttler the Viennese University Mathematico-experimentalis

Baumgartner Professor of Physics at Die Naturlehre 1824, 3. del 1825/26 German

the Viennese University
Baumgartner Professor of Physics at Die Naturlehre 1826 1827- German
the Viennese University

The same work in the 2nd edition 1829-1831- German

of 1829 (5: 1836, 6: 1839, 7:
1842, 8: 1845)
Baumgartner Professor of Physics at Die Naturlehre 1832 -1837/38-1843/44 German
the Viennese University

Andreas Professor of Physics and Anfangsgrunde der Physik 1844/46-1848- German

Ettingshausen Higher Mathematics at 1844 (2:1845, 3:1853)
the Viennese University

Baumgartner Anfangsgrunde der -1850-51- German

Naturlehre 1837
The textbooks used and noted in Verzeichnis der ffentischer Vorlessungen am k.k.
Lyceum zu Laibach im Schuljahre 1817. Laibach: Kleinmayr (NM-9373, no
bookplates):

Teological 1., 2, 3, 4-year syllabus and teachers

1st and 2nd year by Dollinar
3rd year by Ravnikar
4th year (6) Philosophy - empty position of the study director of theoretical philosophy by
Karpe, Menzel and others in Latin with Professor Georg Pauschek (Pauek) pure mathematics
by Appeltauer etc. in Latin, lectures on Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday morning 9-10
Monday Wednesday, Friday afternoon 4-5 hours in both semesters

(7) Leopold Gunz Universalgeschichte in German and Franz Xav. Richter, weltprichter
theological bachelor, member of the Agricultural Natural and Landskunde company Greek
philosophy Franz Peesenegger

2. class: Religion course: Matthus Ravnikarpraktina filozofija po Karpeju, Wenzelu etc.

Georg Pauschek (Pauek) Physics with angewandten mathematics by Dttler Latin
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday 8-9 Morning
Monday, Wednesday, Friday 3-4 afternoons both semesters
Johann Kersnik Member of the Agricultural Society
Richter: universalgeschichte Peeesengger Greek philology
Carl Werner: Landwrtschaft also for theologians 2. The year in German Language

Urban Jerin: algemeine erziehungskunde also for the 2nd year of Theologians4 of the weekly
English lesson is not fully occupied completely free Lehrgegenstndeal language and
literature (8) Valentin Vodnik

Botany: in the 1st Semester according to Wikdenow, Grundrisse der Krnterkundem, 2

semesters by Hist, Synopsis plantarum in Austria crescentum and Person Enchiridion
botanicum: Franz Hladnik

Drawing: Zeichenkunst for gymnasium and Lyceums students: Dienstag and donnestag 2-4
in both semesters, zeichenmeister Vincenz Dorfmeister and his assistant Johan Schaffenrat
Mechanik fr kunstler und handwerker alle Sonn- und Freyta a whole year in the lecture room
of physics from half two to three Nachmittags Kersnik

Zeichenkunst = drawings fr kunstler und handwerker all Sonn- und Freytage von 10 bis 12
ur zeichenmeister Vincenz Dorfmeister and his assistant = Gehlfen Johann Schaffenrath
Lyceum library all days from Sonabend to Freytag 10-12 and 2 4 in the afternoon, in the
summer from 2 am to 6 pm
Matija Kalister 1818 the same; mathematics Gunz,

Drawing: zeichenmeister Vincenz Dorfmeister and his assistant = GehlfenJohann

Schaffenrath, not a book1819 the same

Physics: by Dttler: Kalister, had no adjunct and bibliothek dienst 1825 (7) mathematics after
Appeltauer Kersnik 8-9 in the afternoon, 3-4 afternoons of the painful Anton
Louschinanaturgeschichte by Johan Friederich Blumenbach Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
lecture by Joseph von Westkalister, no scriptor and bibliothrekdienst Georg Kosma 1826
Mathematics: Lovin, member of the Gorizia agricultural company according to Appeltauers
Naturgeschichte and Johan Friederich Blumenbach Handbuch der Naturgeschichte lecture by
Joseph von Westphysics by Baumgartner 3 part of Vienna 1824 (7) German Librarian
Kalister, scripter Mihael Kastelic and bibliothek dienst Georg Kosma

The textbooks used and noted in 1831

Mathematics: Schulz von Sttassinski by Apeltauer, Baumgartner 1829 Librarian op, scriptor
Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

The textbooks used and noted in 1832

Mathematics: Schulz von Stassinski by Appeltauer

Vest as a member Ausschsse landwirtshaftr Gesellschaft Ktain, correspondent for the same
company for Styria and Gorizia

Librarian op, scripter Kastelic, Bibliothek diener Kosma1835

mathematics Hummel by Appeltauer

Naturgeschichte: Franz Hlubek member of the University of Lviv and Landwirt Gesellschaft,
Krain

Librarian Matija op, scripter Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

The textbooks used and noted in 1836

Naturgeschichte: Franz Hlubek member of the University of Lviv and Landwirt gesellschaft
Krain
Hummel member Landwirtschaft Gesel. Krain appeltrairneobvezna botanika by Bishoff
Botanische Kunstsprache sind eigenen Heften in the 2nd Semester based on Flora Austriaca
between dr. prof. Biakovski, real Landwirt member. Gesellschaft Krain

Librarian unearthed, scripter Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma1838naturgeschichta Franz

Hlubek member of the University of Lviv and landwirt., Krain

Physics: Baumgartner 1832. obtained botany by Bishoffovio Botanische Kunstsprache siund

eigenen Heften in the 2nd Semester based on the Austrian Flora between dr. prof. Biakovski,
a real member of LandwirtGesell Krain

Librarian Likavec, script writer Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

The textbooks used and noted in 1839

Naturgeschichte: Franz HlubeK member of the University of Lviv and landwirt passwords,
Krain
Not obligatory botanic by Bishoffs Botanische Kunstsprache sind eigenen Heften in the 2nd
Semester on the basis of the Austrian Flora by dr. prof. Biakovski, real member
LandwirtGesell Krain

Drawing: zeichenmeister Vincenz Dorfmeister and his assistant = GehlfenJohann

Schaffenrath

L Likavec, script writer Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma1840naturgeschichte Hlubek

Not obligatory botanic: by Bishoffs Botanische Kunstsprache siund eigenen Heften in the
2nd Semester based on the Austrian Flora between dr. prof. Biakovski, real member
Landwirt.Gesell. of Carniola member Franz Huber and his assistant = GehlfenJoachim
Oblak

Librarian Likavec, script writer Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma1843naturgeschichte by

Blumenbach Handbuch der Allgemeinem Naturgeschichte Anton Schubert dr. Medicine

Hummels mathematics by Appeltauer

Not obligatory botanic by Bishoffs Botanische Kunstsprache sind eigenen Heften in the 2nd
Semester based on the Austrian Flora between dr. prof. Biakovski, real Landwirt. Gesell.
member.

Drawing: supplied Johan Leuz and his assistant = Gehlfen Johann Schaffenrath

gewerbeindrustie schule:

Kersnik, librarian Likavec, script writer Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

The textbooks used and noted in 1844

Naturgeschichte: by Blumenbach Handbuch der Allgemeinem Naturgeschiuchte Anton

Schubert dr. Medicine

Hummel mathematics by eigenen (his own) Lehrbuch

Kersnik Physics by Baumgartner 1832

non-compliant botanic: by Bishoffs Botanische Kunstsprache sind eige Helften Heften in the
2nd Semester based on the Austrian Flora between dr. prof. Biakovski, real member Landwirt.
Gesell. Krain

The textbooks used and noted in 1846

Hummel mathematics by eigenen Lehrbuch

Kersnik Physics by Ettingshausens Anfangsgrnde Wien 1844

Naturgeschichte: by Blumenbach Ghandbuch der Allgemeinem Naturgeschichte Anton
Schubert dr. Medicine

The textbooks used and noted in 1847

Hummel mathematics by Eigenen Lehrbuch

Kersnik Physics by Ettingshaesen Anfangsgrnde Wien 1844

The textbooks used and noted in (Ordung offentischer Vorlessungen) 1848:

Mathematics: Hummel by eigenen Lehrbuch

Physics: Kersnik by Ettingshausen Anfangsgrnde Wien 1844

On 14 June 1810, Kersnik took over the chair of math at coles Centrales in Ljubljana and
lectured instead of mathematics professor Jenko. In 1811, Kersnik began lecturing chemistry
at the Academy instead of Jean Maria Zendrini (Zendrinni, * Brescia); Zendrinni also wrote
about minerals from Brescia to Zois, especially in the years 1811-1814; Zois answered him on
23 March 1812, on 26 June 1812, on 2 August 1812, on 10 January 1815 and on 30 October
1818 (Faganel, 1999, 43, 117-118, 151, 152, 159, 166, 168). At the Ljubljana grammar
school, Stupper taught French, dimensions and weights, Gregor Doller Latin and arithmetic,
Kallister French and geometry, and Jurij (Georg) Eisler in Latin grammar and arithmetic
(Kova, 1979, 280). Doller studied Chopa in 1811/12, and in 1825 he lectured at the
gymnasium (Kidri, 1925 SBL, 1: 99-100). During the years 1814-1816, Eisler taught Matija
op (Chop) a general history and evaluated him only with the mark two (Kidri, 1925 SBL,
1: 97, 99). Thus, Kersnik became a practical "girl for all" mathematical-related natural
subjects. Even after the departure of the French, Kersnik frequently replaced sick or absent
teachers of elementary mathematics in the first year. He had many children and his extra
income came very well. Kersniks sin got the manor Brdo near Lukovica. Prof. Kersnik was
the head of a large family which forced him to receive all pedagogical work in order to feed
the nine hungry throats of his dearest with his spouse of the Italian genus. Kersnik, during the
Illyrian provinces, taught physics in German in the second year of study every morning
between 9 at 10 am, and in the afternoon, from 3 pm to 4 pm, three days a week. So, he taught
a total of eight hours a week. Thursdays and Sundays, lessons were free, just like at the
gymnasium at that time. Kersnik was a professor of physics, and from time to time he taught
useful mathematics from 1823 to 1848. As a permanently installed professor under the
supervision of the philosophical study director, he taught arithmetic, geometry, mechanics and
chemistry; among the listeners he gathered apprentices, assistants and teacher candidates. He
spoke to them after two hours on Sundays at the physics lecture room of the Lyceum from
January 1818, when he was permanently installed at the Mechanical School of Arts and Crafts
(Gewerbes-industrie-Schule fr Kunstler und Handwerker). There he taught physics in
German for two hours a week between 19 February 1815 and 1826. He lectured three hours a
week between 1825-1850. The number of lessons in mathematics and physics on the Lyceum
remained the same after the reform in 1824, although the total number of hours of lectures in
philosophical studies decreased from 36 to 31. For the purpose of teaching, Kersnik was the
first in 1830, according to other sources in 1849 (Grafenauer , Ivan, 1932. Kersnik Janez
Baptist (keyword), SBL 1: 44-445, here p.445; Glaar, Kuan, Jemec, 2001, 1), began
lecturing chemistry in Slovene on Sundays after two to three hours in the Chemistry and
Separation course.

Kersnik's annual salary at oles Centrales was 800 francs, with 120 francs of additions
between 1810-1812. This was mostly the same among professors except for the theologian-
lawyer Gunz's godfather Jurij (Georg) Dolinar, who received 1050 francs. According to the
second source, Kersnik filled his troubles with difficult teaching quite a lot: between April
and November 1811 he was supposed to receive 130 francs a month, 1560 francs a year. All
professors, including Hladnik, had the same salary, who lectured in natural language in
mineralogy in German in 1810/11. Only the architect Xyacinte Main (Hiacint Maine, *
Trieste or Dalmatia) had 166 francs a month or 2000 francs a year, but already left Ljubljana
in November 1811; apparently even a higher salary did not outweigh the replacement of the
Dalmatian Sun with the Ljubljana fog. In 1846, 1847, and 1848, Kersnik had the highest
annual salary among professors on the Lyceum, as it was 1200 fl even twice or even three
times more than the average. He had, however, the longest working life, in 1846, totaling
forty-seven years, of which thirty-seven years on the very same Ljubljana Lyceum. In
addition to the geometric initials from 1830, Kersnik published a shorter report on the
earthquake on August 27, 1840, and about minor earthquakes in the following days. In doing
so he proved to be a conscientious observer. Kersnik's natural history, chemistry and applied
mathematics ideas can be judged by his use of textbooks, his purchases for the physics cabinet
and by the works of his students. Among Kersniks students was the author of the first
Slovene textbook about physics, Karl (Luka) Robida, who, according to Kersnik's guidelines,
was a fascinating bird in Slovenian physical terminology. About Kersnik's lectures and
equipment that he may have he brought in from the Illyrian provinces a year before his death,
his former pupil, Janez Trdina: "... Kersnik had an old, mutilated experimental tool, with
which he tried many things, as well as a mathematical proof." he was popular and was not
particularly learned, such as Kleeman, who was replaced after his death in 1850 and
demanded mathematical proofs. Kersnik was also allowed to answer Slovene. He was very
happy with the scripts in the Slovene language because he was interested in Slovenian
terminology of physics... " Kersnik's device for physical experiments in 1811 Kersnik had a
good command of French, which at that time was a great advantage for a professor in the
Illyrian Provinces. In 1809/10, he lectured in French at Central schools in Ljubljana, and in
1811 he listed experimental devices in the chemical and physical cabinet of the Central
schools in the French language; In doing so, he made some minor spelling mistakes. The list
shows that Kersnik really had something to show to his students, as he did not lack the latest
educational tools. Kersnik listed a vertical pneumatic device or a vacuum pump as the first
device in the chemical cabinet, and the second one was . Zois invention of blast furnace and
associated movable supports. It seems as if Zois would like to design the Ljubljana school for
Kersnik's demonstration to technically talented students. Kersnik also had two blades with a
board and lamps, two thermometers with metallic criteria, a balance with weights from a
medium, a smaller and larger scales, a cell with a cell, two aerometers, a large bell with a long
copper tube, a copper pneumatic tub (for vacuum experiments) and a silver lantern with all
the supplies. Kersnik further mentioned crystal, earthenware, metal, iron, wood, porcelain and
other devices for chemical experiments. In the ninth department of the chemical cabinet, he
then listened thirty-three samples in the collection of minerals from the mine in Idrija and
another two hundred and fifty samples of other minerals.
With a list of fifty-six other chemical elements and compounds, mostly metals, Kersnik filled
the A3 and A3 in its "section 10". For some metals it also described a color, e.g. yellow, red
and dark-brown lead, black and red iron, and black and red mercury, almost Idrija. Kersnik
cited even metals that were discovered only after his birth. Kersnik's collection of minerals
was certainly no better than the once Hacquet or even Zois's, but nevertheless aroused
admiration. In the cabinet for physics and mathematics, Kersnik first began to measure
devices of gravity. He listed: a large balancing balancer, a second large scale with two legs,
the small scales, the small scales with medial arms, twenty-seven weights with hooks for
hanging and seven without them, the more precise experimental scales in the flow, a wooden
weaver for flowing weights, the small scales in a box of wood. In addition, he also wrote
down a centrifuge, six devices for displaying a parallelogram of forces, ten filled ivory
spheres for collision experiments, pulleys for bicycles of brass and wood, a collection of
simple devices for static experiments, a double cone, the scales with a base, oblique a plot to
prove the theory of accelerated motion along the slope, a device for launching a horizontal
target, a small pharmacy weights, and three different semi-weighted weights. In the
Hydrostatics Department, the conscientious Kersnik fed two tubes connected to the third
(connecting vessels), a hollow cylinder of glass and brass. Together with them, he placed a
partially framed truncated cone, an elongated gilded vase, a Viennese volumetric measure
from a brass, a double fountain, a cubic inch as a hollow measure, a collection of all simple
hydrostatic devices, several glass bells. For vacuum experiments, he collected a glass hollow
ball for opening, a Magdeburg semicircle for proof of vacuum, a hollow copper opening, three
very small valves, three cylinders from a medium with a vacuum cleaner and a pump, Heron's
water pump with a rotary jet, a pneumatic device (a vacuum pump, those listed in the first
place), a barometer, a transient fountain, a double fountain and a Cartesian swimmer by B.F.
Erberg acquired for the Jesuits of Ljubljana in 1755.

In acoustic experiments, Kersnik used a single and triple string, Aeolis harp, which extracted
the hidden mockery of Hummel's students a decade later at Graz University and glass figures
as musical instruments. Kersnik kept a concave mirror between the optical and astronomical
devices, three ardent acoustic glasses in the stream, other glass, glass prisms and cones, four
earth binoculars with micrometers, Earth and sky hemispheres, a composite microscope, the
terrestrial binoculars with a paper tube and a small portable camera obscura as an ancestor of
the camera. He also had a map of the world, a sunshine, a convex glass panel, two convex
blackened mirrors for observing the sun's eclipses, colored discs, a special microscope, a
black board for optical experiments, a paper screen, an optical experiment panel, and a
darkened portable container. The magnet was considered an artificial magnet, a magnetic
needle, a magnet of opposite poles, various other devices, a crushing device, an adhesive and
a boiler. More magnetic devices, most likely by mistake, were listed in the geometry section
that he listed last. Kersnik's chemistry with the heat value of Kersnik's era of Lavoisier's
discoveries was the study of thermal phenomena as part of chemistry as physics, so Kersnik
mentioned chemical and heat experiments in the same breath. A pyrometer, a iron ring with a
sphere to prove the thermal expansion of the bodies, an elongated furnace for spraying,
several small glass horns, two bottles with two throats, two glass spheres with containers,
bladders for opening from the brass, pipes with plain and bone keys, two eutomimeters for
chemical synthesis, funnel, crushing pool, glass crushing vessels and a cooker.

Electric devices were a small friction device, an electric conductor from the brass, a circuit, a
large, fast friction, an electrical device with conductors, two Kleists or a Leyden jars, a
cylindrical conductor from brass, a cylindrical wooden insulator, six Kleist and Leyden jars of
various sizes, "Empty" (accumulator) with iron guides, water dispenser from brass, Henleys
standard dispenser, plates from brass, wire guide for translation, electrophore (Voltas),
capacitor, conductors, toy with electric bells, electric pistols, two glass rods as an insulator, a
lightning-plate display or a spark gap, a copper Voltas battery with twenty-five elements, a
lightning-tower demonstration tower, a lightning explosion display tower, a Voltas battery
with fifty-seven plates without an inscription, and an insulator. The French occupation
certainly contributed to the use of the inventions of Napoleon's guardian, Senator Volta.
Kersnik greatly improved his collection in 1811 when he acquired the portable Volt's zinc-
gold battery, an optical observation points for air penetration, a hygrometer with a
thermometer and a pneumatic lighter. Early in the same year, the main governor of the Illyrian
Provinces, the Duke and the Dubrovnik Marshal Auguste-Frdric-Louis Viesse de Marmont
(* 1774; 1852) donated his extensive laboratory with a detailed analytical balance, Volt's
battery to his Kersniks cabinet of the Ljubljana Central Schools at a voltage of 100 V
(perhaps the one Kersnik listed), a galvanic battery with hundreds of elements of copper zinc,
a distillation apparatus, a gasometer, an audiometer, an annealing furnace, high temperature
gas heaters, fourteen retorts, twelve Woulfe's bottles, nineteen funnels , two mufflers, fourteen
containers, thermometers, aerometers, glass, metal and porcelain pipes, several hundred
pumpkins, two hundred glasses, porcelain cooking pots, iron and wooden stands, tweezers
and spoons. Marmont obviously learned a lot from his private chemistry teacher, Zelli; he
certainly liked to get some kind of buzz at home. On 16 November 1809, Marmont arrived in
Ljubljana as the governor of the Illyrian Province, and at the beginning of 1811 he returned to
Paris, also because the Marmont wife of Ljubljana was reluctant (Kova, 1979, 281), probably
because of the Capuchin sermons in the Capuchin church of Ljubljana. Kersnik's geometry
instruction system

Table 12: Geometry teaching devices by Kersnik's inventory in 1811

French record Slovenian description of the device

Chane Chain
Compas de fer Iron chord (2 copies)
Planchette Deck
Dioptre Optical device, also a lens detector unit
Aiguille aimante Magnetic needle
Balance horizontale Balance at horizontal axes
Astrometre Astrometer: to measure Distances between distant points (in the sky)
Cercle proportional Asynchronous circuits as analog computers
Transporter de fer transversal length from iron
Transporter de laiton transversal length from brass
Cne, Cubus, Balle, Cylindre Equal high cone, cube, sphere and cylinder
Cylindre Cylinder
Cne Cone
Prisme Prism
Prisme triangulare Prism with triangular base plate
Prisme sexangulaire Pyramid with six-angular base plate
Tetradre Tetrahedra
Octodre Octahedra
Pyramide triangulaire Pyramid with triangular base plate
Cne tronque chopped cone
Cubus taill Crowned cube, probably with trimmed vertebrae

Twenty-four geometric mathematical devices in twenty-two versions of Kersnik's cabinet was

a useful collection, which could certainly be envied by many. Apart from two compasses and
analog computers, Kersnik had only one instance from each device; he used them primarily in
front of a table in the then demonstrative mode of teaching, when students of the device were
not allowed to test themselves in the form of experimental lessons. There was even a bit of
inconsistency in the inventory, since Kersnik first searched the magnetic needle between
magnetization devices and then geometric devices. By B.F. Erberg's Ljubljana listing in 1755,
Kersnikov was probably the first to have been the first inventor of the list, and he probably
could not help with any convenient notes of his predecessors. On September 26, 1845, with
additional purchases from 1846, Kersnik listed three hundred and ninety devices in his
physical cabinet. Among them, many were also useful for teaching mathematics, such as the
drawing machine (Reisszeug) under the number 368, produced by Magazine, now an
unknown craftsman or institution. In this case, the French term of the French term should be
regarded as a mathematics in general, although the devices were in fact intended primarily for
the teaching of geometry.
FIGURE 47: Kersniks portrait (gift of Kersnik's granddaughter).
FIGURE 48: Kersniks portrait in his advanced years.

FIGURE 49: The praise of Kersnik's students on his name-day (gift of Janez umrada).
Figure 50: Kersniks list of the camera, telescope, microscope, micrometer and other optical
astronomical devices in 1811.
Figure 51: Kersniks list of mathematical devices in 1811.
Figure 52: Kersniks hydraulic mathematic on the bottom for 4th class of architecture students
under Zellis supervision of Eoles Centrales of Ljubljana.
Figure 53: Kersniks marks for his students of chemistry in 1812 (SI_ZAL).
Figure 54: Kersniks marks for his students in 1813 (SI_ZAL).
Figure 55: Kersniks List of Minerals in his lab in 1811.
Figure 56: Kersniks geometrical tools with analog computer (proportional cercle) in 1811.
Figure 57: Kersniks geometrical tools on his last page of in 1811.

Table 13: Kersnik's teaching aids enumerated in 1811 top = the doctrine of heat, mechanics =
mechanics; sv = optics; em = electrics and magnetism; chem = chemistry).
Code Tool Area Rubric of inventory kosov
1 Pneumatic device, vertical top Chemistry I 1
2 Blast-Furnace of Baron Zois top Chemistry I 1
3 Bellows with board and fluorescent lamps meh Chemistry I 2
4 Thermometers with metal gauges top Chemistry I 2
5 Weighing scales and weights made of brass meh Chemistry I 1
6 Weighing scales, second Weighing scale, smaller meh Chemistry I 1
7 Battery, Voltaic cell em Chemistry I 1
8 Aerometers meh Chemistry I 2
9 Bellows, large and long copper pipe meh Chemistry I 1
10 Pneumatic vessel of copper kem Chemistry I 1
11 Lamp from silver and supplies sve Chemistry I 1
1 Tubes, of different glass kem Crystals II ?
2 Colored glass crystal chest kem Crystals II 11
3 Cords with their pistons kem Crystals II 4
4 Gas, gas measuring instrument meh Crystals II 1
5 Bells, very Large bells meh Crystals II 3
6 Bells of different sizes meh Crystals II 14
7 Bells of different sizes from brass meh Crystals II 5
8 Cylinders, Crystal cylinders kem Crystals II 4
20 Batter evaporators meh Crystals II 10
21 Containers, Large vessels kem Crystals II 16
22 Balloons of different measured sizes kem Crystals II 10
23 Chest of glass kem Crystals II 19
24 Cupboards of different measured sizes kem Crystals II 19
24 Containers, Small bowls of glass kem Crystals II 130
25 Glasses on chest stands kem Crystals II 25
25 Bins, Common glass vessels kem Crystals II 0
26 Balloons, together connected by glass chest kem Crystals II 2
26 Matches of different measured sizes kem Crystals II 49
27 Woulf's appliance, bottle for it kem Crystals II 12
28 Crystal Chest kem Crystals II 9
29 Spoons of glass kem Crystals II 3
30 Woulf's appliance, Crystal bowl chest kem Crystals II 6
31 Glass tools for filters kem Crystals II 4
32 Plate of Glass kem Crystals II 21
33 Glass of vitrine kem Crystals II 16
34 Crystal bottles kem Crystals II 14
1 Tiled and clay vessels made of pottery kem Clayey III 0
2 Earth blades tiled meh Clayey III 0
3 Earth blades tiled meh Clayey III 31
4 Reflecting furnace clay made of clay pottery kem Clayey III 3
5 Cutting, tailoring, ceramic Stoneware kem Clayey III 14
6 Clay pots Stoneware kem Clayey III 10
7 Clay pots Stoneware kem Clayey III 2
8 Sand clay, bath clay kem Clayey III 9
9 Sand clay, bath clay Stoneware meh Clayey III 16
10 Stoneware made of stone / mercury base bellows meh Clayey III 1
11 Brick-restrails meh Clayey III 1
12 Bricks, plain brickwork meh Clayey III 3
1 Copper bin meh Metal IV 1
5 Vessel from copper meh Metal IV 2
6 Pool from brass meh Metal IV 1
7 Pool, black from brass, with tap bubble meh Metal IV 3
8 Metal plate / support of bellows meh Metal IV 2
9 Pipe, large, curved, of copper bellows meh Metal IV 1
10 Pipe, large, curved, of copper bellows meh Metal IV 1
1 File bellows meh Iron V 10
2 Small saw blade meh Iron V 0
3 Drill bits meh Iron V 2
4 Pliers, two small in between bellows meh Iron V 3
5 Hammer, in between one small meh Iron V 2
6 Chisel meh Iron V 2
7 Clip for flame meh Iron V 3
8 Knife blades meh Iron V 3
9 Piece of steel meh Iron V 2
10 Vice, in between one small meh Iron V 2
11 Rifle, stick for (pouring) rifle bellows meh Iron V 1
12 Small of iron meh Iron V 3
13 Large portable sand bell I meh Iron V 1
14 Iron instrument for plates meh Iron V 1
15 Iron blade meh Iron V 1
16 Iron rudder meh Iron V 1
17 Iron vessel meh Iron V 2
18 Sand bell of Iron meh Iron V 2
19 Big anvil made steal with a wooden frame meh Iron V 1
20 Big iron portable sandy meh Iron V 1
21 Big grinding device made of iron, with meh Iron V 1
pistons
22 Writing tool made of white iron meh Iron V 1
1 Sieve made of crioe (?) meh Wooden VI 6
2 Wooden skeleton for filters meh Wooden VI 10
3 Pneumatic vessel framed with wood meh Wooden VI 1
4 Smaller vessel, Pneumatic vessel meh Wooden VI 1
5 Container for gases meh Wooden VI 2
6 Big table with two drawers meh Wooden VI 0
7 Cases with briquettes meh Wooden VI 0
8 Barrel framed with iron, frame made of brass meh Wooden VI 1
9 Ghiridons(?) meh Wooden VI 4
10 Vessel, small wooden vessel meh Wooden VI 1
11 Wooden shelf meh Wooden VI 1
12 Case made of glass meh Wooden VI 1
13 Case made of wood meh Wooden VI 1
14 Table with two drawers meh Wooden VI 1
15 Table, second similar meh Wooden VI 1
16 Case for boxes put in the corners meh Wooden VI 1
17 Table, one with two regales meh Wooden VI 2
18 Cases meh Wooden VI 5
19 Barrel with converiles(?) meh Wooden VI 2
1 Creuseta(?) made of porcelain meh Porcelain VII 2
2 Tools of porcelain meh Porcelain VII 6
1 Skins for mercury meh Different VIII 5
1 Friction meh Different VIII 1
2 Bladders with pipes of brass meh Different VIII 1
2 Majhna blagajna z blok.omb.obl meh Different VIII 1
3 Bladders without pipes meh Different VIII 6
3 Cooker for glow meh Different VIII 2
4 Door-mat meh Different VIII 40
4 Table meh Different VIII 2
5 Small savfueti (?) meh Different VIII 1
6 etki meh Different VIII 2
8 Aune (?)of white flannel meh Different VIII 1
1 Series of minerals of Idrija kem Minerals 33
2 Different minerals kem Minerals 250
1 Platina kem Instrument 1
2 Oxides kem Instrument 1
3 Sulfate of zinc, copper, mercury, iron kem Instrument 1
4 Zinc carbonate kem Instrument 1
5 Cobalt kem Instrument 1
6 Nickel kem Instrument 1
7 Antimony kem Instrument 1
8 Zinc kem Instrument 1
9 Lead kem Instrument 1
10 Bismuth kem Instrument 1
11 Cinnabar of Idrija kem Instrument 1
12 Gold kem Instrument 1
13 Mercury, black and red kem Instrument 1
14 Phosphorus kem Instrument 1
15 Read and black iron kem Instrument 1
16 Mercury nitrate wit a little bismuth kem Instrument 1
17 Uranium kem Instrument 1
18 Chromium kem Instrument 1
19 Osmium kem Instrument 1
20 Sulphur kem Instrument 1
21 Copper and lead acetate kem Instrument 1
22 Silicon kem Instrument 1
23 Ammoniac kem Instrument 1
24 Silicon kem Instrument 1
25 Zinc sulfate kem Instrument 1
26 Zinc carbonate kem Instrument 1
27 Zinc vitriol kem Instrument 1
28 Olive oil kem Instrument 1
1 Scale, big, for surfaces meh Gravity 1
2 Scale, big, with two containers meh Gravity 1
3 Scale, small Scale meh Gravity 1
4 Scale, small and container of brass meh Gravity 1
5 Measures, weights with hooks meh Gravity 27
6 Measures, weights without hooks meh Gravity 7
7 Scale for experiments with flow meh Gravity 1
8 Measures, case made of wood for weights meh Gravity 1
9 Scale, small and the wooden box meh Gravity 1
10 Central tool meh Gravity 1
11 Forces, Apparatus for the parallelogram meh Gravity 6
of forces
12 Balls of ivory, filled meh Gravity 10
13 Pulleys or rods made of brass meh Gravity 0
14 Pulleys made of wood meh Gravity 1
15 Statics, collection of simple tools meh Gravity 1
18 Cone, double cone meh Gravity 1
19 Scale, tools for scale meh Gravity 1
20 Inclined plate, the theory about it meh Gravity 1
21 Motion, Apparatus for motion of bullets meh Gravity 1
22 Measures, pharmaceutic weights meh Gravity 1
23 Measures, different kinds of weights for meh Gravity 3
half of a pound
1 Small tubes, two, connected with third meh Hydrostatics 1
tube
2 Cylinder, hollow, made of glass and bras meh Hydrostatics 1
3 Cone, cut, partly in frame meh Hydrostatics 1
4 Vase, oval, goldened, big meh Hydrostatics 1
5 Measures, Viennese (of volumes) made of meh Hydrostatics 1
brass
6 Fountain, double Fountain meh Hydrostatics 1
7 Cubic inch in the hollow of a body meh Hydrostatics 1
8 Collections of all tools for the simple meh Hydrostatics 1
hydrodynamics + dynamics
9 Bell, many bells of glass meh Hydrostatics 0
10 Bell, of glass, with key, hollow meh Hydrostatics 1
11 Magdeburg hemispheres meh Hydrostatics 1
12 Bell, of copper, with key, hollow meh Hydrostatics 1
13 Valve, very small valve meh Hydrostatics 3
14 Cylinder of brass for pump meh Hydrostatics 3
15 Heros fountain (rotation flow) meh Hydrostatics 1
16 Pneumatic tool meh Hydrostatics 1
17 Barometer meh Hydrostatics 1
18 Fountain, alternating fountain meh Hydrostatics 1
19 Double (Diabetes ?) meh Hydrostatics 1
20 Cartesian devil (floating) meh Hydrostatics 1
1 String, mono String meh Acoustics 1
2 String, triple String meh Acoustics 1
3 Aeolis harp meh Acoustics 1
4 Glass for acoustic figures meh Acoustics 1
1 Mirror, concave Mirror sve Optics Astronomy 1
2 Ardent, Acoustic glass in box sve Optics Astronomy 3
3 Glass sve Optics 1
5 Prisms, prisms of glass sve Optics mechanics 1
6 Cone, glass cones sve Optics Astronomy 1
7 Telescope, Terrestrial with micrometer sve Optics Astronomy 4
8 Earth and Nebular hemisphere sve Optics Astronomy 1
9 Microscope, combined microscope sve Optics Astronomy 1
10 Telescope, Terrestrial with paper tube sve Optics Astronomy 1
11 Camera obscura, small portable sve Optics Astronomy 1
12 Map of the world sve Optics Astronomy 1
13 Clock, gnomon sve Optics Astronomy 1
14 Plate, convex glass plate sve Optics Astronomy 1
15 Mirror, convex, blackened sve Optics Astronomy 2
16 Discs, colored discs sve Optics Astronomy 1
17 Microscope, special Microscope sve Optics Astronomy 1
18 Table, black desk for experiments with sve Optics Astronomy 1
optics
19 Screen of paper sve Optics Astronomy 1
20 Plate for experiments with optics sve Optics Astronomy 1
100 Room, dark, for lifting of feathers (?) sve Optics 1
1 Pyrometer top Heat Chemistry 1
2 Iron ring with a ball (demonstrating the dilation top Heat Chemistry 1
with heat)
3 Furnace, Oval furnace with blower top Heat Chemistry 1
4 Horn, several smalls made of glass top Heat Chemistry 2
5 Bottle (Flask) with two throats top Heat Chemistry 2
6 Ball, ball of glass with a vessel top Heat Chemistry 2
7 Key for bladders, of brass top Heat Chemistry 1
8 Tubes with keys top Heat Chemistry 1
9 Tubes with keys of bonne top Heat Chemistry 1
10 Eudiometer (for chemical synthesis) top Heat Chemistry 2
11 Funnel top Heat Chemistry 1
12 Basin for friction top Heat Chemistry 1
13 Vessel for friction made of glass top Heat Chemistry 1
14 Cooker top Heat Chemistry 1
100 Hygrometer with thermometer top Heat 1
101 Lighter, Pneumatic Lighter top Heat 1
1 Frictional electric tool, small em Electricity 1
2 Conductor made of brass em Electricity 2
3 Circle current em Electricity 1
4 Frictional electric tool, big, with conductors em Electricity 1
5 Leyden (Kleists) jar em Electricity 6
6 Cylinder made of brass (conductor) em Electricity 1
7 Cylinder made of wood (insulator) em Electricity 1
8 Leyden (Kleists) jars, different em Electricity 6
9 Emptier (Exetateur) +Fe loop em Electricity 1
10 Emptier (exuta) and loop made of brass em Electricity 1
11 Emptier (exuta?????) Henleys, general em Electricity 1
12 Plates of brass em Electricity 1
13 Communication tread with knots em Electricity 3
14 Electrophorus em Electricity 1
14 Electrophorus em Electricity 1
15 Condenser em Electricity 2
16 Conductors em Electricity 2
17 Bells, Toy With electric Bells em Electricity 1
18 Pistol, Electric pistol em Electricity 1
19 Glass emres (?) em Electricity 1
20 Battery, Plate for lightning em Electricity 1
21 Battery, Voltaic, copper cell with 25 plates em Electricity 1
22 Battery (of 25 plates) column / lightning em Electricity 1
23 Column for explosion em Electricity 1
24 Battery, Voltaic, with 75 plates em Electricity 1
25 Electrometer em Electricity 1
26 Insulator em Electricity 1
100 Batteries/ gold-zinc electrical, portable em Electricity 12
1 Magnet, artificial magnet em Magnetism 1
2 Magnetic needle em Magnetism 0
3 Magnet, alternative (?) magnets em Magnetism 2
1 Chain (loop) em Geometry 1
2 Compass, iron compass em Geometry 2
3 Small desk mat Geometry 2
4 Double optics (?) mat Geometry 1
5 Magnetic needle em Geometry 1
6 Scale, horizontal Scale mat Geometry 1
7 Astro-meter mat Geometry 1
8 Concentric circles mat Geometry 1
9 Transporter, transporter made of iron mat Geometry 1
10 Transporter of brass mat Geometry 1
11 Cone (of equal size) mat Geometry 1
12 Cylinder (of equal size) mat Geometry 1
12 Cylinder (of equal size) mat Geometry 1
13 Ball (of equal size) mat Geometry 1
13 Cylinder mat Geometry 1
14 Cone mat Geometry 1
15 Prism mat Geometry 1
16 Prism, Triangular Prism mat Geometry 1
17 Prism, six-angular base plate Prism mat Geometry 1
18 Tetrahedron mat Geometry 1
19 Octahedron mat Geometry 1
20 Prism, Triangular Prism mat Geometry 1
21 Cone, cut cone mat Geometry 1
22 Cube, hewed (cut, conceal) Cube mat Geometry 1
Table 14: List of experimental equipment for Physics in Kersniks (1811, 1847) and Mitteis
lab (1866).

Price: Site of kepin

Pieces Price:
List Cod INSTRUMENT Are Rubric Produce Crown
kr
Purchase Referenc
s
e a d e
181 1 Pneumatic device, vertical Top Chemistr 1 0 0 0 0 Chem
1 cabine
yI
181 2 Blast-Furnace (steelworks) of baron Top Chemistry I 1 0 0 0 0 Chem
1 Zois with blower and associated cabine
movable supports
Chemistry c
181 3 Bellows with board and lamps Meh Chemistry I 2 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 4 Thermometers with metallic Top Chemistry I 2 0 0 0 0
1
measures
Chemistry c
181 5 Weighing scales and weights Meh Chemistry I 1 0 0 0 0
1
made of brass
Chemistry c
181 6 Weighing scales, second Meh Chemistry I 1 0 0 0 0
1
Weighing scale, smaller
Chemistry c
181 7 Battery, Voltaic cell em Chemistry I 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 8 Aerometers meh Chemistry I 2 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
Chemistry c
181 9 Bellows, large and long meh Chemistry I 1 0 0 0 0
1
copper pipe
181 10 Pneumatic vessel of kem Chemistry I 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1 copper
Chemistry c
181 11 Lamp from silver and sve Chemistry I 1 0 0 0 0
1
supplies
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 1 Tubes, of different glass kem glass and crystal II
1 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 2 Colored glass crystal chest kem glass and crystal II
11 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 3 Cords with their pistons kem glass and crystal II
4 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 4 Gas, gas measuring meh glass and crystal II
1 0 0 0 0
1
instrument
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 5 Bells, very Large bells meh glass and crystal II
3 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 6 Bells of different sizes meh glass and crystal II
14 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 7 Bells of different sizes from meh glass and crystal II
5 0 0 0 0
1
brass
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 8 Cylinders, Crystal cylinders kem glass and crystal II
4 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 20 Batter evaporators meh glass and crystal II
10 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 21 Containers, Large vessels kem glass and crystal II
16 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 22 Balloons of different kem glass and crystal II
10 0 0 0 0
1
measured sizes
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 23 Chest of glass kem glass and crystal II
19 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 24 Cupboards of different kem glass and crystal II
19 0 0 0 0
1
measured sizes
Vessels made of 130 Chemistry c
181 24 Containers, Small bowls of kem glass and crystal II
0 0 0 0
1
glass
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 25 Glasses on chest stands kem glass and crystal II
25 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 25 Bins, Common glass vessels kem glass and crystal II
? 0 0 0 0
1
 Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 26 Balloons, together connected kem glass and crystal II
2 0 0 0 0
1
by glass chest
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 26 Matches of different kem glass and crystal II
49 0 0 0 0
1
measured sizes
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 27 Woulf's appliance, bottle for kem glass and crystal II
12 0 0 0 0
1
it
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 28 Crystal Chest kem glass and crystal II
9 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 29 Spoons of glass kem glass and crystal II
3 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 30 Woulf's appliance, Crystal kem glass and crystal II
6 0 0 0 0
1
bowl chest
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 31 Glass tools for filters kem glass and crystal II
4 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 32 Plate of Glass kem glass and crystal II
21 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of Chemistry c
181 33 Glass of vitrine kem glass and crystal II
16 0 0 0 0
1
Vessels made of 1811 1811 Chemistry c
181 34 Crystal bottles kem glass and crystal II
14 0 0
1
181 1 Tiled and clay vessels made kem Lonene III ? 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
of pottery
181 2 Earth blades tiled meh Lonene III ? 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 3 Earth blades tiled meh Lonene III 31 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 4 Reflecting furnace clay made kem Lonene III 3 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
of clay pottery
181 5 Cutting, tailoring, ceramic kem Lonene III 14 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
Stoneware
181 6 Diggers of clay kem Lonene III 10 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 7 Gloves kem Lonene III 2 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 8 Vessels of clay kem Lonene III 9 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 9 Sand clay bath meh Lonene III 16 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 10 Stoneware made of stone / meh Lonene III 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
mercury base bellows
181 11 Brick-restrails meh Lonene III 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 12 Bricks, plain brickwork meh Lonene III 3 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
Chemistry c
181 1 Copper bin meh Kovinske IV 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 5 Vessel from copper meh Kovinske IV 2 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 6 Pool from brass meh Kovinske IV 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 7 Pool, black from brass, with meh Kovinske IV 3 0 0 0 0
1
tap bubble
Chemistry c
181 8 Metal plate / support of meh Kovinske IV 2 0 0 0 0
1
bellows
Chemistry c
181 9 Pipe, large, curved, of copper meh Kovinske IV 1 0 0 0 0
1
bellows
Chemistry c
181 10 Pipe, large, curved, of copper meh Kovinske IV 1 0 0 0 0
1
bellows
Chemistry c
181 1 File bellows meh Iron V 10 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 2 Small saw blade meh Iron V 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 3 Drill bits meh Iron V 2 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 4 Pliers, two small in between meh Iron V 3 0 0 0 0
1
bellows
 Chemistry c
181 5 Hammer, in between one meh Iron V 2 0 0 0 0
1
small
Chemistry c
181 6 Chisel meh Iron V 2 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 7 Clip for flame meh Iron V 3 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 8 Knife blades meh Iron V 3 0 0 0 0
1
181 9 Piece of steel meh Iron V 2 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
Chemistry c
181 10 Vice, in between one small meh Iron V 2 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 11 Rifle, stick for (pouring) rifle meh Iron V 1 0 0 0 0
1
bellows
181 12 Small of iron meh Iron V 3 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
Chemistry c
181 13 Iron spoon meh Iron V 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 14 Iron instrument for meh Iron V 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1 plates
Chemistry c
181 15 Iron blade meh Iron V 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 16 Iron rudder meh Iron V 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 17 Iron vessel meh Iron V 2 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 18 Sand bell of Iron meh Iron V 2 0 0 0 0
1
+leseno ogro
181 19 Veliko nakovalo iz jekla z les meh Iron V 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 20 Velika elezna prenosna peena meh Iron V 1 0 0 0 0 kopel+Fe re

1
181 21 Monar, big made of ieon ? bati meh Iron V 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
Chemistry c
181 22 Pisalo (ecritoir ???) of white (?) iron meh Iron V 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 1 Sito iz crioe (?) meh Wooden VI 6 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 2 Leseno ogrodje za filtre meh Wooden VI 10 0 0 0 0
1
181 3 Pnevmatska kad obloena z les. meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 4 Kad Manja (pnevmatska) kad meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
pipa of brass
181 5 Kad za shranjevanje plinov meh Wooden VI 2 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 6 Big table with two regals meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 7 Regals with briquettes meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 8 Barrel in iron frame, frame made of meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0
1 brass
Chemistry c
181 9 Vessel, small wooden vesel meh Wooden VI 4 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 10 Kad, Majhna lesena kad meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 11 Wooden plate meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 12 Regal made of glass meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 13 Regali made of wood meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 14 Table z dvema predaloma meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 15 Table, Drugo podobno meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 16 Regali za toke postavljene v kotih meh Wooden VI 1 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 17 Table, ena z dvema predaloma meh Wooden VI 2 0 0 0 0
1
Chemistry c
181 18 Regali meh Wooden VI 5 0 0 0 0
1
 Chemistry c
181 19 Sod z converiles(?) meh Wooden VI 2 0 0 0 0
1
181 1 Kopa (Creuseta ??) iz Porcelaina meh Porcelain VII 2 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
Chemistry c
181 2 Orodje iz Porcelaina meh Porcelain VII 6 0 0 0 0
1
181 1 Koe za ivo srebro meh Razlini VIII 5 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 1 ? (s) trenje meh Razlini VIII 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 2 Mehurji z pipami of brass meh Razlini VIII 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 2 Majhna blagajna z blok. omb. meh Razlini VIII 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1 Obloena
181 3 Mehurji brez pip meh Razlini VIII 6 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 3 Cooker for glow meh Razlini VIII 2 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 4 Rogoznik meh Razlini VIII 40 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 4 Table meh Razlini VIII 2 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 5 Majhni nepokodovani (=saufuete??) meh Razlini VIII 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 6 Two brushes meh Razlini VIII 2 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 8 Aune (?) of white flannel meh Razlini VIII 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
Chemistry c
181 1 Series of minerals from Idrija kem Minerali IX 33 0 0 0 0
1
250 Chemistry c
181 2 Different minerals kem Minerali IX 0 0 0 0
1
Instrument 10 Chemistry c
181 1 Platina kem 1 0 0 0 0
1
Instrument 10 Chemistry c
181 2 Oxides kem 1 0 0 0 0
1
Instrument 10 Chemistry c
181 3 Sulfate of zinc, copper, mercury, iron kem 1 0 0 0 0
1
Instrument 10 Chemistry c
181 4 Zinc carbonate kem 1 0 0 0 0
1
Instrument 10 Chemistry c
181 5 Kobalt kem 1 0 0 0 0
1
Instrument 10 Chemistry c
181 6 Nickel kem 1 0 0 0 0
1
Instrument 10 Chemistry c
181 7 Antimony kem 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 8 Zinc kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 9 Lead kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 10 Bismuth kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 11 Cinnabar of Idrija kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 12 Gold kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 13 Mercury, black and kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1 red
181 14 Phosphorus kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 15 Read and black iron kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 16 Mercury nitrate wit kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1 a little bismuth
181 17 Uranium kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 18 Chrome kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 19 Osmium kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 20 Sulphur kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 21 Copper and lead kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1 acetate
181 22 Silicon kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 23 Ammoniac kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 24 Silicon kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 25 Zinc sulfate kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 26 Zinc carbonate kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 27 Zinc vitriol kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 28 Olive oil kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 Chemistry c

1
181 1 Scale, big, for meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet
fizike,matem

1 surfaces
181 2 Scale, big, with two meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet
fizike,matem

1 containers
181 3 Scale, small Scale meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet
fizike,matem

1
181 4 Scale, small and meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1 container of brass
181 5 Measures, weights Meh Gravity 11 27 0 0 0 0
1 with hooks
181 6 Measures, weights meh Gravity 11 7 0 0 0 0
1 without hooks
181 7 Scale for meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1 experiments with
flow
181 8 Measures, case made meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1 of wood for weights
181 9 Scale, small and the meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1 wooden box
181 10 Central tool meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 11 Forces, Apparatus meh Gravity 11 6 0 0 0 0
1 for the
parallelogram of
forces
181 12 Balls of ivory, meh Gravity 11 10 0 0 0 0
1 filled
181 13 Pulleys or rods made meh Gravity 11 ? 0 0 0 0
1 of brass
181 14 Pulleys made of wood meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 15 Statics, collection meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1 of simple tools
181 18 Cone, double cone Meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 19 Scale, tools for meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1 scale
181 20 Inclined plate, the meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1 theory about it
181 21 Motion, Apparatus meh Gravity 11 1 Eberhard?? 0 0 0 0
1 for motion of
bullets
181 22 Measures, meh Gravity 11 1 0 0 0 0
1 pharmaceutic weights
181 23 Measures, different meh Gravity 11 3 0 0 0 0
1 kind of weights for
half of a pound
181 1 Small tubes, two, meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 connected with third
tube
181 2 Cylinder, hollow, of meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 glass and brass
181 3 Cone, cut, partly in meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 frame
181 4 Vase, oval, meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 goldened, big
181 5 Measures, Viennese meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 (of volumes) made of
brass
181 6 Fountain, double meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 Fountain
181 7 Cubic inch in the meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 hollow of a body
181 8 Collections od all meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 tools for the simple
hydrodynamics
181 9 Bell, many bells of meh Hydrostatics 12
? 0 0 0 0
1 glass
181 10 Bell, of glass, with meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 key, hollow
181 11 Magdeburg meh Hydrostatics 12
1 1755-26 0 0 0 0
1 hemispheres
181 12 Bell, of copper, meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 with key, hollow
181 13 Valve, very small meh Hydrostatics 12
3 0 0 0 0
1 valve
181 14 Cylinder of brass meh Hydrostatics 12
3 0 0 0 0
1 pump
181 15 Heros fountain meh Hydrostatics 12
1 1755-27 0 0 0 0
1 (rotation flow)
181 16 Pneumatic tool meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1
181 17 Barometer meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1
181 18 fountain, alternate meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1 fountain
181 19 Double (Diabetes ?) meh Hydrostatics 12
1 0 0 0 0
1
181 20 Cartesian devil meh Hydrostatics 12
1 1755-45 0 0 0 0
1 (floating)
181 1 String, mono String meh Acoustics 13
1 0 0 0 0
1
181 2 String, triple meh Acoustics 13
1 0 0 0 0
1 String
181 3 Aeolis harp meh Acoustics 13
1 1755-19 0 0 0 0
1
181 4 Glass for acoustic meh Acoustics 13
1 0 0 0 0
1 figures
181 1 Mirror, concave sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 0 0 0 0
1 Mirror
181 2 Ardent, Acoustic sve Optics, Astronomy 14
3 0 0 1811
0
1 glass in footrule
181 3 Glass sve Optika
1 0 0 0
0
1
181 5 Prisms, prisms of sve Optics mehanics
1 0 0 1811
0
1 glass
181 6 Cones, cones of sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1 glass
181 7 Telescope, sve Optics, Astronomy 14
4 0 0 1811
0
1 Terrestrial with
micrometer
181 8 Earth and Nebular sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1 hemisphere
181 9 Microscope, combined sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 1755-40? 0 0 1811
0
1 microscope
181 10 Telescope, sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1 Terrestrial with
paper tube
181 11 Camera obscura, sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 1755-42 0 0 1811
0
1 small portable
181 12 Map of the world sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1
181 13 Clock, gnomon sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1
181 14 Plate, convex glass sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1 plate
181 15 Mirror, convex, sve Optics, Astronomy 14
2 0 0 1811
0
1 blackened
181 16 Discs, colored discs sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1
181 17 Microscope, special sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 1755-41? 0 0 1811
0
1 Microscope
181 18 Table, black desk sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1 for experiments with
optics
181 19 Screen of paper sve Optics, Astronomy 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1
181 20 Plate for sve Optics Astronomija 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1 experiments with
optics
181 100 Room, dark, for sve Optics 1 0 0 1811 1811 temnica,foto
1829!

1 lifting of feathers
(?)
181 1 Pyrometer top Heat Chemistry 15
1 0 0 0 0
1
181 2 Iron ring with a ball top Heat Chemistry 15
1 0 0 0 0
1 (demonstrating the
dilation with heat)
181 3 Furnace, Oval top Heat Chemistry 15
1 0 0 0 0
1 furnace with blower
181 4 Horns, several small top Heat Chemistry 15
2 0 0 0 0
1 made of glass
181 5 Bottle (Flask) with top Heat Chemistry 15
2 0 0 0 0
1 two throats
181 6 Ball, ball of glass top Heat Chemistry 15
2 0 0 0 0
1 with a vessel
181 7 Key for bladders, of top Heat Chemistry 15
1 0 0 0 0
1 brass
181 8 Tubes with keys top Heat Chemistry 15
1 0 0 0 0
1
181 9 Tubes with keys of top Heat Chemistry 15
1 0 0 0 0
1 bones
181 10 Eudiometer (for top Heat Chemistry 15
2 0 0 0 0
1 chemical synthesis)
181 11 Funnel top Heat Chemistry 15
1 0 0 0 0
1
181 12 Basin for friction top Heat Chemistry 15
1 0 0 0 0
1 (Smashing)
181 13 Vessel for friction top Heat Chemistry 15
1 0 0 0 0
1 (smashing) made of
glass
181 14 Cooker top Heat Chemistry 15
1 0 0 0 0
1
181 100 Hygrometer with top Heat 1 0 0 1811 1811 Dodano na k

1 thermometer
181 101 Lighter, Pneumatic top Heat 1 0 0 1811 1811 Dodano na k

1 Lighter
181 1 Frictional electric em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1 tool, small
181 2 Conductor made of em Electricity 16 2 0 0 0 0
1 brass
181 3 Circle current em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 4 Frictional electric em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1 tool, big, with
conductors
181 5 Leyden (Kleists) em Electricity 16 6 0 0 0 0
1 jar
181 6 Cylinder made of em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1 brass (conductor)
181 7 Cylinder made of em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1 wood (insulator)
181 8 Leyden (Kleists) em Electricity 16 6 0 0 0 0
1 jars, different
181 9 Empty (Exetateur) em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1 and Fe loop
181 10 Empty (exuta) and em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1 brass loop
181 11 Empty (exuta?????) em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1 of Henley, general
181 12 Plates of brass em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 13 Communication tread em Electricity 16 3 0 0 0 0
1 with knots
181 14 Electrophorus em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 15 Electrophorus em Electricity 16 2 0 0 0 0
1
181 16 Condenser em Electricity 16 2 0 0 0 0
1
181 17 Conductors em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 18 Bells, Toy With electric Bells em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 19 Pistol, Electric pistol em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 20 Glass emres (?) em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 21 Battery, Plate for lightning em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 22 Battery, Voltaic, copper cell with 25 em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1 plates
181 23 Battery (of 25 plates) column / em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1 lightning
181 24 Column for explosion em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 25 Battery, Voltaic, with 75 plates em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 26 Electrometer em Electricity 16 1 0 0 0 0
1
100 1811 1811 Dodano na k
181 Insulator em Electricity 16 12 0 0
1
181 1 Batteries/ gold-zinc electrical, em Magnetism 17 1 0 0 0 0
1 portable
181 2 Magnet, artificial magnet em Magnetism 17 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 3 Magnetic needle em Magnetism 17 2 0 0 0 0
1
 181 1 Magnet, alternative (?) magnets em Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 2 Chain (loop) em Geometry 18 2 0 0 0 0
1
181 3 Compass, iron compass mat Geometry 18 2 0 0 0 0
1
181 4 Double optics (?) mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 5 Magnetic needle em Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 6 Scale, horizontal Scale mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 7 Astrometer mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 8 Concentric circles mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 9 Transporter, transporter made of iron mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 10 Transporter of brass mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 11 mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
Cone (of equal size)
1
181 12 Cylinder (of equal size) mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 12 Cylinder (of equal size) mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 13 Ball (of equal size) mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 13 Cylinder mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 14 mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
Cone
1
181 15 Prism mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 16 Prism, Triangular Prism mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 17 mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
Prism, six-angular base plate
1 Prism
181 18 Tetraether mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 19 Octahedra mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 20 Prism, Triangular Prism mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 21 Cone, cut cone mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
181 22 Cube, hewed (cut, conceal) Cube mat Geometry 18 1 0 0 0 0
1
184 1 Measures, 3 Viennese meh Mass, Weight 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-1

7 I
feet made of brass
184 2 Measures, 3 Viennese meh Mass, 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-1

7 feet, Pakfong Weight I

184 3 Measures, 3 Viennese meh Mass, 1 Savan 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-1

7 feet made if Weight I

fishbones
184 4 Measures, Viennese meh Mass, 1 0 0 0 1811

7 fathom (klafter) made of wood Weight I

184 5 Measures, Viennese meh Mass, 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-1

7 feet and nonius Weight I

184 6 Measures, 3 Viennese meh Mass, 1 Magainer 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-1

7 feet and Parisian Weight I

feet
184 7 Measures, Viennese meh Mass, 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-1

7 feet and bigger nonius Weight I

184 8 Measures, wooden meter with meh Mass, 1 Fanzoy323 0 0 0 1845

7 promiles Weight I

Sin ali vnuk Antona Obalta (Oswald) Fanzoi, ki je leta 1865 v Ljubljani odprl tovarno platna (orn, 117-
323

118).
 1845
184 9 Measures, zero basic circle, meh Mass, 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 goniometer Weight I
1845
184 10 Measures, school measures meh Mass, 1 Magainer 0 0 0
7 Weight I
1811
184 11 Measures, cubic zoll meh Mass, 1 0 0 0
7 Weight I
1811
184 12 Measures, cubic zoll meh Mass, 1 0 0 0
7 Weight I
184 13 Measures, Kubini evelj meh Mass, 1 Freyberger 0 0 0 1845

7 Weight I
184 14 Measures, Kubini evelj meh Mass, 1 0 0 0 1811

7 Weight I
184 15 Measures, Kubini evelj meh Mass, 1 Freyberger 0 0 0 1845

7 Weight I
1811
184 16 Measures, Dunajske mere meh Mass, 1 0 0 0
7 Weight I
1845
184 17 Measures, Liter (hollow) made of meh Mass, 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7 brass (100) Weight I
0
184 18 Weights, Valjaste Weights made of meh Mass, 1 Hess 0 0 0
7 wood Weight I
184 19 Weights razlinih vrst (8, 9, 75, 78) meh Mass, 5 Huck 0 0 0 1811

7 Weight I
Huck, Franz = 1811
184 20 Measures, Viennese pound meh Mass, 7 0 0 0
Fanzoy??
7 Weight I
1845
184 21 Scale, Hydrostatic Scale meh Mass, 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 Weight I
Holl.-Hess 1845
184 22 Transporter od apparatus meh Mass, 4 0 0 0
7 Weight I
1845
184 23 Scale, Hydrostatic Scale meh General II 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 24 Valj/marmor z obroem made of meh General II 2 0 0 0 1811

7 brass
184 25 Valj iz ploevine meh General II 2 Pershe 0 0 0 1845

7
Thoman,Ste 1845
184 26 Plate of marble meh General II 2 0 0 0
7
Freyberger 1845
184 27 Small plate made of brass meh General II 1 0 0 0
7
Holland,Sc 1845
184 28 Plate of iron meh General II 1 0 0 0
7
1845
184 29 Plate made of wood meh General II 2 Pershe 0 0 0
7
Uhlman,Gla 1845
184 30 Plate of glass meh General II 8 0 0 0
7
1845 (655)
184 31 Cylinder made of wood meh General II 7 Pershe 0 0 0
7
1845
184 32 Parallelepipeds made of different meh General II 7 Pershe 0 0 0
7 woods
1845
184 33 Box with powder meh General II 1 Pershe 0 0 0
7
184 34 Friction meh General II 1 Thoman324 0 0 0 1845

7
1811
184 35 Funnel of brass meh General II 1 0 0 0
7
184 36 Snovi, Razline: srebro,zlato meh General II 1 0 0 0 0

7
1811
184 37 Eberhars equigonal apparatus meh Solids III 1 0 0 0
7
184 38 Nollets325 equigonal apparatus meh Solids III 1 Hess 0 0 0 1845

7
1845 (87)
184 39 Valj, klin, vijak in drugo meh Solids III 6 Echter 0 0 0
7
1811 1845 (85),2 nabav
184 40 Mere za merjenje valjev (V) meh Solids III 4 Fanzoy 0 0
7
0 1811
184 41 Measures, Valjaste mere made of meh Solids III 2 0 0
7 wood
184 42 Strunica meh Solids III 1 0 0 0 1811

7
1811 1845 (88(374)405
184 43 Ball, cilinder, ravnina meh Solids III 3 Pershe 0 0
7

324
Ignacij Thoman (Toman, * 11. 7. 1782; 11. 6. 1859).
325
Abb Jean-Antoine Nollet (* 1700; 1770).
 184 44 Merilec doline kolesa meh Solids III 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
Fanzoy, Echter 1845
184 45 Scale of Sageinar and Mussenberger meh Solids III 1 0 0 0
7
Univerza 1845
184 46 Cycloid, tool for cycloid meh Solids III 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
7
Univerza 1845
184 47 Cycloid meh Solids III 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
7
1845
184 48 Throw, Apparatus for horizontal meh Solids III 1 Hess 0 0 0
7 Throw,
1845
184 49 Falling through slope meh Solids III 1 Hess 0 0 0
7
184 50 Falling, Atwoods tool for meh Solids III 1 Univerza 0 0 0 1845
Dunaj
7 demonstration of the Falling
1811
184 51 Cikloidni model meh Solids III 1 0 0 0
7
1845
184 52 Valj, Model valja meh Solids III 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 53 Metronom meh Solids III 1 Walzel326 0 0 0 1845

7
Hess&Nitel 1845
184 54 Trk, Nolletova naprava in stativ meh Solids III 1 0 0 0
7
Univerza 1845
184 55 Tribometer meh Solids III 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
7
184 56 Tribometri, Ponev/razlini kovinski meh Solids III 2 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

7
1811
184 57 Trenje, Ravnina za trenje meh Solids III 1 0 0 0
7
1845
184 58 Trenje, Kvadrant ravnine za trenje meh Solids III 1 Franzl 0 0 0
7
1811
184 59 Centralna naprava meh Solids III 1 0 0 0
7
Hana(c)zik 1845
184 60 Centrifugalni stroj Bohenbergers meh Solids III 1 0 0 0
7
184 61 Krogla valj, piramida za teie meh Solids III 6 0 0 0 1811

7
184 62 Aerometer, Nicholsons made of meh Liquids IV 1 Riebler 0 0 0 1845

7 brass
Liquids IV 1845
184 63 Aerometer, Srebrni in bakreni meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 64 Aerometer, Leseni aerometer meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 65 Aerometer, Meisner, steklo in stojala meh 7 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 66 Aerometer of Mohs327 made of brass meh Liquids IV 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
Liquids IV 1845
184 67 Aerometer, Baumes made of brass meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 68 Aerometer, Baumes stekleni meh Liquids IV 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
Liquids IV 1845
184 69 Pithometer by Meissner meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 70 Woltmannss merilec vozlov meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 71 Pitotova cev meh 1 Pershe 0 0 0
7
184 72 Vodomet, Hidrostatini vodomet meh Liquids IV 1 0 0 0 1811

7
184 73 Hidrostatini modeli iz eleza meh Liquids IV 1 0 0 0 1811

7
Liquids IV 1811
184 74 Arhimedov vijak meh 1 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 75 Vzvod, Wolfs dvigalo na vzvod meh 1 Todter 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 76 Blower, 'sGravesandes blower meh 1 Todter 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 77 Kolo na vodni pogon meh 1 Pershe 0 0 0
7

326
Oskar Franz Walzel (SBL, 3: 617).
Friedrich Mohs (* 1773; 1839), utemeljitelj mineralogije v habsburki monarhiji na osnovi skale trdot
327

mineralov (Stiller, 1889, 21).

 184 78 Kartezini potaplja (ponirek) meh Liquids IV 2 Brodman 0 0 0 1845

7
Liquids IV 1811
184 79 Merjenje hitrosti vode meh 1 0 0 0
7
184 80 Venturis tube meh Liquids IV 1 Pershe 0 0 0 1845

7
Liquids IV 1845
184 81 Posoda, Prepustna posoda meh 1 Riebler 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 82 Ball made of brass meh 1 Riebler 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 83 Posoda, Bakrena posoda meh 1 Todter 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 84 Paralelopiped made of brass, votel in meh 2 Huck 0 0 0
7 poln
Liquids IV Univerza 1845
184 85 Cylinder made of brass / hollow, meh 2 0 0 0
Dunaj
7 foilled, 5 and 10 inches
Liquids IV Univerza 1845
184 86 Krogla/ made of brass, votla, polna, 5 meh 2 0 0 0
Dunaj
7 in 10 col
Liquids IV 1845
184 87 Cev made of brass meh 2 Nitel,dres 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 88 Cev iz kosti meh 2 Nitel,dres 0 0 0
7
184 89 Valj s parabolinim lijakom meh Liquids IV 1 Nitel 0 0 0 1845

7
184 90 Valj z ravnim parabolinim lijakom meh Liquids IV 1 Riebler 0 0 0 1845

7
Liquids IV 1845
184 91 Krogla made of wood meh 1 Pershe 0 0 0
7
Liquids IV 1845
184 92 Krogla iz voska meh 1 Pershe 0 0 0
7
184 93 Lijak iz stekla meh Liquids IV 2 Graf328 0 0 0 1845

7
Liquids IV 1845
184 94 Pipa made of brass meh 1 Huck 0 0 0
7
184 95 Vezne posode (komunikacijske), ve meh Liquids IV 1 Graf 0 0 0 1845

7 kosov
Liquids IV 1845
184 96 Mundus elementaris? zemeljski meh 1 Graf 0 0 0
7 element
184 97 Tlailka, zrana z vodoravnim meh Liquids IV 1 Samassa329 0 0 0 1811

7 kornjem
184 98 Tlailka, zrana z dvema navpinima meh Liquids IV 1 Huck 0 0 0 1845

7 kornjema
184 99 Magdeburki polkrogli meh Gases 2 Samassa 0 0 0 1845

7
100 Sagar- 1845
184 Recipienti, Stekleni recipienti meh Gases 3 0 0 0
7 tovarna
184 101 Recipienti stekleni zrano tesnjeni meh Gases 2 Sagar- 0 0 0 1845

7 tovarna
102 Sagar- 1845
184 Barometr tubes meh Gases 2 0 0 0
7 tovarna
103 Freyberger 1845
184 Vestalsko sito (?) meh Gases 1 0 0 0
7
104 1845
184 Cylinder made of brass, in wood meh Gases 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
105 1811
184 Ball made of bras meh Gases 1 0 0 0
7
184 106 Herons ball meh Gases 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

7
184 107 Herons fountain meh Gases 1 0 0 0 1811

7
108 1811
184 fountain, alternative fountain meh Gases 1 0 0 0
7
109 1811
184 Barometer with nonius meh Gases 1 0 0 0
7
110 Hana(c)zik 1845
184 Barometer, barometer by lever for meh Gases 1 0 0 0
7 travels

328
iga Graf (* 1801 Ljubljana; 1838) je na Dunaju doktoriral iz kemije leta 1824 z disertacijo Die Feiberinde
in botanischer, chemischer und pharmaceutischer Beziehung, leta 1831 pa je v Pragi objavil kemijske analize
toplic (Pintar, Ivan. 1925. Graf iga (Geslo). SBL. 1: 242; Glaar, S.A.; Kuan, A.; Jemec, A. 2001. Razvoj
pouevanja kemije. MINET. 1-9, tu str. 1.
329
Janez Jakob Samassa, Zoisov prijatelj.
 184 111 Barometer meh Gases 1 von Vest330 0 0 0 1845

7
112 Freyberger 1845
184 Funnel, magic (Zaubertrichter) meh Gases 1 0 0 0
7
113 1845
184 Barometer, big barometer meh Gases 2 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7
184 114 Pump for compression meh Gases 1 Samassa331 0 0 0 1845

7
115 1845
184 Hygrometer by Saussure meh Gases 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
116 1845
184 Hygrometer by Krnier meh Gases 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 117 Pump with a tube made oif skin koe meh Gases 1 Heim 0 0 0 1845

7
118 1845
184 (fraterna carita) meh Gases 1 Riebler 0 0 0
7
119 Graf, Fanzoy 1845
184 Strain, simple vertical Strain meh Gases 1 0 0 0
7
120 1845
184 Strain meh Gases 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
121 1845
184 Lever by Beuten meh Gases 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
122 1845
184 Vakuum, cylinder for the falling in meh Gases 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 vacuum
123 1845
184 Vapor, lower apparatus/ vaporing meh Gases 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
124 1845
184 Manometer by Gestrer meh Gases 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 125 Mariottes (Boyles) law, apparatus meh Gases 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7 for demonstration
126 1845
184 Wollanston, Kryophorus (freezer) meh Gases 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
127 Univerza 1845 z dunajske u
184 Clock (acoustic) for experiments with meh Gases 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
7 sound
128 1811
184 String, Single string meh Acoustics 1 0 0 0
7
129 1811
184 String, Triple string meh Acoustics 1 0 0 0
7
184 130 Aeolus harp meh Acoustics 1 0 0 0 1811

7
184 131 Hladnys glass Plates/ acoustic figure meh Acoustics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
132 1845
184 Forks, Acoustic forks meh Acoustics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
133 1845
184 Whistles, Acoustic Whistles meh Acoustics 1 Pershe 0 0 0
7
134 1845
184 Organ Whistles made of zinc meh Acoustics 1 Kunard 0 0 0
7
135 1845
184 Organ Whistles made of wood meh Acoustics 1 Kunard 0 0 0
7
136 1845
184 Metallic plates for acoustic figures meh Acoustics 1 Schulz 0 0 0
7
137 1845
184 Sirena, Canayrd (de) L'Atour meh Acoustics 1 Echter 0 0 0
7 (Latour????)332
138 1845
184 Apparatus with three organ Whistles meh Acoustics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
139 1845
184 Tubes for listening meh Acoustics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
140 1845
184 Communication tubes meh Acoustics 1 Prishner 0 0 0
7
141 1845 (10)
184 Microscope, simple microscope sve Optics 3 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7
142 1811 (118)
184 Mirror, hollow glass Mirror sve Optics 1 0 0 0
7
143 1811 (119) mesin
184 Lens, convex with r=2 in frame sve Optics 1 0 0 0
7

330
Joef pl Vest (* 1769; 1832), od leta 1820 profesor kmetijstva na Ljubljanskem liceju in e posebej sadjar
(Adami & Gspan, SBL, 4: 430)).
331
Anton Samassa (* 1808; 1883), zvonar
332
Caginard de la Tour, kemik
 144 1811
184 Lens, convex (r=2) in box sve Optics 1 0 0 0
7
145 1845 (121)
184 Prism, glass Prism sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
146 1811
184 Telescope with micrometer sve Optics 1 0 0 0
7
184 147 Microscope, folding microscope sve Optics 2 Smole333 0 0 0 1845

7
148 1845
184 Telescope, simple terrestrial sve Optics VII 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7
149 1811
184 Camera obscura (darkened), small sve Optics VII 1 0 0 0
7
150 1845
184 Camera obscura, big, folding sve Optics VII 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
151 1811
184 Mirror, blackened, convex sve Optics VII 1 0 0 0
7
152 0
184 Mirror, Cylindric Mirror sve Optics VII 1 0 0 0
7
153 Univerza 1845
184 Mirror Pyramidic Mirror sve Optics 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
7
154 1845
184 Mirror, Cylindric mirror on steel sve Optics 1 Holland 0 0 0
7
184 154 Telescope, Gregorys mirror, no. sve Optics 3 Jenko,334 Oroy, 0 0 0 1845 Jenko,Oroy,
n
dunajska
7 154a univerza
155 1845
184 Magic lamp (lanterna magica) sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
155 Brodmann 1845
184 Glass polyhedral (written no. 155a) sve Optics 2 0 0 0
7
156 1845
184 Prism, Achromatic Prism (1866-2) sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
157 Univerza 1845
184 Mirrors, colored mirrors sve Optics 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
7
158 Weis,Smole 1845
184 Telescope (achromatic) Uzschneider sve Optics 2 0 0 0
7 (1866-34)
184 159 Watsons colored glasses (1866-5) sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
160 1845
184 Microscope, solar, colored glass sve Optics 1 Schmid 0 0 0
7
161 1845
184 Microscope, mirror microscope sve Optics 1 Magainer 0 0 0
7
162 1845
184 Magic perspective sve Optics 1 Echter 0 0 0
7 (Zauberperspektive)
163 1845
184 Goniometer by Baumgartner sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
164 1845
184 Photometer with teeth sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
165 1845
184 Camera lucida (light) by Wollaston sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
166 1845
184 Camera obscura (dark) by Chevalier sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
167 1845 (751)
184 Interference apparatus sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
168 1845 777,turmal=
184 Tourmaline pump (Sauge) sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
169 1845
184 Polarization, Baumgartners sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 apparatus
170 1845
184 Polyhedron anamorphic (shape?) sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
171 1845
184 Goniometer, handy goniometer sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
172 1845
184 Magic lamp (lanterna magica) sve Optics 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
173 Brodmann 1845
184 Mirror, simple plane Mirror sve Optics 4 0 0 0
7
174 1811
184 Prismatic colored cone sve Optics 2 0 0 0
7
175 1845
184 Long desk for guiding the rays sve Optics 4 Echter 0 0 0
7

333
Tovarnar Mihael Smole, ki je leta 1834 podprl Mahrovo olo (orn, 1982, 191; SBL, 2: 198, 3: 385).
334
dr. Joef Jenko (* okoli 1780 Kranj; po 1844 Dunaj).
 176 1845
184 Peg-Top, refraction of light in fluids sve Optics 1 Holland 0 0 0
7
177 1845
184 Kaleidoskope sve Optics 1 Uhlman 0 0 0
7
178 1845
184 Thermometer (mercury) and cylinder top Heat 7 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
179 1845
184 Calorimeter by Lavoisier and Laplace top Heat 1 Riebler 0 0 0
7
180 1811
184 Para, copper ball for vapor top Heat 1 0 0 0
7
181 1811
184 Hoop with ball (for the demonstration top Heat 1 0 0 0
7 of the dilation of mater ???)
184 182 Saussures measurer of solar rays top Heat 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

7
183 1845
184 Pump, Pneumatic pump top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 1845
184 Distillation, vessel for Distillation top Heat 1 Todter 0 0 0
7
185 1845
184 Thermometer, metallic thermometer top Heat 3 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
186 1845
184 Lamp, Hum. Davys (with lamp?) top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
187 1845
184 Lamp, Davys safety top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 188 Lamp, Aldinis335 safety top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
189 1845
184 Igniter with platins top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
190 1845
184 Igniter and electrophorus top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
191 1845
184 Leslis Cube (782) top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 192 Papins pot top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
193 1845
184 Pyrometer, Wedgewoods top Heat 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7 pyrometer336
194 1811
184 Cooker, Spiral cooker top Heat 1 0 0 0
7
195 1845
184 Boiler, copper Boiler top Heat 1 Todter 0 0 0
7
196 1845
184 Glow top Heat 1 na trgu 0 0 0
7
197 1845
184 Blacks connecting tube top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
198 1845
184 Lamp, Berzelius lamp top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
199 1845
184 Guytons (de Morveau) stative top Heat 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
200 1845
184 Battery, Volta + 14 col torus em Electricity 1 Echter 0 0 0
7
201 1845
184 Battery, Volta + 20 col torus em Electricity 1 Echter 0 0 0
7
202 1845
184 Electrophorus em Electricity 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7
203 1845
184 Condenser em Electricity 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7
204 1845
184 Battery Voltaic,100 cells, 12 inches em Electricity 1 Huck 0 0 0
7
205 1811
184 Battery, Voltaic, 28 cells, 4 inches em Electricity 1 0 0 0
7
206 1811
184 Battery, Voltaic, 12 cells, 4 inches em Electricity 1 0 0 0
7
207 1845
184 Leyden jar em Electricity 7 Echter 0 0 0
7
208 1811
184 Emptier (Fall) Henleys, general em Electricity 1 0 0 0
7
209 1845
184 Safety fuse em Electricity 2 Echter 0 0 0
7
210 1845
184 Torus for the dance of puppets em Electricity 1 Riebler 0 0 0
7

335
Giovanni Aldini (* 1762; 1834), neak torinskega piarista Beccarie,
336
Ganot, 264 (fig. 265). 274.
 211 1811
184 Electric bell em Electricity 1 0 0 0
7
212 1845
184 Pistol, Electric pistol em Electricity 2 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7
213 1845
184 Bell tower, stroke Bell tower em Electricity 0 Echter 0 0 0
7
214 1845
184 Z Bell tower, Explosion Bell tower em Electricity 1 Echter 0 0 0
7
184 215 Accumulator made of brass, for em Electricity 1 Franzl337 0 0 0 1845

7 charge
184 216 Electrometers by Bennet,338 Henley, em Electricity 3 Franzl 0 0 0 1845

7 Kork
217 1845
184 Komunikacijski vodnik em Electricity 2 Franzl 0 0 0
7
184 218 Ura, Elektrina ura em Electricity 1 Schlagelhofer
0 0 0 1845 izdela Schla

7
184 219 Herbersteinova elektrina ura(? em Electricity 1 Schlagelhofer
0 0 0 1845 izdela Schla

7
184 220 Gorilnik, Elektrini gorilnik em Electricity 1 Schlagelhofer
0 0 0 1845 izdela Schla

7
221 1845
184 Hays electrical apparatus em Electricity 1 Echter 0 0 0
7
222 1845
184 Coulombs Scale em Electricity 1 Echter 0 0 0
7
223 1845
184 Lightning rod em Electricity 1 Echter 0 0 0
7
224 Bernbachne 1845
184 Vrvica iz svile (kot izolator) em Electricity 1 0 0 0
7
225 1845
184 Atmospheric Electricity, apparatus em Electricity 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
226 1845
184 Galvanizem, stativ za napravo em Electricity 3 Huck 0 0 0
7
184 227 Ploevinasta varnostna(zaponka em Electricity 1 0 0 0 1811

7
184 228 Dolga??? knjiga elektrinih meritev em Electricity 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
229 1845
184 Bliski v cevi, tabla (Geisslers?) em Electricity 1 Echter 0 0 0
7
230 1845
184 Franklins Quadrat em Electricity 1 Echter 0 0 0
7
184 231 Battery, elektrina, 6 feet em Electricity 1 0 0 0 1811

7
232 Magnetism 1845
184 Magnetic needle, ordinary, em 2 Franzl 0 0 0
7 compass(?)
233 Magnetism 1845
184 Magnet v obliki podkve em 2 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
234 Magnetism 1845
184 Inklinacijsko-deklinacijska igla em 2 Nothen 0 0 0
7
235 Magnetism Cerug(Cicr 1845
184 Magnet, Armirana magnetna em 1 0 0 0
7 kamnina
236 Magnetism 1845
184 Compass em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
237 Magnetism 1845
184 Nihalo, Magnetno vodoravno nihalo em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
238 Magnetism 1845
184 Nihajni apparatus em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
239 Magnetism 1845
184 Apparatus za demonstracije em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
240 Magnetism 1845
184 Baumgartners electromagnetic em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 apparatus naprava
184 241 Pomnoevlaka, Schweiggers339 em Magnetism 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
184 242 Pomnoevalka, Fechnerjeva340 em Magnetism 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
243 Magnetism 1845
184 Magnetni magazin em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7

337
Oe???? Tovarnarja pletilstva Kranj Henrika Franca Franzla (* 1859; 1917)
338
Na zlate listie (Ganot, 689 ( 751), 890 (fig. 643)).
339
Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger (* 1779; 1857), izumitelj galvanometra na univerzi Halle.
340
Gustav Theodor Fechner (* 1801; 1887) iz Leipziga, tudi psihofizik.
 244 Magnetism 1845
184 Inklinacija,deklinacija, po Etlingerju em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 245 Magnetoelektrina naprava (El-mag) em Magnetism 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
246 Magnetism 1845
184 Magnet, Armiran magnet em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
247 1845
184 Skleda iz modrega stekla kem Chemistry 2 Graf 0 0 0
7
248 1845
184 Stekleni balon za komunikacije kem Chemistry 2 Graf 0 0 0
7
249 1845
184 Phiolen (?) kem Chemistry 4 Graf 0 0 0
7
250 1845
184 Pihalo, Oralno enostavno, veter kem Chemistry 1 Holland 0 0 0
7
251 1845
184 Oralni,enostavni za veter, z dodatki kem Chemistry 2 Holland 0 0 0
7
252 Huck, Fanzoy 1845 Huchk in Fa
184 Priestleyev polnilni apparatus kem Chemistry 3 0 0 0
7
184 253 Pnevmatika ivosrebrni in marmorni kem Chemistry 1 Thomann 0 0 0 1845

7
254 1845
184 Pnevmatika z vodo in lesom kem Chemistry 1 Pleshko 0 0 0
7
255 1845
184 Pnevmotoraks (Gasbrucken ?) kem Chemistry 2 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7
256 1845
184 Prehodni topilni lonec kem Chemistry 4 Hartmuth 0 0 0
7
184 257 Zvoilo iz Porcelaina kem Chemistry 2 Hartmuth 0 0 0 1845

7
184 258 Retorte, ploevinaste retorte kem Chemistry 1 Hartmuth 0 0 0 1845

7
259 1845
184 Balon, Stekleni balon kem Chemistry 2 Graf 0 0 0
7
184 260 Retorte razlinih velikosti kem Chemistry 8 Sagar Fabr 0 0 0 1845 Tovarna Sag

7
261 1845
184 Stekleni plinski kem Chemistry 7 Sagar 0 0 0
7 Reupinute(?)Reuginten???Neupinten
262 1845
184 Eudiometer, Voltov eudiometer kem Chemistry 1 Samassa 0 0 0
7
263 1845
184 Eudiometer, Gay-Lussacs kem Chemistry 2 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 eudiometer
184 264 Puka, bakrena, sitaste oblike kem Chemistry 1 Todter 0 0 0 1845

7
265 1845
184 Bakreni nastavek kem Chemistry 1 Todter 0 0 0
7
184 266 Aerometer, gazometer s tlailko kem Chemistry 1 Huck 0 0 0 1845

7
267 Wagner,idr 1845
184 Zbirka kemijskih snovi, reagentov kem Chemistry 1 0 0 0
7
268 1845
184 Posoda za razstavljanje vode kem Chemistry 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7
184 269 Posode razlinih prostornin kem Chemistry 20 Brodmann 0 0 0 1845

7
184 270 Smuarski kavelj kem Chemistry 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845

7
271 1845
184 Kosa (? ) Lopata kem Chemistry 1 na trgu 0 0 0
7
184 272 elezna ponev kem Chemistry 4 na trgu 0 0 0 1845

7
184 273 Ognjene klee kem Chemistry 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845

7
274 1845
184 Nakovalo s palico kem Chemistry 1 na trgu 0 0 0
7
275 1845
184 Model krogle kem Chemistry 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7
276 1845
184 Majhno sito kem Chemistry 1 Pleshko 0 0 0
7
184 277 Monar (top) po Rosslu=???Stosse kem Chemistry 1 Kaufman,Sc 0 0 0 1845 Kaufman, S

7
184 278 Monar (top) iz serpentina kem Chemistry 1 Wendrashek 0 0 0 1845

7
279 Wendrashek 1845
184 Skodelica za mletje iz serpentina kem Chemistry 1 0 0 0
7
184 280 Meh na roni pogon kem Chemistry 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

7
 184 281 Kapela kem Chemistry 3 Rastere341 0 0 0 1845

7
184 282 Ricthers stohiometrini nastavek kem Chemistry 1 Wagner342 0 0 0 1845

7
283 Tools XII 1811
184 Vzvod meh 1 0 0 0
7
284 Tools XII 1811
184 Vitel, zemeljski vitel meh 1 0 0 0
7
285 Tools XII 1811
184 Naprava za smetano meh 3 0 0 0
7
286 Tools XII 1811
184 Cevi meh 1 0 0 0
7
287 Tools XII 1811
184 Mlin, parni mlin meh 1 0 0 0
7
184 288 Arhimedov (?), Neskonni vijak meh Tools XII 1 0 0 0 1811

7
184 289 kripevje (Flaschenzug) meh Tools XII 1 0 0 0 1811

7
184 290 Mlin na veter z ago, fuinami meh Tools XII 1 0 0 0 1811

7
184 291 Tlailka, pumpa na vzvod meh Tools XII 1 0 0 0 1811

7
292 Tools XII 1811
184 Stiskalnica meh 1 0 0 0
7
293 Tools XII 1811
184 Strgalo za konopljo meh 1 0 0 0
7
294 1845 Hess in Tisc
184 Scales for masses, mill for paper meh Tools XII 3 Hess,Tisch 0 0 0
7
184 295 Fuine meh Tools XII 1 Hess,Tisch 0 0 0 1845 Hess in Tisc

7
184 296 Tlailka, Pump meh Tools XII 1 Hess,Tisch 0 0 0 1845 Hess in Tisc

7
297 1845 Hess in Tisc
184 Vodomet (Wasserkumpf, double meh Tools XII 1 Hess,Tisch 0 0 0
7 1811
298 1845 Hess in Tisc
184 Banka za novce meh Tools XII 1 Hess,Tisch 0 0 0
7
299 1845 Turk in Tisc
184 Kotna naprava meh Tools XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0
7
184 300 Mlin - osni in uteni mlin meh Tools xII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 1845 Turk in Tisc

7
301 1845 Turk in Tisc
184 Mlin, Konjski mlin meh Tools XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0
7
184 302 Mlin, Roni mlin meh Tools XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 1845 Turk in Tisc

7
303 1845 Turk in Tisc
184 Kolo na kopito in ...(Ausguss) meh Tools XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0
7
304 1845 Turk in Tisc
184 Kolo, Glavno kolo in ...(?rett meh Tools XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0
7
305 1845 Turk in Tisc
184 Kolo, Glavno kolo s kocko meh Tools XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0
7
306 1845 Turk in Tisc
184 Kolo meh Tools XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0
7
307 1845 Turk in Tisc
184 Vodno kolo s padcem od zgoraj meh Tools XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0
7
308 1845 Turk in Tisc
184 Mlin meh Tools XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0
7
309 Tools XII Turk,Tisch 1845
184 Valovni model meh 1 0 0 0
7
184 310 Vitel Krini vitel (s stojalom? meh Tools XII 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

7
311 Tools XII 1845
184 Naprava za sladkor meh 1 Echter 0 0 0
7
312 Tools XII 1845
184 Vzvod meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
313 Tools XII 1811
184 Mostovi in klini meh 1 0 0 0
7
314 Tools XII 1811
184 Stol meh 1 0 0 0
7
184 315 Opekarska pe meh Tools XII 1 0 0 0 1811

341
Rastern???
342
Ljubljanski lekarnar Joef Wagner, mojster in stric ige Grafa (SBL, 3: 585).
 184 316 Hidravlini oven343 meh Tools XII 1 Todter 0 0 0 1845

7
317 Tools XII 1845
184 Mlin meh 1 Holland 0 0 0
7
184 318 Tlailka, Krona tlailka meh Tools XII 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

7
184 319 Hallova naprava z zrano celico meh Tools XII 1 Passerin 0 0 0 1845

7
320 Tools XII 1845
184 Kolo, Segnert, bakreno, 2' visoko meh 1 Todter 0 0 0
7
321 Tools XII 1845
184 "Kolo, Segnertovo, bakreno,10'' meh 1 Todter 0 0 0
7 visoko"
184 322 Tlailka, Realova vodna pumpa meh Tools XII 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
323 Tools XII 1845
184 Vodna celica, naprava meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7
184 324 Stiskalnica, Bramanova344 prea meh Tools XII 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

7
325 Tools XII 1845
184 Nihajni stroj, Hessov, na vodo meh 1 Passerin 0 0 0
7
184 326 Tlailka na tlak in vlek meh Tools XII 1 Passerin 0 0 0 1845

7
184 327 Tlailka, (pumpa) tlailka meh Tools XII 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

7
328 Tools XII 1811
184 Nihanje, poskusi, stojalo za Tools meh 1 0 0 0
7
184 329 Nihanje, poskusi, bakreni obro meh Tools XII 1 Todter 0 0 0 1845

7
330 Tools XII Univerza 1845
184 Scale meh 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
7
331 Other 1845
184 Termometer in higrometer na struno meh 1 Nothen 0 0 0
7 Instruments
184 332 Ura, Sonna ura iz srebra meh Other 1 Metz 0 0 0 1845

7 Instruments
184 333 Ura, sonna ura iz medenine meh Other 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

7 (mesing) Instruments
334 Other 1845
184 Ura, lesena zvezdna ura meh 1 Echter 0 0 0
7 Instruments
184 335 Lea z nabojem, konveksna meh Other 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

7 Instruments
336 Other 1811
184 Ura meh 1 0 0 0
7 Instruments
337 Other 1845
184 Ura v predavalnici, nihajna meh 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
7 Instruments
184 338 Ura z dvojnimi utemi meh Other 1 Magainer 0 0 0 1845

7 Instruments
339 Other 1845
184 Sphaera armillaris (globus-zape??? meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 Instruments
340 Other 1811
184 Nebesna krogla meh 1 0 0 0
7 Instruments
341 Other 1811
184 Zemeljska krogla meh 1 0 0 0
7 Instruments
342 1845 0
184 Nebesna in zemeljska krogla meh Other 1 Raternolli 0 0 0
7 Instruments
343 Other 1811
184 Mapa sveta v predavalnici meh 1 0 0 0
7 Instruments
184 344 Karta za sonne pege meh Other 1 Lercher345 0 0 0 1845 (790)

7 Instruments
345 1845 (385)
184 Plate z meridiani meh Other 1 Hess 0 0 0
7 Instruments
346 Other 1845
184 Kladivo na vodni pogon meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 Instruments
184 347 Ploevinasta in lesena krogla meh Other 2 Pershe 0 0 0 1845

7 Instruments
184 348 Ploevinasto kolo meh Other 1 Freyberger 0 0 0 1845 (430)

7 Instruments
349 Other Freyberger 1845
184 Brizgalka za ogenj, majhna meh 1 0 0 0
7 Instruments

343
Hummel ga je e pozneje uporabljal na univerzi v Gradcu.
344
Bramah (Ganot, 95 (fig. 75), 96 ( 108).
345
Zalonik knjig (SBL, 2: 461).
 350 1845 (570)
184 Brizgalka, majhna meh Other 1 Pershe 0 0 0
7 Instruments
351 1845 (585)
184 Lijak (Trickler), stekleni meh Other 3 Graf 0 0 0
7 Instruments
352 1845 (672)
184 Plate za merjenje col meh Other 1 Magainer 0 0 0
7 Instruments
353 1845 (715)
184 Leseni modeli za kristale meh Other 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 Instruments
354 1845 (717)
184 Psihometer po Augustu meh Other 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 Instruments
355 Other Freybender 1845
184 Atmo(sfero)meter iz Iron meh 1 0 0 0
7 Instruments
356 1845 (763)
184 Platinasti wanme (?) meh Other 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
7 Instruments
184 357 Svetlikajo plin/rna lakirana meh Other 1 Freyberger 0 0 0 1845 (772) iz laki

7 ploevina Instruments
358 1845 (318)
184 Vzvod, leseni meh Other 1 Turk 0 0 0
7 Instruments
359 1845 (376)
184 Merilo za sekundarno nihalo meh Other 1 Hess 0 0 0
7 Instruments
360 Other 1845
184 Odtiskovalnik (Abzieheisen ?) meh 1 na trgu 0 0 0
7 Instruments
361 1845 (56) kupljen
184 Rezilnica za vijake meh Other 1 na trgu 0 0 0
7 Instruments
184 362 ipalke meh Other 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845 (400)kupljen

7 Instruments
363 1845 (400)kupljen
184 Pinceta meh Other 1 na trgu 0 0 0
7 Instruments
184 364 ilo meh Other 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845 (404)kupljen

7 Instruments
184 365 Klee ipalke meh Other 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845

7 Instruments
184 366 Botanina knjiga (herbarij) meh Other 1 Schreyberer 0 0 0 1845

7 Instruments
367 Other 1845
184 Measures, merilec okularja (?) meh 1 Honke 0 0 0
7 Instruments
368 Other 1845
184 Risalno orodje meh 1 Magainer 0 0 0
7 Instruments
369 Other 1845
184 Sekira, majhna meh 1 na trgu 0 0 0
7 Instruments
370 1845 Fiedrichova
184 Baumgartner, slike iz mehanike in iz meh Other 70 0 0 0
7 Friedrichove kemije Instruments
372 Other izdel.doma 1845
184 Majhna zbirka mineralov meh 1 0 0 0
7 Instruments
373 Tools for 1811
184 Merilna posoda meh Measurements
1 0 0 0
7
374 Tools for 1811
184 Kompas, busola meh Measurements
1 0 0 0
7
375 Tools for 1811
184 Linearni diopter (?) meh Measurements
1 0 0 0
7
376 Tools for 1811
184 Astrolab meh Measurements
1 0 0 0
7
377 Tools for 1811
184 Scale , velika vodna Scale meh Measurements
1 0 0 0
7
378 Tools for 1811
184 Scale , majhna vodna Scale meh Measurements
1 0 0 0
7
379 Tools for 1811
184 Merilno vezje meh Measurements
7 0 0 0
7
380 Tools for 1811
184 Halleyev zrcalni (teleskop???) s meh Measurements
1 0 0 0
7 stativom
0
381 Tools for 1811
184 Halleyev zrcalni oktant meh Measurements
1 0 0
7
0
382 Equipment 1845
184 Stopnice v kabinetu meh 1 Hess 0 0
7 XV
0
383 Equipment 1845
184 Klopotec v kabinetu meh 1 Hess 0 0
7 XV
0
384 Equipment 0
184 Stoli meh 0 0 0
7 XV
Velik voz za prenaanje apparatusov
0
385 Equipment 1845
184 meh 3 Hess 0 0
7 XV
Mali voz za prenaanje apparatusov
0
386 Equipment 1845
184 meh 5 Hess 0 0
7 XV
0
387 Equipment 1845
184 Stara omarica za apparatuse meh 6 0 0
7 XV
 0
388 Equipment 1845
184 Nova omarica za apparatuse meh 3 Hess 0 0
7 XV
0
389 Equipment 1811
184 Miza meh 4 0 0
7 XV
Zaboj za kemijske potrebine
0
390 Equipment 1811
184 meh 1 0 0
7 XV
Merilo 3 dunajske evlje iz medenine
42
Mass, Weight 1845
186 1 meh 1 5 42
6 (mesing) I
Merilo 3 dunajskih evljev iz ribje
78
Mass, Weight 1845
186 2 meh 1 0 78
6 kosti I
Measures, Dunajski seenj (klaftra)
17
Mass, Weight 1811
186 3 meh 1 0 17
6 made of wood I
Measures, Dunajski in pariki evelj
15
Mass, Weight 1845
186 4 meh 1 3 15
6 I
35
Mass, Weight 1845
186 5 Measures, Leseni meter meh 1 0 35
6 I
Measures, Niti krog
20
Mass, Weight 1845
186 6 meh 1 4 20
6 I
Measures, Pioe merilo
5
Mass, Weight 1845
186 7 meh 1 1 5
6 I
Measures, Votla kubina cola,
35
Mass, Weight 1845
186 8 meh 1 0 35
6 medenina (mesing) I
Measures, Trdna kubina cola
42
Mass, Weight 1845
186 9 meh 1 0 42
6 I
Measures, Kubina cola made of
8
Mass, Weight 1811
186 10 meh 1 0 8
6 wood I
Measures, Kubina cola iz eleza
17
Mass, Weight 1811
186 11 meh 1 0 17
6 I
5
Mass, Weight 1811
186 12 Measures, Dunajske mere in meh 1 1 5
6 medenine (mesinga) I
Merilo za 3 kubine evlje
52
186 13 meh Mass, Weight 1 0 52 0
6 I
57
186 14 Measures, Weights meh Mass, Weight 7 1 57 0
6 I
Measures, ute iz medenine
58
186 15 meh Mass, Weight 1 1 58 0
6 (mesinga) za funt I
35
186 1 Cilinder iz marmorja v medenini kem Chemistry II 2 0 35 0
6 (mesing)
8
186 2 Plate made of glass meh Chemistry II 5 0 8 0
6
59
186 3 Vijak meh Chemistry II 1 0 59 0
6
10
186 4 Trenje meh Chemistry II 1 0 10 0
6
17
186 5 Merilo z lijakom meh Chemistry II 1 0 17 0
6
17
1845
186 6 Balon stekleni, komunikacijski meh Chemistry II 2 0 17
6
35
0
186 7 Krogla meh Chemistry II 1 0 35
6
Aerometer s tlailko (pumpo)
25
1845
186 8 meh Chemistry II 1 5 25
6
Merilo, Jekleno merilo in elezno
10
186 9 meh Chemistry II 1 2 10 0
6
52
186 10 Merilo, Ukrivljeno merilo meh Chemistry II 1 0 52 0
6
52
186 11 Ploskev za trenje kem Chemistry II 1 0 52 0
6
Roni stroj
70
186 12 kem Chemistry II 1 0 70 0
6
35
1845
186 13 Pipa iz medenine (mesinga) kem Chemistry II 1 0 35
6
10
186 14 Stojalo za kemijske apparatuse kem Chemistry II 1 2 10 0
6
15
186 15 Scale , Stativ za vrtljivo tehtnico kem Chemistry II 1 3 15 0
6
Obro iz medenine (mesinga) in
20
186 16 kem Chemistry II 1 4 20 0
6 prstan
Stojalo obroa
78
186 17 kem Chemistry II 1 0 78 0
6
26
1811
186 18 Plate of bras kem Chemistry II 1 1 26
6
87
186 19 Measures, Pomik za Weights kem Chemistry II 1 0 87 0
6
 15
186 20 Trenje, Stekleni apparatus za trenje kem Chemistry II 2 1 15 0
6
Posoda za ivosrebrno paro
40
186 21 kem Chemistry II 1 1 40 0
6
Svetilka, piritna svetilka
63
186 22 kem Chemistry II 1 0 63 0
6
61 spon.mesing
186 23 Svetilka, Berzeliusova in 2 sponki iz kem Chemistry II 1 8 61 0
6 medenine
40
1845
186 24 Retorta, nosilec made of wood kem Chemistry II 1 1 40
6
Pnevmotoraks iz bele ploevine
42 Gasbrust(Ga
1845
186 25 kem Chemistry II 1 0 42
6
5
186 26 Vaza, Lesena vaza s steklom kem Chemistry II 1 1 5 0
6
Aerometer iz ploevine
75
186 27 kem Chemistry II 1 15 75 0
6
50
186 28 Scale , Kromirana Scale kem Chemistry II 1 8 95 0
6
95
186 29 Scale , Stativ za kromirano tehtnico kem Chemistry II 1 4 36 0
6
36
186 30 Kristalizacijsk.posoda/ za prikaz 1. kem Chemistry II 6 1 0 0
6 izrek
0
186 31 Stativ za posode z reagenti kem Chemistry II 1 3 0 0
6
0
186 32 Pisalo kem Chemistry II 1 20 20 0
6
Stiskalnica, ivosrebrna stiskalnica
0
186 33 kem Chemistry II 1 4 4 0
6
0
186 34 Measures, Wooden Weights 10 kem Chemistry II 1 16 16 0
6 gramov
0
186 35 Aerometer made of glass and bras kem Chemistry II 1 32 32 0
6
Lamp, Bunsens gas lamp
0
186 36 kem Chemistry II 2 10 10 0
6
35
186 1 Cylinders made of bras meh Equilibrium III 4 0 35 0
6
50
186 2 Lamp made of brass in cylindric form meh Equilibrium 1 10 50 0
6
leta 1845 po
falling, Atwoods tool for free falling
40
1845
186 3 meh Equilibrium 1 1 0
6 demonstrations
26
1845 leta 1845 po
186 4 Pendulum, Cycloide Pendulum meh Equilibrium 1 0 0
6
0
1845 leta 1845 po
186 5 Pendulum, net Pendulum meh Equilibrium 1 21 0
6
80
1845 eta 1845 po
186 6 Metronom meh Equilibrium 1 16 0
6
0
1845
186 7 Centrifuga, Bohenbergerjeva meh Equilibrium 1 21 1
6
36
186 8 Vitel s stojalom meh Equilibrium 1 3 0 0
6
Valj, rni polirani valj
52
186 9 meh Equilibrium 1 0 0 0
6
20
186 10 Collisions, tool for Collisions meh Equilibrium 1 4 0 0
6
22
186 11 Vzvod z bremenom in oporo meh Equilibrium 1 1 0 0
6
5
186 12 Zagozda za premikanje teles meh Equilibrium 1 1 0 0
6
92
186 13 Vijak z matico meh Equilibrium 1 1 91 0
6
93
186 14 Rod with measures, stative, weights meh Equilibrium 1 3 93 0
6
Scale , olska, s stativom
92
186 15 meh Equilibrium 1 1 32 0
6
90
186 16 Strelna ravnina iz medenine meh Equilibrium 1 18 90 0
6 (mesinga)
Krogla, litoelezna z ebljem
57
186 17 meh Equilibrium 1 1 57 0
6
60
186 18 Phalni stroj, model meh Equilibrium 1 12 60 0
6
erjav
10
186 19 meh Equilibrium 1 2 10 0
6
Ploati oven
20
186 20 meh Equilibrium 1 4 20 0
6
 30
186 21 Vzvod s kolesom meh Equilibrium 3 6 30 0
6
33
33 1855
186 22 Foucaultov poskus, za demonstracijo meh Equilibrium 1 12
6
37
37 1857
186 23 Centrifugalni stroj meh Equilibrium 2 60
6
0
Liquids IV 21 1845
186 1 Stiskalnica, Realova stiskalnica meh 1 21
6
50
157 50 1845
186 2 Stiskalnica, Brahmova stiskalnica meh Liquids 1
6
30
30 0
186 3 Stolp, Naprava za vodni stolp meh Liquids 1 90
6
60
0 1845
186 4 Vzvod, Wolfov, anatomski (dvigalo) meh Liquids 1 3
6
57
0 1845
186 5 Aerometer Nicholsonov iz medenine meh Liquids 1 1
6 (mesinga)
Aerometer, Miessers, and tube made
0
0 1845
186 6 meh Liquids 4 42
6 of glass
10
0 1845
186 7 Aerometer, Mohs, made of bras meh Liquids 1 2
6
5
0 1845
186 8 Aerometer, Beaumeov, iz medenine meh Liquids 1 1
6 (mesinga)
80
0 1845
186 9 Scale, Hydrostatic Scale meh Liquids 1 37
6
20
0 0
186 10 Mill rods meh Liquids 4 4
6
Polasti vijak za vodo
20
0 0
186 11 meh Liquids 2 4
6
80
0 0
186 12 Mill and rad tool meh Liquids 4 16
6
57
0 0
186 13 Communication tube with tool meh Liquids 1 1
6
leta 1845 t.
Rod, Segners water rod
80
0 1845
186 14 meh Liquids 1 16
6
Weltmans measurer if the velocity of
0
0 0
186 15 meh Liquids 1 28
6 flow
0
0 0
186 16 Tension in fluids (Capillary) meh Liquids 1 1
6
35
0 1845 leta 1845 po
186 1 Barometer for travels with nonius meh Gases V 1 28
6
60
0 0
186 2 Barometer for travels /by Saussure meh Gases V 1 12
6
5
0 0
186 3 Natega za stupe meh Gases V 1 1
6
25
0 1845 leta 1845 po
186 4 Falling in vacuum/Cylinder, for meh Gases V 1 5
6 demonstration
Mariottes experiment
35
0 1845
186 5 meh Gases V 1 7
6
35
0 1845
186 6 Psihometer,Augustspsihometer meh Gases V 1 21
6
77
0 1845
186 7 Barometer meh Gases V 1 5
6
57
0 1845
186 8 Hamer powered by water meh Gases V 1 1
6
0
147 1858 1858
186 9 Pump, two-sided air pump meh Gases V 1
6
40
1858 1858
186 10 Pump, Model of Pump na vzvod meh Gases V 1 8
6
40
1858 1858
186 11 Pump, Model of Pump on surplus meh Gases V 1 8
6 pressure
0
1861 1861
186 12 Barometer na nateg, thermometer and meh Gases V 1 36
6 nonius
0
1862 1862
186 13 Keppes measurer of strain (V) and meh Gases V 1 55
6 case made of skin
0
1865 1865
186 14 Barometer, Bourdons metal meh Gases V 1 40
6 barometer346
5
Acoustics VI 0 1845
186 1 Clock, Acoustic Clock for meh 1 1
6 experiments
1
0 1845 l.1847 pod
186 2 Rod, acoustic for experiments with meh Acoustics 1 0
6 sound

346
Bourdonova cev za merjenje deformacije, ki jih povzroa tekoina pod tlakom elastine snovi.
 17
0 1847 l.1847 pod
186 3 Pipe, acoustic pipe meh Acoustics 1 0
6
56
0 1845 l.1847 pod
186 4 Plates, metallic, for acoustic figures meh Acoustics 2 7
6
10
10 1845
186 5 Apparatus with 3 organ pipes mah Acoustics 1 2
6
41
41 0
186 6 Hearer meh Acoustics 1 2
6
17
17 0
186 7 Arc (as acoustic instrument?) meh Acoustics 2 0
6
Plate of Savarts metals for acoustic
60
60 1845
186 8 meh Acoustics 1 12
6 figure
70
1855 1855
186 9 Sirena meh Acoustics 1 35
6
20
20 0
186 10 Plate of elliptic glass meh Acoustics 1 0
6
0
0 0
186 11 Model for human ear meh Acoustics 8 32
6
0
1866 1866
186 12 Reis telephone meh Acoustics 1 25
6
Savarts tool for acoustic figures
0
1866 1866
186 13 meh Acoustics 1 36
6
Clock, Savarts clock
0
1866 1866
186 14 meh Acoustics 1 16
6
0
1866 1866
186 15 Wheatstones kaleidofon meh Acoustics 1 24
6
20
1866 1866
186 16 Acoustic forks meh Acoustics 2 1
6
99
0 1847 leta 1847 po
186 1 Thermometer, mercury thermometer top Heat VII 4 2
6
10
0 1847 leta 1847 po
186 2 Vapor, ball with vapor top Heat 1 2
6
20
0 1845 leta 1847 po
186 3 Pump, Pneumatic pump top Heat 1 4
6
0
0 1845 leta 1847 po
186 4 Thermometer, metallic thermometer top Heat 3 42
6
leta 1847 po
Lighter, Davys lamp
52
0 1845
186 5 top Heat 1 0
6
leta 1847 po
Lighter, Davys safe lamp
25
0 1845
186 6 top Heat 1 5
6
10
0 1847 leta 1847 po
186 7 lamp, Aldinis lamp top Heat 1 2
6
75
0 1845 leta 1847 po
186 8 Igniter with platina top Heat 1 15
6
leta 1847 po
Leslis Cube
25
25 1845
186 9 top Heat 1 5
6
70
0 1845 leta 1847 po
186 10 Papins pot top Heat 0 14
6
50
0 1845 leta 1847 po
186 11 Pyrometer, Wedgewoods pyrometer top Heat 1 3
6
55 Hohlspiegel
55 0
186 12 Mirror, convex mirror top Heat 2 4
6
50
157 50 0
186 13 Steam engine, model top Heat 1
6
Franklins tool for the measurement
80
80 0
186 14 top Heat 1 2
6 of heat dilatation
0
1861 1861
186 15 Steam engine, Watts, model top Heat 1 15
6
0
1862 1862
186 16 Mirror, concave metal Mirror top Heat 2 36
6
15
1808 1811 leta 1847 po
186 1 Telescope with micrometer sve Optics VIII 1 3
6
5
0 1845 leta 1847 po
186 2 Prism, Achromatic Prism sve Optics 1 1
6
0
0 1845
186 3 Telescope, Achromatic Telescope sve Optics 1 42
6
25
0 1847 leta 1847 po
186 4 Telescope by Azschneider sve Optics 1 47
6
leta 1847 po
Nersts color glasses
40
0 1847
186 5 sve Optics 1 8
6
60
0 1845 leta 1847 po
186 6 Goniometer, reflective by sve Optics 1 33
6 Baumgartner
leta 1847 po
Photometer, Ritschis photometer
75
0 1847
186 7 sve Optics 1 15
6
 40
0 1847 leta 1847 po
186 8 Camera lucida (bright) by Wollaston sve Optics 1 8
6
25
0 1845 leta 1847 po
186 9 Camera obscura (dark) sve Optics 1 47
6
25
0 1845 leta 1847 po
186 10 Interference apparatus sve Optics 1 47
6
40
0 1847 1847,t.168,
186 11 Turmalin pump (Sauge) sve Optics 1 8
6
60
0 1845 leta 1847 po
186 12 Polarization tool by Baumgartner sve Optics 1 54
6
Halleys mirror octant
50
0 1811
186 13 sve Optics 1 10
6
Halleys mirror octant
50
0 1811
186 14 sve Optics 1 10
6
35
0 0
186 15 Table for shows sve Optics 1 0
6
57
0 0
186 16 Prism, Stative for prism made of sve Optics 1 1
6 glass
12
0 1811
186 17 Prism, Prism made of glass sve Optics 1 1
6
25
0 0
186 18 Magic apparatus optic-magnetic sve Optics 1 5
6
Sennik z roajem
35
0 0
186 19 sve Optics 1 0
6
93
1853 1853
186 20 telescope, mirror telescope sve Optics 1 1
6
60
1853 1853
186 21 Artificial eye sve Optics 1 12
6
10
1855 1855
186 22 Mirror, convex mirror sve Optics 1 2
6
82
1856 1856
186 23 Mulers valovno glass sve Optics 1 7
6
15
0 0
186 24 Stereoscope with pictures sve Optics 1 17
6
75
204 1857 1857
186 25 Microscope solar, wind ????projector sve Optics 3
6
20
0 0
186 26 Prism 1.75 sve Optics 1 4
6
30
0 0
186 27 Prism 2.5 sve Optics 1 6
6
20
0 0
186 28 Lens in Wooden frame sve Optics 1 4
6
15
1857 1857
186 29 Lens, collection of Lenses without sve Optics 1 3
6 frames
50
0 0
186 30 Lens big and a frame made of bras sve Optics 1 10
6
5
0 0
186 31 Magnifying glass, simple sve Optics 1 1
6
55
1857 1857
186 32 Mirror, angular Mirror sve Optics 1 4
6
45
1857 1857
186 33 Mirror, parallel Mirror sve Optics 1 2
6
50
1857 1857
186 34 Mirror, color Mirror sve Optics 1 10
6
70
1858 1858
186 35 Polarization by Norrenberg sve Optics 1 77
6
40 turmali=piro
0 0
186 36 Tourmaline pump (Sauge) sve Optics 1 8
6
77
1858 1858
186 37 Lamp-shade, big light lamp-shade sve Optics 1 5
6
15
0 1811 leta 1847 po
186 38 Mirror, hollow Mirror sve Optics 1 3
6
16
1859 1859
186 39 Micro-photographic objects sve Optics 2 3
6
0
105 1860 1860
186 40 Microscope, complex sve Optics 1
6
0
1862 1862
186 41 Lens, convex Lens sve Optics 1 2
6
0
1864 1864
186 42 Prism with stative sve Optics 1 15
6
0
1864 1864
186 43 Lens, demonstration of screw sve Optics 1 12
6 polarization ???
0
1864 1864
186 44 Reflection, Apparatus for the sve Optics 1 12
6 demonstration of Reflection
 0
1865 1865
186 45 Refraction, Apparatus for the sve Optics 1 10
6 demonstration of Reflection
63
1865 1865
186 46 Interference, Norberts Plate sve Optics 1 11
6
0
1865 1865
186 47 Double refractive rhombohedra sve Optics 1 7
6
20
102 1865 1865
186 48 Spectral tool of Kirchhoff and Bunsen sve Optics 1
6
50
1866 1866
186 49 Photographic specter sve Optics 1 3
6
Magnetism IX 52
1845 leta 1847 po
186 1 Magnetic needle em 2 Franzel 2 0
6
52
Magnetism 1845
186 2 Magnet, Armored magnetic stone em 1 1 0
6
0
Magnetism 1845
186 3 Compass with gnomon em 1 1 0
6
13
1845 leta 1847 po
186 4 Magnetic magazine em Magnetism 1 1 0
6
5
1845 leta 1847 po
186 5 Magnet, Armored magnet em Magnetism 1 7 0
6
40 nabava leta
Magnetism 1855 1855
186 6 Inclination needle em 1 29
6
15
Magnetism 0 1811
186 7 Compass em 1 3
6
0
Magnetism 1863 1863
186 8 Magnet s 3 lamellas and 15 degrees em 1 23
6 of power
50
1847 leta 1847 po
186 1 Friction electric instrument, big 20 em Electricity X 1 10 0
6 inches, made of glass
5
1847 leta 1847 po
186 2 Electrophorus em Electricity 1 1 0
6
10
1847 leta 1847 po
186 3 Battery Voltaic, 25 plates by 4 inches em Electricity 1 2 0
6
Emptier, Henleys general emptier
52
1811
186 4 em Electricity 1 0 0
6
35
1845 leta 1847 po
186 5 Torus (made of glass) for the dance em Electricity 1 0 0
6 of puppets
35
1845
186 6 Clock, Electric Clock, behind the em Electricity 1 0 0
6 glass
35
1845
186 7 Pistol, Electric pistol em Electricity 1 0 0
6
35
1845 leta 1847 po
186 8 Bell tower, stroke (Einschlagthurn) em Electricity 1 0 0
6
35
0
186 9 Emptier, made of bras em Electricity 1 0 0
6
52
0
186 10 Electromotor em Electricity 3 0 0
6
25
0
186 11 Rotating copper Plate, apparatus em Electricity 1 5 0
6
20
1845
186 12 Electromagnetic apparatus em Electricity 1 25 0
6
40
1847 leta 1847 po
186 13 Multiplier, Schweigers em Electricity 1 8 0
6
159 60
1845 leta 1847 po
186 14 Baumgartners /electromagnetic em Electricity 1 0
6 rotation instrument
17
0
186 15 Insulator em Electricity 1 0 0
6
40
0
186 16 Electric hanging apparatus and em Electricity 1 8 0
6 horizontal kotva
40
1845 leta 1847 po
186 17 Coulombs Scale em Electricity 1 8 0
6
75
0
186 18 Electric instrument with two horse- em Electricity 1 15 0
6 shoes and stative
25
1845
186 19 Leyden jar for keeping of electricity em Electricity 1 5 0
6
70
1811
186 20 Clock, Electric bell tower em Electricity 1 0 0
6
45
0
186 21 Electric flying rod em Electricity 1 2 0
6
90
1811
186 22 Battery, Electric, 6 feet long em Electricity 1 18 0
6
40
0
186 23 Franklins Plate em Electricity 1 1 0
6
Battery, Smees with 6 elements
5
0
186 24 em Electricity 1 43 0
6
 5
0
186 25 Morses telegraph em Electricity 1 43 5
6
63
0
186 26 Battery, Stative /put under Voltaic em Electricity 1 0 0
6 cell
5
0
186 27 Franklins table, stative for it em Electricity 1 1 0
6
35
0
186 28 Heating of water, apparatus em Electricity 5 7 0
6
65
1852 1852
186 29 Battery with 6 Groves elements em Electricity 35 34
6
30
0 0
186 30 Apparatus with carbon peak em Electricity 6 6
6
15
1852 1852
186 31 Battery, Bunsens element em Electricity 15 3
6
90
1854 1854
186 32 Electromagnetic basic experiment em Electricity 2 18
6
72
1854 1854
186 33 Rotation of magnet around its axis em Electricity 1 4
6
40
1854 1854
186 34 Rotation with terrestrial Magnetism em Electricity 1 8
6
80
0
186 35 Electroscope, Bohenbergers em Electricity 1 16 0
6 electroscope347
50
1854 1854
186 36 Rotation of conductors and magnet em Electricity 1 10
6
15
1854 1854
186 37 Battery, Stative for Groves battery em Electricity 1 3
6
26
1854 1854
186 38 Battery, Cylindric vessel /Bunsens em Electricity 1 0
6 element
85
1854 1854
186 39 Electroscope in glass balloon em Electricity 1 1
6
35
1855 1855
186 40 Rotation of magnets and polar em Electricity 1 7
6 conductors
Barlows rods
25
0 0
186 41 em Electricity 1 5
6
35
1855 1855
186 42 Rotation of electric currents em Electricity 1 7
6
75
1855 1855
186 43 Thermoelement em Electricity 1 1
6
25
1855 1855
186 44 Multiplier em Electricity 1 47
6
25
1856 1856
186 45 Galvanic effects, demonstration tool em Electricity 1 5
6
0
1856 1856
186 46 Battery, Bunsens Battery em Electricity 1 21
6
90
1856 1856
186 47 Galvanic currents measurer em Electricity 1 18
6
35
186 48 Induction apparatus by Hessler348 em Electricity 1 28 1856 1856

6
67
0 0
186 49 Battery, tripod for the Bunsens em Electricity 1 3
6 battery
75
1858 1858
186 50 Leyden bottle em Electricity 1 1
6
80
1858 1858
186 51 Leyden bottle, light em Electricity 0 2
6
10
1858 1858
186 52 Rotary electric apparatus with em Electricity 1 23
6 fluctuations
0
1859 1859
186 53 Rheostat em Electricity 1 21
6
30
1859 1859
186 54 Spiral, vibrating spiral em Electricity 1 6
6
0
1860 1860
186 55 Electric motor with pivoting wheel em Electricity 1 28
6
0
1860 1860
186 56 Rope and hammer on electric motor em Electricity 3 22
6
50
1861 1861
186 57 Battery, Grove element em Electricity 6 31
6
85
1861 1861
186 58 Ampre machine with figures and em Electricity 1 17
6 commutator

347
Ganot, 758.
Dr. Ferdinand Hessler (* 23. 2. 1803 Regensburg; 13. 10. 1865 Dunaj), od leta 1843 profesor fizike na
348

dunajski Politehniki.
 0
0 0
186 59 Rod of pitch em Electricity 1 1
6
0
1862 1862
186 60 Compass, Gaugain tangent busola em Electricity 1 36
6
0
186 61 Induction of sparks by Ruhmkorff 349 em Electricity 1 120 1863 1863

6
Geisslers tubes
0
1863 1863
186 62 em Electricity 4 12
6
0
0 0
186 63 Fluorescence tubes em Electricity 1 7
6
80
1863 1863
186 64 Geissers tubes and stand for them em Electricity 2 0
6
Pags electric motor
0
0 0
186 65 em Electricity 1 22
6
0
1864 1864
186 66 Morses telegraph with stylus and em Electricity 1 74
6 transmitter
0
1865 1865 also 18
186 67 Fechners electroscope with gold leaf em Electricity 1 20
6
75 in 1851 No.8
Astronomy XI 1851
186 1 Bohms Uranoscope sve 1 57 0
6
75 Gift of Mini
Astronomy XI 1851
186 2 Bohms Telurium sve 1 15 0 interior affa

6
20
Astronomy XI 0
186 3 Earth Ball (Sphaera Amiralis) sve 1 25 0
6
0
Astronomy XI 0
186 4 Clock with Second pendulum sve 1 21 0
6
62
Astronomy XI 1845
186 5 Celestial and Earth spheres sve 1 2 0
6

Figure 58: Kersniks geometry textbook with regular bodies of 1830.

349
Ruhmkorffov induktor za generiranje visoke napetosti, 25 cm ali celo 65 cm.
Figure 59: Kersniks Earth Globus catalogued in 1845 (SI_ZAL).

Table 15: Number of school-based experimental devices of Ljubljana until the last quarter of
the 19th century (MU = dimensions and weights, SK = general about bodies and chemistry,
TR = dynamics and statics of solids, TE = liquid with hydrostatics, PL = gases with
barometers, AK = acoustics, TO = heat theory, SV = optics, MG = magnetism, EL =
electricity, AS = astronomy, KN = images and printed matter (books, manuals, atlases,
magazines e), OP = equipment, DR = other, MN = measuring at KE = chemistry, MO =
models and machines, AP = apparatus and instruments, Gld = goldinarians, kr = kreuzers
(kracar)
MAG MN KE MO AP Pieces
Year MU SK TR TE PL AK TO SV EL AS KN OP DR Gld kr

1755 2 11 3 6 3 1 14 1 1 7 2 51
1811 21 57 0 20 0 4 14 20 8 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 194
1847 28 87 0 0 0 14 32 48 17 52 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 187
1850 21 12 21 8 28 10 15 34 14 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1835 53 187
1851 14 26 22 14 9 10 14 23 7 49 6 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 2509 31 211
1852 14 26 20 14 9 10 12 23 7 49 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 2059 25 195
1854 14 26 20 14 9 10 15 23 7 49 6 0 17 39 16 33 7 37 2238 39 342
1857 14 26 22 14 9 10 14 23 7 49 6 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 2059 0 211
1858 14 26 23 15 9 10 14 34 7 49 6 11 10 0 0 0 0 0 2858 50 228
1859 14 27 23 15 11 10 14 38 7 51 6 14 11 0 0 0 0 0 3006 19 241
 1860 15 29 23 16 11 11 14 39 7 55 6 15 12 0 0 0 0 0 3296 82 253
1861 15 29 23 10 11 11 14 40 7 56 6 10 12 0 0 0 0 0 3434 32 244
1862 15 30 23 16 12 12 15 41 7 59 6 18 12 0 0 0 0 0 3600 3 266
1863 15 31 23 16 13 12 16 41 7 60 6 19 13 0 0 0 0 0 3754 53 272
1864 15 31 23 16 13 12 16 41 8 64 6 20 13 0 0 0 0 0 3935 95 278
1865 15 36 23 15 14 12 16 49 8 67 6 22 12 0 0 0 0 0 4316 0 295
1866 15 36 23 16 14 16 16 49 8 67 6 22 12 0 0 0 0 0 4464 70 300
1867 13 34 24 17 14 16 16 50 8 70 6 19 12 0 0 0 0 0 4562 13 299
1868 13 23 24 18 21 13 11 46 8 67 4 12 11 0 0 0 0 0 4706 13 271
1869 20 85 80 49 8 17 17 12 50 12 34 57 63 0 0 0 0 0 470
1872 13 31 28 18 25 19 11 52 8 72 4 19 41 0 0 0 0 0 5299 11 314
1875 14 31 31 21 35 23 20 57 8 79 4 21 18 0 0 0 0 0 6007 18 362

Conclusion

The French rule and its affiliations underlined the development of the church as a separate
entity differed from the state during a short period of time of their actions and failure among
Slovenes. The Slovene, or at least, Ljubljana dependence on French textbooks would be used
as the best of them even if they were not supported by the power of Napoleon's bayonets. All
the decades from the French to the Industrial Revolutions, we have to great extent the French
century from Napoleon's occupation to the roaming of the exiled Bourbonic French king with
A. Cauchy in Gorizia. In this spirit, the appearance of Napoleon's monument in front of
Krianke, near the Polish only outside France, and the Bourbon royal tomb on Kostanjevica
with the only French crowned head are buried outside the homeland. These double bonds
between Slovenes and Parisians are just the sum of co-operation, which connects us to the
French more closely than any other nation, with which we are not mutually flirtatious across
the common border.

The French Illyrian Provinces had access to the main works of the Parisian chemistry,
mathematics, physics, and astronomy. The Ljubljana Schools and Zois Library benefited
greatly from those connections. Zois was already well known in Paris for his Proteus and
mineralogical research, and his manifold connections enabled him to buy the best books and
journals of the era. During the Illyrian Provinces he was forced to limit himself to Italian and
French items because the import of books from the foreign lands was strictly forbidden. The
connection of Slovenes and French survived the collapse of Napoleonic regime and Ljubljana
became one of the rare places outside France having Napoleonic monument, and in 1834 the
only French king buried outside France found his last resting place in Slovenian Kostanjevica
above Gorizia.

Zois was the leading scientist of Illyrian Provinces capital, Ljubljana. That unique position in
the complicated friendly, but sometimes also unfriendly huge tax collecting French milieu
made the businessman Zois leading crystallography expert with the strong interest in karst
phenomena. The karst research of Hacquet (* 1739/1745; 1815), Tobias (* September 12,
1744 Vienna; SJ October 18, 1760 Vienna; March 31, 1806 Prague), and Gabriel Gruber (*
May 6, 1740 Vienna; SJ October 18, 1755 Vienna; March 25, 1805 Petersburg), ended with
their departures from Carniola or deaths, although the younger Grubers brother, Anton
Gruber (* March 26, 1750 Vienna; SJ October 18, 1765 Vienna; 1819), taught mathematics
at Ljubljana Lyceum until September 11, 1802. Zois was Grubers student and he also
approved and financially supported Hacquets karst research. Zois interests were mostly
focused on improving Neptunian hypotheses against the Plutonic one (Faganel 1999, 8;
Faninger 1994/95, 562; Faninger 1988, 7-8), and he also succeeded to convince scientific
world about the Proteus existence as separate species. Zois became the leading Proteus
researcher of his time and convinced scientific world even against Linnaeus ideas. Those
questions brought Zois into close contact with karst phenomena questions. Zois karst interests
influenced several acquisitions in his private library.

Parisian encounter with Ljubljana made Carniolan folks a member of the worldwide networks
of republic of letters. Four years later, the French educated Habsburg minister Metternich
terminated that liberal paradise and enabled Nazified Sebastian Kurzs (* 1986) Austrian
governments for good.

Was Napoleon rule nice for Central Europe or Sebastian Kurz and his neighboring AfD is
going to make it better? Or Kim Jong-un is the next Trumps' ruler?

Daphne Caruana Galizias (* 1964) finished with her declaration: There are crooks
everywhere you look now. The situation is desperate. Their across Mediterranean fellow the
Catalonian regional president Carles Puigdemont under the pressure of Frankos reincarnation
the Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy is not giving up his ideals although he is facing the
evil destiny of the nice Irish maid Veronica Guerin (1958-1996) after Mariano outlawed his
independence on October 28, 2017. The Catalonian and Girona Correbous with bulls running
in the streets is still there, but matador bullfighting and killings are banished in Catalonia as
the expression of Spanish imperialistic influences although Madrid refused to accept the ban.
So, Carles versus Mariano fight is essentially about bullfighting, with bloodthirsty Spaniards
on one side and more cultural animal-welfare aware Catalonians as their opposition backed
only by Canary Islands and not by Basks, especially not in San Sebastin. The anarchistic
working class of Barcelona within the Principality of Catalonia personally united into a
kingdom of Aragon always felt distinct from the kingdom of Castile and Castilian language
sometimes barely called Spanish language. Barcelona remained a Mediterranean harbor while
after Reconquista Seville and Cdiz in Andalusia served as the harbors for American
colonization with the criminal destruction of the Mezzo-American Aztec and Peruvian Inca
empires. The Bullfighting blood-thirsty Castilians concentrated in agricultural New Castilian
Andalusia of Moorish Al-Andalus carried their murderous Reconquista across the Atlantic
Ocean to destroy their superior Native American civilizations without any mercy. The blood-
thirsty and gold-silver thirsty greedy Castilian killers destroyed all on their path to form a lazy
kind of upper society developed from pig-pastures which ultimately felt into self-destruction
robing communities which were never able to resist the challenges of the protestant Dutch-
English pirates and finally ruined their own native Jesuit Basque-originated educational
system by expelling and killing their Jesuits. Barcelona and broader Catalonia remained
outside that suicidal Castilian bullfighting aggressiveness and developed native high-level
culture of art and business prosperity which far outreached the rest of Spain but never
developed strong enough local army and navy for the support of their Catalonian way into
independency. The leaders of Catalan independency movements were usually killed by the
forces loyal to Madrid and Carles Puigdemont risks the similar destiny. The funny wine
drinking ceremonies under the slopes of Pyrenean Mountain ranges have nothing in common
with Madrid bullfighting at all. Carme Forcadell, Oriol Junqueras and Puigdemonts
independent Catalonia declared few minutes before Madrid rulers ousted them did not receive
much support besides some folks like Julian Assange, the ousted Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud
Barzani, the parliament deputy Jan koberne (* 1987) od Slovenian Social Democratic party
of Velenje, Scottish external affairs secretary Fiona Hyslop and Belgian asylum minister
Francken from the Flemish nationalist party New Flemish Alliance which advocates an
independent Flanders seceded from Belgium in a Bogomil motto: Whatever comes from
Rime or Constantinople is the satanic voice.350 Even the Barcelona mayor Ada Colau (*
1974) does not smell as a separatist because the separatism is nursed in Catalonian provinces
while Barcelona became more Spanish during the centuries of Castilian dominance. The
wealthy Pyrenean is not the poor Balkan although it resembles it in many aspects. The Slavic
groups in Balkan developed three different speeches and three different national alphabets
including the Glagolitic in inconformity ways before the Turkish invasions.351 The only Oriol
Junqueras and Puigdemonts chance was their appeal against the Madrid bullfighters decision
statement on the Compensation for difficulty of use, registration of places, just as iga Zois
appealed against the French ban on book import and on ruining of Zois ironworks business in
Illyrian Provinces and Zoiss protg Valentin Vodnik complained against Metternichs
restauration aftermath. Puigdemont, iga Zois, and Valentin Vodnik all appealed against the
decision of Anna Hilly on 29 September in the fifteen-day time-limit on the following
grounds: The basis for Annas decision was to support Primus South - his stepson Simon
Speedy- the girlfriend of the latter Manco Comb, to steal the USA apartment at Fara. In the
meantime, Anna declared that Valentin Vodnik does not to reside at his home, after which
Primus South replaced the lock at the Valentin Vodniks front door and convinced the cops
that Promus owns Valentin Vodniks flat despite the contrary evidence in the cadaster. Primus
and Simon beat Valentin Vodnik and stole his property several times. They have stolen the
key of Valentin Vodniks mailbox, they have stolen from Anna's letters. Anna, from the
window of her office UE Koevje branch in the settlement Creek daily observes Valentin
Vodniks work at the distance of 18-meter in Valentin Vodniks field with potatoes and
orchards, which stretches from there to the Kolpa river. Nevertheless, Valentin Vodniks
permanent residence has been taken away. She claims that her letter was returned because
Valentin Vodniks mailbox was unlocked (because they had stolen Valentin Vodniks key),
but later her other letters from the UE Koevje are raining in the same room every day,
regardless of the unchanged state of the mailbox. Anna was therefore lying: if she can deliver
the mail in which she rejects the complaints on 29 September, she could also send the file 9
March in the same envelope, but she was afraid that Valentin Vodnik should can complain in
time. Valentin Vodnik find that Anna Hilly, with her decision for the erasure from the register
of the Slovene population that could, in contrast to Valentin Vodniks instructions, mount the
barbed wire from the once occupied Ljubljana and Gotenica to Valentin Vodniks cultivated
areas along the Kolpa River in in favor of the local seller of the hash of Primus South who
replacement the lock in Valentin Vodniks apartment at Fara, arranged thefts and physical
attacks. Valentin Vodnik constantly informed the police and the administrative unit about
that, without a shack. Valentin Vodnik as the mayor of the Municipality (Local Community)
Kostel asphalted the road to Annas house in Oskrt, and set up suitable road lighting there,
while her husband, as the leading firefighter, bought the latest fire extinguisher. When Annas
fiance overtook a car on a "jump" between Kaptol and Bukov vrh, before her marriage,
which badly damaged by her future husband, Valentin Vodnik made all the necessary
arrangements to overcome the obstacle in the best possible ways. The cousin of Anna's father,
Valentin Vodniks old uncle Martin was the secretary of the municipality of Koevje.
Valentin Vodnik tutored Annas mother-in-law, her niece and other kinship, Valentin Vodnik
spent money on their knowledge of mathematics and physics, so that they could come to the

350
Krlea, Miroslav. 1965. Plaidoyer pour une histoire de la civilisation yougoslave mdivale, Nouvel Essai
Yougoslave (ed. Stefanovi, Aleksandar). Maribor: Obzorja, 151-152.
351
Krlea, Miroslav. 1965. Plaidoyer pour une histoire de la civilisation yougoslave mdivale, Nouvel Essai
Yougoslave (ed. Stefanovi, Aleksandar). Maribor: Obzorja, 156.
bread, and Valentin Vodnik published several books about Annas old uncle the priest Joe
Gregorii. Valentin Vodnik met her mother every day when she goes to Fara past Valentin
Vodniks fields and; at her request, Valentin Vodnik gave her some fruit trees from Valentin
Vodniks garden, and with her brother Valentin Vodnik have made thousands of mountain
tours in Alps. Anna, therefore, knows firsthand that Valentin Vodnik live at Fara home, and
for further explanations Anna must be ashamed. The payer for the complaint fee in the
amount and over is Anna Hilly, with which she will at least slightly alleviate the damage done
to the undersigned Valentin Vodnik. Petra Wild also wrote diligently in Valentin Vodniks
mailbox, which was unsettled only with Anna's letter of 9 March. Petra on 6 October claimed
that she intends to pay Valentin Vodnik a small money for the barbed wire on Valentin
Vodniks arable land, although Valentin Vodnik demanded compensation of 2,500 and
immediate withdrawal of the wire that Valentin Vodnik would like to transfer to Murgle and
around the Ljubljana Parliament. Petra's letter is therefore unacceptable and offensive. Based
on Anna's mischief, her clip Primus South - his stepson Simon Speedy broke into Valentin
Vodniks apartment next week, stole kitchen utensils, a special transport vehicle full of
special containers with fuel, and a wash basin from the bathroom. Together with the
previously reported locations of the aggregate generator for which Valentin Vodnik deducted
1,100 and cash deposits from the purchase of the Koevje shop, the total stolen goods worth
3000 have so far been stolen. To the Bribed police, Valentin Vodnik reported all these
activities, but without Hack. After two unsuccessful challenges to the carnival Tuesday and
again on 10 October in Ljubljana, the Koevje police officers decided to take revenge because
of Valentin Vodniks opposition to barbed wire at Kolpa on 15 October. After Primus South
and Simon Speedy confronted Valentin Vodnik, steal an aggregate generator bought for 1100
euros, Message about letter for which we are therefore asking you for an electronic mail and
already for the fourth time in a row with a lock locked the front door into Valentin Vodniks
apartment, an armed man with a strong battery of lightning. The Metternichs Police entered
Valentin Vodniks living room around 19:00 oclock and asked him: "What are you doing
here?" with armed threats is not about to play, Valentin Vodnik scared back with a nice
answer, describing it obviously: "I'm licking potatoes." The ardent visitor asked over time:
"What is your name!" Even if we could read it on a mailbox at the entrance, we kindly told
him. Then he shouted: "When are you born?" Valentin Vodnik dared to ask him there: "Why
are you interested in this?" After rethinking, policeman stated: "We will verify the name. We
received an application that you broke." This was the end of the debate. Since Valentin
Vodnik ended up with peeling of potatoes, Valentin Vodnik, with a friendly "Pardon," picked
up the space between the escorts of an armed visitor and went down to the ground floor to the
kitchen. In the next few minutes, Valentin Vodnik walked out of the apartment several times
to burn wood and bring water from the nearby stream, where Valentin Vodnik went close to
my crazy visitors, who were discussing something at the edge of the house without telling
Valentin Vodnik another word. It's not hard to imagine Valentin Vodniks surprise when the
next morning we found in the mud between Valentin Vodniks car and the door to Valentin
Vodniks apartment a stuck message "A record of the violator's statement" in which there was
no longer a talk of burglary, but a fictional argument with Valentin Vodniks brother. As a
violator, Valentin Vodnik should be acquainted with all the facts and evidence they charge
although there was no prior speech about it. At the bottom of the bookmark, the signature was
rejected in the signature box under the signature of the violator, which was supposed to be
Valentin Vodnik. Sebastian Humpy signed it, although the text was obviously written by
another deadline. Sebastian may have been Valentin Vodniks student at the secondary
school, but he undoubtedly used a distinctive fisherman dialect. In the "Penalties for
penalties" payment was inserted without a subscribed amount. Two days later, on October 17,
2017, Valentin Vodnik returned from his fields at night, where his friend, Policeman Custom
and his colleagues, were well acquainted with their fields. On the bow table at the reception
desk of Valentin Vodniks apartment, Valentin Vodnik saw a new leaflet entitled "Payment
Order", which obviously someone posted there during Valentin Vodniks absence between
9am and 6pm on October 17, again unauthorizedly invading Valentin Vodnik apartment and
falsifying two days older date at the seal. The manuscript and signer were the same, again
they claimed that the violator, who supposedly was Valentin Vodnik, refused to sign,
although nobody ever asked Valentin Vodnik for it. The letter claimed that they had been
stuck by the door two days earlier, which was an obvious lie. The form was the same as that
normally required for traffic offenses and apparently adapted for this case. The fine of 125,19
could not, of course, be paid "immediately at the end" because no one spoke to Valentin
Vodnik about it and was apparently delivered later when they found out that they had not
done everything in the original procedure and had to return to Valentin Vodniks apartment,
therefore they claimed a total fine of 250.38. The text was quite the same as the one with
which those police violent people had been deprived of liberty of Valentin Vodnik in his own
field before the time and intimidated Valentin Vodnik for the worst fever for several hours,
because Valentin Vodnik did not agree with the militarization of Gotenica together with his
friendly American citizen from San Francisco. Therefore, on this occasion, Valentin Vodnik
gave up his Slovenian citizenship until the police violence on Upper Kolpa has ceased, since
it is shameful to be a citizen of the country whose police systematically sadistically destroys
the population on their own border. Valentin Vodnik requested for eight days the request for
judicial protection to the misdemeanor body in the attachment in three copies. Since the
misdemeanor body is the real police that led the attack, and therefore the case is devoid of
purpose, Valentin Vodnik proposed that the case be referred directly to the court. Due to the
fear of an armed attack in Valentin Vodniks living room and a double burglary in Valentin
Vodniks apartment, Valentin Vodnik demanded compensation. The group broke into the
living room on the second floor of Valentin Vodnik's apartments by the innocence of the
stunned Gottschee police officers, threatening and marching with firearms because Valentin
Vodnik and the other Americans were not sufficiently enthusiastic about the barbed wire in
the fields in their possession on the banks of the Kolpa River. There is no Slovenian state, and
it is better not because a country where the Gothic policemen can break into your living room
to wiggle their pistols in front of their nose while snooping potatoes is a national
embarrassment that has resulted in the population of the Top-Cats sand in Gotenica in the
valley of the Upper Colls reduced to five percent of the original number. The requirements
are: removal of barbed wire with arable land of Valentin Vodnik and his friendly Americans
along the river Kolpa and moving her around Murgle and Ljubljana parliament.
Demilitarization of Gotenica as the research proves that the increase in the number of police
officers in Gotenica is proportional to the decrease in the population along the upper Kolpa
River, since less than 5% of the population lived there who lived there after the founding of
the Gotenica enclosure by Top-Cat. Insofar as the requirements are not met until December,
US Marines could suspend the competencies of the Spanish or/and Slovenian state in these
areas for the criminal violation of human rights. For a long time, Catalonian anarchists have
not focused attention on the independence. The ruling Catalonian caste is much more willing
to modify the post-Franco constitution so that it may better suit the Catalan caste while it
might have to sacrifice some figures along the way including Puigdemont which seems to be
suggested by the powerful representatives of big Capital, such as Social-Democratic former
prime minister Felipe Gonzlez (* 1942). The crazy year 1936 No Pasarn of the Basque
Isidora Dolores Ibrruri Gmez (La Pasionaria, 1895-1989) is still in charge in Valentin
Vodnik, Puigdemont, or Robespierres lips with Mirabeaus prediction: This man will
achieve far, he believes every word he says! There will be always folks who believe and
fight for their ideas. And their winners will always be the guys who believe just in one idea
which is called money, like iga Zois who witnessed the flourishing of his mothers
Slovenian heritage on the peaks of Napoleonic bayonets with libert and fraternit included
but let prevail the third part of his mothers heritage dismissing the galit slogan. The
common folks like Valentin Vodnik or Puigdemont shout slogans and die for them, but the
decisions were always in the hands of the guys like Amancio Ortega Gaon (* 1936), the
former finance minister Juan-Miguel marquis Villar Mir (* 1931) or iga Zois businesses.
Plus a change, plus c'est la mme chose. Juan-Miguel marquis Villar Mir or Donald Trump
might combine politician and businessman in the same persons, which makes their greed
more transparent to the common observers, but their plutocracy does not help much to the
ordinary people who die for the ideas which those businessmen transform into capital. There
is just Robespierre and Saint Justs way out of that magic circles, but nobody really wishes
another Jacobine revolution at all. Catalan business lobbies with the Cercle d'Economia
president Juan Jose Bruguera buried Puigdemont like a cock who cock-crowed prematurely
and iga Zois did the same with his protegee Valentin Vodnik although iga Zois was fair
enough to help Valentin Vodnik to survive with a pension under Metternichs restauration.

Previous research

Most part of this data were published in 2007-2013 by S. Juni:

2007 Zemljepis v turjaki 'kneji' knjinici. Zoisove geografske knjige. Geografski vestnik.
79/1: 49-66.
21. 2. 2009. iga Zois raziskuje loveko ribico (ob 200letnici Ilirskih provinc). Veer
(Maribor).

14. 3. 2009. Zois in loveka ribica. Intervju Alenke Kaloper iz Prlekije. Nedelo.

2009. Zoisove geografske knjige. Geografski vestnik. 81/1: 65-74.

29. 4. 2009. Med prvimi je raziskoval loveko ribico: iga Zois je bil tudi zoolog. Delo-
znanje za razvoj. 51/99: 19 (30. 3. 2009) (Critic of Tone Wraber, Delo Znanje za razvoj, 14.
5. 2009 Dr. Juni in znanstvena resnica., no. 105, p. 19).

2009, 9th May. Znanost in olstvo Ilirskih provinc Sciences et ducation dans les Provinces
Illyriennes. (kot komentar k Slovenskem prevodu Tlgraphe Officiel, ur. muc, Irena). Delo-
Sobotna priloga); Le Monde Diplomatique (Ljubljana/Paris). Ilirske province Uradni asopis
/Les provinces Illyriennes Tlgraphe Officiel, 4-5.

2009, 11. May-October 2009. Napoleon reche Ilirija vstan. Opis Kersnika in Voltove celice ter
razstava Ambschellovega ubenika (1807) in Kersnikovih Voltnih celic ter teleskopa-teodolita
(1811) za razstavo v Mestnem muzeju in Galeriji Ljubljana.

2009 Pouevanje tehnike v Ilirskih provincah: (ob 200-letnici ustanovitve Ilirskih provinc in
190-letnici Zoisove smrti). ivljenje in tehnika. 60/5: 67-72.
Skrb za elektriko v Ljubljani: ob 200-letnici Ilirskih provinc in 190-letnici Zoisove smrti.
Revija obramba. 41/6: 56-58. Ilustr.

May 2009. Vakuum barona Zoisa (ob dvestoletnici Ilirskih provinc). Vakuumist. 29/1-2: 37-
56. http://www.dlib.si/v2/Preview.aspx?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-0BBRK9DW

June 2009. Kemija v francoski Ljubljani (ob dvestoletnici Ilirskih provinc in 190-letnici
Zoisove smrti). Acta Chimica Slovenica. 56/2: (Supplement) s55-s70. http://acta.chem-
soc.si/56/juznic.pdf

July 2009. iga Zois s lovekimi ribicami iz Stine. Rast (Novo mesto) 20/3-4: 345-353.

17. 9. 2009. Znanost in olstvo ilirskih provinc. Predavanje v Avli Mestnega muzeja
Ljubljana.

October 2009. Jezuitska dediina barona Zoisa (ob dvestoletnici Ilirskih provinc in ob
190letnici Zoisove smrti). Kronika. 57/3: 471-490.

7. 4. 2010 18:15. Prehajanje matematinega znanja iz Pariza v francosko Ljubljano

Napoleonovih dni. (ob 200letnici Ilirskih provinc, ob 800letnici franikanov je izla knjiga o
franikanskih znanstvenikih pri ljubljanski zalobi Brat Franiek). Sredin seminar
Matematine fakultete v Ljubljani, Jadranska 21.

August 2010. Jezuitska dediina barona Zoisa (ob dvestoletnici Ilirskih provinc in ob
190letnici Zoisove smrti). Popravljeni ponatis iz: 2009. Kronika. 57/3: 471-490. Iz deele
Jurija Vege: Zbornik obine Dol pri Ljubljani (ur. Omerzu, Stane). Ljubljana: Obina Dol. 2:
107-143.

December 2012. Tudi knjige potujejo prek oceanov, mar ne? Zgodovina za vse. 19/1-2: 39-55.
http://www.sistory.si/cdn/publikacije/30001-31000/30172/2012_1-
2_Zgodovina%20za%20vse.pdf

24. 2. 2013. loveka ribica in Zois. Nedeljske novice izdaja Slovenskih novic v sklopu
priloge o 800-letnici Postojnske jame (prepared by the journalist Alenka Kociper).

2017 (with Andrej Suljan). The Carniolan Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts 1767-
1787: Promoting Practical and Theoretical Knowledge Based on Cameralist and Physiocratic
Ideas. AHY (USA).

List of some figures

Figure 1 (GruberTobias1781Briefe131SJ): Gruber ideas of the underground water
connections beneath the Cerknica Lake which influenced Grubers student Zois (Gruber
1781, 130-131). In December 2008 the author of this article photographed whole Grubers
book kept at History of Science Collections in University of Oklahoma with the high
resolution professional camera XXXXX. Thanks to the generosity of the curator Kerry
Magruder of History of Science Collections in University of Oklahoma, the high resolution
pictures are now for the first time in history free for use at the web page: :
http://libraries.ou.edu/etc/histsci/

Figure 2 (GruberTobias1781Briefe133SJ): Gruber ideas of underground water connections

beneath the Cerknica Lake (Gruber 1781, 132-133).

Figure 4: Rusconis drawing of Proteus (Rusconi 1827, 99/100 (Tab I)).

Figure 5: Rusconis drawing of Proteus (Rusconi 1827, 99/100 (Tab II)).

Figure 6: Zois on Proteus (Zois, . (anonymous), 1807: Nachrichten von der im Dorfe Vir bei
Sittich vorkommenden Fischart. - Laibacher Wochenblatt; zum Nutzen und Vergngen
(Supplement of Laibacher Zeitung). No. 29).=Fig. 6: Zois on Proteus (Zois, . (anonymous),
1807: Nachrichten von der im Dorfe Vir bei Sittich vorkommenden Fischart. - Laibacher
Wochenblatt; zum Nutzen und Vergngen (Supplement of Laibacher Zeitung). No. 29).

+++*** German Translation

Zois von Proteus in 1807

Nachrichten von der im Dorfe Vir bey Sittich verkommenden Fischart

Man findet dieselbe in Krain, zwischen Sittich, einem altem Kloster, 8 Stunden von Laibach,
auf der Strae gegen Neustadtl, und einem kleinen Dorfe, von den Eingebornen Vir genannt,
auf Floriantschisch's Karte Weyer, nach der gewhnthen germanischen Dehnung der
Slawischen Namen.

Die Gebirgsart der Hgel bey Sittich ist derselbe dichte geschichtete Kalkstein, der sich in der
grten Anhufung unserer Alpen bis zu 1500 Klafter ber die berflche des adriatischen
Meers erhebt, und dessen geologischer Charakter ist voll kesselfrmiger Vertiefungen an der
Oberflche, so wie im Innern voll Hhlen und Grotten zu seyn.

Um Fue einer Masse dieses Kalkstein, im Wissel= Wirkel des Thales von Vir, kommen
zwey Grottenmndungen zum Vorscheine, von 15-18 zoll im Durchmesser, 3-4 Schuh Ober
der Bodensohle, 2 Klaftern entfernt von einander ; aus jeder derselben quillt eines klares,
frisches Wasser in kleine selbst gegrabene Bassins, deren berfluss sich 750 Schritte vom
Dorfe nach und nach im Boden verliert.

In diesen Bassins nun ist das Amphibium, wovon hier die Rede seyn wird, bisher einzig
gefunden worden. Da es jedoch selbst da, nur nach geschmolzenen Schnee oder anhaltenden
Regen, zum Vorschein kommt, ist man der Meinung, dass sas berflieen das Wassers es mit
sich fortreit aus den unterirdischen Behaltern, denen es angehrt.

(Page 1 right column)

Die Landleute von Vir, die es aus Tradition und aus Erfahrung kennen, nennen es bela riba,
weier Fisch, oder zhloveshka riba, menschlicher Fisch, wegen der fingerhnlichen
Artikulation der Fchen, und wegen seiner Fleischfarbe.

Die erste Notiz von diesen Thiere gab dem Publikum Dr. Laurentii, im Jahre 1768, in seiner
Synopsis reptilium. Die Beschreibung machte er nach einem bey dem Domherrn v.
Hohenwart in Klagenfurt in Weingeiste aufbewahrten Exemplare. Laurenti sah es fr ein
selbststndiges Thier an, und gab ihm den Namen Proteus anguinus.

Im Jahre 1772 hatte der Dr. Scopoli, unser groer Botaniker, damahls erster Arzt in Idria
Gelegenheit das Amphibium lebend zu sehen, und er gab davon in seinen Annus V. hist. nat.
Pag. 73. Eine viel umstndlichere Beschreibung als die von Laurenti war. Er schliet; III.
Linnaeus, cui iconem misi, habet pro larva lacertae, mihi videtur genus singulare.

Seit Scopoli erwhnte niemand dieses Thierchens, bis auf J. Hermann, der davon in seinem
Comentarius Tab. Affinit. Animalium 1783, in einer Note spricht, u. J. G. Schneider in seiner
Hist. Amphibiorum 1799, Heft 1. Pag. 40.

Diese beyden Autoren behaupten ausdrcklich, dass der Proteus ein unselbststndiges Thiere
sey; sie Sachen ber Laurenti und Scopoli, und verbeln es sogar dem Linee, dass er nur habe
anstehen knnen, es dafr zu erklren.

(Page 2 left column)

Linnees Meinung findet sich in einer Note der 13ten Ausgabe seines Systema Naturae vom
Gmelin 1789. Tom 1. Part 3. Pag. 1056. Si vera sint generis perfecta animalia Protei a
Soelmanno omni anni tempore observati tritonius a Schrankio, anguinus a Laurenti, ambo in
lacubus Austriae Interioris reperti, enumerati, delineati, huic loco*) inserendi mihi quidem
videntur, et summa cum gyrinis utique branchiostegis, similitudo hactenus obstat, donec
conspirantibus et curatissimus plurium observationibus constet, nullam amplius, tardiorem
forte, subire metamorphosin.

Um die Auflsung des Problems herbeyzufhren, wurden dem Hrn. Dr. Schreibers, dermahl
Professors der Naturgeschichte in Wien, mehrere in Weingeist aufbehaltene Exemplare unsers
Sitticher Fischens zugesendet, damit sie anatomisch untersuchen mchte. Dass Resultat seiner
Untersuchungen findet sich in der Philosophical Transactions von 1801, worein es der Dr.
Schreibers whrend seiner Anwesenheit in London, unter dem Titel: A historical and
anatomical description of a doubtful amphibious animal of Germany, called by Laurenti
Proteus anguinus, with 2 plates hatte eindrcken lassen.
Was die Lebens art des Proteus, sey er nun ein selbststndige Thier oder nicht, anlangt, so
bemerkt man an ihm zuerst eine entschiedene Antipathie vor dem Taglichte: der Sonne
ausgesetzt, gerth er in auerordentliche Unruhe, und sucht, wo mglich zu entkommen; und
doch hat er keine Augen von auen, noch, wie Scopoli sagt: tubercula ****bina loco
oculorum.

Herr Schreibers war's zuerst, der seine kleinen Augen unter der Haut entdeckte: man bemerkt
sie nachmals aber selten, und zwar bey solchen Exemplaren, die durch langes Fasten mager,
und ihre Oberhaut sehr dnne geworden.

Im Sehen unter dem Wasser, bedient sich der Proteus bald seinen Pftchen, bald seines
Schwanzes, auf unterschiedliche Weisen: sein Sang ist langsam und bedchtlich; aber wenn er
gereizt ist, flieht er mit Schnelligkeit, die Fchen an den Leib abgeschnegt.

*) Unter den Amphibien zwischen Rana u. Draco.

(Page 2 right column)

Unter Tags ist er gerne versteckt, und ruhig an einer Stelle; bey Nacht hingegen findet man
ihn allzeit spazierend im Wassergrunde, und ost wandelt ihn die Luft an, herauszuflettern=
herauszufletschen.

Die gefangenen Individuen haben von all den Rohrungsmitteln, die man ihnen angebothen
hat, als frische Fischrogen, seiner=einer Stcke vin Fisch oder Froschfleisch, Wasserwrmer,
Polypen, Conservenze nie etwas kosten wollen nicht einmal von der Muschelgattung helix
thermalis, wiewohl es ausgemacht ist, das sie davon im Stande der Freyheit eine groe Anzahl
verschlingen; denn man fand 84 wohlgezhlte solche Muscheln, eines kleinen Nadelkopfes
gro, unter den Exkrementen eines gutgeftterten Proteus, der sich davon zu drey Mahlen,
den zweyten Tag seiner Gefangenschaft, entledigte. Als man ihm dergleichen lebend
darbrachte, nahm er eine in den Mund, warf=Wart sie aber auf der Stelle lie er ihnen lieber
Zeit, sich zu vermehren, als dass er sie gekostet htte.

Ungeachtet dieses hartnckigen Ausschlagens aller Art Nahrung, leben diese Thiere lange in
reinem Wasser, wenn man sie nur im Schatten hlt, etwa in einen Wasserschaffe, dessen
Wasser nicht unter 8o R. sey, und alle 4 oder 5 tage erneuert werde. Im kalten Wasser, was
z.B. noch Eisklumpen fhrt, hat man sie sichtbarlich leiden, und in 24 Stunden sterben sehen.

Wenn ihrer mehrere zusammen kommen, scheinen sie einander zu erkennen, denn die neu
angekommenen werden sogleich mit den ltern vertraut: sie lassen sogar einen sehr leisen
Laut hren, der ihre Zufriedenheit anzudeuten scheint; sind sie aber gereist, sey's durch die
Neugierde der Zuschauer, oder durch einen Sonnenstich, dann zischen sie mit einem
trockenen Tone der von dem vorigen sehr verschiedenen ist, und sie lassen zugleich, durch
den Mund, und durch die Kiemenblasen Luft fahren. Man kann den Grad ihrer Unruhe aus de,
mehrere oder mindern Anschwellen ihrer Ohrenbschel, und ihrer Farbe beurteilen, die
alsdann ein schnes Carminroth darstellt: die Ohrbschel erscheinen in diesen Zustande unter
dem Vergrerungsglase wie Korallen nsse= Korallennste; ist aber das Thierschen ruhig, so
fallen diese Bschel, und werden schlapp und mattwei. Mit einem mittelmigen
Mikroskope bemerket man in diesen Bscheln, deren Zweige eben so viele Blutknale sind,
die Zirkulation des Blutes, und man sieht auf jeden Schlag des Herzens die Blutfgelschen =
Blutkugelchen

(Page 3 left column)

auf und niederfliegen. Man hat 45 bis 48 Schlge in einer Minute gezhlt.

Auer dem Wasser kam sich der Proteus nicht ber etliche Fu weit entfernen, weil die
schlemartige etliche Fu weit entfernen, weil die schlemartige Substanz, mit welcher er
berzogen ist, zu schnell vertrocknet, und ihn an der Stelle festhlt, wo er kriecht. Mehrere
Individuen, die bey Nacht aus dem Schaffe heraufgestiegen waren, sind auf diese Art zu
Grunde antraf, dar noch Zeichen des Lebens wie sich gab, machte man ihn mit der Hand vom
Boden los, aber er starb nach 2 Tagen, mit einem rotten Streife lngs der Seite, worauf er am
Boden gelegen hatte; ein Beweis der Inklamation. Andere nach diesem, die man mittels rund
umher angespritzten Wassers los machte, setzten ihr Leben fort. An allen gestorbenen
Individuen wurde ein unfehlbares hippokratisches Todeszeichen bemerkt, nmlich, der
Schleim, der ihre Oberflche berzieht, sngt = sanft an, sich abzulsen und wird im Wasser
sichtbar: er schwimmt um das Thierchen in Flocken herum, und setzt sich besonders an die
Pftchen und an den Schwanz an: am Ende kehren sie den Bauch aufwrts, und sterben bald
darauf an der Oberflche des Wassers.

Was die Gre betrifft, so hat man ihrer gefunden, die 7-8, 12-13, und sogar 15-16 Zolle lang
um 16-18 Linien dick waren. Diese Massen scheinen der Wasser - Eidechsen nicht
zuzukommen: sonst gibt es aber kein kreischendes Thier in Krain, welches man damit
vergleichen knnte.

Im Kabinette des Freiherren von Zois leben dermahl (den 17. Juli 1807.) zwey dieser
Thierschen seit Oktober 1803, sie sind mager und um die Hlfte kleiner geworden, brigens
sind sie gesund.

Man sollte glauben, dass die unbestimmte Periode Linnees tardiorem forte metamorphosin,
in beynahe 4 Jahren schon ber und erfllt sey.

Die Haupthulichkeit dieses unsers Thierschens mit den Larven einiger Amphibien, welche
einige Autors veranlasst hat, es mit denselben zu vermengen, besteht in den Kiemen, die es
mit diesen Kiemen hat. Hr. Schreibers bemerkt aber, da die Kiemen des Proteus sich
wesentlich von denen der Amphibien und der Fische unterschieden, durch ihre rothe Farbe, d.
i. durch das Blut, welches der Proteus darin in grerer oder geringerer Menge, nach Willfhr
zirkulieren lsst.

(Page 3 right column)

In Betrief der Werkzeuge des Atemholens versichert Hr. Schreibers, dass er eine Menge
Wasser-Eidechsen anatomirt, und nicht die geringste hnlichkeit mit dem Proteus entdeckt
habe. Er geslecht = Geschlecht dem Sitticher Fischchen lieber eine hnlichkeit mit Linnee's
Siren lacertina zu, in der Voraussetzung jedoch, das beyde Kiemen und Lungen haben: dem
die Existenz der Lungen bey der Siren, die Hunter zulsst, leugnet Camper: und die Meinung
des letztern dieser zwey gleich berhmten Anatomiker hat so sehr die Oberhand bekommen,
dass man die Siren lacertina aus der Classe der Amphibien herausgeworfen, und unter die
Fische bertragen hat, wo sie nur muraena Siren heit.
Bisher ist also nicht entschieden; Dr. Schreibers bemerkt noch, das die Siren auch darin vom
Proteus unterschieden ist, dass sie nur zwey Fe habe, und einen kurzen Kopf, ohne Kffel =
Kssel, den Mund klein und spiig, die Augen sehr nahe an einander, mit Augenbraunen,
ferner darin, da ihre Lunge, wiewohl gleichfalls von einer einzigen Membrane gebildet, ohne
zellenfrmige Abteilungen lngs den beyden Seiten des Krpers fortlaufend, doch weder die
verschiedenen Windungen, noch die sehr bemerkenswerthen Blasen des Proteus darstellt.

Ungeachtet aller dieser Unterschiede ist Herr Schreibers doch der Meinung, dass diese Thiere
sehr nahe verwandt sind.

brigens ist es nicht zu verwundern, wenn Hr. Schreibers bey Zergliederung von Exemplaren,
die seit lange im Weingeiste aufbewahrt waren, Mhe gehabt hat, den ganzen Organismus,
und besonders die Geschlechtsteile zu entdecken, und zu bestimmen : doch scheint es
Eyerstcke, und selbst etwas einer Geburtmutter hnliches zu haben, aber Hr. Schreibers
erlaubte sich's nicht, auf diesen ersten Gewhrungen zu bestehen. Man hat seitdem Mittel
gefunden, ihm lebende Exemplare zu kommen zu machen.

Der Sittlichen Quelle hatte seit 1798 nur 3 bis 5 Exemplare jhrlich geliefert:

Den 26. Dezember 1804 nach einem starken Thauwetter, brachte man dem Baron v. Zois auf
einmal 14, worunter mehrere von der grten Art. Alle diese befindet sich nun in Wien unter
den Auspizien Sr. Kais. Hoheit der Erzherzogs Johann, theils unter den Augen des Prof.
Schreibers, theils in einem unterirdischen ihrer Heimat

(Page 4 left column)

nachgebildeten Grottenkanale in Schnbrunn in den gnstigsten Umstnden sowohl fr ihre

Nahrung, als fr ihre Fortpflanzung, wenn sie deren fhig sind.

Im Jahre 1804 kamen durch den krainerischen Mineralienhndler Preschern 2 Exemplare in

Weingeist an Herrn Schreibers in erlangen, und an Herrn Nepperschmidt, einen
Naturalienhndler, in Koppenhagen, und 2 andere wurden an die Gesellschaft
naturforschenden Freunde in Berlin bersendet. Auch nach Paris wurde eines geschickt.
Zeichnungen aber nach lebenden Exemplaren wurden durch Herrn Dorfmeister, Professor der
hiesigen Zeichungschule, verfertiget und an mehrere Freunde der Naturkunde versendet.

+++*** French Translation

Sciences dans les Ljubljana Franois

Rsum
En instituant les Provinces Illyriennes, Napolon Bonaparte sest rendu matre pour une
priode de quatre ans des territoires longeant la cte est de lAdriatique, stendant du Tyrol,
au nord, jusqu Dubrovnik, au sud. Durant cette priode, il a notamment modernis le
systme scolaire habsbourgeois qui venait tout juste de saffranchir de la frule obsolte des
Jsuites, qui avaient domin lenseignement pendant deux cents ans. La nouvelle
administration a attir dans les Provinces Illyriennes une autre catgorie de personnes
cultives, par ailleurs prises de Paris, qui tait beaucoup moins dpendante de lrudition
jsuite. Ljubljana et dans les autres villes des Provinces, la physique mathmatique dans la
ligne de Laplace et de Legendre, associe aux dcouvertes sur lectrochimie de Volta,
simpose. Cependant, la machine vapeur, les hauts fourneaux, la poterie moderne de latelier
Zois de Ljubljana ou lindustrie textile originaire dAngleterre pntrent en Slovnie avec un
peu moins de succs. De leur ct, les Provinces Illyriennes faisaient cho Paris en
explorant le monde karstique, les minraux et le prote sous le patronage de iga Zois, un
baron de cette rgion. Les nouveaux mouvements intellectuels et scientifiques, telles les ides
franc-maonnes de Lalande, bien quils dussent rester clandestins cause des autorits
locales, et les nouvelles units de poids et de mesure ont eu une grande importance pour
lofficier dartillerie de Carniole dans Vienne, Jurij Vega; le rle de passeur a t endoss
par l'ambassadeur nomm Paris du 1801 au 1805, Janez Filip Kobencl de Ljubljana, dernier
descendant de sa ligne.

Le professeur viennois Schreibers a prsent ses propres expriences scientifiques et celles de

Zois sur le prote la Socit Royale de Londres dans les annes 1800/1801; en passant par la
France, il na pas manqu daller rendre visite Georges Cuvier Paris. Le baron Zois a connu
son heure de gloire dans le cnacle scientifique parisien grce aux protes quil avait envoys
Cuvier et Lamarck. Ladaptabilit ingnieuse des organes vitaux du prote, en dpit des
exagrations de Lamarck un sicle et demi plus tt, a sans doute ouvert la voie aux rflexions
de Darwin sur le phnomne de lvolution. Il tait tout fait naturel que la maison de Zois
avec sa riche bibliothque regroupant des uvrs consacres aux sciences naturelles et la
technique, situe sur les Quais (Breg) de la Ljubljanica Ljubljana, et le parc longeant lactuelle
rue Preernova, de mme que son domaine sous la colline de Ronik, devinrent les lieux de
rencontre privilgis des rudits des Provinces Illyriennes de lpoque.

Parmi les principales nouveauts introduites Ljubljana lors des rencontres plus ou moins
informelles chez le baron Zois, il faut mentionner les dcouvertes lectrochimiques accomplies
par Alessandro Volta de lUniversit de Pavie, un des plus remarquables protgs de Napolon.

En outre, le baron Zois sest procur de nombreux livres de chimie de Lavoisier et de Berthollet
et surtout des manuels sur les applications pratiques des inventions de Volta. Les piles
lectriques de Volta ont fait lobjet de maintes exprimentations enthousiastes ralises par le
Duc Marmont disciple de Zelli et le professeur slovne Kersnik, les deux faisant partie des
membres rguliers du cercle de Zois. son retour Paris, Marmont fit cadeau de son
laboratoire, inspir par linvention de Volta, au cabinet de physique et de chimie des coles
centrales de Ljubljana gr par Kersnik. Ce dernier, avant de recevoir ce prsent, avait dj
rassembl de nombreuses piles de Volta, notamment son pistolet qui servait dterminer les
composantes atmosphriques laide dune tincelle entre deux lectrodes. De ce fait, trs peu
de temps s'est coul entre la date des dcouvertes scientifiques de Volta et leurs applications
pratiques Ljubljana ; tout du moins en ce qui concerne l'lectricit, les citoyens des Provinces
Illyriennes dantan n'ont jamais t aussi proches des nouveauts mondiales.
L'inventaire du cabinet de chimie et de physique ralis par Kersnik en 1811 atteste que ce
professeur avait de nombreuses choses montrer ses disciples ; en outre, il disposait des
moyens d'enseignement les plus modernes de l'poque. Un des clous de son cabinet de chimie,
qu'il cite en premier lieu dans son inventaire, tait un mcanisme pneumatique horizontal; il
mentionne ensuite la soufflerie pour haut fourneau munie des supports mobiles invente par
Zois. Il y a lieu de dire que tant dans le cadre de ses recherches sur le prote que dans ses
contributions pour le progrs technologique de sa patrie, dans le sens restreint du terme, le baron
Zois n'tait pas un simple mcne mais avant tout un savant actif.

TABLEAU: description ralise par Kersnik en 1811 de la soufflerie de haut fourneau de Zois
(ZAL).

Entre l'automne 1810 et l'anne 1819, la science a atteint son point culminant Ljubljana avec
le professeur de mathmatiques lmentaires et appliques, Samuel Gunz, qui pendant la visite
''involontaire'' de Napolon Bonaparte sur l'le d'Elbe avait fait changer son prnom juif en
Lopold. Il est, en effet, mentionn par Charles Nodier deux reprises parmi les scientifiques
illyriens tablis de l'poque : la premire fois, le nom de cette connaissance de Nodier,
dobdience judaque, est mentionn comme Gnz, le 1er fvrier 1815 dans un article paru dans
le Journal des Dbats, et la deuxime fois comme Gienz dans un autre article intitul Laybach,
paru le 15 janvier 1821 dans La Quotidienne. Dans les deux cas, Nodier a mis en avant
l'affiliation de Gunz la Socit agricole de Carniole (Kranjska kmetijska druba), son intrt
pour la langue et la grammaire slovnes et son enthousiasme pour la posie et les sciences
naturelles. Durant les Cent-Jours de Napolon, Gunz publia un livre sur les lignes
gomtriques parallles qui compltait les recherches du Suisse Louis Bertrand et de
l'acadmicien franais Adrien Marie Legendre, notamment auteur des lments de Gomtrie
(1794) dont le baron Zois possdait un exemplaire dans sa bibliothque. Cette oeuvre de Gunz
reprsentait en soi une image complte des minences scientifiques de Ljubljana de l'poque :
elle tait ddie l'ancien professeur de mathmatiques de Ljubljana, originaire de Kranj, Joef
Jenko; Johann Phillip Neumann, ancien professeur de physique de Ljubljana, originaire de
Moravia, a pour sa part contribu la partie sur les heures. Lors de la parution du livre de Gunz,
les deux hommes taient des professeurs efficiaces dans les villes de Graz et plus tard de
Vienne. Ces lments expliquent que Gunz dut attendre la disparition des Provinces Illyriennes
pour que son livre, aux tons fortement pro habsbourgeois, pt paratre.

Napolon subordinait les territoires entre Tyrol et Dubrovnik comme les Provinces Illiriques
pour quatre anns. Les Franois renouvelont le systme educative des Habsburgs quelle
rcemment retirer de partiallement dmods deux sicles du systme des Jesuites. La
administration Illyrique nouvelle attirant en Ljubljana les autres espces d'ducation des
personnes qui respecterons la Paris en n'a troverais l'influence des Jesuites. Ljubljana et les
autres centres Illyriennes acceptait le physique mathematique des coles de Laplace et
Legendre combin avec les dcouvertes electro-chimiques de Volta. Moin effectement les
Provinces Illyriques acceptons les machines de feur, fourneaux, le poterie moderne de Zois
Ljubljana usine, et industrie textille develope dans l'Angleterre. Les Provinces Illyriene
influentent la Paris avec le rescherche du Proteus, kartologique at mineralles, avec le piuvoir
de baron Sigmund Zois. Il's aussi les transmetration des sciences moins visible, par example
le transmission des ides masonque de Lalande avec des measures et par le Carniolan vennois
officier dartillerie Jurij Vega. Le facteur ait le Habsburg ambassadeur de Paris (1801-1805),
Janez Filip Kobencl de Ljubljana, le derrire de son famille noble.
Le professeur viennois, Schreibers, presntait son et Zois recherche de Protei Societ Royale
de Londra (1800/1801) at en passant visitez Geoges Cuvier de Paris. Zois renomm lui mme
avec envyer les Protei Cuvier et Lamarck. Avec le recherche imaginatif de Lamarck
Proteus influencait sur la thorie d'evolution de Darwin. Parce q'il avait trs naturellment que
le maison de Zois avec son librarie riche Breg, son parc roue de Preeren et son palace ci-
dessous de Ronik devenait les principal site de des hommes d'ducation dans les Provinces
Illyriques. Pendant les nouvelles principaux de leur runions avait les dcouvertes electro-
chimiques de Alessandro Volta de Universit Pavia, un des plus clebres protegs du
Napoleon. Zois achetait beaucoup des livres du chimie de Lavoisier et de Berthollet, et les
manuelles de operer les inventions de Volta. Le tudiant de Zelli, le duc Marmont, et
professeur Kersnik recherchons les ides de Volta at elles avait ausi les membres de cercle de
Zois. An retournant Paris, Marmont donnerais son laboratoire avec beaucup des inventions
de Volta cabinet de Kersnik dans les coles centrales de Ljubljana. Kersnik lui mme
acquront boaucup des piles Voltaiques et le pistolet de Volta pour recherche des
compositions de atmosphere avec le combustion pendant les electrodes. Intermdiarement de
inventions de Volta et ses usage en Ljubljana il n'avait beucoup de temps pass. Considerons
d'lectricit, les Provinces Illyriques adoptons trs vite de nouveles du monde.

Kersnik inventoront son cabinet physique-chimique en 1811. videmment, lui avait quelques
choses trs nouvelles pour montrer pour son tudiants. Dans le place premire il numront le
machine pneumatique verticale, et dans le deuxime l'appareil pour soufler au chalumeau
d'aprs l'invention de Monsieur Baron Zois avec toutes ses appartenances soutien bougies.
Ressemblant ses recherches du Protei, Zois aussi contriburent au progrs technique de son
pays activement at pas seulement comme un mcn.

De automne 1810 1819 le science de Ljubljana avait le culmination avec le professeur de

mathmatique lmentaire et utile, Samuel Gunz, qui avait baptis Leopold durant le
Napolon visite contrait de le de Elbe. Charles Nodier mentionnait Gunz deux fois entre les
scientifiques bien connues des Provinces Illyriennes. Le premier fois Nodier crivant la
famille de son ami avec Gnz en 1. 2. 1815 dans larticle pour la Journal des Dbats, et autre
fois dans le article Laybach, publi en 15. 1. 1821 dans La Quotidienne. la fois Nodier
mentionn Gunz affiliation de Socit Agriculturale de Carniole, ses intrt de langue et de
grammaire Slovne, et son enthousiasme de posie et des sciences naturelles. Durant les cent
jours de Napolon, Gunz publieront le livre de parallles avec beaucoup des recherches
nouvelles de Suisse Louis Bertrand et acadmicien de Paris Adrien Marie Legendre. Zois
aussi avait un des plus vielles publications des lments de Gomtrie (1794) de Legendre
dans sa librairie. Le travail de Gunz contenir les lments des toutes les sciences de Ljubljana.
Gunz ddieront la livre lancien professeur de mathmatique Ljubljana, Joef Jenko de
Kranj. Lancien professeur de physique de Ljubljana, Johann Phillip Neumann de Moravia,
crivent le Supplment avec la description des montres. Jenko et Neumann avait les
professeurs de valeur Graz et plus tard Vienne. Pour publier ce livre avec beaucoup de
collaborateurs autrichien engagent par Habsbourg, Gunz faire attendre le fin des Provinces
Illyriennes.
+++*** Slovenian Translation

IGA ZOIS (* 1747; 1819), ZAETNIK RAZISKOVANJA

PROTEUSA

(ob 210letnici Ilirskih provinc)

Izvleek

iga Zois (* 1747; 1819), zaetnik raziskovanja proteusa

Kljub malotevilnim objavam je bil iga Zois prvovrsten prirodoslovec, predvsem mineralog.
Kot prvi Kranjec je objavil razpravo o proteusu, ki si ga je predhodno dodobra ogledal in z
njim opravil tevilne sodobne eksperimente v domaem laboratoriju. S tem je zael iroko
paleto raziskav in jih podprl tudi s poiljanjem primerkov proteusa Schreiberju. Bil je bajno
bogat, v svojo knjinico pa je rad vabil tevilne raziskovalce; med svoje pristne prijatelje je
sprva tel tudi krasoslovca Hacqueta. Raziskovalec kranjskih podzemnih voda, G. Gruber, je
bil Zoisov domai uitelj po Zoisovi vrnitvi s olanja v Reggio Emilia. V tej razpravi prvi
skuamo odgovoriti na vpraanje, katere knjige in revije z raziskavami krasa si je Zois omislil
za svojo knjinico; prav tako nakazujemo vzroke za njegove izbire.

iga Zois se je razvil v svetovno priznanega prvovrstnega prirodoslovca, predvsem

mineraloga. Njegova edina znana objava je bila ravno raziskava proteusa, ki jo je resda
objavil anonimno leta 1807. Prvi med Kranjci si je ivalco poteno ogledal, preden je o njej
pisal. Istega leta je preskrbel primerke proteusa tudi drugim raziskovalcem in tako sproil plaz
odkritij o proteusu, ki so ivalco potrdile kot samostojno zvrst in ne morebitnega mladia.
Zoisova razprava o proteusu je bila znana tudi dosedanjim raziskovalcem kot domnevno edina
Zoisova objava sploh, vendar, kot se rado zgodi, jo nihe ni zares prebral. Tako je nam
pripadla ast, da smo jo prvi natanno preuili in dokazali, da je bil Zois s svojimi pomoniki
vodilni raziskovalec proteusa svojega asa.

Zoisova razprava o proteusu je bila znana tudi dosedanjim raziskovalcem kot domnevno edina
Zoisova objava sploh, vendar smo jo mi prvi natanno preuili in dokazali, da je bil Zois s
svojimi pomoniki vodilni raziskovalec proteusa svojega asa.

Zois je svoje bajno bogastva rad uporabljal tako za nakupe knjig kot revij o krasu in drugih
podrojih znanja, ki so se navezovale za njegovo zanimanje za minerale. Aktivno se je lotil
dokazovanja neptunistine teorije nastanka gorovij, e posebej Triglava in Alp. V ta namen je
organiziral znanstvene odprave v pogorje, kamor bi tudi sam rad el, a mu je bolezen podobne
nakane prepreila.
V svojo knjinico je rad vabil tevilne raziskovalce; med svoje pristne prijatelje pa je sprva
tel tudi Hacqueta, med svoje uitelje pa Gabrijela Gruberja. Oba sta bila le nekaj let stareja
od Zoisa. Da je lahko z njima enakopravno razpravljal o krasu in drugih znanstvenih
vpraanjih, je svojo knjinico z zvrhano lico obogatil s tovrstno literaturo. V tej razpravi smo
nateli knjige o krasu, ki si je Zois omislil za svojo knjinico. Gre za izbrano literaturo
namenjeno tako Zoisu kot njegovemu uenemu omizju, predvsem pa pri Zoisu prvi v naih
krajih prevlada novodoben pogled na monosti znanstvene izmenjave mnenj z Zoisovim
nakupom tevilnih najpomembnejih znanstvenih revij, o katerih je lahko veliko prebral tudi o
krasu.

Tudi knjige rade potujejo prek oceanov, mar ne?

(O popotovanjih kranjskih knjig med Indijance, da o izpitu barona Zoisa niti ne govorimo)

Zakljuni izpit botanika Karla Zoisa (* 1756; 1799), igovega mlajega brata, je bil doslej
znan predvsem po naslovu; tokrat ga prvi predstavljamo v celoti. Raziskana je pot
dokumenta v nekdanjo knjinico ljubljanskega Liceja. Nekoliko presenea, da knjige ni hranil
Karlov brat iga; Zoisov prijatelj Joef Kalasanc Erberg (* 1771; 1843) je ni omenil v
svojem rokopisu o Literarni zgodovini Kranjske. Kljub pomanjkljivim podatkom na Karlovi
naslovnici so poslej znana tudi imena Karlovih profesorjev. Karlov konni izpit ni bil tako
naravoslovno usmerjen, kot bi priakovali glede na Karlova pozneja navduenja; posegel je
predvsem v uporabno matematiko in fiziko. K. Zoisov izpit s priloeno Bionovo matematiko
spada med mnoico ponatisov in prevodov, ki so jih tiskali tudentje grakih profesorjev
Taupeja in e posebej Biwalda. tevilne med njimi so brali tudi kranjski izobraenci,
predvsem barona Zois in Erberg. Odkrivamo zgodbo o morda najbolj posreenem med njimi,
zbirki doktoratov slovitega Linnja, ki jih je Biwald prvi ponatisnil v Gradcu leta 1764.
Erberg je zbirko kupil za svoja botanina snovanja v dolskih vrtovih; pozneje je knjiga romala
najprej v Berlin, nato pa v univerzitetno mesto Norman sredi Oklahome, ki je bila v Zoisovem
ali Erbergovem asu zgolj nepregledna veinoma nenaseljena prerija amerikih Indijancev
Divjega Zahoda.

Kersnikovi uni pripomoki med Ilirskimi provincami (1809-1813)

(ob dvestoletnici Ilirskih provinc)

Povzetek

Nakazane so izboljave, ki jih je Napoleonova oblast prinesla v znanost in izobraevanje

Ilirskih provinc z dotokom sodobnih unih pripomokov v Ljubljano. Francoske
revolucionarne novosti so spremljale poslednje vzdihljaje labodjega speva stoletnega
jezuitskega pouevanja fizike in matematike na ljubljanskih vijih filozofskih tudijah, kjer so
e dobrih pol stoletja nartno razvijali fizikalno-matematini kabinet z eksperimentalnim
poukom. Orisane so pomembneje rtice iz ivljenja, predavanj in znanstvenega dela
ljubljanskih matematino-fizikalnih profesorjev ilirske dobe, predvsem Neumanna, Gunza in
Kersnika, pa tudi predstojnika zadnjih dveh, Zellija. Popisane so Kersnikove ljubljanske
demonstracijske priprave, ubeniki in drugi didaktini pripomoki s poudarkom na Voltovih
novostih. Pojasnjeni so Kersnikovi odnosi z vodilnimi izobraenci tedanje Ljubljane, ki so ga
oskrbovali z lastnimi znanstvenimi pripravami; med njimi sta se izkazala predvsem . Zois in
Marmont kot Zellijev uenec in obudovalec Voltovih odkritij. Nakazane so njihove
povezave z uenjaki v prestolnici, tako nekdanji dunajski z Jurijem Vego, kot novi pariki z
Lalandom, Laplacom, Lagrangom ali Biotom. Kot pomemben vir za podatkov za Gunzova in
Kersnikova ljubljanska dejanja in nehanja sta raziskani njuni matematini knjigi in
Kersnikove seizmoloke meritve, eravno sta za te objave poskrbela komaj po Napoleonovem
padcu.

Raziskana je usoda Napoleonove prirodoslovne dediine na naih tleh s presenetljivim

zakljukom, da restavracija skorajda sploh ni prinesla sprememb, saj so Napoleonovi
ljubljanski profesorji eksaktnih ved obdrali svoje katedre in une naprave francosko-
italijanske izdelave tudi pod Metternichom. Meso sta postala posreena, ne ravno
revolucionarna stiha Gunzovega uenca, Jovana Vesela Koseskega: Spremembe so le kvari,
malok'tera obvelja.

Zoisov krog je kljuen za razumevanje ilirskih izobraencev Napoleonove dobe. Zoisova

zbirka mineralov je primerjana s Kersnikovo licejsko, posebna pozornost pa je posveena
didaktinemu pripomoku, ki ga je Zois podaril za Kersnikov pouk. Pozneji nakup Zoisovih
knjig za Licejsko knjinico je dodobra obogatil Kersnikov pouk, eravno si je Kersnik za
poglavitne fizikalne ubenike odtlej moral izbirati noveje izdaje Baumgartnerjeve in
Ettingshausnove dunajske izdaje.

Kljune besede: S. Gunz, J.K. Kersnik, A. Volta, Marmont, zgodovina matematini ved,
zgodovina olstva, Ilirske province, Napoleon, Karel Zois, iga Zois, univerza v Gradcu,
Leopold Biwald, Linn, Nicolas Bion, zgodovina znanosti, zgodovina knjinic, zgodovina
raziskovanja krasa, proteus.

Viri

Arhivski dokumenti ljubljanskega srednjega in vijega olstva so shranjeni pod nazivom Fond
klasine gimnazije Ljubljana in signaturo SI ZAL LJU 184 pri ZAL. Med njimi najdemo tudi
Kersnikove francoske in pozneje nemke popise unih pripomokov razlinih matematino-
prirodoslovnih kabinetov najvije med ljubljanskimi olami. Arhiv Republike Slovenije nima
posebne zbirke dokumentov o olstvu Ilirskih provinc (Kolanovi, umrada, 2005, 684, 831),
vendar so ti, denimo, del Gubernija v Ljubljani SI AS 14 reg. III. 46: Gimnazije, humanistini
tudij (Kolanovi, umrada, 2005, 693) ali pa Glavnega intendanta Ilirskih provinc (ARS, SI
AS 27) . 71-73 XXXV (Kolanovi, umrada, 2005, 702). Dokumenti o idrijskem rudniku,
njegovih tehnolokih reitvah in Napoleonovem zanimanju zanj kot najlahtnejemu sadeu
kranjske deele so shranjeni v posebnih fondih (Kolanovi, umrada, 2005, 767, 828-830).

Viri o olskih knjinicah Ilirskih provinc so za Ljubljano podatki manj pregledni. Ilirske
nabave ljubljanske vijeolske knjinice niso neposredno dostopne, saj ni ohranjenega
kataloga iz asa Nodierjeve ilirske uprave, lahko pa si jih predstavimo ob primerjavi med
Wildovim licejskim katalogom iz leta 1803 s poznejimi dodatki (Supplementum, NUK.
Rokopisni oddelek) in katalogi Zoisa (Z, Zo) oziroma op-Kalistra (1826-1831, NUK.
Rokopisni oddelek).

Uvod

Nekaj manj kot poldrugi milijon prebivalcev Ilirskih provinc je odrezalo Habsburko
monarhijo od morja za celinsko zaporo proti Angliji in kopensko povezavo trgovine eljne
Francije s Turijo (umrada, 2007, 76). Ilirske province si nae kraje prvi v zgodovini
povezale z veliko razvitejim srediem v Parizu in tako omogoile dotok najnovejih izumov
za prikaz ljubljanskim olarjem. Dale najbolj privlani so bili seveda pravkar izumljeni
Voltovi proizvajalci razmeroma stalnega elektrinega toka. Izobraevanje v olah je sol
dobrobiti vsakega naroda, tiriletna Napoleonova zareza pa je z Ilirskimi provincami prinesla
prevratne posodobitve med poskuse, ki so si jih na katedrah svojih profesorjev odtlej lahko
ogledali ljubljanski tudentje. Katere nove predvsem Voltove naprave so Francozi in Italijani
prinesli v ole zahodnega dela slovenskega naselitvenega obmoja? Koliko novosti je
preivelo restavracijo?

Preglednica 1: tevilo tudentov na vijih tudijih v Ljubljani po obnovi konec 18. stoletja

1788 1792 1800 1808 1809 1810/11 1811/12 1812/13 1813/14 1822/23 1830/31 1831/32 1848/49 1813-1849

Gimnaz 110 (C) 187 249(C) 463 701 312 329

ija (197) (1828)

Bogoslovje 28 125 125 233 179 159 36 151 100 3159

Filozofija 108 108 27 70 40 138 60 2450

Medicina 78 21 24 31
nija

Kirurgija 3 13

Pravo 30 19

Inenirstvo in arhitektura 14 9 9

Vse vije tudije 233 233 (301) (313) 313 273

Centralne ole v Ljubljani (1809-1813)

V Napoleonovih Ilirskih provincah so med letoma 1809-1813 le v Ljubljani nadgradili
dotedanji visokoolski tudij filozofije; eravno so Goriani imeli celo nekoliko stareje
filozofske tudije, njihovim olnikom sekira ni tako padla v med, kot ljubljanskim tekmecem.
Joef II. je med letoma 1785-1788 ukinil filozofski tudij v Ljubljani zato, da bi sprostil
odhajanje bodoih kranjskih uenjakov v veja eka in avstrijska znanstvena sredia;
Napoleon pa je vije tudije v Ljubljani med letoma 1810-1813 razvil zato, da bi taken odliv
moganov prepreil. Habsburanom je ljubljanski Licej povzroal neprijetnosti, saj ob
centralizaciji dravne uprave konec 18. stoletja cesar Joef ni mogel dovolj natanno
zasledovati morebitni svobodomiselnih tokov na odronih olah, ko jih ni ve vodil leta 1773
razpueni jezuitski red. Napoleon si s takimi marnjami, seveda, ni ve belil glave.

Francozi so ustanovili univerzitetne tudije v ljubljanskem srediu Ilirskih provinc v skladu s

olsko politiko svojega imperija. Zanimivo je, da Napoleonovi uradniki ravno za matematiko
in kemijo niso zlahka nali stalnih domaih predavateljev. Kae, da je bil prav na
prirodoslovnem podroju najmoneji odliv izobraencev v znanstveno bolj razvite
habsburke deele, eravno je prav od tam, namre iz zlate Prage, Napoleonova Ljubljana
dobila izvrstnega matematika, Gunza. Gunzov ljubljanski mednarodni znanstveni krog je bil
poleg Pariza mono navezan tudi na Gradec, Dunaj in Prago; deloval vzporedno z Zoisovim
kot protiute Zoisovi poslovni uporabnosti.

Tri/tiri leta obstoja visokih ol v Ljubljani kot osrednje izobraevalne ustanove Ilirskih
provinc so vsekakor vzpodbujala pozneje zahteve po univerzi v Ljubljani. Sen o domai
univerzi so po marni revoluciji zapisali v skupni prapor izobraencev deel poseljenih s
Slovenci. Z morebitno izjemo Gunza ali . Zoisa pa ne gre kratki dobi Ilirskih provinc
pripisovati pomembnejih znanstvenih dosekov, saj je bilo olstvo v lirskih provincah
vseskozi v gmotnih zagatah.

Leta 1810/11 na dveletnih oziroma triletnih (Ljubljana) gimnazijah Ilirskih provinc niso uili
fizike oziroma naravoslovja.352 Tudi na kolegijih med letoma 1811-1813353 in na petletnem
liceju v Ljubljani ni bilo pouka naravoslovja. Na srednji stopnji so tako predavali fiziko v
okviru naravoslovja le leta 1810/11 na licejih v Trstu (z astronomijo vred), Kopru in Gorici.354

V delu ilirskih provinc poseljenem s Slovenci je fiziko predaval le Kersnik v prvih letnikih
vseh petih fakultet Centralne ole v Ljubljani leta 1810/11 po Neumannovem ubeniku v
latinskem jeziku;355 Neumann je bil Kersnikov uitelj in predhodnik na isti ljubljanski katedri,
tako da je bila izbira njegovega ubenika dokaj neizogibna. Neumann z Moravske je
sedemindvajsetleten postal dne 21. 7. 1801 profesor ljubljanske gimnazije in tam ostal do
odhoda iz Ljubljane. Poleg pouka v gramatikalnih razredih je 16. 2. 1802 postal suplent za
grino. 3. 3. 1803 je zamenjal obolelega Schalerja in postal 31. 10. 1803 na ljubljanskem
liceju prvi redni profesor fizike, ki ni bil nikoli jezuit. 12. 9. 1806 je Neumann skupaj z
direktorjem ljubljanskih filozofskih tudij F. Wildom podpisal potrdilo o opravljenem izpitu
iz grke filologije za tudenta Jurija Paueka.356

352
Schmidt, 1964, 82.
353
Schmidt, 1964, 99.
354
Schmidt, 1964, 83-84.
355
Schmidt 1964, 96-97.
356
Ciperle, Ljubljanska gimnazija, 119; Ciperle, Podoba, 137, 302.
Jeseni 1806 je Neumann odel na univerzo v Gradec in tam od leta 1812 poueval
astronomijo na Joanneumu. Drugae kot pred njim Ambschell, je najprej objavil latinski
ubenik fizike v Gradcu v letih 1808 do 1812; ubenik je desetletje pozneje dal prevesti v
nemino.357 Prevod je objavil v gotici in ga posvetil Josefu baronu Stifftu. Pesem je posvetil
svojemu direktorju na Politehniki, Prechtlu (Neumann, 1820, 1: XIII).

Prvi del nemkega prevoda je obsegal 560 strani v 522 poglavjih, na koncu pa je dodal e
dvanajst tabel bakrorezov z 270 manjimi slikami. Dalji drugi del ubenika ima 722 strani.
Na strani 723-783 je dal natisniti kazalo za obe knjigi, ki sta sicer e imeli vsaka zase kazali
na zaetku. Po petih straneh popisa napak je objavil petnajst bakrorezov s kar 372 slikami;
gotovo prava paa za oi pridnih tudentov. Na predzadnji sliki 371 je narisanih est razlinih
oblik sneink v duhu prav tedaj nastajajoe mineralogije, ki sta jo pomagala utemeljiti tudi
naa Gruber in Hacquet. Latinski NUKov izvod Neumanovega ubenika je danes izgubljen,
nemki prevod pa je bil neko Zoisov z ojaenim usnjenim hrbtom kartonastih platnic,
trikotnimi usnjenimi robovi platnic in rdee marmoriranimi notranjimi platnicami.

Neumann je narisal komet (tab III), Tychov sistem (tab IV, fig 47), vakuumsko rpalko (Tab
VIII, rab 164), leydensko steklenico (tab VIII, fig 171), kapilarnost (tab IX, X), kristalne
oblike (tab XI, XII). Skice v drugi knjigi je posvetil zvoku (tab I, II), teleskopu z
mikrometrom za merjenje sukanja polarizacijske ravnine (tab III), parnemu stroju (tab V),
oesu (tab VI), geometrijski optiki (tab VII), dvolomnim kristalom (tab IX), lomu in oesu
(tab X),, mikroskopu (tab XI), leydenski steklenici (tab XII), vakuumskim rpalkam (tab XIII,
fig. 298, 323), mavrici in sneinkam (tab XV, fig. 357 in 371). Med latinskimi ubeniki je v
zaetku drugega zvezka priporoal Newtonove Principe, 'sGravesanda, Ch. Wolffa,
Musschenbroekove Institutiones (1748) ali Introductio ad philosophiam (1762) (Neumann,
1820, 2: VII), ne pa Bokovia, eravno je njegovo dinamino teorijo tokastih teles opisal
kot zadnjo med dinamikami in zato najbolj merodajno (Neumann, 1820, 1: 27).

Med novimi nemkimi ubeniki, tiskanimi po letu 1790, je hvalil Imhoffa, ki so ga uporabljali
tudi novomeki franikani. Med novimi latinskimi ubeniki je poleg svojega hvalil e
Ambschellovo in Dttlerjevo delo (Neumann, 1820, 2: IX). Med tujimi izdajami je priporoil
Biota, Cavalla, Th. Younga, Playfaira in Giuseppe Saverio Polija, ki ga je bral tudi Zois. Med
enciklopedijami je rad videl Gehlerjevo (Neumann, 1820, 2: X), med asopisi in glasili
znanstvenih drub pa domala vse (Neumann, 1820, 2: XI). Med zgodovinarji fizike je hvalil
Fischerja in Gilberta (Neumann, 1820, 2: XIII), med specializiranimi deli pa Priestleyjevi
optiko in elektriko, Pfaffa, Bohenbergerja ter Brandesa iz leta 1820. Zanimali so ga
Beccarijevi poskusi s fosforescenco ivali in rastlin (Neumann, 1820, 2: 205), prav tako pa
bolonjski kamen in Kantonov fosfor (Neumann, 1820, 2: 206). Predstavil je Newtonovo
emanacijsko teorijo svetlobe (Neumann, 1820, 2: 207-208) in nasprotni Eulerjev vibracijski
sistem (Neumann, 1820, 2: 209), prav tako pa dinamini inaici vibracijskega sistema
Huygensa in Descartesa (Neumann, 1820, 2: 209); vendar Neuman ni povedal, s katero
inaico dri. Zanimal ga je fotometer (Neumann, 1820, 2: 218) ob Newtonovih barvah na
prizmi (Neumann, 1820, 2: 218), ki pa jim je pritaknil tudi Goethejevo kritiko (Neumann,
1820, 2: 324).

Leta 1842 je Neumann ponatisnil prvi del svojega ubenika. Leta 1815 je Neumann zapustil
Gradec in je bil od leta 1816 do upokojitve leta 1844 profesor fizike in tajnik politehnike na
Dunaju; danes ima v bliini Politehnike pod stolpom zvonika ob cerkvi vzidano spominsko

357
Lind, Physik, 382.
ploo. Leta 1819 je v prvem letniku Izvestij politehninega instituta objavil razpravo o
Breguetovem kovinskem termometru.358 Breguet je bil urar mornarice v Parizu, lan parike
akademije in biroja dolin. Poloaje je zapustil neaku, ki je bil prav tako slovit urar, v
prostem asu pa je meril hitrosti svetlobe in zvoka v razlinih snoveh.

Stareji Breguet ni slovel samo po urah; dve leti pred Neumannovo razpravo je objavil
raziskovanja meritev temperature z opazovanjem raztezanja kovine. Breguet je uporabil
napeto vzmet, ki se je daljala med segrevanjem. Na dno je postavil iglo za oditavanje
temperature, seveda pa je skalo postavil empirino. e v poznem 19. stoletju so Breguetov
termometer uporabljali v olah; leta 1900, skoraj stoletje po Neumannovem opisu, je podjetje
James W. Queen & Co. iz Filadelfije prodajalo Breguetove termometre po $ 25.

Ob Breguetu je Neumann iznajdbo kovinskih termometrov pripisal e Hollmannu, rednemu

profesorju filozofije na univerzi v Gttingenu in direktorju tamkajnje znanstvene drube.
Hollmann se je resda ukvarjal predvsem z barometri, vendar je ob njih rad sestavljal tudi
termometre.

Po preselitvi v Gradec je Neumann leta 1808-1812 tam objavil ubenik Compendaria physica
instituto v treh delih.

Neumannov graki ubenik so takoj po natisu nabavili tudi v Ljubljani. Pod tevilko 17. je bil
zapisan v Suplementumu (brez letnice) Wildovega popisa licejske knjinice iz let 1789-1809.

Med letoma 1811-1813 je imela Akademija v Ljubljani posebno enoletno filozofsko fakulteto.
Tam je Kersnik predaval fiziko v francoskem jeziku naprej dvainsedemdesetim, naslednje leto
pa sedemdesetim tudentom. Leta 1812/13 so nekateri sluatelji filozofije opravljali tudi izpite
iz kozmografije.359

Kersnik s prvo ljubljansko geometrijo za obrtnike ob slovenskih predavanjih kemije

Janez Krstnik Kersnik (* 26. 3. 1783 Moste pri irovnici na Gorenjskem; 24. 6. 1850
Ljubljana) se je na ljubljanskih vijih tudijih najprej izkazal s predavanji fizike. Premoni
oe ga je vzredil z dohodki kmetije, mlina in age, Slovencem pa je slavo zapel predvsem
vnuk Janeza Kersnika, pisatelj Janko Kersnik.

Janez Krstnik Kersnik je v Ljubljani po nijih tudijih (gimnaziji) obiskoval dva letnika
filozofije. Fiziko je poslual v drugem letniku leta 1802-1803 po dve uri na teden pri
nekdanjem jezuitu Schalerju, ki ga je zaradi bolezni po 3. 3. 1803 nadomeal Neumann. Po
konani filozofiji je Kersnik leta 1803-1804 konal e en bogoslovni letnik, vendar ni bil
posveen v duhovnika. Dne 15. 9. 1804 je raje postal uitelj 4. razreda na normalki v
Ljubljani, podobno kot njegov dijak Monik pozneje v Gorici. Dne 10. 12. 1808 je bil
Kersnik imenovan za rednega profesorja fizike na liceju Ljubljani, na mesto Matije Kalistra.
Kersnik je bil tudi lan Kranjske kmetijske drube skupaj s sodelavcem Gunzom; na Brdu pri
Lukovici je imel lepo posest, fiziokratske ideje Kranjske kmetijske drube pa so se dobro
skladale s Kersnikovimi uiteljskimi in posestnikimi pogledi.
358
Ciperle, Ljubljanska gimnazija, 119; Poggendorff, Biographisch-Literarisches, 2: 274-275.
359
Schmidt, 1964, 102.
Kersnik fizik

Preglednica 2: Kersnikovi ubeniki fizike med tudijem in v dvaintiridesetih letih njegovih

predavanj fizike v drugem letniku vijih ol v Ljubljani360

Pisec Slubeno mesto v Naslov, kraj in leto izdaje Leta uporabe na vijih Jezik
asu tiska olah v Ljubljani predavanj:

Do 1783/84 Latinski
1784/85-1804/05 Nemki
1805/05-1809/10 Latinski

Neumann Profesor fizike v Physica Institutio tomus 3, 1810/11 Latinski

Gradcu Gradec 1808

1811/12, 1812/13 Francoski

Remigio Univerzitetni Elementa Physicae 1816/17-1823-1825 Latinski

Dttler profesor na Dunaju Mathematico-experimentalis

Baumgartner Profesor fizike na Die Naturlehre 1824, 3. del 1825/26 Nemki

dunajski univerzi
Baumgartner Profesor fizike na Die Naturlehre 1826 1827- Nemki
dunajski univerzi

Isto delo v 2. izdaji iz leta 1829-1831- Nemki

1829 (5: 1836, 6: 1839, 7:
1842, 8: 1845)
Baumgartner Profesor fizike na Die Naturlehre 1832 -1837/38-1843/44 Nemki
dunajski univerzi

Andreas Dunajski profesor Anfangsgrunde der Physik 1844/46-1848- Nemki

Ettingshausen fizike in vije 1844 (2:1845, 3:1853)
matematike

Baumgartner Anfangsgrunde der -1850-51- Nemki

Naturlehre 1837

360
Vsi neoznaeni viri so povzeti po Verzeichni (Ordung) der ffentlischen Vorlesungen am k.k. Lyzeum zu
Laibach 1823 in 1824 (NM-sign. 9373), 1823, 1824, 1827, 1832 (NUK-olski spisi N 180, N 181, N 182, N 980
(Ciperle, 2008, 28) ter 1825, 1831, 1845, 1846 (Zgodovinski Arhiv Ljubljana, akc.fond 1, arh.enota 58 (LJU-
184, 420-1).
Ubeniki glede na Verzeichnis der ffentischer Vorlessungen am k.k. Lyceum zu Laibach im
Schuljahre 1817. Laibach: Kleinmayr (NM-9373). Ni ekslibrisov

Teoloka 1., 2, 3, 4 letnik predmetniki in uitelji

1, 2 letnik Dollinar

3. letnik Ravnikar

4. Medicina kirurgija v nemini

dva letnika

prvi semester 2. Letnika (5) Johann Verbitz o gerichtliche Arzenkunde

(6) filozofska prazen poloaj tudijskega direktorja

teorijska filozofija po Karpetu, Menzelu in drugih v latinini pri profesorju Georg Pauschek
(Pauek)

ista matematika po Appeltauerju etc

v latinini ponedeljek, sreda, petek, sobota zjutraj 9-10

ponedeljek sreda, petek popoldne 4-5 ure v obeh semestrih (7) Leopold Gunz

Universalgeschuichte v nemini Franz Xav. Richter, weltprichter teoloki bakalavrat, lan

Kmetijske Naravoslovne in Landskunde drube

Grka filozofija Franz Peesenegger

2. letnik

veronauk Matthus Ravnikar

praktina filozofija po Karpeju, Wenzelu etc

Georg Pauschek

Fizika z angewandten matematiko po Dttlerju latinsko

Ponedeljek, torek, sreda, petek, sobota 8-9 dopoldne

Ponedeljek, sreda, petek 3-4 popoldne oba semestra

Johann Kersnik lan Kmetijske drube

Richter universalgeschichte
Peeesengger grka filologija

Carl Werner Landwrtschaft tudi za teologe 2. Letnika po nemko

Urban Jerin algemeine erziehungskunde tudi za 2. Letnik teologov

4 tedenske ure slovenine neobvezno ni zasedeno

povsem prosti Lehrgegenstnde

italijanski jezik in literatura (8) Valentin Vodnik

Botanika v 1. Semestru po Wikdenowem Grundrisse der Krnterkundem, v 2 semestru po

Hist, Synopsis plantarum in Austria crescentum in Personovem Enchiridion botanicum

Franz Hladnik

Zeichenkunst za olarje gimnazije in liceja, Dienstag in donnestag 2-4 v obeh semestrih,

zeichenmeister Vincenz Dorfmeister in njegov pomonik Johan Schaffenrat

Mechanik fr kunstler und handwerker alle Sonn- und Freytage celo leto v predavalnici fizike
od pol dveh do treh Nachmittags Kersnik

Zeichenkunst = RISANJe
fr kunstler und handwerker alle Sonn- und Freytage vonm 10 bis 12 ur

zeichenmeister Vincenz Dorfmeister in njegov pomonik = Gehlfen

Johann Schaffenrath

Dodatek

Licejska biblioteka vse dni od sonabend do freytag 10-12 in 2-4 popoldne, poleti od 2. Do 6.
ure
Matija Kalister

1818

enako, tudi to pot ni knjige meh, matematika Gunz, risanje zeichenmeister Vincenz
Dorfmeister in njegov pomonik = Gehlfen
Johann Schaffenrath, ni knjige
1819 ENAKO

fizika po Dttlerju

kalister, nima adjunkta in bibliothrekdienst

1825
(7) matematika po Appeltauerju Kersnik 8-9 dopoldne, 3-4 popoldne suplira bolnega Antona
Louschina

naturgeschichte po Johan Friederich Blumenbach Handbuch der Naturgeschichte predava

Joseph von West
kalister, nima skriptorja in bibliothrekdienst Georg Kosma

1826

matematika Lovin, lan gorike kmetijske drube po Appeltauerju

Naturgeschichte po Johan Friederich Blumenbach Handbuch der Naturgeschichte predava

Joseph von West

fizika po Baumgartnerju 3 del Dunaj 1824 (7) nemko

Biblotekar Kalister, skriptor Muael Kastelic in bibliothrekdienst Georg Kosma

1831

matematika Schulz pl. Stassinskil

po Apeltauerju
isto, Baumgartner 1829

Bibliotekar op, skriptor Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

1832

isto

matematika Schulz pl. Stassinskil

po Appeltauerju
Vest lan Ausschsse landwirtshaftr gesellschaft Ktain, korespondent enaki drub za tajersko
in Gorico

Bibliotekar op, skriptor Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

1835

matematika Hummel
po Appeltauerju

Naturgeschichte Franz Hlubek lan univerze Lviv in landwirt gesellschaft, Krain

Bibliotekar Matija op, skriptor Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

1836

Naturgeschichte Franz Hlubek lan univerze Lviv in landwirt gesellscaft, Krain

Hummel lan Landwirtschaft Gesel. Krain appeltrair

neobvezna botanika po Bishoffovi Botanische Kunstsprache sind eigenen Heften v 2.
Semestru po osnovi Flora Austriaca med dr. prof. Biakovski, pravi lan Landwirt.
Gesellschaft Krain

Bibliotekar nezaseden, skriptor Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

1838
naturgeschichta Franz Hlubek lan univerze Lviv in landwirt gesel, Krain

fizika Baumgartner 1832

neobvezna botanika po Bishoffovio Botanische Kunstsprache siund eigenen Heften v 2.

Semestru po osnovi Flora Austriaca med dr. prof. Biakovski, pravi lan LandwirtGesell Krain

Bibliotekar Likavec, skriptor Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

1839

Naturgeschichte Franz HlubeK lan univerze Lviv in landwirt gesel, Krain

nedobvezna botanika po Bishoffovio Botanische Kunstsprache siund eigenen Heften v 2.

Semestru po osnovi Flora Austriaca med dr. prof. Biakovski, pravi lan LandwirtGesell Krain

risanje zeichenmeister Vincenz Dorfmeister in njegov pomonik = Gehlfen

Johann Schaffenrath

Bibliotekar Likavec, skriptor Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

1840

naturgeschichte Hlubek

neobvezna botanika po Bishoffovio Botanische Kunstsprache siund eigenen Heften v 2.

Semestru po osnovi Flora Austriaca med dr. prof. Biakovski, pravi lan LandwirtGesell Krain

risanje Franz Huber in njegov pomonik = Gehlfen

Joachim Oblak

Bibliotekar Likavec, skriptor Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

1843
naturgeschichte po Blumenbachovem Handbuch der allgemeinem Naturgeschichte Anton
Schubert dr. Medicine

Hummel matematiko po Appeltauerju

neobvezna botanika po Bishoffovo Botanische Kunstsprache siund eigenen Heften v 2.
Semestru po osnovi Flora Austriaca med dr. prof. Biakovski, pravi lan Landwirt. Gesell.
Krain

risanje suplent Johan Leuz in njegov pomonik = Gehlfen

Johann Schaffenrath
gewerbeindrustie schule Kersnik
Bibliotekjar Likavec, skriptor Kastelic, Bibliothekdiener Kosma

1844

naturgeschichte po Blumenbachovem Ghandbuch der allgemeinem Naturgeschiuchte Anton

Schubert dr. Medicine

Hummel matematiko po eigenen=Lasten Lehrbuch

Kersnik Fiziko po Baumgartner 1832

neobvezna botanika po Bishoffovio Botanische Kunstsprache siund eigenen Heften v 2.
Semestru po osnovi Flora Austriaca med dr. prof. Biakovski, pravi lan LandwirtGesell Krain

1846
Hummel matematiko po eigenen Lehrbuch

Kersnik Fiziko po Ettingshaesen Anfangsgrnde Wien 1844

Naturgeschichte po Blumenbachovem Ghandbuch der allgemeinem Naturgeschichte Anton
Schubert dr. Medicine

1847

Hummel matematiko po Eigenen Lehrbuch

Kersnik Fiziko po Ettingshaesen Anfangsgrnde Wien 1844

Ordung offentischer Vorlessungen 1848

Hummel matematiko po eigenen Lehrbuch

Kersnik Fiziko po Ettingshausen Anfangsgrnde Wien 1844

Dne 14. 6. 1810 je Kersnik prevzel na oles Centrales v Ljubljani e predavanja iz

matematike profesorja Jenka. Leta 1811 je zael predavati e kemijo na Akademiji namesto
Jeana Maria Zendrinija (Zendrinni, * Brescia);361 Zendrinni je iz Brescije pisal o mineralih
tudi Zoisu, e posebno v letih 1811-1814; Zois mu je odgovoril 23. 3. 1812, 26. 6. 1812, 2. 8.
1812, 10. 1. 1815 in 30. 10. 1818 (Faganel, 1999, 43, 117-118, 151, 152, 159, 166, 168). Na
ljubljanski gimnaziji je Stupper uil francoino, mere in utei, Gregor Doller latinino in
aritmetiko, Kallister francoino in geometrijo, Jurij Eisler pa latinsko gramatiko in aritmetiko
(Kova, 1979, 280). Doller je leta 1811/12 uil tudi opa, leta 1825 pa je predaval na
gimnaziji (Kidri, 1925 SBL, 1: 99-100). Eisler je med letom a 1814-1816 uil opa splono
zgodovino in ga je ocenil le z dvojko (Kidri, 1925 SBL, 1: 97, 99).

Tako je Kersnik postal praktino deklica za vse matematino naravoslovne predmete. Tudi
po odhodu Francozov je Kersnik na liceju pogosto nadomeal obolele ali odsotne profesorje
elementarne matematike v 1. letniku. Imel je veliko otrok in so mu dodatni dohodki kar prav
prili. Kersnik z Brda pri Lukovici je bil pa glava mnogotevilne druine in je prijel za
vsakrno pedagoko delo, da bi preivel devet lani grl svojih najdrajih s soprogo
italijanskega rodu vred.

Kersnik je med Ilirskimi provincami po nemko predaval fiziko v drugem letniku vsak dan
dopoldne med 9. in 10. uro, popoldne pa e od 15. do 16. ure po tri dni v tednu. Skupaj je tako

361
Schmidt, 1964, 2: 105.
predaval po osem ur tedensko. etrtki in nedelje so bili pouka prosti, tako kot na tedanji
gimnaziji.362

Kersnik je bil profesor fizike, obasno pa je predaval e uporabno matematiko od leta 1823 do
1848. Kot stalno nameeni profesor pod nadzorom filozofske tudijske direkcije je poueval
aritmetiko, geometrijo, mehaniko in kemijo; med sluatelji je zbral vajence, pomonike in
uiteljske kandidate. Govoril jim je po dve uri ob nedeljah v fizikalni predavalnici liceja od
januarja 1818 dalje,363 ko je bil stalno nameen e pri mehanini oli za umetnost in
rokodelstvo (Gewerbes-industrie-Schule fr Kunstler und Handwerker). Tam je v nemkem
jeziku364 predaval fiziko po dve uri na teden med 19. 2. 1815 in letom 1826. Med letoma
1825-1850 je predaval po tri ure na teden. tevilo ur pouka matematike in fizike na liceju je
ostalo enako tudi po reformi leta 1824, eravno se je skupno tevilo ur predavanj na
filozofskih tudijih zmanjalo s 36 na 31.365

Za potrebe pouka je Kersnik kot prvi leta 1830, po drugih virih leta 1849 (Grafenauer, Ivan.
1932. Kersnik Janez Krstnik (Geslo). SBL. 1: 44-445, tu str. 445; Glaar, Kuan, Jemec,
2001, 1), zael licejska predavanja kemije v slovenskem jeziku ob nedeljah po dve do tri ure
pri predmetu Kemija in loba.

Kersnikova letna plaa na oles Centrales je znaala med letoma 1810-1812 po enem viru
800 frankov, s 120 franki dodatkov. To je bilo najve med profesorji z izjemo teologa-
pravnika, Gunzovega botra Jurija (Georga) Dolinarja, ki je dobival po 1050 frankov. Po
drugem viru je Kersnik precej izdatneje polnil svojo monjo s teavnim uiteljevanjem: med
aprilom in novembrom leta 1811 naj bi prejemal po 130 frankov na mesec, torej 1560 frankov
na leto. Enako plao so imeli prav vsi profesorji vkljuno s Hladnikom, ki je leta 1810/11 v
nemkem jeziku predaval prirodopis z mineralogijo.366 Le arhitekt Xyacinte Maina (Hiacint
Maine, * Trst ali Dalmacija) je imel 166 frankov na mesec oziroma 2000 frankov letno,
vendar je e novembra leta 1811 zapustil Ljubljano;367 oitno mu celo vija plaa ni odtehtala
zamenjave dalmatinskega Sonca z ljubljansko meglo.

V letih 1846, 1847 in 1848 je imel Kersnik najvijo letno plao med profesorji na liceju, saj je
s 1200 fl kar za dvakrat ali celo trikrat presegal povpreje. Imel je pa zdale najdaljo
delovno dobo in sicer leta 1846 skupaj 47 let, od tega 37 let na samem liceju.368 Poleg
geometrijske zaetnice iz leta 1830 je Kersnik objavil e kraje poroilo o potresu dne 27. 8.
1840 in o manjih potresih v naslednjih dneh. Pri tem se je izkazal kot vesten opazovalec.369

O Kersnikovih prirodoslovnih idejah lahko sodimo po uporabljanih ubenikih in nabavah v

fizikalnem kabinetu ter po delovanju njegovih uencev. Med njimi je bil pisec prvega
slovenskega ubenika fizike, Karl (Luka) Robida, ki je po Kersnikovih smernicah zaoral
brazdo v slovensko fizikalno izrazoslovje. O Kersnikovih predavanjih in opremi, ki jo je
morebiti podedoval kar iz Ilirskih provinc e v letu pred smrtjo je dobrohotno sodil njegov
tedanji uenec, Janez Trdina:370

362
Ciperle, 1980, 177, 179.
363
Ciperle, 2001, 179, 305.
364
Po Schmidtu (1864, 241) tudi v slovenskem jeziku; Daniela argo?????.
365
Schmidt, 1964, 282.
366
Schmidt, 1964, 2: 99.
367
ZAL, akc.fond 1. arh. enota 53; Schmidt, 1964, 2: 105.
368
ZAL, akc.fond 1, arh. enota 76.
369
Carniola 1840 144 (31. 8. 1840) in 151-152 (7. 9. 1840).
370
Trdina, ponatis 1946, 163-165.
(...) "Kersnik je imel staro, pohabljeno eksperimentalno orodje, tako da se mu je marsikak
poskus ponesreil, in tudi matematini dokaz. Predaval je poljudno in ni bil posebno uen, kot
npr. Kleeman, ki ga je po smrti leta 1850 nadomestil in je zahteval same matematine dokaze.
Pri Kersniku se je smelo odgovarjati tudi slovensko. Zelo je bil vesel spisov v slovenskem
jeziku, saj se je zanimal za slovensko fizikalno terminologijo"

Kersnikove naprave za fizikalne poskuse leta 1811

Kersnik je dobro obvladal francoino, kar je bila tisti as velika prednost za profesorja v
Ilirskih provincah. Leta 1809/10 je predaval v francoini na Centralnih olah v Ljubljani, leta
1811 pa je popisal eksperimentalne naprave v kemijskem in fizikalnem kabinetu Centralnih
ol v francoskem jeziku; pri tem je zagreil nekaj manjih pravopisnih napak. Popis kae, da
je Kersnik svojim dijakom v resnici imel kaj pokazati, saj mu ni manjkalo niti najnovejih
unih pripomokov.

Kersnik je kot prvo napravo v kemijskem kabinetu natel navpino pnevmatsko napravo
oziroma vakuumsko rpalko, kot drugo pa . Zoisov izum plava (jeklarne) s puhalnikom in
pripadajoimi preminimi oporami.371 Videti je, kot da bi Zois svojo domislico odstopil
ljubljanski oli za Kersnikovo demonstracijo tehniko nadarjenim dijakom.

Kersnik je imel e dva meha s tablo in svetilkami, dva termometra s kovinskimi merili,
tehtnico z utemi iz medi, manjo in vejo tehtnico, baterijo z voltno celico, dva aerometra,
veliki meh z dolgo bakreno cevjo, bakreno pnevmatsko kad (za vakuumske poskuse) in
srebrno svetilko z vsemi potrebinami.

Kersnik je v nadaljevanju omenil kristalne, lonene, kovinske, elezne, lesene, porcelanaste in

drugane pripomoke za kemijske poskuse. V devetem oddelku kemijskega kabineta je nato
popisal triintrideset vzorcev v zbirki mineralov iz rudnika v Idriji in e dvesto petdeset
vzorcev drugih mineralov. S popisom estinpetdesetih drugih keminih elementov in spojin,
veinoma kovin, je Kersnik zapolnil poldrugo stran A3 formata v svojem oddelku 10. Pri
nekaterih kovinah je opisal tudi barvo, npr. rumeni, rdei in temno rjavi svinec, rno in rdee
elezo, ter rno in rdee ivo srebro, gotovo idrijsko. Kersnik je navedel celo kovine, ki so jih
odkrili ele po njegovem rojstvu. Kersnikova zbirka mineralov gotovo ni bila bolja od neko
ljubljanske Hacquetove ali celo Zoisove, a vendarle zbuja obudovanje.

Kersnik se je v kabinetu za fiziko in matematiko najprej lotil naprav za meritve sile tenosti.
Natel je: veliko tehtnico za uravnavanje, drugo veliko tehtnico z dvema krakoma, majhno
tehtnico, manjo tehtnico s kraki iz medi, sedemindvajset utei s kavlji za obeanje ter sedem
brez njih, natannejo eksperimentalno tehtnico v toku, leseni tok za spravljanje utei, majhno
tehtnico v katli iz lesa. V nadaljevanju se mu je zapisala e centrifuga, est naprav za prikaz
paralelograma sil, deset zapolnjenih krogel iz slonove kosti za poskuse s trki, kripci na
kolesa iz medi in lesa, zbirka enostavnih naprav za statine poskuse, dvojni stoec, tehtnica s

371
Valeni, Faninger, Gspan-Praelj, 1991, 832.
podstavkom, poevna ploskev za dokaz teorije o pospeenem gibanju po klancu, naprava za
izstreljevanje vodoravnega meta, majhne lekarnike utei in tri razline polfuntne utei.

V oddelku za hidrostatiko je vestni Kersnik hranil dve cevki povezani s tretjo (vezne posode),
votel valj iz stekla in medi. Ob njih je spravil deloma uokvirjen prisekan stoec, podolgovato
pozlaeno veliko vazo, dunajske prostorninske mere iz medi, dvojni vodomet, kubini palec
kot votlo mero, zbirko vseh enostavnih hidrostatinih naprav, ve steklenih zvoncev. Za
vakuumske poskuse je zbral stekleno votlo kroglo za odpiranje, magdeburki polkrogli za
dokaz vakuuma, votlo bakreno kroglo na odpiranje, tri zelo majhne ventile, tri valje iz medi s
sesalko in rpalko, Heronov vodomet z vrtljivim curkom, pnevmatsko napravo (vakuumsko
rpalko, podobno tisti popisani na prvem mestu), barometer, presihajoi vodomet, dvojni
vodomet in kartezijanski plava, ki ga je B.F. Erberg nabavil e za ljubljanske jezuite leta
1755.

Pri akustinih poskusih je Kersnik uporabljal enojno in trojno struno, Eolovo harfo, ki je
izvabljala skriti posmeh Hummlovih dijakov e desetletje pozneje na graki univerzi, in
steklene figure kot glasbila. Kersnik je med optinimi in astronomskimi napravami hranil
konkavno zrcalo, tri ardentna akustina stekla v toku, drugo steklo, steklene prizme in stoce,
tiri zemeljske daljnoglede z mikrometri, hemisferi Zemlje in neba, sestavljen mikroskop,
zemeljski daljnogled s papirnato cevjo ter majhno prenosno kamero obscuro kot prednik
fotoaparata. Imel je e zemljevid sveta, Sonevo uro, konveksno stekleno ploo, dve
konveksni pornjeni zrcali za opazovanje Sonevih mrkov, barvite diske, poseben mikroskop,
rno tablo za optine poskuse, papirnat zaslon, ploo za optine poskuse in zatemnjeno
prenosno posodo.

Kersnik je k magnetnim napravam tel umetni magnet, magnetno iglo, magneta nasprotnih
polov, razline druge naprave, napravo za drobljenje, kuhalnik za lepilo in table. Ve
magnetnih naprav je, brkone po pomoti, natel v oddelku za geometrijo, ki ga je popisal
nazadnje.

Kersnikova kemija s toploto vred

V Kersnikovi dobi Lavoisierjevih odkritij je bilo preuevanje toplotnih pojavov bolj del
kemije kot fizike, zato je Kersnik kemijske in toplotne poskuse navedel v isti sapi. K
pripravam za kemijo in toplotne meritve je tel pirometer, elezni obro s kroglo za
dokazovanje toplotnega raztezanja teles, podolgovato pe za razpihovanje, ve majhnih
steklenih rogov, dve steklenici s po dvema grloma, dve stekleni krogli s posodama, mehurje
za odpiranje iz medi, cevi z navadnimi in koenimi kljui, dva eudiometra za kemijske
sinteze, lijak, bazen za drobljenje, steklene posode za drobljenje in kuhalnik. Elektrine
naprave so bile majhna naprava za torno elektriko, elektrini prevodnik iz medi, tokokrog,
velika, brkone torna, elektrina naprava s prevodniki, dve Kleistovi oziroma leydenski
steklenici, valjast prevodnik iz medi, valjast lesen izolator, est Kleistovih oziroma leydenskih
steklenic razlinih velikosti, praznilec (akumulator) z eleznimi vodniki, praznilec z
vodniki iz medi, Henleyjev standardni praznilec, ploe iz medi, vozlast vodnik za prevajanje,
elektrofor (brkone Voltov), kondenzator, vodniki, igraa z elektrinimi zvonci, elektrini
pitoli, dve stekleni palici kot izolatorja, ploica za demonstracijo strele oziroma preskoka
iskre ob razelektritvi, bakrena Voltova baterija s petindvajsetimi elementi, stolp za
demonstracijo strele, stolp za prikaz eksplozije groma ob streli, Voltova baterija s
petinsedemdesetimi ploami brez navedbe elementov in izolator. Francoska zasedba je
gotovo pripomogla k tako urni ljubljanski uporabi izumov Napoleonovega varovanca,
senatorja Volte.

Kersnik je zelo izboljal svojo zbirko leta 1811, ko je nabavil prenosno Voltovo cink-zlato
baterijo, optino opazovalnico lebdenja peres v zraku, higrometer s termometrom in
pnevmatski vigalnik. Zgodaj istega leta je glavni guverner Ilirskih provinc, vojvoda in
dubrovniki maral Auguste-Frdric-Louis Viesse de Marmont (* 1774; 1852), ob svojem
odhodu iz Ljubljane podaril Kersnikovemu kabinetu ljubljanskih Centralnih ol svoj obseen
laboratorij z natanno analitino tehtnico, Voltovo baterijo pri napetosti 100 V (morda tisto,
ki jo je popisal Kersnik), galvansko baterijo s stotimi elementi baker-cink, destilacijski aparat,
gazometer, audiometer, pe za arenje, plinske grelce za visoke temperature, devetintirideset
retort, dvanajst Woulfejevih steklenic, devetnajst lijakov, dve muflovki, tirinajst posod,
termometre, aerometre, steklene, kovinske in porcelanaste cevi, ve sto buk, dvesto
kozarcev, porcelanske lonke za arenje, elezna in lesena stojala, pincete in lice.372
Marmont se je oitno veliko nauil od svojega zasebnega uitelja kemije, Zellija; gotovo je
rad zameal kaken zvarek kar doma. Marmont je dne 16. 11. 1809 prispel v Ljubljano kot
generalni guverner Ilirski provinc, v zaetku leta 1811 pa se je vrnil v Pariz,373 tudi zato, ker
se je Marmontovi eni Ljubljana zamerila (Kova, 1979, 281), brkone zavoljo kapucinske
pridige v ljubljanski kapucinski cerkvi.

Kersnikove naprave za pouk geometrije

Preglednica 3: Naprave za pouk geometrije po Kersnikovem popisu iz leta 1811374

372
Zelli, 1811; Polec, 1929, 37-38; Jozelj, 1992, 43.
373
Boudon, 2006, 226, 231.
374
ZAL, akc.fond 1. arh. enota 53.
 Francoski zapis Slovenski opis naprave

Chane Veriga
Compas de fer estilo iz eleza (2 primerka)
Planchette Deica
Dioptre Optina naprava, obenem enota za meritev lomnosti lee
Aiguille aimante Magnetna igla
Balance horizontale Ravnovesje na vodoravni osi
Astrometre Merilec medsebojne razdalje med oddaljenima tokama (na nebu)
Cercle proportional Sosredna kroga kot analogni raunali
Transporter de fer elezno ravnilo kot priprava za prenaanje/pretvarjanje dolin
Transporter de laiton Ravnilo za prenaanje/pretvarjanje dolin iz medi
Cne, Cubus, Balle, Cylindre Enako visoki stoec, kocka, krogla in valj
Cylindre Valj
Cne Stoec
Prisme Prizma
Prisme triangulare Prizma s trikotno osnovno ploskvijo
Prisme sexangulaire Prizma s est kotno osnovno ploskvijo
Tetradre Tetraeder
Octodre Oktaeder
Pyramide triangulaire Piramida s trikotno osnovno ploskvijo
Cne tronque Prisekani stoec
Cubus taill Klesana kocka, verjetno s prirezanimi oglii

Sedemindvajset geometrijskih matematinih naprav v dvaindvajsetih razliicah Kersnikovega

kabineta je bila kar uporabna zbirka, ki bi mu jo gotovo lahko marsikdo zavidal. Razen dveh
estil in analognih raunal je Kersnik imel od vsake naprave le po en primerek; uporabljal jih
je predvsem pred tablo pri tedanjem demonstracijskem nainu pouevanja, ko tudentje
naprav niso smeli preizkuati sami v obliki eksperimentalnega pouka. V popisu je bilo celo
nekaj nedoslednosti, saj je Kersnik zaporedoma magnetno iglo najprej popisal med napravami
za magnetizem, nato pa e pri geometrinih pripomokih. Po B.F. Erbergovem ljubljanskem
popisu iz leta 1755 je bil Kersnikov brkone prvi, zato si verjetno ni mogel pomagati s
kaknimi prironimi zapiski svojih predhodnikov.

Dne 26. 9. 1845 z dodatnimi nabavami iz leta 1846 je Kersnik natel tristo devetdeset naprav
v svojem fizikalnem kabinetu. Med njimi je bila marsikatera obenem uporabna za pouk
matematike, denimo naprava za risanje (Reisszeug) pod tevilko 368, ki jo je izdelal
Magazine,375 danes nam neznani obrtnik ali ustanova. Pri tem je treba tedanji francoski izraz
geometrija pojmovati kot matematiko nasploh, eravno so bile naprave v resnici namenjene
predvsem pouku geometrije.

SLIKA 1 (KersnikOdpravnuka0000154/oklahoma2007): Kersnikov portret (darilo

Kersnikovega prapravnuka)

SLIKA 2 (KersnikHvalnica1841naslov/fara1): Hvalnica Kersnikovih tudentov (darilo

Janeza umrade)
375
ZAL, akc. fond 1, arh. enota 76
SLIKA 3 (Kersnik1811PopisKameraObskura7/oklahoma2007): Kersnikov popis kamere
obskure in drugih optino-astronomskih naprav leta 1811

SLIKA 4 (hacquetSlika5Kersnik1811-4minerali/fara1/mypicrures): Kersnikov popis

mineralov leta 1811

Preglednica 4: Kersnikovi uni pripomoki popisani leta 1811 (top=nauk o toploti;

meh=mehanika; sv=optika; em=elektrika in magnetizem; kem=kemija)

ifra Naprava Pod- Rubrika popisa kosov

roje
1 Pnevmatska naprava, navpina top Kemija I 1
2 Plav Barona Zoisa top Kemija I 1
3 Meh s tablo in svetilkami meh Kemija I 2
4 Termometri s kovinskimi merili top Kemija I 2
5 Tehtnica in utei iz medi meh Kemija I 1
6 Tehtnica, druga tehtnica,manja meh Kemija I 1
7 Baterija, Voltna celica em Kemija I 1
8 Aerometri meh Kemija I 2
9 Meh,veliki in dolga cev iz bakra meh Kemija I 1
10 Pnevmatska kad iz bakra kem Kemija I 1
11 Svetilo iz srebra in potrebine sve Kemija I 1
1 Tube, razline steklene tube kem Kristal II ?
2 Bazen iz barvastega stekla kem Kristal II 11
3 Monarji s svojimi bati kem Kristal II 4
4 Plin, Aparat za merjenje plinov meh Kristal II 1
5 Zvonovi, Zelo veliki zvonovi meh Kristal II 3
6 Zvonovi razlinih velikosti meh Kristal II 14
7 Zvonovi razlinih velikosti iz medi meh Kristal II 5
8 Cilindri, Stekleni cilindri kem Kristal II 4
20 Posode za izparevanje meh Kristal II 10
21 Posode, Velike posode kem Kristal II 16
22 Baloni razlinih velikosti kem Kristal II 10
23 Rog iz stekla kem Kristal II 19
24 Lijaki razlinih velikosti kem Kristal II 19
24 Posode, Male posode iz stekla kem Kristal II 130
25 Kozarci na stojalih kem Kristal II 25
25 Posodice, Navadne steklene posode kem Kristal II 0
26 Balona, Skupaj povezana steklena kem Kristal II 2
26 Matrice razlinih velikosti kem Kristal II 49
27 Woulfov aparat, buteljka zanj kem Kristal II 12
28 Kozarci kem Kristal II 9
29 Steklene lice kem Kristal II 3
30 Woulfov aparat, Posoda na buteljki kem Kristal II 6
31 Stekleno orodje za filtre kem Kristal II 4
32 Ploa iz stekla kem Kristal II 21
33 Stekla iz vitrine kem Kristal II 16
34 Buteljke iz kristala kem Kristal II 14
1 Lonene in glinaste posode kem Lonene III 0
2 Monarji z bati meh Lonene III 0
3 Kopa za zemljo meh Lonene III 31
4 Pe z odsevanjem iz gline kem Lonene III 3
5 Rezanje,krojenje kem Lonene III 14
6 Kopai iz gline kem Lonene III 10
7 Rokavice kem Lonene III 2
8 Lonci iz gline kem Lonene III 9
9 Peena kopel iz gline meh Lonene III 16
10 Kad iz kamna/ivosrebrna oprta naprava meh Lonene III 1
11 Opeke za oporo meh Lonene III 1
12 Opeke, Navadne opeke meh Lonene III 3
1 Bazen iz bakra meh Kovinske IV 1
5 Ponev iz bakra meh Kovinske IV 2
6 Bazen iz medi meh Kovinske IV 1
7 Bazen, rni iz medi,z pipo meh Kovinske IV 3
8 Ploa iz medi/podpora zvonovom meh Kovinske IV 2
9 Cev,velika,ukrivljena,iz bakra meh Kovinske IV 1
10 Svineno orodje iz povezanih meh Kovinske IV 1
1 Pila meh elezne V 10
2 Majhna aga meh elezne V 0
3 Svedri meh elezne V 2
4 Klee, dvoje majhnih vmes meh elezne V 3
5 Kladivo, vmes eno majhno meh elezne V 2
6 Dleto meh elezne V 2
7 Kleice za ogenj meh elezne V 3
8 No meh elezne V 3
9 Kos jekla meh elezne V 2
10 Prime, vmes eden majhen meh elezne V 2
11 Puka,Palica za(nabijanje)puk meh elezne V 1
12 Majhne ? iz eleza meh elezne V 3
13 Velika prenosna peena meh elezne V 1
14 elezni intrument za ? ploe meh elezne V 1
15 elezna lopata meh elezne V 1
16 Krmilo iz eleza meh elezne V 1
17 elezna ponev meh elezne V 2
18 Peena kopel iz eleza meh elezne V 2
19 Veliko nakovalo iz jekla z les meh elezne V 1
20 Velika elezna prenosna Peen meh elezne V 1
21 Monar,veliki iz eleza ? bati meh elezne V 1
22 Pisalo iz belega (?) eleza meh elezne V 1
1 Sito iz crioe (?) meh Lesene VI 6
2 Leseno ogrodje za filtre meh Lesene VI 10
3 Pnevmatska kad obloena z les. meh Lesene VI 1
4 Kad Manja (pnevmatska) kad meh Lesene VI 1
5 Kad za shranjevanje plinov meh Lesene VI 2
6 Velika tabla z dvema predaloma meh Lesene VI 0
7 Stalaa z briketi meh Lesene VI 0
8 Sod oblit z elezom, medeninasti okvir meh Lesene VI 1
9 Ghiridons(?) meh Lesene VI 4
10 Kad, Majhna lesena kad meh Lesene VI 1
11 Lesena polica meh Lesene VI 1
12 Stalaa steklena meh Lesene VI 1
13 Stalaa iz lesa meh Lesene VI 1
14 Table z dvema predaloma meh Lesene VI 1
15 Table, Drugo podobno meh Lesene VI 1
16 Stalae za toke postavljene v kotih meh Lesene VI 1
17 Table, ena z dvema predaloma meh Lesene VI 2
18 Stalae meh Lesene VI 5
19 Sod z converiles(?) meh Lesene VI 2
1 Creuseta(?) porcelanasta meh Porcelan VII 2
2 Orodje iz porcelana meh Porcelan VII 6
1 Koe za ivo srebro meh Razline VIII 5
1 ???? (s) trenje meh Razline VIII 1
2 Mehurji z pipami iz medi meh Razline VIII 1
2 Majhna blagajna z blok.omb.obl meh Razline VIII 1
3 Mehurji brez pip meh Razline VIII 6
3 Kuhalnik za lepilo meh Razline VIII 2
4 Rogoznik meh Razline VIII 40
4 Table meh Razline VIII 2
5 Majhni savfueti (?) meh Razline VIII 1
6 etki meh Razline VIII 2
8 Aune (?)iz bele flanele meh Razline VIII 1
1 Serija mineralov iz Idrije kem Minerali 33
2 Razlini minerali kem Minerali 250
1 Platina kem Instrument 1
2 Oksidi kem Instrument 1
3 Sulfat cink,baker, ivo srebro,elezo kem Instrument 1
4 Cinkov karbonat kem Instrument 1
5 Kobalt kem Instrument 1
6 Nikelj kem Instrument 1
7 Antimon kem Instrument 1
8 Cink kem Instrument 1
9 Svinec kem Instrument 1
10 Bizmut kem Instrument 1
11 Cinober iz Idrije kem Instrument 1
12 Zlato kem Instrument 1
13 ivo srebro rno in rdee kem Instrument 1
14 Fosfor kem Instrument 1
15 Rdee in rno elezo kem Instrument 1
16 ivosrebrni nitrat z malo bizmuta kem Instrument 1
17 Uran kem Instrument 1
18 Krom kem Instrument 1
19 Osmium kem Instrument 1
20 veplo kem Instrument 1
21 Bakrov in svinev acetat kem Instrument 1
22 Silicij kem Instrument 1
23 Amoniak kem Instrument 1
24 Silicij kem Instrument 1
25 Cinkov sulfat kem Instrument 1
26 Cinkov karbonat kem Instrument 1
27 Cinkov vitriol kem Instrument 1
28 Olivno olje kem Instrument 1
1 Tehtnica, velika, za gladino meh Gravitacija 1
2 Tehtnica,velika,z dvema bazenom meh Gravitacija 1
3 Tehtnica, Mala Tehtnica meh Gravitacija 1
4 Tehtnica,manja +bazen iz medi meh Gravitacija 1
5 Mere, Utei s kavlji meh Gravitacija 27
6 Mere,Utei brez kavljev meh Gravitacija 7
7 Tehtnica za poskuse s tokom meh Gravitacija 1
8 Mere, Tok iz lesa za utei meh Gravitacija 1
9 Tehtnica,majhna+katla iz lesa meh Gravitacija 1
10 Centralna naprava meh Gravitacija 1
11 Sile,Apara.za paralelogram sil meh Gravitacija 6
12 Krogle iz slonove kosti,polne meh Gravitacija 10
13 kripci ali kolesca iz medi meh Gravitacija 0
14 kripci iz lesa meh Gravitacija 1
15 Statika,Zbirka enostavnih main za meh Gravitacija 1
18 Stoec, Dvojni stoec meh Gravitacija 1
19 Tehtnica, Trelau(?) za Tehtnico meh Gravitacija 1
20 Poevna ploskev,teorija o njej meh Gravitacija 1
21 Gibanje, Aparat za gibanje izstrelkov meh Gravitacija 1
22 Mere, Farmacevtske utei meh Gravitacija 1
23 Mere, Razne utei po pol funta meh Gravitacija 3
1 Cevki, dve, povezani v tretjo meh Hidrostatika 1
2 Valj, votel, iz stekla in medi meh Hidrostatika 1
3 Stoec,prisekan,delno okvirjen meh Hidrostatika 1
4 Vaza,podolgovata,pozlaen,veliki meh Hidrostatika 1
5 Mere,Dunajske(prostorne)iz medi meh Hidrostatika 1
6 Vodomet, Dvojni vodomet meh Hidrostatika 1
7 Kubini palec v votlini telesa meh Hidrostatika 1
8 Zbirka vseh naprav/enostavna hidrodinamika meh Hidrostatika 1
9 Zvonec, Ve?steklenih zvoncev meh Hidrostatika 0
10 Krogla,steklena,na klju,votla meh Hidrostatika 1
11 Magdeburki polkrogli meh Hidrostatika 1
12 Krogla iz bakra na klju,votla meh Hidrostatika 1
13 Ventil, Zelo majhen ventil meh Hidrostatika 3
14 Valj iz medi za sesalko in rpalko meh Hidrostatika 3
15 Heronov vodomet(vrtljivi curek meh Hidrostatika 1
16 Pnevmatska naprava meh Hidrostatika 1
17 Barometer meh Hidrostatika 1
18 Vodomet, Presihajoi vodomet meh Hidrostatika 1
19 Dvojni (Diabetes ?) meh Hidrostatika 1
20 Kartezijanski hudi (plava) meh Hidrostatika 1
1 Struna, Enojna struna meh Akustika 1
2 Struna, Trojna struna meh Akustika 1
3 Aeolova harfa meh Akustika 1
4 Steklo za zvone figure meh Akustika 1
1 Zrcalo, Konkavno zrcalo sve Optika Astronomija 1
2 Ardentno,Akustino steklo/toku sve Optika Astronomija 3
3 Steklo sve Optika 1
5 Prizme, Steklene prizme sve Optika mehanika 1
6 Stoci, Stekleni stoci sve Optika Astronomija 1
7 Daljnogled,Zemeljsk+mikrometer sve Optika Astronomija 4
8 Zemeljska in nebesna hemisfera sve Optika Astronomija 1
9 Mikroskop,Sestavljeni mikrosko sve Optika Astronomija 1
10 Daljnogled,Zemelj+papirnat.cev sve Optika Astronomija 1
11 Camera obscura, Mala prenosna sve Optika Astronomija 1
12 Mapa sveta sve Optika Astronomija 1
13 Ura, Sonna ura sve Optika Astronomija 1
14 Ploa,Konveksna steklena plo sve Optika Astronomija 1
15 Zrcalo, Konveksno, (po)rnjeno sve Optika Astronomija 2
16 Diski, Barvasti diski sve Optika Astronomija 1
17 Mikroskop, Poseben mikroskop sve Optika Astronomija 1
18 Tabla, rna deska za optine poskuse sve Optika Astronomija 1
19 Ekran iz papirja ? sve Optika Astronomija 1
20 Ploa za optine poskuse sve Optika Astronomija 1
100 Soba,temna,dvigovanje peres(?) sve Optika 1
1 Pirometer top Toplota Kemija 1
2 Obro elezen s kroglo (toplotno raztezanje snovi) top Toplota Kemija 1
3 Pe,Podolgovata pe za pihanje top Toplota Kemija 1
4 Rogovi, Ve majhnih steklenih top Toplota Kemija 2
5 Steklenica(Fla)z dvema vratoma top Toplota Kemija 2
6 Krogla,Steklena krogla +posoda top Toplota Kemija 2
7 Klju za mehurje, iz medi top Toplota Kemija 1
8 Cevi s kljui top Toplota Kemija 1
9 Cevi s koenimi kljui top Toplota Kemija 1
10 Eudiometer(za kemijsko sintezo top Toplota Kemija 2
11 Lijak top Toplota Kemija 1
12 Bazen za (s)trenje top Toplota Kemija 1
13 Posode(?)za(s)trenje iz stekla top Toplota Kemija 1
14 Kuhalnik top Toplota Kemija 1
100 Higrometer s termometrom top Toplota 1
101 Vigalnik, Pnevmatski vigalnik top Toplota 1
1 Torna elektrina naprava,majhna em Elektrika 1
2 Prevodnik iz medi em Elektrika 2
3 Tokokrog em Elektrika 1
4 Torna elektrina naprava,velika, s prevodniki em Elektrika 1
5 Leydenska(Kleistova) steklenica em Elektrika 6
6 Valj iz medi (prevodnik) em Elektrika 1
7 Valj iz lesa (izolator) em Elektrika 1
8 Leydenske(Kleistove) steklenice, razline em Elektrika 6
9 Praznilec(Exetateur) +Fe zanka em Elektrika 1
10 Praznilec(exuta)+zanka iz medi em Elektrika 1
11 Praznilec (exuta?????) Henley,sploni em Elektrika 1
12 Ploe iz medi em Elektrika 1
13 Komunikacijska nit z vozli em Elektrika 3
14 Elektrofor em Elektrika 1
14 Elektrofor em Elektrika 1
15 Kondenzator em Elektrika 2
16 Vodniki em Elektrika 2
17 Zvonci, Igraa z elektrinimi zvonovi em Elektrika 1
18 Pitola, Elektrina pitola em Elektrika 1
19 Stekleni emres (?) em Elektrika 1
20 Baterije, Polica za strelo em Elektrika 1
21 Baterija,Voltna, bakrena celica s 25 ploami em Elektrika 1
22 Baterija (25 plo) Stolp/strela em Elektrika 1
23 Stolp za eksplozijo em Elektrika 1
24 Baterija, Voltna, s 75 ploami em Elektrika 1
25 Elektrometer em Elektrika 1
26 Izolator em Elektrika 1
100 Baterije/zlato-cink elektrine, prenosne em Elektrika 12
1 Magnet, Umetni magnet em Magnetizem 1
2 Magnetna igla em Magnetizem 0
3 Magnet, Nasprotni (?) magneti em Magnetizem 2
1 Veriga (tokokrog) em Geometrija 1
2 Kompas, elezni kompas em Geometrija 2
3 Deica mat Geometrija 2
4 Dvojna optika(?) mat Geometrija 1
5 Magnetna igla em Geometrija 1
6 Tehtnica, Vodoravna tehtnica mat Geometrija 1
7 Astrometer mat Geometrija 1
8 Vzporedni krogi mat Geometrija 1
9 Transporter, elezni transporte mat Geometrija 1
10 Transporter iz medi mat Geometrija 1
11 Stoec (enake velikosti) mat Geometrija 1
12 Valj (enake velikosti) mat Geometrija 1
12 Cilinder (enake velikosti) mat Geometrija 1
13 Krogla (enake velikosti) mat Geometrija 1
13 Cilinder mat Geometrija 1
14 Stoec mat Geometrija 1
15 Prizma mat Geometrija 1
16 Prizma, Trikotna prizma mat Geometrija 1
17 Prizma, est-kotna prizma mat Geometrija 1
18 Tetraeder mat Geometrija 1
19 Oktaeder mat Geometrija 1
20 Prizma, Trikotna prizma mat Geometrija 1
21 Stoec, Prisekan stoec mat Geometrija 1
22 Kocka, Klesana (Rezana) kocka mat Geometrija 1
Preglednica 5: Popisi fizikalnih naprav pri Kersniku (1811, 1847) in Mitteisu (1866)

ifra Podroje Kos Izdelal Cena Cena kr

Nab Ome Nahajalie
Popis INSTRUMENT Rubrika Kron ava mba

1811 1 Pnevmatska naprava, navpina Top Kemija I 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 2 Plav (jeklarna) barona Zoisa s puhalnikom in pripadajoimi Top Kemija I 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo
preminimi oporami
kabinet za
1811 3 Meh s tablo in svetilkami Meh Kemija I 2 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 4 Termometri s kovinskimi merili Top Kemija I 2 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 5 Tehtnica in utei iz medi Meh Kemija I 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 6 Tehtnica, druga tehtnica, manja Meh Kemija I 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
kabinet za
1811 7 Baterija, Voltna celica em Kemija I 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 8 Aerometri meh Kemija I 2 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 9 Meh,veliki in dolga cev iz bakra meh Kemija I 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 10 Pnevmatina kad iz bakra kem Kemija I 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 11 Svetilo iz srebra z vsemi potrebinami sve Kemija I 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 1 Tube, razline steklene tube kem Steklene in

kristalne posode II
1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 2 Bazen iz barvastega stekla kem kristalne posode II
11 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 3 Monarji s svojimi bati kem Steklene in

kristalne posode II
4 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 4 Plin, aparat za merjenje plinov meh kristalne posode II
1 0 0 0 0 kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 5 Zvonovi, Zelo veliki zvonovi meh kristalne posode II
3 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 6 Zvonovi razlinih velikosti meh Steklene in

kristalne posode II
14 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

1811 7 Zvonovi razlinih velikosti iz medi meh Steklene in

kristalne posode II
5 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 8 Cilindri, Stekleni cilindri kem kristalne posode II
4 0 0 0 0 kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 20 Posode za izparevanje meh kristalne posode II
10 0 0 0 0 kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 21 Posode, Velike posode kem kristalne posode II
16 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 22 Baloni razlinih velikosti kem Steklene in

kristalne posode II
10 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 23 Rog iz stekla kem kristalne posode II
19 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 24 Lijaki razlinih velikosti kem Steklene in

kristalne posode II
19 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

Steklene in 130 kabinet za

1811 24 Posode, male posode iz stekla kem kristalne posode II
0 0 0 0 kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 25 Kozarci na stojalih kem kristalne posode II
25 0 0 0 0 kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 25 Posodice, navadne steklene posode kem kristalne posode II
? 0 0 0 0 kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 26 Balona, skupaj povezana steklena kem kristalne posode II
2 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 26 Matrice razlinih velikosti kem Steklene in

kristalne posode II
49 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 27 Woulfov aparat, buteljka zanj kem kristalne posode II
12 0 0 0 0 kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 28 Kozarci kem kristalne posode II
9 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 29 Steklene lice kem Steklene in

kristalne posode II
3 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 30 Woulfov aparat, Posoda na buteljki kem kristalne posode II
6 0 0 0 0 kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 31 Stekleno orodje za filtre kem kristalne posode II
4 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 32 Ploa iz stekla kem Steklene in

kristalne posode II
21 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

Steklene in kabinet za
1811 33 Stekla iz vitrine kem kristalne posode II
16 0 0 0 0 kemijo

Steklene in 1811 1811 kabinet za

1811 34 Buteljke iz kristala kem kristalne posode II
14 0 0 kemijo

1811 1 Lonene in glinaste posode kem Lonene III ? 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 2 Monarji z bati meh Lonene III ? 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 3 Kopa za zemljo meh Lonene III 31 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 4 Pe z odsevanjem iz gline kem Lonene III 3 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 5 Rezanje, krojenje kem Lonene III 14 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 6 Kopai iz gline kem Lonene III 10 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 7 Rokavice kem Lonene III 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 8 Lonci iz gline kem Lonene III 9 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 9 Peena kopel iz gline meh Lonene III 16 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 10 Kad iz kamna / ivosrebrni aparat z oporo meh Lonene III 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

1811 11 Opeke za oporo meh Lonene III 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 12 Opeke, Navadne opeke meh Lonene III 3 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
kabinet za
1811 1 Bazen iz bakra meh Kovinske IV 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 5 Ponev iz bakra meh Kovinske IV 2 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 6 Bazen iz medi meh Kovinske IV 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 7 Bazen, rni iz medi, s pipo meh Kovinske IV 3 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 8 Ploa iz medi kot opora zvonovom meh Kovinske IV 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
kabinet za
1811 9 Cev, velika, ukrivljena, iz bakra meh Kovinske IV 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 10 Svineno orodje iz povezanih meh Kovinske IV 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 1 Pila meh elezne V 10 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 2 Majhna aga meh elezne V 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
1811 3 Svedri meh elezne V 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

1811 4 Klee, dvoje majhnih vmes meh elezne V 3 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 5 Kladivo, vmes eno majhno meh elezne V 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 6 Dleto meh elezne V 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 7 Kleice za ogenj meh elezne V 3 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 8 No meh elezne V 3 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 9 Kos jekla meh elezne V 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 10 Prime, vmes eden majhen meh elezne V 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 11 Puka, Palica za (nabijanje) puk meh elezne V 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 12 Majhne ? iz eleza meh elezne V 3 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 13 elezna lica meh elezne V 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 14 elezni intrument za ? ploe meh elezne V 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 15 elezna lopata meh elezne V 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 16 Krmilo iz eleza meh elezne V 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 17 elezna ponev meh elezne V 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 18 Peena kopel iz eleza meh elezne V 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 19 Veliko nakovalo iz jekla z les meh elezne V 1 0 0 0 0 +leseno

ogrodje,kemi

1811 20 Velika elezna prenosna peena meh elezne V 1 0 0 0 0 kopel+Fe

reflekt,kem

1811 21 Monar, veliki iz eleza ? bati meh elezne V 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 22 Pisalo (ecritoir ???) iz belega (?) eleza meh elezne V 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo
kabinet za
1811 1 Sito iz crioe (?) meh Lesene VI 6 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 2 Leseno ogrodje za filtre meh Lesene VI 10 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 3 Pnevmatska kad obloena z les. meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 4 Kad Manja (pnevmatska) kad meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
pipa iz
1811 5 Kad za shranjevanje plinov meh Lesene VI 2 0 0 0 0 medi+les,kem
kabinet za
1811 6 Velika tabla z dvema predaloma meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 7 Regali z briketi meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 8 Sod obit z elezom, z medeninastimi okvirji meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
kabinet za
1811 9 Ghiridons(?) meh Lesene VI 4 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 10 Kad, Majhna lesena kad meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 11 Lesena polica meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 12 Regal steklen meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 13 Regali iz lesa meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 14 Table z dvema predaloma meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 15 Table, Drugo podobno meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 16 Regali za toke postavljene v kotih meh Lesene VI 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 17 Table, ena z dvema predaloma meh Lesene VI 2 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 18 Regali meh Lesene VI 5 0 0 0 0 kemijo
kabinet za
1811 19 Sod z converiles(?) meh Lesene VI 2 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 1 Kopa (Creuseta ??) iz porcelana meh Porcelan VII 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
kabinet za
1811 2 Orodje iz porcelana meh Porcelan VII 6 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 1 Koe za ivo srebro meh Razlini VIII 5 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 1 ? (s) trenje meh Razlini VIII 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 2 Mehurji z pipami iz medi meh Razlini VIII 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 2 Majhna blagajna z blok. omb. obloena meh Razlini VIII 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo

1811 3 Mehurji brez pip meh Razlini VIII 6 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 3 Kuhalnik za lepilo meh Razlini VIII 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 4 Rogoznik meh Razlini VIII 40 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 4 Table meh Razlini VIII 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 5 Majhni nepokodovani (=saufuete??) meh Razlini VIII 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 6 etki meh Razlini VIII 2 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 8 Aune (?)iz bele flanele meh Razlini VIII 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
kabinet za
1811 1 Serija mineralov iz Idrije kem Minerali IX 33 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 2 Razlini minerali kem Minerali IX 250 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 1 Platina kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 2 Oksidi kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 3 Sulfat cink, baker, ivo srebro, elezo kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za
kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 4 Cinkov karbonat kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 5 Kobalt kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 6 Nikelj kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 7 Antimon kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 8 Cink kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 9 Svinec kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 10 Bizmut kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 11 Cinober iz Idrije kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 12 Zlato kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 13 ivo srebro rno in rdee kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 14 Fosfor kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 15 Rdee in rno elezo kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 16 ivosrebrni nitrat z malo bizmuta kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 17 Uran kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 18 Krom kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
 Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 19 Osmium kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo

1811 20 veplo kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo

1811 21 Bakrov in svinev acetat kem Instrument 10 1 0 0 0 0 kabinet za

kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 22 Silicij kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 23 Amoniak kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 24 Silicij kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 25 Cinkov sulfat kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 26 Cinkov karbonat kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 27 Cinkov vitriol kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Instrument 10 kabinet za
1811 28 Olivno olje kem 1 0 0 0 0 kemijo
Gravitacija 11 kabinet
1811 1 Tehtnica, velika, za gladino meh 1 0 0 0 0 fizike,matemat
ike
Gravitacija 11 kabinet
1811 2 Tehtnica, velika, z dvema bazenoma meh 1 0 0 0 0 fizike,matemat
ike
Gravitacija 11 kabinet
1811 3 Tehtnica, Mala Tehtnica meh 1 0 0 0 0 fizike,matemat
ike

1811 4 Tehtnica, manja in bazen iz medi meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0

1811 5 Mere, Utei s kavlji meh Gravitacija 11 27 0 0 0 0
1811 6 Mere, Utei brez kavljev meh Gravitacija 11 7 0 0 0 0
1811 7 Tehtnica za poskuse s tokom meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0
1811 8 Mere, Tok iz lesa za utei meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0
1811 9 Tehtnica,majhna in katla iz lesa meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0
1811 10 Centralna naprava meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0
1811 11 Sile, naprava za prikaz paralelograma sil meh Gravitacija 11 6 0 0 0 0
1811 12 Krogle iz slonove kosti,polne meh Gravitacija 11 10 0 0 0 0
1811 13 kripci ali kolesca iz medi meh Gravitacija 11 ? 0 0 0 0
1811 14 kripci iz lesa meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0
1811 15 Statika, Zbirka enostavnih naprav za statiko meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0
1811 18 Stoec, Dvojni stoec meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0
1811 19 Tehtnica, Trelau(?) za Tehtnico meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0
1811 20 Poevna ploskev, teorija o njej meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0
1811 21 Gibanje, naprava za opazovanje gibanja izstrelkov meh Gravitacija 11 1 Eberhard?? 0 0 0 0
1811 22 Mere, Farmacevtske utei meh Gravitacija 11 1 0 0 0 0
1811 23 Mere, Razne utei po pol funta meh Gravitacija 11 3 0 0 0 0
Hidrostatika 12
1811 1 Cevki, dve, povezani v tretjo meh 1 0 0 0 0
Hidrostatika 12
1811 2 Valj, votel, iz stekla in medi meh 1 0 0 0 0
1811 3 Stoec, prisekan, delno uokvirjen meh Hidrostatika 12
1 0 0 0 0
1811 4 Vaza, podolgovata, pozlaen, velik meh Hidrostatika 12
1 0 0 0 0
Hidrostatika 12
1811 5 Mere, dunajske (prostorninske) iz medi meh 1 0 0 0 0
Hidrostatika 12
1811 6 Vodomet, Dvojni vodomet meh 1 0 0 0 0
1811 7 Kubini palec v votlini telesa meh Hidrostatika 12
1 0 0 0 0
1811 8 Zbirka vseh naprav/enostavni hidrodinamini poskusi meh Hidrostatika 12
1 0 0 0 0
1811 9 Zvonec, Ve??? steklenih zvoncev meh Hidrostatika 12
? 0 0 0 0
1811 10 Krogla,steklena,na klju,votla meh Hidrostatika 12
1 0 0 0 0
1811 11 Magdeburki polkrogli meh Hidrostatika 12
1 1755-26 0 0 0 0
1811 12 Krogla iz bakra na klju,votla meh Hidrostatika 12
1 0 0 0 0
Hidrostatika 12
1811 13 Ventil, Zelo majhen ventil meh 3 0 0 0 0
1811 14 Valj iz medi za sesalko in tlailko meh Hidrostatika 12
3 0 0 0 0
Hidrostatika 12
1811 15 Heronov vodomet (vrtljivi curek) meh 1 1755-27 0 0 0 0
Hidrostatika 12
1811 16 Pnevmatska naprava meh 1 0 0 0 0
Hidrostatika 12
1811 17 Barometer meh 1 0 0 0 0
1811 18 Vodomet, Presihajoi vodomet meh Hidrostatika 12
1 0 0 0 0
Hidrostatika 12
1811 19 Dvojni (Diabetes ?) meh 1 0 0 0 0
1811 20 Kartezijanski hudi (plava) meh Hidrostatika 12
1 1755-45 0 0 0 0
Akustika 13
1811 1 Struna, Enojna struna meh 1 0 0 0 0
Akustika 13
1811 2 Struna, Trojna struna meh 1 0 0 0 0
Akustika 13
1811 3 Aeolova harfa meh 1 1755-19 0 0 0 0
1811 4 Steklo za zvone figure meh Akustika 13
1 0 0 0 0
Optika. Astronomija 14
1811 1 Zrcalo, Konkavno zrcalo sve 1 0 0 0 0
1811 2 Ardentno, Akustino steklo v toku sve Optika. Astronomija 14
3 0 0 1811
0
Optika 0
1811 3 Steklo sve 1 0 0 0
Optika mehanika 1811
1811 5 Prizme, Steklene prizme sve 1 0 0 0
1811 6 Stoci, Stekleni stoci sve Optika. Astronomija 14
1 0 0 1811
0
Optika. Astronomija 14 1811
1811 7 Daljnogled, zemeljski z mikrometrom sve 4 0 0 0
Optika. Astronomija 14 1811
1811 8 Zemeljska in nebesna hemisfera sve 1 0 0 0
Optika. Astronomija 14 1811
1811 9 Mikroskop, Sestavljeni mikroskop sve 1 1755-40? 0 0 0
Optika. Astronomija 14 1811
1811 10 Daljnogled, Zemeljski in papirnata cev sve 1 0 0 0
Optika. Astronomija 14 1811
1811 11 Camera obscura, Mala prenosna sve 1 1755-42 0 0 0
Optika. Astronomija 14 1811
1811 12 Mapa sveta sve 1 0 0 0
1811 13 Ura, Sonna ura sve Optika. Astronomija 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1811 14 Ploa, Konveksna steklena ploa sve Optika. Astronomija 14
1 0 0 1811
0
1811 15 Zrcalo, Konveksno, (po)rnjeno sve Optika. Astronomija 14
2 0 0 1811
0
Optika. Astronomija 14 1811
1811 16 Diski, Barvasti diski sve 1 0 0 0
 Optika. Astronomija 14 1811
1811 17 Mikroskop, Poseben mikroskop sve 1 1755-41? 0 0 0
1811 18 Tabla, rna deska za optine poskuse sve Optika. Astronomija 14
1 0 0 1811
0
Optika. Astronomija 14 1811
1811 19 Ekran iz papirja arram??? sve 1 0 0 0
1811 20 Ploa za optine poskuse sve Optika Astronomija 14
1 0 0 1811
0
100 1811 1811 temnica,foto.le
1811 Soba, temna, dvigovanje peres(?) sve Optika 1 0 0 ta 1829!
Toplota Kemija 15
1811 1 Pirometer top 1 0 0 0 0
1811 2 Obro elezni +krogla(toplotno raztezanje snovi) top Toplota Kemija 15
1 0 0 0 0
1811 3 Pe, podolgovata pe za pihanje top Toplota Kemija 15
1 0 0 0 0
1811 4 Rogovi, Ve majhnih steklenih top Toplota Kemija 15
2 0 0 0 0
Toplota Kemija 15
1811 5 Steklenica z dvema grloma top 2 0 0 0 0
Toplota Kemija 15
1811 6 Krogla, Steklena krogla in posoda top 2 0 0 0 0
1811 7 Klju za mehurje, iz medi top Toplota Kemija 15
1 0 0 0 0
1811 8 Cevi s kljui top Toplota Kemija 15
1 0 0 0 0
1811 9 Cevi s koenimi kljui top Toplota Kemija 15
1 0 0 0 0
Toplota Kemija 15
1811 10 Eudiometer (za kemijsko sintezo) top 2 0 0 0 0
Toplota Kemija 15
1811 11 Lijak top 1 0 0 0 0
Toplota Kemija 15
1811 12 Bazen za (s)trenje top 1 0 0 0 0
Toplota Kemija 15
1811 13 Posode(?) za (s)trenje iz stekla top 1 0 0 0 0
Toplota Kemija 15
1811 14 Kuhalnik top 1 0 0 0 0
100 Toplota 1811 1811 Dodano na
1811 Higrometer s termometrom top 1 0 0 koncu

1811 101 Vigalnik, Pnevmatski vigalnik top Toplota 1 0 0 1811 1811 Dodano na
koncu

1811 1 Torna elektrina naprava, majhna em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0

1811 2 Prevodnik iz medi em Elektrika 16 2 0 0 0 0
1811 3 Tokokrog em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 4 Torna elektrina naprava in prevodniki em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 5 Leydenska (Kleistova) steklenica em Elektrika 16 6 0 0 0 0
1811 6 Valj iz medi (prevodnik) em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 7 Valj iz lesa (izolator) em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 8 Leydenske (Kleistove) steklenice, razline em Elektrika 16 6 0 0 0 0
1811 9 Praznilec (Exetateur) in elezna zanka em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 10 Praznilec(Exetateur) in zanka iz medi em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 11 Praznilec Exetateur) Henleyjev, sploni em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 12 Ploe iz medi em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 13 Komunikacijska nit z vozli em Elektrika 16 3 0 0 0 0
1811 14 Elektrofor em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 15 Kondenzator em Elektrika 16 2 0 0 0 0
1811 16 Vodniki em Elektrika 16 2 0 0 0 0
1811 17 Zvonci, Igraa z elektrinimi zvonovi em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 18 Pitola, Elektrina pitola376 em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 19 Stekleni emres (?) em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 20 Baterije, Polica za strelo em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 21 Baterija,Voltna, bakrena celica s 25 ploami em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 22 Baterija (25 plo) Stolp/strela em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 23 Stolp za eksplozijo em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 24 Baterija, Voltna, s 75 ploami em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 25 Elektrometer em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 26 Izolator em Elektrika 16 1 0 0 0 0
1811 100 Baterije z elementi zlato-cink elektrine, prenosne em Elektrika 16 12 0 0 1811 1811 Dodano na
koncu

1811 1 Magnet, Umetni magnet em Magnetizem 17 1 0 0 0 0

1811 2 Magnetna igla em Magnetizem 17 1 0 0 0 0
1811 3 Magnet, Nasprotni (?) magneti em Magnetizem 17 2 0 0 0 0
1811 1 Veriga (tokokrog) em Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 2 Kompas, elezni kompas em Geometrija 18 2 0 0 0 0
1811 3 Deica mat Geometrija 18 2 0 0 0 0
1811 4 Dvojna optika(?) mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 5 Magnetna igla em Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 6 Tehtnica, Vodoravna tehtnica mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 7 Astrometer mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 8 Vzporedni krogi mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 9 Transporter, elezni transporter mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 10 Transporter iz medi mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 11 Stoec (enake velikosti) mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 12 Valj (enake velikosti) mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0

376
Voltov evdiometer za preizkuanje dobrote plinov, sprva predvsem movirskega plina. Prednik evdiometra
je uporabljal Priestley leta 1772 pri preizkuanju kakovosti oziroma dobrote zraka. Napravo je razvil profesor
Marsilio Landriani pri raziskovanju zdravosti zraka, ko je leta 1775 objavil Ruicerce fisiche intorno alla
salubrit dellaria z nekaj napanimi domnevami. Izum je leta 1777 Volta izboljal v svoji pitoli, kjer je
analiziral gorljivost zraka med elektrodama v dolgi stekleni navzgor zaprti posodi; sprva je za tudij movirskega
plina pitolo polnil s kisikom.
 1811 12 Cilinder (enake velikosti) mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 13 Krogla (enake velikosti) mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 13 Cilinder mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 14 Stoec mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 15 Prizma mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 16 Prizma, Trikotna prizma mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 17 Prizma, est-kotna prizma mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 18 Tetraeder mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 19 Oktaeder mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 20 Prizma, Trikotna prizma mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 21 Stoec, Prisekan stoec mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1811 22 Kocka, Klesana (Rezana) kocka mat Geometrija 18 1 0 0 0 0
1847 1 Merilo 3 dunajske evelj, iz medenine (mesing) meh Masa, tea I 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-
1845

1847 2 Merilo 3 dunajski evlji, Pakfong meh Masa,tea I 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-
1845

1847 3 Merilo 3 dunajski evlji iz ribje kosti meh Masa,tea I 1 Savan 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-
1845

1847 4 Mere, Dunajski seenj (klaftra) iz lesa meh Masa,tea I 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 5 Mere, Dunajski evelj + nonius meh Masa,tea I 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-
1845

1847 6 Mere, Dunajski in pariki evlji meh Masa,tea I 1 Magainer 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-
1845

1847 7 Mere, Dunajski evelj in veji nonius meh Masa,tea I 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845 Med 1809-
1845

1847 8 Mere, Leseni meter s tisoinka meh Masa,tea I 1 Fanzoy377 0 0 0 1845

1847 9 Mere, Niti krog, kotomer meh Masa,tea I 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 10 Mere, olska merila meh Masa,tea I 1 Magainer 0 0 0 1845

1847 11 Mere, Kubina cola meh Masa,tea I 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 12 Mere, Kubina cola meh Masa,tea I 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 13 Mere, Kubini evelj meh Masa,tea I 1 Freyberger 0 0 0 1845

1847 14 Mere, Kubini evelj meh Masa,tea I 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 15 Mere, Kubini evelj meh Masa,tea I 1 Freyberger 0 0 0 1845

1847 16 Mere, Dunajske mere meh Masa,tea I 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 17 Mere, Liter (votli) iz medenine (mesing) (100) meh Masa,tea I 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

1847 18 Utei, Valjaste utei iz lesa meh Masa,tea I 1 Hess 0 0 0 0

1847 19 Utei razlinih vrst (8, 9, 75, 78) meh Masa,tea I 5 Huck 0 0 0 1811

1847 20 Mere, Dunajski funt meh Masa,tea I 7 Huck, Franz 0 0 0 1811

= Fanzoy??
1847 21 Tehtnica, Hidrostatina tehtnica meh Masa,tea I 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 22 Transporter aparatov meh Masa,tea I 4 Holl.-Hess 0 0 0 1845

1847 23 Tehtnica,Hidrostatina tehtnica meh Splono II 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 24 Valj/marmor z medeninastim (mesing) obroem meh Splono II 2 0 0 0 1811

1847 25 Valj iz ploevine meh Splono II 2 Pershe 0 0 0 1845

1847 26 Ploa iz marmorja meh Splono II 2 Thoman,Ste 0 0 0 1845

1847 27 Ploica iz medenine (mesing) meh Splono II 1 Freyberger 0 0 0 1845

1847 28 Ploa iz eleza meh Splono II 1 Holland,Sc 0 0 0 1845

1847 29 Ploa iz lesa meh Splono II 2 Pershe 0 0 0 1845

1847 30 Ploa, Steklena ploa meh Splono II 8 Uhlman,Gla 0 0 0 1845

1847 31 Valj iz lesa meh Splono II 7 Pershe 0 0 0 1845 (655)

1847 32 Paralelopipedi iz razlinega lesa meh Splono II 7 Pershe 0 0 0 1845

1847 33 katla s prakom meh Splono II 1 Pershe 0 0 0 1845

1847 34 Trenje meh Splono II 1 Thoman 0 0 0 1845

378

1847 35 Lijak iz medenine (mesing) meh Splono II 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 36 Snovi, Razline: srebro,zlato meh Splono II 1 0 0 0 0

1811
1847 37 Eberhardov ekvigonalni(?) stroj meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
1847 38 Nolletov379 ekvigonalni(jah) stroj meh Trdnine III 1 Hess 0 0 0 1845
1845 (87)
1847 39 Valj, klin, vijak in drugo meh Trdnine III 6 Echter 0 0 0
1811 1845 (85),2
1847 40 Mere za merjenje valjev (V) meh Trdnine III 4 Fanzoy 0 0 nabavljen 1845
0 1811
1847 41 Mere, Valjaste mere iz lesa meh Trdnine III 2 0 0
1847 42 Strunica meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0 1811
1811 1845 (88(374)405) 2
1847 43 Krogla, cilinder, ravnina meh Trdnine III 3 Pershe 0 0 -1845

1847 44 Merilec doline kolesa meh Trdnine III 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

Fanzoy, 1845
1847 45 Tehtnica Sageinar, Mussenberger meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
Echter
Univerza 1845
1847 46 Cikloida, Priprava za cikloido meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
Univerza 1845
1847 47 Cikloida meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
1845
1847 48 Met, Aparat za vodoravni met meh Trdnine III 1 Hess 0 0 0
1845
1847 49 Padanje po klancu meh Trdnine III 1 Hess 0 0 0
Univerza 1845
1847 50 Padanje, Atwoodova naprava za prikaz padanja meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
Dunaj

377
Sin ali vnuk Antona Obalta (Oswald) Fanzoi, ki je leta 1865 v Ljubljani odprl tovarno platna (orn, 117-
118).
378
Ignacij Thoman (Toman, * 11. 7. 1782; 11. 6. 1859).
379
Abb Jean-Antoine Nollet (* 1700; 1770).
 1811
1847 51 Cikloidni model meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
1845
1847 52 Valj, Model valja meh Trdnine III 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 53 Metronom meh Trdnine III 1 Walzel380 0 0 0 1845

Hess&Nitel 1845
1847 54 Trk, Nolletova naprava in stativ meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
Univerza 1845
1847 55 Tribometer meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
1847 56 Tribometri, Ponev/razlini kovinski meh Trdnine III 2 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845
1811
1847 57 Trenje, Ravnina za trenje meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
1845
1847 58 Trenje, Kvadrant ravnine za trenje meh Trdnine III 1 Franzl 0 0 0
1811
1847 59 Centralna naprava meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
Hana(c)zik 1845
1847 60 Centrifugalni stroj Bohenbergerjev meh Trdnine III 1 0 0 0
1847 61 Krogla valj, piramida za teie meh Trdnine III 6 0 0 0 1811

Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 62 Aerometer, Nicholsonov iz medenine (mesing) meh 1 Riebler 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 63 Aerometer, Srebrni in bakreni meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 64 Aerometer, Leseni aerometer meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 65 Aerometer,Meisner, steklo in stojala meh 7 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 66 Aerometer, Mohsov381 iz medenine (mesing) meh Kapljevine IV 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 67 Aerometer, Baumejev iz medenine (mesing) meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 68 Aerometer, Baumejev stekleni meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 69 Pithometer po Meissnerju meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 70 Woltmannsov merilec vozlov meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 71 Pitotova cev meh 1 Pershe 0 0 0
1847 72 Vodomet, Hidrostatini vodomet meh Kapljevine IV 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 73 Hidrostatini modeli iz eleza meh Kapljevine IV 1 0 0 0 1811

Kapljevine IV 1811
1847 74 Arhimedov vijak meh 1 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 75 Vzvod,Wolfovo dvigalo na vzvod meh 1 Todter 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 76 Phalni stroj, 'sGravesandovo phalo meh 1 Todter 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 77 Kolo na vodni pogon meh 1 Pershe 0 0 0
1847 78 Kartezini potaplja (ponirek) meh Kapljevine IV 2 Brodman 0 0 0 1845

Kapljevine IV 1811
1847 79 Merjenje hitrosti vode meh 1 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 80 Venturijeva cev meh 1 Pershe 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 81 Posoda, Prepustna posoda meh 1 Riebler 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 82 Krogla iz medenine (mesing) meh 1 Riebler 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 83 Posoda, Bakrena posoda meh 1 Todter 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 84 Paralelopiped iz medenine (mesing), votel in poln meh 2 Huck 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV Univerza 1845
1847 85 Valj iz medenine (mesing)/votel, poln, 5 in 10 col meh 2 0 0 0
Dunaj
Kapljevine IV Univerza 1845
1847 86 Krogla/ medenina (mesing), votla, polna, 5 in 10 col meh 2 0 0 0
Dunaj
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 87 Cev iz medenine (mesing) meh 2 Nitel,dres 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 88 Cev iz kosti meh 2 Nitel,dres 0 0 0
1847 89 Valj s parabolinim lijakom meh Kapljevine IV 1 Nitel 0 0 0 1845

1847 90 Valj z ravnim parabolinim lijakom meh Kapljevine IV 1 Riebler 0 0 0 1845

Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 91 Krogla iz lesa meh 1 Pershe 0 0 0
Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 92 Krogla iz voska meh 1 Pershe 0 0 0
1847 93 Lijak iz stekla meh Kapljevine IV 2 Graf382 0 0 0 1845

Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 94 Pipa iz medenine (mesing) meh 1 Huck 0 0 0
1847 95 Vezne posode (komunikacijske), ve kosov meh Kapljevine IV 1 Graf 0 0 0 1845

Kapljevine IV 1845
1847 96 Mundus elementaris? zemeljski element meh 1 Graf 0 0 0
1847 97 Tlailka, zrana z vodoravnim kornjem meh Kapljevine IV 1 Samassa383 0 0 0 1811

1847 98 Tlailka, zrana z dvema navpinima kornjema meh Kapljevine IV 1 Huck 0 0 0 1845

1847 99 Magdeburki polkrogli meh Plini 2 Samassa 0 0 0 1845

100 Sagar- 1845

1847 Recipienti, Stekleni recipienti meh Plini 3 0 0 0
tovarna
1847 101 Recipienti stekleni zrano tesnjeni meh Plini 2 Sagar- 0 0 0 1845
tovarna
102 Sagar- 1845
1847 Barometrske cevi meh Plini 2 0 0 0
tovarna
103 Freyberger 1845
1847 Vestalsko sito (?) meh Plini 1 0 0 0
104 1845
1847 Valj iz medenine (mesing), v lesu meh Plini 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
105 1811
1847 Krogla iz medenine (mesing) meh Plini 1 0 0 0
106 1845
1847 Heronova krogla meh Plini 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
107 1811
1847 Heronov vodnjak meh Plini 1 0 0 0

380
Oskar Franz Walzel (SBL, 3: 617).
381
Friedrich Mohs (* 1773; 1839), utemeljitelj mineralogije v habsburki monarhiji na osnovi skale trdot
mineralov (Stiller, 1889, 21).
382
iga Graf (* 1801 Ljubljana; 1838) je na Dunaju doktoriral iz kemije leta 1824 z disertacijo Die Feiberinde
in botanischer, chemischer und pharmaceutischer Beziehung, leta 1831 pa je v Pragi objavil kemijske analize
toplic (Pintar, Ivan. 1925. Graf iga (Geslo). SBL. 1: 242; Glaar, S.A.; Kuan, A.; Jemec, A. 2001. Razvoj
pouevanja kemije. MINET. 1-9, tu str. 1.
383
Janez Jakob Samassa, Zoisov prijatelj.
 1847 108 Vodnjak, Prekinjajoi vodnjak meh Plini 1 0 0 0 1811

109 1811
1847 Barometer z noniusom meh Plini 1 0 0 0
110 Hana(c)zik 1845
1847 Barometer, Potovalni barometer na vzvod meh Plini 1 0 0 0
111 1845
1847 Barometer meh Plini 1 von 0 0 0
Vest384
1847 112 Lijak, arobni (Zaubertrichter) meh Plini 1 Freyberger 0 0 0 1845

113 1845
1847 Barometer, Veliki barometer meh Plini 2 Fanzoy 0 0 0
1847 114 Tlailka na nadtlak (kompresijo) meh Plini 1 Samassa 0 0 0 1845
385

115 1845
1847 Higrometer po Saussurju meh Plini 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
116 1845
1847 Higrometer po Krnierju meh Plini 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 117 rpalka s cevjo iz koe meh Plini 1 Heim 0 0 0 1845

118 1845
1847 Prijazni?brati (fraterna carita) meh Plini 1 Riebler 0 0 0
1847 119 Natega, Navadna pokonna nateg meh Plini 1 Graf, 0 0 0 1845
Fanzoy
120 1845
1847 Natega za strupe meh Plini 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
121 1845
1847 Vzvod po Beutenu meh Plini 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
122 1845
1847 Vakuum, Valj za padanje v praznem meh Plini 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
123 1845
1847 Para, Spodnji aparat/ izparevanje meh Plini 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
124 1845
1847 Manometer po Gestreru meh Plini 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
125 1845
1847 Mariottov (Boylov) zakon, aparat za demonstracijo meh Plini 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
126 1845
1847 Wollanston, Kryophorus (zmrzovalnik) meh Plini 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 127 Ura(akustina)poskusi z zvokom meh Plini 1 Univerza 0 0 0 1845 z dunajske
univerze
Dunaj
128 1811
1847 Struna, Enojna struna meh Akustika 1 0 0 0
129 1811
1847 Struna, Trojna struna meh Akustika 1 0 0 0
130 1811
1847 Aeolova harfa meh Akustika 1 0 0 0
1847 131 Hladnyjeve steklene ploa/zvone figure meh Akustika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 132 Vilice, Akustine vilice meh Akustika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 133 Piali, Akustine piali meh Akustika 1 Pershe 0 0 0 1845

1847 134 Orgelske piali iz cinka meh Akustika 1 Kunard 0 0 0 1845

1847 135 Orgelske piali iz lesa meh Akustika 1 Kunard 0 0 0 1845

1847 136 Kovinske ploe za zvone figur meh Akustika 1 Schulz 0 0 0 1845

1847 137 Sirena, Canayrd (de) L'Atour (Latour????) 386 meh Akustika 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

1847 138 Aparat s tremi orgelskimi pialmi meh Akustika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 139 Cevi za posluanje meh Akustika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

140 1845
1847 Komunikacijske cevi meh Akustika 1 Prishner 0 0 0
141 1845 (10)
1847 Mikroskop, Enostavni mikroskop sve Optika 3 Fanzoy 0 0 0
142 1811 (118)
1847 Zrcalo, Votlo stekleno zrcalo sve Optika 1 0 0 0
1847 143 Lea, Konveksna s r=2 (polmer enak dve) v okvirju sve Optika 1 0 0 0 1811 (119)
mesingast okvi

1847 144 Lea, Konveksna (r=2) v toku sve Optika 1 0 0 0 1811

145 1845 (121)

1847 Prizma, Steklena prizma sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
146 1811
1847 Daljnogled z mikrometrom sve Optika 1 0 0 0
1847 147 Mikroskop, Zloljivi mikroskop sve Optika 2 Smole387 0 0 0 1845

148 1845
1847 Daljnogled, navadni zemeljski sve Optika VII 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
149 1811
1847 Camera obscura (temnica), majhna sve Optika VII 1 0 0 0
1847 150 Camera obscura, Velika zloljiva sve Optika VII 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 151 Zrcalo, (po)rn(jeno), konveksno sve Optika VII 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 152 Zrcalo, Cilindrino zrcalo sve Optika VII 1 0 0 0 0

153 Univerza 1845

1847 Zrcalo Piramidno zrcalo sve Optika 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
154 1845
1847 Zrcalo,Valjasto zrcalo na jeklu sve Optika 1 Holland 0 0 0
1847 154 Daljnogled, Gregoryjev zrcalni, tevilka 154a sve Optika 3 Jenko,388 0 0 0 1845 Jenko,Oroy,Un
iv.Wien
Oroy,
dunajska
univerza
1847 155 arobna svetilka (lanterna magica) sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 155 Stekleni polieder (dopisana tevilka 155a) sve Optika 2 Brodmann 0 0 0 1845

156 1845
1847 Prizma, Akromatska prizma (1866-2) sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
157 Univerza 1845
1847 Zrcala, Barvasta zrcala sve Optika 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
158 Weis,Smole 1845
1847 Daljnogled (akromatski) Uzschneider (1866-34) sve Optika 2 0 0 0
159 1845
1847 Watsonova barvna stekla (1866-5) sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 160 Mikroskop, sonni, barvasti stekli sve Optika 1 Schmid 0 0 0 1845

161 1845
1847 Mikroskop, Zrcalni mikroskop sve Optika 1 Magainer 0 0 0
1847 162 arobna perspektiva (Zauberperspektive) sve Optika 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

384
Joef pl Vest (* 1769; 1832), od leta 1820 profesor kmetijstva na Ljubljanskem liceju in e posebej sadjar
(Adami & Gspan, SBL, 4: 430)).
385
Anton Samassa (* 1808; 1883), zvonar
386
Caginard de la Tour, kemik
387
Tovarnar Mihael Smole, ki je leta 1834 podprl Mahrovo olo (orn, 1982, 191; SBL, 2: 198, 3: 385).
388
dr. Joef Jenko (* okoli 1780 Kranj; po 1844 Dunaj).
 163 1845
1847 Goniometer po Baumgartnerju sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
164 1845
1847 Fotometer z zobmi sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
165 1845
1847 Kamera lucida (svetla) Wollaston sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
166 1845
1847 Camera obscura (temna) po Chevalierju sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 167 Interferenni aparat sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845 (751)

1847 168 Turmalinska rpalka (Sauge) sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845 777,turmal=pir
oelekt
169 1845
1847 Polarizacija, Baumgartnerjeva naprava sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 170 Poliedrina anamorfoza (oblika?) sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 171 Goniometer, Roni goniometer sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 172 arobna svetilka (lanterna magica) sve Optika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

173 Brodmann 1845

1847 Zrcalo, Enostavno ravno zrcalo sve Optika 4 0 0 0
1847 174 Prizmatini barvasti stoec sve Optika 2 0 0 0 1811

1847 175 Dolga deska za usmerjanje arkov sve Optika 4 Echter 0 0 0 1845

176 1845
1847 Vrtavka, lom svetlobe v kapljevini sve Optika 1 Holland 0 0 0
177 1845
1847 Kaleidoskop sve Optika 1 Uhlman 0 0 0
1847 178 Termometer (ivosrebrni) in valj top Toplota 7 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

179 1845
1847 Kalorimeter po Lavoisieru in Laplaceu top Toplota 1 Riebler 0 0 0
180 1811
1847 Para, Bakrena krogla za paro top Toplota 1 0 0 0
1847 181 Obro s kroglo (za prikaz temperaturnega raztezanja top Toplota 1 0 0 0 1811

snovi ????)
1847 182 Saussurjev merilec sonnih arkov top Toplota 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

1847 183 Tlailka, Pnevmatska tlailka top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

184 1845
1847 Destilacija, Posoda za destilacijo top Toplota 1 Todter 0 0 0
185 1845
1847 Termometer, Kovinski termometer top Toplota 3 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 186 Svetilka, Davyeva (z arnico ? top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

187 1845
1847 Svetilka, Davyjeva varnostna s top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 188 Svetilka, Aldinijeva389 varnostna top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 189 Vigalnik s platinami top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 190 Vigalnik in elektrofor top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

191 1845
1847 Leslijeva kocka (782) top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
192 1845
1847 Papinov lonec top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 193 Pirometer, Wedgewoodov pirometer390 top Toplota 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

194 1811
1847 Kuhalnik, Spiralni kuhalnik top Toplota 1 0 0 0
195 1845
1847 Kotel, Bakreni kotel top Toplota 1 Todter 0 0 0
1847 196 erjavnica top Toplota 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845

197 1845
1847 Blackova spajalna cev top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
198 1845
1847 Svetilka, Berzeliusova svetilka top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
199 1845
1847 Guytonov (de Morveau) nosilec top Toplota 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
200 1845
1847 Baterija, Volta + 14 col kolut em Elektrika 1 Echter 0 0 0
201 1845
1847 Baterija, Volta + 20 col kolut em Elektrika 1 Echter 0 0 0
202 1845
1847 Elektrofor em Elektrika 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
203 1845
1847 Kondenzator em Elektrika 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
204 1845
1847 Baterija Voltna,100 celic, 12 col em Elektrika 1 Huck 0 0 0
205 1811
1847 Baterija, Voltna, 28 celic, 4 col em Elektrika 1 0 0 0
206 1811
1847 Baterija, Voltna, 12 celic, 4 col em Elektrika 1 0 0 0
207 1845
1847 Leydenska steklenica em Elektrika 7 Echter 0 0 0
1847 208 Praznilec (Fall) Henleyev, sploni em Elektrika 1 0 0 0 1811

209 1845
1847 Varovalka em Elektrika 2 Echter 0 0 0
210 1845
1847 Kolut za ples lutk em Elektrika 1 Riebler 0 0 0
1847 211 Elektrini zvon em Elektrika 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 212 Pitola, Elektrina pitola em Elektrika 2 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

213 1845
1847 Zvonik, Udarni zvonik em Elektrika 0 Echter 0 0 0
214 1845
1847 Zvonik, Eksplozijski zvonik em Elektrika 1 Echter 0 0 0
1847 215 Akumulator, medeninasti (mesing), za naboj em Elektrika 1 Franzl391 0 0 0 1845

1847 216 Elektrometri Bennet,392 Henley, Kork em Elektrika 3 Franzl 0 0 0 1845

217 1845
1847 Komunikacijski vodnik em Elektrika 2 Franzl 0 0 0
1847 218 Ura, Elektrina ura em Elektrika 1 Schlagelhofer
0 0 0 1845 izdela
Schlagelhofer

1847 219 Herbersteinova elektrina ura(? em Elektrika 1 Schlagelhofer

0 0 0 1845 izdela
Schlagelhofer

1847 220 Gorilnik, Elektrini gorilnik em Elektrika 1 Schlagelhofer

0 0 0 1845 izdela
Schlagelhofer

1847 221 Hayjev elektrini aparat em Elektrika 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

222 1845
1847 Coulombova tehtnica em Elektrika 1 Echter 0 0 0
223 1845
1847 Strelovod em Elektrika 1 Echter 0 0 0
224 Bernbachne 1845
1847 Vrvica iz svile (kot izolator) em Elektrika 1 0 0 0
225 1845
1847 Atmosferska elektrika, aparat em Elektrika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
226 1845
1847 Galvanizem, stativ za napravo em Elektrika 3 Huck 0 0 0
1847 227 Ploevinasta varnostna(zaponka em Elektrika 1 0 0 0 1811

389
Giovanni Aldini (* 1762; 1834), neak torinskega piarista Beccarie,
390
Ganot, 264 (fig. 265). 274.
391
Oe???? Tovarnarja pletilstva Kranj Henrika Franca Franzla (* 1859; 1917)
392
Na zlate listie (Ganot, 689 ( 751), 890 (fig. 643)).
 1847 228 Dolga??? knjiga elektrinih meritev em Elektrika 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

229 1845
1847 Bliski v cevi, tabla (Geisslerjeva?) em Elektrika 1 Echter 0 0 0
230 1845
1847 Franklinov kvadrat (Quadrat) em Elektrika 1 Echter 0 0 0
1847 231 Baterija, elektrina, 6 evljev em Elektrika 1 0 0 0 1811

232 Magnetizem 1845

1847 Magnetna igla, navadna, kompas(? em 2 Franzl 0 0 0
233 Magnetizem 1845
1847 Magnet v obliki podkve em 2 Hanaczik 0 0 0
234 Magnetizem 1845
1847 Inklinacijsko-deklinacijska igla em 2 Nothen 0 0 0
235 Magnetizem Cerug(Cicr 1845
1847 Magnet, Armirana magnetna kamnina em 1 0 0 0
236 Magnetizem 1845
1847 Kompas em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
237 Magnetizem 1845
1847 Nihalo, Magnetno vodoravno nihalo em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
238 Magnetizem 1845
1847 Nihajni aparat em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
239 Magnetizem 1845
1847 Aparat za demonstracije em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
240 Magnetizem 1845
1847 Baumgartnerjeva elektromagnetna naprava em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 241 Pomnoevlaka, Schweiggerjeva 393 em Magnetizem 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

1847 242 Pomnoevalka, Fechnerjeva394 em Magnetizem 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

243 Magnetizem 1845

1847 Magnetni magazin em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
244 Magnetizem 1845
1847 Inklinacija,deklinacija, po Etlingerju em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 245 Magnetoelektrina naprava (El-mag) em Magnetizem 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

246 Magnetizem 1845

1847 Magnet, Armiran magnet em 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
247 1845
1847 Skleda iz modrega stekla kem Kemija 2 Graf 0 0 0
248 1845
1847 Stekleni balon za komunikacije kem Kemija 2 Graf 0 0 0
249 1845
1847 Phiolen (?) kem Kemija 4 Graf 0 0 0
250 1845
1847 Pihalo, Oralno enostavno, veter kem Kemija 1 Holland 0 0 0
251 1845
1847 Oralni,enostavni za veter, z dodatki kem Kemija 2 Holland 0 0 0
252 Huck, Fanzoy 1845 Huchk in
1847 Priestleyev polnilni aparat kem Kemija 3 0 0 0 Fanzroy

1847 253 Pnevmatika ivosrebrni in marmorni kem Kemija 1 Thomann 0 0 0 1845

254 1845
1847 Pnevmatika z vodo in lesom kem Kemija 1 Pleshko 0 0 0
255 1845
1847 Pnevmotoraks (Gasbrucken ?) kem Kemija 2 Fanzoy 0 0 0
256 1845
1847 Prehodni topilni lonec kem Kemija 4 Hartmuth 0 0 0
1847 257 Zvoilo iz porcelana kem Kemija 2 Hartmuth 0 0 0 1845

1847 258 Retorte, ploevinaste retorte kem Kemija 1 Hartmuth 0 0 0 1845

259 1845
1847 Balon, Stekleni balon kem Kemija 2 Graf 0 0 0
1847 260 Retorte razlinih velikosti kem Kemija 8 Sagar Fabr 0 0 0 1845 Tovarna Sagar

261 1845
1847 Stekleni plinski Reupinute(?)Reuginten???Neupinten kem Kemija 7 Sagar 0 0 0
262 1845
1847 Eudiometer, Voltov eudiometer kem Kemija 1 Samassa 0 0 0
263 1845
1847 Eudiometer, Gay-Lussacov eudiometer kem Kemija 2 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 264 Puka, bakrena, sitaste oblike kem Kemija 1 Todter 0 0 0 1845

265 1845
1847 Bakreni nastavek kem Kemija 1 Todter 0 0 0
1847 266 Aerometer, gazometer s tlailko kem Kemija 1 Huck 0 0 0 1845

267 Wagner,idr 1845

1847 Zbirka kemijskih snovi, reagentov kem Kemija 1 0 0 0
268 1845
1847 Posoda za razstavljanje vode kem Kemija 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
1847 269 Posode razlinih prostornin kem Kemija 20 Brodmann 0 0 0 1845

1847 270 Smuarski kavelj kem Kemija 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845

271 1845
1847 Kosa (? ) Lopata kem Kemija 1 na trgu 0 0 0
1847 272 elezna ponev kem Kemija 4 na trgu 0 0 0 1845

1847 273 Ognjene klee kem Kemija 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845

274 1845
1847 Nakovalo s palico kem Kemija 1 na trgu 0 0 0
275 1845
1847 Model krogle kem Kemija 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
276 1845
1847 Majhno sito kem Kemija 1 Pleshko 0 0 0
1847 277 Monar (top) po Rosslu=???Stosse kem Kemija 1 Kaufman,Sc 0 0 0 1845 Kaufman,
Schmaid

1847 278 Monar (top) iz serpentina kem Kemija 1 Wendrashek 0 0 0 1845

279 Wendrashek 1845

1847 Skodelica za mletje iz serpentina kem Kemija 1 0 0 0
1847 280 Meh na roni pogon kem Kemija 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

1847 281 Kapela kem Kemija 3 Rastere395 0 0 0 1845

1847 282 Rictherjev stohiometrini nastavek kem Kemija 1 Wagner 0 0 0 1845

396

283 Naprave XII 1811

1847 Vzvod meh 1 0 0 0
284 Naprave XII 1811
1847 Vitel, zemeljski vitel meh 1 0 0 0
285 Naprave XII 1811
1847 Naprava za smetano meh 3 0 0 0
286 Naprave XII 1811
1847 Cevi meh 1 0 0 0
287 Naprave XII 1811
1847 Mlin, parni mlin meh 1 0 0 0
1847 288 Arhimedov (?), Neskonni vijak meh Naprave XII 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 289 kripevje (Flaschenzug) meh Naprave XII 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 290 Mlin na veter z ago, fuinami meh Naprave XII 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 291 Tlailka, pumpa na vzvod meh Naprave XII 1 0 0 0 1811

292 Naprave XII 1811

1847 Stiskalnica meh 1 0 0 0

393
Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger (* 1779; 1857), izumitelj galvanometra na univerzi Halle.
394
Gustav Theodor Fechner (* 1801; 1887) iz Leipziga, tudi psihofizik.
395
Rastern???
396
Ljubljanski lekarnar Joef Wagner, mojster in stric ige Grafa (SBL, 3: 585).
 293 Naprave XII 1811
1847 Strgalo za konopljo meh 1 0 0 0
294 1845 Hess in
1847 Tehtnica za mase, mlin za papir meh Naprave XII 3 Hess,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler

1847 295 Fuine meh Naprave XII 1 Hess,Tisch 0 0 0 1845 Hess in

Tischler

1847 296 Tlailka, Pumpa meh Naprave XII 1 Hess,Tisch 0 0 0 1845 Hess in
Tischler
297 1845 Hess in
1847 Vodomet (Wasserkumpf,dvojni 1811 meh Naprave XII 1 Hess,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler
298 1845 Hess in
1847 Banka za novce meh Naprave XII 1 Hess,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler
299 1845 Turk in
1847 Kotna naprava meh Naprave XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler

1847 300 Mlin - osni in uteni mlin meh Naprave xII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 1845 Turk in
Tischler
301 1845 Turk in
1847 Mlin, Konjski mlin meh Naprave XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler

1847 302 Mlin, Roni mlin meh Naprave XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 1845 Turk in
Tischler
303 1845 Turk in
1847 Kolo na kopito in ...(Ausguss) meh Naprave XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler
304 1845 Turk in
1847 Kolo, Glavno kolo in ...(?rett meh Naprave XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler
305 1845 Turk in
1847 Kolo, Glavno kolo s kocko meh Naprave XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler
306 1845 Turk in
1847 Kolo meh Naprave XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler
307 1845 Turk in
1847 Vodno kolo s padcem od zgoraj meh Naprave XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler
308 1845 Turk in
1847 Mlin meh Naprave XII 1 Turk,Tisch 0 0 0 Tischler
309 Naprave XII Turk,Tisch 1845
1847 Valovni model meh 1 0 0 0
1847 310 Vitel Krini vitel (s stojalom? meh Naprave XII 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

311 Naprave XII 1845

1847 Naprava za sladkor meh 1 Echter 0 0 0
312 Naprave XII 1845
1847 Vzvod meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
313 Naprave XII 1811
1847 Mostovi in klini meh 1 0 0 0
314 Naprave XII 1811
1847 Stol meh 1 0 0 0
1847 315 Opekarska pe meh Naprave XII 1 0 0 0 1811

1847 316 Hidravlini oven397 meh Naprave XII 1 Todter 0 0 0 1845

317 Naprave XII 1845

1847 Mlin meh 1 Holland 0 0 0
1847 318 Tlailka, Krona tlailka meh Naprave XII 1 Echter 0 0 0 1845

1847 319 Hallova naprava z zrano celico meh Naprave XII 1 Passerin 0 0 0 1845

320 Naprave XII 1845

1847 Kolo, Segnert, bakreno, 2' visoko meh 1 Todter 0 0 0
321 Naprave XII 1845
1847 "Kolo, Segnertovo, bakreno,10'' visoko" meh 1 Todter 0 0 0
1847 322 Tlailka, Realova vodna pumpa meh Naprave XII 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

323 Naprave XII 1845

1847 Vodna celica, naprava meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 324 Stiskalnica, Bramanova398 prea meh Naprave XII 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0 1845

325 Naprave XII 1845

1847 Nihajni stroj, Hessov, na vodo meh 1 Passerin 0 0 0
1847 326 Tlailka na tlak in vlek meh Naprave XII 1 Passerin 0 0 0 1845

1847 327 Tlailka, (pumpa) tlailka meh Naprave XII 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

328 Naprave XII 1811

1847 Nihanje, poskusi, stojalo za naprave meh 1 0 0 0
1847 329 Nihanje, poskusi, bakreni obro meh Naprave XII 1 Todter 0 0 0 1845

330 Naprave XII Univerza 1845

1847 Tehtnica meh 1 0 0 0
Dunaj
331 Drugi aparati 1845
1847 Termometer in higrometer na struno meh 1 Nothen 0 0 0
1847 332 Ura, Sonna ura iz srebra meh Drugi aparati 1 Metz 0 0 0 1845

1847 333 Ura, sonna ura iz medenine (mesing) meh Drugi aparati 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

334 Drugi aparati 1845

1847 Ura, lesena zvezdna ura meh 1 Echter 0 0 0
1847 335 Lea z nabojem, konveksna meh Drugi aparati 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0 1845

336 Drugi aparati 1811

1847 Ura meh 1 0 0 0
337 Drugi aparati 1845
1847 Ura v predavalnici, nihajna meh 1 Fanzoy 0 0 0
1847 338 Ura z dvojnimi utemi meh Drugi aparati 1 Magainer 0 0 0 1845

339 Drugi aparati 1845

1847 Sphaera armillaris (globus-zape??? meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
340 Drugi aparati 1811
1847 Nebesna krogla meh 1 0 0 0
341 Drugi aparati 1811
1847 Zemeljska krogla meh 1 0 0 0
342 1845 0
1847 Nebesna in zemeljska krogla meh Drugi aparati 1 Raternolli 0 0 0
343 Drugi aparati 1811
1847 Mapa sveta v predavalnici meh 1 0 0 0
1847 344 Karta za sonne pege meh Drugi aparati 1 Lercher 0 0 0 1845 (790)

399

1847 345 Ploa z meridiani meh Drugi aparati 1 Hess 0 0 0 1845 (385)

346 Drugi aparati 1845

1847 Kladivo na vodni pogon meh 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 347 Ploevinasta in lesena krogla meh Drugi aparati 2 Pershe 0 0 0 1845

1847 348 Ploevinasto kolo meh Drugi aparati 1 Freyberger 0 0 0 1845 (430)

349 Drugi aparati Freyberger 1845

1847 Brizgalka za ogenj, majhna meh 1 0 0 0
350 1845 (570)
1847 Brizgalka, majhna meh Drugi aparati 1 Pershe 0 0 0
351 1845 (585)
1847 Lijak (Trickler), stekleni meh Drugi aparati 3 Graf 0 0 0
1847 352 Ploa za merjenje col meh Drugi aparati 1 Magainer 0 0 0 1845 (672)

353 1845 (715)

1847 Leseni modeli za kristale meh Drugi aparati 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
354 1845 (717)
1847 Psihometer po Augustu meh Drugi aparati 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 355 Atmo(sfero)meter iz elezne meh Drugi aparati 1 Freybender 0 0 0 1845

356 1845 (763)

1847 Platinasti wanme (?) meh Drugi aparati 1 Hanaczik 0 0 0
1847 357 Svetlikajo plin/rna lakirana ploevina meh Drugi aparati 1 Freyberger 0 0 0 1845 (772) iz
laki.kovine

397
Hummel ga je e pozneje uporabljal na univerzi v Gradcu.
398
Bramah (Ganot, 95 (fig. 75), 96 ( 108).
399
Zalonik knjig (SBL, 2: 461).
 358 1845 (318)
1847 Vzvod, leseni meh Drugi aparati 1 Turk 0 0 0
359 1845 (376)
1847 Merilo za sekundarno nihalo meh Drugi aparati 1 Hess 0 0 0
360 Drugi aparati 1845
1847 Odtiskovalnik (Abzieheisen ?) meh 1 na trgu 0 0 0
361 1845 (56) kupljeno
1847 Rezilnica za vijake meh Drugi aparati 1 na trgu 0 0 0 na trg

1847 362 ipalke meh Drugi aparati 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845 (400)kupljeno

na trg
363 1845 (400)kupljeno
1847 Pinceta meh Drugi aparati 1 na trgu 0 0 0 na trg

1847 364 ilo meh Drugi aparati 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845 (404)kupljen.n

a trgu

1847 365 Klee ipalke meh Drugi aparati 1 na trgu 0 0 0 1845

1847 366 Botanina knjiga (herbarij) meh Drugi aparati 1 Schreybere 0 0 0 1845
r
367 Drugi aparati 1845
1847 Mere, merilec okularja (?) meh 1 Honke 0 0 0
368 Drugi aparati 1845
1847 Risalno orodje meh 1 Magainer 0 0 0
369 Drugi aparati 1845
1847 Sekira, majhna meh 1 na trgu 0 0 0
370 1845 Fiedrichova
1847 Baumgartner, slike iz mehanike in iz Friedrichove kemije meh Drugi aparati 70 0 0 0 kemija
372 Drugi aparati izdel.doma 1845
1847 Majhna zbirka mineralov meh 1 0 0 0
373 Merilne naprave 1811
1847 Merilna posoda meh 1 0 0 0
374 Merilne naprave 1811
1847 Kompas, busola meh 1 0 0 0
375 Merilne naprave 1811
1847 Linearni diopter (?) meh 1 0 0 0
376 Merilne naprave 1811
1847 Astrolab meh 1 0 0 0
377 Merilne naprave 1811
1847 Tehtnica, velika vodna tehtnica meh 1 0 0 0
378 Merilne naprave 1811
1847 Tehtnica, majhna vodna tehtnica meh 1 0 0 0
379 Merilne naprave 1811
1847 Merilno vezje meh 7 0 0 0
380 Merilne naprave 1811
1847 Halleyev zrcalni (teleskop???) s stativom meh 1 0 0 0
0
381 Merilne naprave 1811
1847 Halleyev zrcalni oktant meh 1 0 0
0
382 Oprema XV 1845
1847 Stopnice v kabinetu meh 1 Hess 0 0
0
383 Oprema XV 1845
1847 Klopotec v kabinetu meh 1 Hess 0 0
0
384 Oprema XV 0
1847 Stoli meh 0 0 0
Velik voz za prenaanje aparatov
0
385 Oprema XV 1845
1847 meh 3 Hess 0 0
Mali voz za prenaanje aparatov
0
386 Oprema XV 1845
1847 meh 5 Hess 0 0
0
387 Oprema XV 1845
1847 Stara omarica za aparate meh 6 0 0
0
388 Oprema XV 1845
1847 Nova omarica za aparate meh 3 Hess 0 0
0
389 Oprema XV 1811
1847 Miza meh 4 0 0
Zaboj za kemijske potrebine
0
390 Oprema XV 1811
1847 meh 1 0 0
Merilo 3 dunajske evlje iz medenine (mesing) Masa, tea I
42
1845
1866 1 meh 1 5 42
Merilo 3 dunajskih evljev iz ribje kosti Masa, tea I
78
1845
1866 2 meh 1 0 78
Mere, Dunajski seenj (klaftra) iz lesa Masa, tea I
17
1811
1866 3 meh 1 0 17
Mere, Dunajski in pariki evelj Masa, tea I
15
1845
1866 4 meh 1 3 15
Masa, tea I
35
1845
1866 5 Mere, Leseni meter meh 1 0 35
Mere, Niti krog Masa, tea I
20
1845
1866 6 meh 1 4 20
Mere, Pioe merilo Masa, tea I
5
1845
1866 7 meh 1 1 5
Mere, Votla kubina cola, medenina (mesing) Masa, tea I
35
1845
1866 8 meh 1 0 35
Mere, Trdna kubina cola Masa, tea I
42
1845
1866 9 meh 1 0 42
Mere, Kubina cola iz lesa Masa, tea I
8
1811
1866 10 meh 1 0 8
Mere, Kubina cola iz eleza Masa, tea I
17
1811
1866 11 meh 1 0 17
Masa, tea I
5
1811
1866 12 Mere, Dunajske mere in medenine (mesinga) meh 1 1 5
Merilo za 3 kubine evlje Masa, tea I
52
1866 13 meh 1 0 52 0
Mere, Utei Masa, tea I
57
1866 14 meh 7 1 57 0
Mere, ute iz medenine (mesinga) za funt Masa, tea I
58
1866 15 meh 1 1 58 0
35
1866 1 Cilinder iz marmorja v medenini (mesing) kem Kemija II 2 0 35 0
Ploa steklena
8
1866 2 meh Kemija II 5 0 8 0
59
1866 3 Vijak meh Kemija II 1 0 59 0
10
1866 4 Trenje meh Kemija II 1 0 10 0
17
1866 5 Merilo z lijakom meh Kemija II 1 0 17 0
17
1845
1866 6 Balon stekleni, komunikacijski meh Kemija II 2 0 17
35
0
1866 7 Krogla meh Kemija II 1 0 35
Aerometer s tlailko (pumpo)
25
1845
1866 8 meh Kemija II 1 5 25
Merilo, Jekleno merilo in elezno
10
1866 9 meh Kemija II 1 2 10 0
52
1866 10 Merilo, Ukrivljeno merilo meh Kemija II 1 0 52 0
52
1866 11 Ploskev za trenje kem Kemija II 1 0 52 0
Roni stroj
70
1866 12 kem Kemija II 1 0 70 0
35
1845
1866 13 Pipa iz medenine (mesinga) kem Kemija II 1 0 35
10
1866 14 Stojalo za kemijske aparate kem Kemija II 1 2 10 0
15
1866 15 Tehtnica, Stativ za vrtljivo tehtnico kem Kemija II 1 3 15 0
Obro iz medenine (mesinga) in prstan
20
1866 16 kem Kemija II 1 4 20 0
Stojalo obroa
78
1866 17 kem Kemija II 1 0 78 0
Ploa iz medi
26
1811
1866 18 kem Kemija II 1 1 26
Mere, Pomik za utei
87
1866 19 kem Kemija II 1 0 87 0
15
1866 20 Trenje, Stekleni aparat za trenje kem Kemija II 2 1 15 0
Posoda za ivosrebrno paro
40
1866 21 kem Kemija II 1 1 40 0
Svetilka, piritna svetilka
63
1866 22 kem Kemija II 1 0 63 0
61 spon.mesing+p
1866 23 Svetilka, Berzeliusova in 2 sponki iz medenine kem Kemija II 1 8 61 0 ritikli
40
1845
1866 24 Retorta, nosilec iz lesa kem Kemija II 1 1 40
 Pnevmotoraks iz bele ploevine
42 Gasbrust(Gasb
1845
1866 25 kem Kemija II 1 0 42 rucke?)
5
1866 26 Vaza, Lesena vaza s steklom kem Kemija II 1 1 5 0
Aerometer iz ploevine
75
1866 27 kem Kemija II 1 15 75 0
50
1866 28 Tehtnica, Kromirana tehtnica kem Kemija II 1 8 95 0
95
1866 29 Tehtnica, Stativ za kromirano tehtnico kem Kemija II 1 4 36 0
36
1866 30 Kristalizacijsk.posoda/ za prikaz 1. izrek kem Kemija II 6 1 0 0
0
1866 31 Stativ za posode z reagenti kem Kemija II 1 3 0 0
0
1866 32 Pisalo kem Kemija II 1 20 20 0
Stiskalnica, ivosrebrna stiskalnica
0
1866 33 kem Kemija II 1 4 4 0
Mere, Lesene utei 10 gramov
0
1866 34 kem Kemija II 1 16 16 0
0
1866 35 Aerometer iz stekla in medenine (mesinga) kem Kemija II 1 32 32 0
0
1866 36 Svetilka,Bunsenova plinska svetilka kem Kemija II 2 10 10 0
35
1866 1 Valji iz medenine (mesinga) meh Ravnovesje III 4 0 35 0
50
1866 2 Svetilka iz medenine (mesinga),valjaste oblike meh Ravnovesje 1 10 50 0
40 leta 1845 pod
1845
1866 3 Padanje, Atwoodova naprava za prosto padanje meh Ravnovesje 1 1 0 t.50
26 leta 1845 pod
1845
1866 4 Nihalo, Cikloidno nihalo meh Ravnovesje 1 0 0 t.51

Nihalo, Mreasto nihalo

0 leta 1845 pod
1845
1866 5 meh Ravnovesje 1 21 0 t.52
80
1845 eta 1845 pod
1866 6 Metronom meh Ravnovesje 1 16 0 t.53
0
1845
1866 7 Centrifuga, Bohenbergerjeva meh Ravnovesje 1 21 1
36
1866 8 Vitel s stojalom meh Ravnovesje 1 3 0 0
Valj, rni polirani valj
52
1866 9 meh Ravnovesje 1 0 0 0
20
1866 10 Trki, Naprava za trke meh Ravnovesje 1 4 0 0
22
1866 11 Vzvod z bremenom in oporo meh Ravnovesje 1 1 0 0
5
1866 12 Zagozda za premikanje teles meh Ravnovesje 1 1 0 0
92
1866 13 Vijak z matico meh Ravnovesje 1 1 91 0
93
1866 14 Kolo z merilom,stativom,bremen meh Ravnovesje 1 3 93 0
Tehtnica, olska, s stativom
92
1866 15 meh Ravnovesje 1 1 32 0
90
1866 16 Strelna ravnina iz medenine (mesinga) meh Ravnovesje 1 18 90 0
Krogla, litoelezna z ebljem
57
1866 17 meh Ravnovesje 1 1 57 0
60
1866 18 Phalni stroj, model meh Ravnovesje 1 12 60 0
erjav
10
1866 19 meh Ravnovesje 1 2 10 0
Ploati oven
20
1866 20 meh Ravnovesje 1 4 20 0
30
1866 21 Vzvod s kolesom meh Ravnovesje 3 6 30 0
33
33 1855
1866 22 Foucaultov poskus, za demonstracijo meh Ravnovesje 1 12
37
37 1857
1866 23 Centrifugalni stroj meh Ravnovesje 2 60
0
Kapljevine IV 21 1845
1866 1 Stiskalnica, Realova stiskalnica meh 1 21
50
157 50 1845
1866 2 Stiskalnica, Brahmova stiskalnica meh Kapljevine 1
30
30 0
1866 3 Stolp, Naprava za vodni stolp meh Kapljevine 1 90
60
0 1845
1866 4 Vzvod, Wolfov, anatomski (dvigalo) meh Kapljevine 1 3
57
0 1845
1866 5 Aerometer Nicholsonov iz medenine (mesinga) meh Kapljevine 1 1
0
0 1845
1866 6 Aerometer,Miesser in steklena cev meh Kapljevine 4 42
10
0 1845
1866 7 Aerometer,Mohsov, iz medenine (mesinga) meh Kapljevine 1 2
5
0 1845
1866 8 Aerometer, Beaumeov, iz medenine (mesinga) meh Kapljevine 1 1
80
0 1845
1866 9 Tehtnica, Hidrostatska tehtnica meh Kapljevine 1 37
20
0 0
1866 10 Mlinska kolesa meh Kapljevine 4 4
Polasti vijak za vodo
20
0 0
1866 11 meh Kapljevine 2 4
80
0 0
1866 12 Mlinska in kolesna naprava meh Kapljevine 4 16
57
0 0
1866 13 Komunikacijska cev z nastavkom meh Kapljevine 1 1
80 leta 1845
0 1845
1866 14 Kolo, Segnerjevo vodno kolo meh Kapljevine 1 16 t.320-321
0
0 0
1866 15 Weltmanov merilec hitrosti toka meh Kapljevine 1 28
0
0 0
1866 16 Napetost v kapljevinah(kapilar meh Kapljevine 1 1
35 leta 1845 pod
0 1845
1866 1 Barometer potovalni z noniusom meh Plini V 1 28 t.110
60
0 0
1866 2 Barometer potovalni/po Saussurju meh Plini V 1 12
5
0 0
1866 3 Natega za stupe meh Plini V 1 1
25 leta 1845 pod
0 1845
1866 4 Padanje,vakuum/Valj,demonstracijski meh Plini V 1 5 t.122
35
0 1845
1866 5 Mariottov poskus meh Plini V 1 7
35
0 1845
1866 6 Psihometer,Augustov psihometer meh Plini V 1 21
77
0 1845
1866 7 Barometer meh Plini V 1 5
57
0 1845
1866 8 Kladivo na pogon vode meh Plini V 1 1
Tlailka,Dvostranska zrana tl
0
147 1858 1858
1866 9 meh Plini V 1
Tlailka,Model tlailke na vzvod
40
1858 1858
1866 10 meh Plini V 1 8
Tlailka,Model tlailke na nadtlak
40
1858 1858
1866 11 meh Plini V 1 8
0
1861 1861
1866 12 Barometer na nateg, termometer in nonius meh Plini V 1 36
Keppejev merilec napetosti (V) in tok iz koe
0
1862 1862
1866 13 meh Plini V 1 55
0
1866 14 Barometer, Bourdonov kovinski barometer400 meh Plini V 1 40 1865 1865

Ura, Akustina ura za poskuse

5
Akustika VI 0 1845
1866 1 meh 1 1
Kolo, akustino za zvone figure
1 l.1847 pod
0 1845
1866 2 meh Akustika 1 0 t.131(?)

Pipa, Zvona pipa

17 l.1847 pod
0 1847
1866 3 meh Akustika 1 0 t.133

Ploe, kovinske, za zvone figure

56 l.1847 pod
0 1845
1866 4 meh Akustika 2 7 t.136(?)

400
Bourdonova cev za merjenje deformacije, ki jih povzroa tekoina pod tlakom elastine snovi.
 10
10 1845
1866 5 Aparat s 3 orgelskimi pipami mah Akustika 1 2
Slualo
41
41 0
1866 6 meh Akustika 1 2
Lok (kot zvoilo ?)
17
17 0
1866 7 meh Akustika 2 0
Ploa, Savartova, kovina zvone figure
60
60 1845
1866 8 meh Akustika 1 12
70
1855 1855
1866 9 Sirena meh Akustika 1 35
Ploa, Eliptina steklena ploa
20
20 0
1866 10 meh Akustika 1 0
Preparat za loveko uho
0
0 0
1866 11 meh Akustika 8 32
0
1866 1866
1866 12 Reisov telefon meh Akustika 1 25
Savartova naprava za zvone figure
0
1866 1866
1866 13 meh Akustika 1 36
0
1866 1866
1866 14 Ura, Savartova ura meh Akustika 1 16
0
1866 1866
1866 15 Wheatstonov kaleidofon meh Akustika 1 24
Zvone vilice
20
1866 1866
1866 16 meh Akustika 2 1
Termometer, ivosrebrni termometer
99 leta 1847 pod
0 1847
1866 1 top Toplota VII 4 2 t.178
10 leta 1847 pod
0 1847
1866 2 Para, Krogla s paro top Toplota 1 2 t.180

Tlailka, Pnevmatska rpalka

20 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 3 top Toplota 1 4 t.187
0 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 4 Termometer,Kovinski termometer top Toplota 3 42 t.185

Svetilka,Davyjev svetilka in arnica

52 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 5 top Toplota 1 0 t.187
25 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 6 Svetilka,Davyjeva varnostna sv top Toplota 1 5 t.187
10 leta 1847 pod
0 1847
1866 7 Svetilka, Aldinijeva svetilka top Toplota 1 2 t.188

Vigalnik z platinami
75 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 8 top Toplota 1 15 t.189
25 leta 1847 pod
25 1845
1866 9 Leslijeva kocka top Toplota 1 5 t.191
70 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 10 Papinov lonec top Toplota 0 14 t.192
50 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 11 Pirometer, Wedgewoodov pirometer top Toplota 1 3 t.193

Zrcalo, Konveksno vboeno zrcal

55 Hohlspiegel
55 0
1866 12 top Toplota 2 4
50
157 50 0
1866 13 Parni stroj, model top Toplota 1
80
80 0
1866 14 Franklinova naprava za merjenje toplotne prevodnosti top Toplota 1 2
0
1861 1861
1866 15 Parni stroj, Wattov, model top Toplota 1 15
Zrcalo, vboeno kovinsko zrcalo
0
1862 1862
1866 16 top Toplota 2 36
15 leta 1847 pod
1808 1811
1866 1 Daljnogled z mikrometrom sve Optika VIII 1 3 t.146
5 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 2 Prizma, Akromatska prizma sve Optika 1 1 t.156
0
0 1845
1866 3 Daljnogled, Akromatski daljnogled sve Optika 1 42
25 leta 1847 pod
0 1847
1866 4 Daljnogled po Azschneiderju sve Optika 1 47 t.163
40 leta 1847 pod
0 1847
1866 5 Nerstova barvasta stekla sve Optika 1 8 t.159
60 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 6 Goniometer, odbojni po Baumgartnerju sve Optika 1 33 t.163
75 leta 1847 pod
0 1847
1866 7 Fotometer, Ritschiev fotometer sve Optika 1 15 t.164
40 leta 1847 pod
0 1847
1866 8 Camera lucida (svetla) Wollaston sve Optika 1 8 t.165
25 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 9 Camera obscura (temnica) sve Optika 1 47 t.166

Interferenni aparat
25 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 10 sve Optika 1 47 t.167
1847,t.168,pir
Turmalinska rpalka (Sauge)
40
0 1847
1866 11 sve Optika 1 8 oelek
60 leta 1847 pod
0 1845
1866 12 Polarizacijska naprava, Baumgartner sve Optika 1 54 t.169
50
0 1811
1866 13 Halleyev zrcalni oktant sve Optika 1 10
50
0 1811
1866 14 Halleyev zrcalni oktant sve Optika 1 10
35
0 0
1866 15 Tabla za predstave sve Optika 1 0
57
0 0
1866 16 Prizma,Stativ za stekleno prizmo sve Optika 1 1
12
0 1811
1866 17 Prizma, Steklena prizma sve Optika 1 1
arobni aparat optino-magnetski
25
0 0
1866 18 sve Optika 1 5
Sennik z roajem
35
0 0
1866 19 sve Optika 1 0
93
1853 1853
1866 20 Daljnogled, Zrcalni teleskop sve Optika 1 1
60
1853 1853
1866 21 Umetno oko sve Optika 1 12
10
1855 1855
1866 22 Zrcalo, Konveksno zrcalo sve Optika 1 2
82
1856 1856
1866 23 Mulerjevo valovno steklo sve Optika 1 7
15
0 0
1866 24 Stereoskop s slikami sve Optika 1 17
Mikroskop sonni, veter ????projektor
75
204 1857 1857
1866 25 sve Optika 3
20
0 0
1866 26 Prizma 1.75 sve Optika 1 4
30
0 0
1866 27 Prizma 2.5 sve Optika 1 6
Lea v lesenem okvirju
20
0 0
1866 28 sve Optika 1 4
Lea, Zbirka le brez okvirjev
15
1857 1857
1866 29 sve Optika 1 3
Lea velika in okvir iz medenine (mesinga)
50
0 0
1866 30 sve Optika 1 10
Poveevalno steklo, enostavno
5
0 0
1866 31 sve Optika 1 1
55
1857 1857
1866 32 Zrcalo, Kotno zrcalo sve Optika 1 4
45
1857 1857
1866 33 Zrcalo, Vzporedno zrcalo sve Optika 1 2
50
1857 1857
1866 34 Zrcalo, Barvno zrcalo sve Optika 1 10
70
1858 1858
1866 35 Polarizacija po Norrenbergu sve Optika 1 77
Turmalinska rpalka (Sauge)
40 turmali=piroel
0 0
1866 36 sve Optika 1 8 ektrik

Sennik,Veliki svetlobni sennik

77
1858 1858
1866 37 sve Optika 1 5
15 leta 1847 pod
0 1811
1866 38 Zrcalo, Votlo zrcalo sve Optika 1 3 t.142
16
1859 1859
1866 39 Mikrofotografski objekti sve Optika 2 3
0
105 1860 1860
1866 40 Mikroskop, sestavljeni sve Optika 1
Lea, Konveksna lea
0
1862 1862
1866 41 sve Optika 1 2
0
1864 1864
1866 42 Prizma s stativom sve Optika 1 15
Lea, demonstracija vijane polarizacije???
0
1864 1864
1866 43 sve Optika 1 12
0
1864 1864
1866 44 Odboj, Aparat za prikaz odboja sve Optika 1 12
 0
1865 1865
1866 45 Lom, Aparat za prikaz loma sve Optika 1 10
Interferenca, Norbertova ploa
63
1865 1865
1866 46 sve Optika 1 11
0
1865 1865
1866 47 Dvolomni romboeder sve Optika 1 7
20
102 1865 1865
1866 48 Spektralna naprava Kirchhoffa in Bunsena sve Optika 1
50
1866 1866
1866 49 Fotografski spekter sve Optika 1 3
52 leta 1847 pod
Magnetizem IX 1845
1866 1 Magnetna igla em 2 Franzel 2 0 t.232
52
Magnetizem 1845
1866 2 Magnet, Armirana magnetna kamnin em 1 1 0
Kompas s sonno uro
0
Magnetizem 1845
1866 3 em 1 1 0
13 leta 1847 pod
Magnetizem 1845
1866 4 Magnetni magazin em 1 1 0 t.243
5 leta 1847 pod
Magnetizem 1845
1866 5 Magnet, Armiran magnet em 1 7 0 t.246
40 nabava leta
Magnetizem 1855 1855
1866 6 Inklinacijska igla em 1 29 1855(?)
15
Magnetizem 0 1811
1866 7 Kompas, Busola em 1 3
Magnet s 3 lamelami in 15 stopnjami moi
0
Magnetizem 1863 1863
1866 8 em 1 23
Torna elektrina naprava velika 20 col stekla
50 leta 1847 pod
1847
1866 1 em Elektrika X 1 10 0 t.201
5 leta 1847 pod
1847
1866 2 Elektrofor em Elektrika 1 1 0 t.202

Baterija Voltna, 25 plo po 4 col

10 leta 1847 pod
1847
1866 3 em Elektrika 1 2 0 t.200

Praznilec, Henleyev sploni praznilec

52
1811
1866 4 em Elektrika 1 0 0
35 leta 1847 pod
1845
1866 5 Kolut (stekleni) za ples lutk em Elektrika 1 0 0 t.210

Ura,Elektrina ura, zastekljena

35
1845
1866 6 em Elektrika 1 0 0
Pitola, Elektrina pitola
35
1845
1866 7 em Elektrika 1 0 0
35 leta 1847 pod
1845
1866 8 Zvonik, Udarni (Einschlagthurn) em Elektrika 1 0 0 t.213
35
0
1866 9 Praznilec, medeninasti (mesingasti) praznilec em Elektrika 1 0 0
52
0
1866 10 Elektromotor em Elektrika 3 0 0
Vrtljivo bakreno ploa,aparat
25
0
1866 11 em Elektrika 1 5 0
20
1845
1866 12 Elektromagnetni aparat em Elektrika 1 25 0
Pomnoevalka, Schweigerjeva
40 leta 1847 pod
1847
1866 13 em Elektrika 1 8 0 t.241
60 leta 1847 pod
159 1845
1866 14 Baumgartnerjeva /elektromagnetna rotacijska naprava em Elektrika 1 0 t.240
17
0
1866 15 Izolator em Elektrika 1 0 0
Elektrini visei aparat in vodoravna kotva
40
0
1866 16 em Elektrika 1 8 0
40 leta 1847 pod
1845
1866 17 Coulombova tehtnica em Elektrika 1 8 0 t.222

Elektrina naprava z dvema podkvama in stativom

75
0
1866 18 em Elektrika 1 15 0
25
1845
1866 19 Leydenska steklenica za shranjevanje elektrike em Elektrika 1 5 0
Zvonik, Elektrini zvonik
70
1811
1866 20 em Elektrika 1 0 0
Elektrino letee kolo
45
0
1866 21 em Elektrika 1 2 0
Baterija, Elektrina, 6 evljev dolga
90
1811
1866 22 em Elektrika 1 18 0
40
0
1866 23 Franklinova ploa em Elektrika 1 1 0
5
0
1866 24 Baterija, Smeejeva s 6 elementi em Elektrika 1 43 0
5
0
1866 25 Morsejev telegraf em Elektrika 1 43 5
63
0
1866 26 Baterija, Stativ/postavljen pod voltno celico em Elektrika 1 0 0
5
0
1866 27 Franklinova tabla, stativ za em Elektrika 1 1 0
35
0
1866 28 Gretje vode, aparat em Elektrika 5 7 0
65
1852 1852
1866 29 Baterija s 6 Grovejevimi elementi em Elektrika 35 34
30
0 0
1866 30 Aparat z ogljikovo konico em Elektrika 6 6
15
1852 1852
1866 31 Baterija, Bunsenov element em Elektrika 15 3
90
1854 1854
1866 32 Elektromagnetni temeljni poskus em Elektrika 2 18
72
1854 1854
1866 33 Vrtenje magneta okoli osi em Elektrika 1 4
40
1854 1854
1866 34 Vrtenje z zemeljskim magnetizem em Elektrika 1 8
80
1866 35 Elektroskop,Bohenbergerjev elektroskop401 em Elektrika 1 16 0 0
50
1854 1854
1866 36 Vrtenje vodnikov in magneta em Elektrika 1 10
15
1854 1854
1866 37 Baterija, Stojalo za Grovejevo baterijo em Elektrika 1 3
26
1854 1854
1866 38 Baterija, Valjasta posoda/Bunsnov element em Elektrika 1 0
85
1854 1854
1866 39 Elektroskop v steklenem balonu em Elektrika 1 1
35
1855 1855
1866 40 Rotacija magnetov in polarnih vodnikov em Elektrika 1 7
25
0 0
1866 41 Barlowa kolesa em Elektrika 1 5
Rotacija elektrinih tokov
35
1855 1855
1866 42 em Elektrika 1 7
75
1855 1855
1866 43 Termoelement em Elektrika 1 1
Pomnoevalka
25
1855 1855
1866 44 em Elektrika 1 47
Galvanski pojavi, demonstracijski pripomoek
25
1856 1856
1866 45 em Elektrika 1 5
0
1856 1856
1866 46 Baterija, Bunsnova baterija em Elektrika 1 21
90
1856 1856
1866 47 Galvanskih tokov merilec em Elektrika 1 18
35
1866 48 Indukcijski aparat po Hesslerju402 em Elektrika 1 28 1856 1856
67
0 0
1866 49 Baterija, stativ za Bunsnovo baterijo em Elektrika 1 3
75
1858 1858
1866 50 Leydenska steklenica em Elektrika 1 1
80
1858 1858
1866 51 Leydenska steklenica, lahka em Elektrika 0 2
Rotacijski elektrini aparat z nihanji
10
1858 1858
1866 52 em Elektrika 1 23
0
1859 1859
1866 53 Rheostat em Elektrika 1 21
Spirala, Vibrirajoa spirala
30
1859 1859
1866 54 em Elektrika 1 6

401
Ganot, 758.
Dr. Ferdinand Hessler (* 23. 2. 1803 Regensburg; 13. 10. 1865 Dunaj), od leta 1843 profesor fizike na
402

dunajski Politehniki.
 Motor Elektrini z nihajoim kolesom
0
1860 1860
1866 55 em Elektrika 1 28
0
1860 1860
1866 56 Stope in kladivo na elektromotor em Elektrika 3 22
50
1861 1861
1866 57 Baterija, Grovejev element em Elektrika 6 31
85
1861 1861
1866 58 Amprov stroj s figurami in komutatorjem em Elektrika 1 17
0
0 0
1866 59 Palica iz smole em Elektrika 1 1
0
1862 1862
1866 60 Kompas,Gaugain.tangentna busola em Elektrika 1 36
0
1866 61 Indukcija isker po Ruhmkorffu403 em Elektrika 1 120 1863 1863
0
1863 1863
1866 62 Geisslerjeve cevi em Elektrika 4 12
Fluorescenne cevi
0
0 0
1866 63 em Elektrika 1 7
80
1863 1863
1866 64 Geisserjeve cevi in stojalo zanje em Elektrika 2 0
Pagov elektrini motor
0
0 0
1866 65 em Elektrika 1 22
0
1864 1864
1866 66 Morseov telegraf s pisalom in oddajnikom em Elektrika 1 74
Fechnerjev elektroskop z zlatimi listii
0
1865 1865 Tudi
1866 67 em Elektrika 1 20
1847
75 leta 1851 pod
Astronomija XI 1851
1866 1 Bohmov Uranoskop sve 1 57 0 t.83
75 Dar
Astronomija XI 1851
1866 2 Bohmov Telurium sve 1 15 0 notranj.ministr
a
20
Astronomija XI 0
1866 3 Zemeljska obla (Sphaera Amiralis) sve 1 25 0
0
Astronomija XI 0
1866 4 Ura s sekundnim nihalom sve 1 21 0
62
Astronomija XI 1845
1866 5 Nebesna in zemeljska krogla sve 1 2 0

Preglednica 6: tevilo ljubljanskih olskih eksperimentalnih naprav do zadnje etrtine 19.

stoletja (MU=mere in utei, SK=splono o telesih in kemiji, TR=dinamika in statika trdnin,
TE=kapljevine s hidrostatiko, PL=plini z barometri, AK=akustika, TO=nauk o toploti,
SV=optika, MG=magnetizem, EL=elektrika, AS=astronomija, KN=slike in tiskovine (knjige,
prironiki, atlasi, revije), OP=oprema, DR=drugo, MN=merilne naprave, KE=kemija,
MO=modeli in stroji, AP=aparati in instrumenti, Gld=goldinarjev, kr=krajcarjev

MAG MN KE MO AP Kosov
Leto MU SK TR TE PL AK TO SV EL AS KN OP DR Gld kr

1755 2 11 3 6 3 1 14 1 1 7 2 51
1811 21 57 0 20 0 4 14 20 8 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 194
1847 28 87 0 0 0 14 32 48 17 52 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 187
1850 21 12 21 8 28 10 15 34 14 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1835 53 187
1851 14 26 22 14 9 10 14 23 7 49 6 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 2509 31 211
1852 14 26 20 14 9 10 12 23 7 49 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 2059 25 195
1854 14 26 20 14 9 10 15 23 7 49 6 0 17 39 16 33 7 37 2238 39 342
1857 14 26 22 14 9 10 14 23 7 49 6 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 2059 0 211
1858 14 26 23 15 9 10 14 34 7 49 6 11 10 0 0 0 0 0 2858 50 228
1859 14 27 23 15 11 10 14 38 7 51 6 14 11 0 0 0 0 0 3006 19 241
1860 15 29 23 16 11 11 14 39 7 55 6 15 12 0 0 0 0 0 3296 82 253
1861 15 29 23 10 11 11 14 40 7 56 6 10 12 0 0 0 0 0 3434 32 244
1862 15 30 23 16 12 12 15 41 7 59 6 18 12 0 0 0 0 0 3600 3 266
1863 15 31 23 16 13 12 16 41 7 60 6 19 13 0 0 0 0 0 3754 53 272
1864 15 31 23 16 13 12 16 41 8 64 6 20 13 0 0 0 0 0 3935 95 278
1865 15 36 23 15 14 12 16 49 8 67 6 22 12 0 0 0 0 0 4316 0 295
1866 15 36 23 16 14 16 16 49 8 67 6 22 12 0 0 0 0 0 4464 70 300
1867 13 34 24 17 14 16 16 50 8 70 6 19 12 0 0 0 0 0 4562 13 299
1868 13 23 24 18 21 13 11 46 8 67 4 12 11 0 0 0 0 0 4706 13 271
1869 20 85 80 49 8 17 17 12 50 12 34 57 63 0 0 0 0 0 470
1872 13 31 28 18 25 19 11 52 8 72 4 19 41 0 0 0 0 0 5299 11 314
1875 14 31 31 21 35 23 20 57 8 79 4 21 18 0 0 0 0 0 6007 18 362

403
Ruhmkorffov induktor za generiranje visoke napetosti, 25 cm ali celo 65 cm.
Zakljuni izpit Karla Zoisa

Pred leti smo v Oklahomi odkrili nekdanji Auerspergov ljubljanski izvod Claviusovih
koledarjev, pravkar pa nam je pod roke prila tudi neko Erbergova dolska zbirka Linnjevih
doktoratov.

SLIKA 1 (Clavuus1588TPAuerspergovExlibris): Claviusovi koledarji iz leta 1588, neko v

ljubljanski Turjaki kneji palai, danes v Oklahomi (Clavius, 1688). (Z dovoljenjem
Univerze Oklahoma)

Priujoa zgodba je nastala ob raziskovanju ozadja zakljunega izpita barona Karla Zoisa;
tudiral je pri slovitem Biwaldu, ki je v Gradcu ponatisnil Linnjeve doktorate. Zois je bil
obenem naravoslovni prijatelj Joefa Kalasanca Erberga, ki je Linn-Biwaldovo knjigo kupil
za svojo zbirko v Dolu ob Savi. Zapleti povezani s potovanji knjig pozornemu bralcu
razkrivajo ozadja snovanj kranjskih velmo na pragu Napoleonove dobe, njihovo dejavno
vpletenost v modne tokove cvetlinih vrtov, knjinic in predvsem znanja tistih dni.

Linnjevi doktorati jadrajo s Kranjske med Indijance

Zgodbo o romanju Linnjevih doktoratov iz Dola pri Ljubljani v poslednjo deelo Indijancev
Divjega Zahoda, ki so jo pred dobrim stoletjem preimenovali v Oklahomo, je zael nekdanji
ljubljanski jezuitski profesor Gottlob Leopold Biwald (* 26. 2. 1731 Dunaj; SJ 17. 10. 1747;
8. 9. 1805 Dunaj). im je postal graki profesor fizike, je brez odlaanja leta 1764 v Gradcu
ponatisnil zbornik raziskav Karla Linnja (* 1707; 1778) in njegovih doktorandov; nekateri
danes ohranjeni izvodi imajo vstavljene podatke o grakem izpitu Assertiones pri profesorju
Biwaldu na sedmih ali celo desetih straneh, vendar med njimi ni izvoda iz nekdanje
Erbergove knjinice, ki ga danes hrani knjinica Bizzell v Oklahomi. Biwald je kot ponosen
uitelj v svojih knjigah rad natel dijake, ki so v poletni vroini pri njem opravljali konne
izpite ob bregovih Mure; med njimi pogosto najdemo kandidate z obmoja sodobne
Slovenije.404 Seveda so nadebudni tudentje za objavo v Biwaldovih spisih morali poteno
podrezati v denarnice svojih oetov. V Uppsali, Gradcu ali Ljubljani je kandidat plaal stroke
tiska svojih izpitnih tez;405 tako je tudi prav in se spodobi, saj Biwaldova plaa ni bila
pretirana, tudentje pa so bili pogosto prav premoni.

Linn je v svoji lastni knjinici hranil Biwaldovo izdajo iz leta 1764; lahko si mislimo, da mu
jo je graki fizik poslal v dar. Imela sta namre skupnega prijatelja in dopisovalca, Scopolja.
Podobni latinski zborniki Linnja in njegovih doktorskih kandidatov so bili med drugim
objavljeni leta 1749 v Leydenu kjer je Linn svoj as ulil olske klopi; sam Biwald si je
pozneje privoil e dve podobni zbirki leta 1766 in 1767 s ponatisoma leta 1769 in 1785.406

404
Kern, 1954, 39; muc, Moder, 2005, 197.
405
Widder, 1967, 191.
406
Widder, 1967, 189-190.
Biwald je kot urednik dodal popise lokalne tajerskega rastlinstva in ivalstva po podatkih, ki
so jih je zbral skupaj s prijateljema Podo in Scopolijem. Biwald se je v nekatere svoje objave
podpisal kar z zaetnicami L.B. e S.I., torej L. Biwald iz Societatis Jesu.407

Prvi med Linnjevimi tudenti v Biwaldovem natisu iz leta 1764 je bil Martin Khler (* 1728;
1773), ki je v Uppsali leta 1747 po latinsko zagovarjal medicinsko disertacijo o nastanku
kristalov. Khlerjev doseek so leta 1774 in znova leta 1780 izdali v Gradcu v nemkem
prevodu brez popisa tudentov ali izpitnih vpraanj; lahko si mislimo, da je tudi pri teh
objavah imel glavno besedo prav iznajdljivi Biwald. Khler je v Specimen de Crystallorum
generatione408 o nastajanju kristalov in kristalnih substanc po uvodu navajal delo Linnjevega
leydenskega profesorja Boerhaava.409 Biwald je v urednikih Additamentum Editoris z
dognanji prijatelja Nocolausa Pode razvrstil kristale po nahajaliih v primerjavi s skicami
rasti kristalov na estindvajsetih risbah Khlerjeve disertacije;410 prijetne skice je uvrstil na
konec spisa.411 Na zaetku svojih opomb je Biwald natel lastnosti in nahajalia posameznih
kristalov, med drugim v Htenbergu pri Beljaku na Korokem,412 kjer jih je svoj as nabiral
sloviti Paracelzij.

V nadaljevanju je ved Frideric Hasselquist (* 3. 1. 1722 Toernvalla, stergtland; 9. 2.

1752) pisal o rastlinah413 v svojem doktoratu, ki ga je zagovarjal pri Linnju 20. junija 1747;
razpravljal je o tiriinpetdesetih novo odkritih vrstah rastlin, pozneje leta 1754 opisanih v peti
izdaji Genera plantarum. Biwald je k Hasselquistovi razpravi dodal svoja dognanja, med
drugim o nahajaliih volje enje (Atropa belladonna) na tajerskem. Hasselquist je bil
eden najljubih Linnjevih dijakov; tudi on je navajal Linnjevega leydenskega uitelja
Boerhaava, eprav le v opombi.414 Urednik Biwald se je v razpisal ob koncu Hasselquistovega
dela; skliceval se je na akte parikih akademikov objavljene leta 1703; pri tem seveda ni
pozabil omeniti Florae Carniolicae svojega prijatelja Scopolija.415 Pogumni Hasselquist je v
Gttenburgu sreal Olofa Torna (Toreen, * 1718; 1753), ki se je pravkar odpravljal na
Kitajsko po rastline za Linnjeve zbirke; seveda Hasselquist kot pristni potomec Vikingov ni
hotel zaostajati, zato se je s trgovsko ladjo odpeljal na vzhod in prispel v Smirno dne 27. 11.
1749. Pol leta pozneje (13. 5. 1750) je odel v Aleksandrijo; e marca 1751 ga najdemo v
Jaffi, dananjem Tel Avivu, nato pa v Jeruzalemu. Domov je poslal prvi naravoslovni opis
Svete deele; Linn ga je objavil leta 1757, kmalu pa so ga prevedli e Francozi, Nemci in
Anglei. al Hasselquistu ni bilo dano veselje branja lastnih knjig, saj ga je vse prehitro
obiskala neizprosna starka s koso.

Tretjo med Biwaldovem izbirami Linnjevih disertacij je Eliae Aspelin Smolandi (Alias, *
1721; 1795) naslovil Flora oeconomica416 v doktoratu branjenem 25. 6. 1748 o uporabi
tristotih vedskih domaih rastlin. Aspelinov popis 1137 rastlin objavljen v Flora Suecica je

407
Widder, 1967, 195.
408
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 1-49.
409
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 5, 7.
410
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 39-49; Widder, 1967, 198.
411
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 49 (Tabla 1).
412
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 39.
413
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 50-94.
414
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 8.
415
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 93.
416
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 95-153.
urednik Biwald v Additamentum editoris417 po enakem vrstnem redu dopolnil z njihovimi
nahajalii na tajerskem.418

etrti del disertacij je Henric Fougt (Fougy, * 1720; 1782) posvetil koralom na Baltiku
(Dissertatio de Coralliis Balticis)419 v disertaciji branjeni dne 8. 6. 1745. V uvodu je navedel
mnenje grofa Marsiliusa o koralah in sodobne raziskave Ren-Antoine Ferchault de
Raumurja (* 1683; 1757) s parike akademije, kjer je dokazoval Peyssonelovo domnevo o
ivalskem in ne rastlinskem bistvu koralov.420 Raumur je leta 1748 postal lan vedske
akademije. vedske korale sta raziskovala domaina Magnus von Bromell (Bromellius, *
1679; 1778) in Georg Andrea Helwingius v Pruski flori objavljeni v Leipzigu leta 1719.421
Fougt je uporabil tudi tienen-Franois Geoffroyjev (* 1672; 1731) opis zdravil, domnevno
iz parike latinske izdaje.422 Citiral je Peyssonelovo (Peyssonellius) akademsko pariko
objavo iz leta 1727; ob tem se je znova skliceval na Raumurjev opis uelk,423 prav tako pa
na delo parikega Linnjevega privrenca Bernarda de Jussieuja (* 1699 Lyon; 1777 Pariz)
objavljeno 1. 5. 1744 v etrti izdaji Linnjevega Systema Naturae.424 Za konec je Fougt dodal
triindvajset skic koralov v pregibni sliki pod tevilko 1. Omenil je v Stockholmu leta 1747
objavljeno mineralogijo Johana Gottschalka Walleriusa (* 1709; 1785), adjunkta
medicinske fakultete425 in profesorja kemije v Uppsali; le-ta se je spomnil na Scopolijevo
kranjsko najdie sestavljenega domnevno tropskega korala Madreporae (Madrepora).426
Biwald je Walleriusov prispevek e posebej izpostavil v svojih pripombah Additamentum
Editoris o avstrijskih nahajaliih koral.427 Zois je nabavil poznejo latinsko izdajo
Walleriusove fizikalne kemije mineralov iz leta 1760 za svojo domao knjinico;428 njen
francoski prevod z domiselnim opisom sneink so brali tudi na ljubljanskem liceju.429

Peti del je oskrbel Ionae Kiernander (Jonas Andersson, * 1721; 1778) pod naslovom Radix
Senega430 v disertaciji branjeni pri Linnju; dne 8. 4. 1749 jo je natisnil pri tiskarju Laurentiju
Salviju v Stockholmu, po latinsko imenovanem Holmiae. Razglabljal je o indijanskem
zdravljenju kajih pikov z rastlino Senega v Severni Ameriki; tisto leto je bila vedska
Uppsala gotovo polna sikajoih ka, saj je istega leta podobno disertacijo branil e drugi
Linnjev kandidat, ki se je zdravljenja kajih Pikov raje lotil z alkaloidom strigninom iz
drevesa Mungos. Kiernander je ob koncu dodal risbo listov in korenin Polygala imenovane
Senega. Tudi on je navajal Geoffroyja;431 Kiernanderjeva dognanja je Biwald v urednikem
dodatku podkrepil z navedbo raziskav Albrechta von Hallerja (* 1708; 1777),432 ki je resda
slovel kot nasprotnik vodilnega habsburkega naravoslovca, Gerarda van Swietena (* 1700;
1772).433

417
Widder, 1967, 198; Linn, Biwald, 1764, 134-155.
418
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 134.
419
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 154-202.
420
Raumur, 1734; Linn, Biwald, 1764, 154.
421
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 155.
422
Geoffroy, 1741; Linn, Biwald, 1764, 161.
423
Raumur, 1734; Linn, Biwald, 1764, 162.
424
Ivsiaevs (Linn, Biwald, 1764, 163).
425
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 194, 200.
426
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 194, 201.
427
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 195-202 Widder, 1967, 198.
428
NUK, MS 667, stran 9.
429
Wallerius, 1753, Pl. III, IV.
430
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 203-232.
431
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 216.
432
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 231; Haller, 1742.
433
Korst, 2003, 6.
Sledil je Linnjev govor Oratio, qua peregrinationum intra Patriam asseritur necessitas,434
kjer je sloviti botanik hvalil svoje une fizikalne naprave; ni pozabil niti na anatomske in
druge pripomoke.435 Pripovedoval je o raznih narodih, pa tudi o sosednjem Laponskem;436
razmiljal je o kamninah in mineralogiji,437 petroleju,438 botaniki, farmaciji439 in zoologiji.440
Biwald je v Additamentum Editoris dopolnil Linnjev govor iz leta 1741 e za avstrijske
deele;441 obenem je lonek pristavil k svojim bolj matematino zastavljenim vedam s hvalo
astronomskih opazovanj in spodbudnih izboljevanj fizikalnih naprav.442 Posebej je izpostavil
raziskave leydenskega profesorja botanike Carolusa Clusiusa (Jules Charles de lEcluse, *
1526; 1609) v Avstriji, tajerski in Kranjski;443 vendar to pot ni omenil obeh svojih
prijateljev, Scopolija in Pode,.

Zadnji sedmi del je Isaac Biberg (Isaacson, * 1726; 1804) naslovil Oeconomia naturae444 v
svojem doktoratu Specimen academicus de Oeconomia naturae, quid ... in Reg. Academia
Upsaliensi, praeside... Carolo Linneao, ... examini submittit Isacus J. Biberg... ad diem 4
mart. Anni 1749... Zagovor se mu je torej posreil dne 4. 3. 1749 v Uppsali z opisom
harmonije med tremi kraljestvi v naravi. Navedel je Alpe in Indijo;445 bral je akademski govor
o mnoici ivalstva tudi v Ljubljani zelo priljubljenega Pietra van Musschenbroeka (* 1692;
1761).446 Ljubljanski profesor baron Bernard Ferdinand Erberg (* 20. 5. 1718 Ljubljana; SJ
27. 10. 1734 Gradec; 1773 Krems), bratranec deda Joefa Kalasanca, je namre leta 1754 v
Ljubljani izdal Musschenbroekovo raziskovanje magnetov v latinskem jeziku. Biberg je
predvsem veliko navajal Florae Sueciae, ob njej pa v opombi tudi Johan Georg Gmelinov (*
1709; 1755) opis sibirskih rastlin, ki ga je doma rad listal tudi Zois.447 Biberg se je zanimal
celo za kartografijo novega sveta z Indijami na dalnjem vzhodu in Brazilijo izpod peresa
Georga Marcgrafa (Marckgraff, * 1610 Liebstadt; 1644 Luanda v Angoli) iz leta 1658 ali
1659, ki jo je Elzevir natisnil v Amsterdamu.448

Ponatis Linnjevih disertacij je leta 1764 oitno prinesel Biwaldu obilo zadovoljstva; zato se
je e ez dve leti (1766) znova lotil podobne naloge. V novem zborniku je kot zadnjo priobil
N.E. Dahlenbergovo disetacijo o metamorfozo rastlin branjeno leta 1755; dodal je Podov in
Scopolijev popis mineralov na zgornjem tajerskem. Posebno pozornost je posvetil elezni
rudi v Erzbergu.449 Za nameek je spisal zakljuni Additamentum Editoris z nahajalii rastlin
in opombami k Linnjemu sistemu narave glede na Heinrich Johann Nepomuk Crantzovo (*
1722; 1799) delo a avstrijski flori.450 Gotovo je jezuit Biwald nadvse posreeno vpeljal

434
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 233-259.
435
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 235.
436
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 238-239.
437
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 242.
438
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 243.
439
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 245.
440
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 246.
441
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 255-257; Widder, 1967, 198.
442
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 256.
443
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 258-259.
444
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 260-316.
445
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 279.
446
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 293, 311; Musschenbroek, 1744.
447
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 301; Gmelin, 1747; NUK, MS 667, stran 7.
448
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 310.
449
Descriptio corporum terrestrium, et mineralium, quae in monte, vulgo, Aerzberg, Stiriae superiorum
reperiuntur (Linn, Biwald, 1766, 229-254).
450
Linn, Biwald, 1766, 255-297; Widder, 1967, 201-202.
Linnjevo delo v Habsburko monarhijo ob objavah originalnih del svojih prijateljev Pode in
Scopolija,451 med katerima je bil le prvi jezuit.

Biwaldov prijatelj matematik Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus (Boda(nus), * 4. 10. 1723 Dunaj;
SJ 22. 1. 1740 Dunaj; 29. 4. 1798 Dunaj) in za njim leta 1773 Ptujan Karl Tirnberger
(Tirenperger, * 27. 10. 1731 Ptuj; 1780 Schottwein) sta Gradec zapustila po uspenem
vodenju novega astronomskega observatorija in fizikalnega kabineta. Poda je med drugim uil
tudi Gabrijela Gruberja; leta 1771 je prvi opisal napravo Karla Hella za rpanje vode iz
rudnika v kraju Bansk tiavnica (Schemnitz) in druge parne stroje v monarhiji.452 Poda je
med letoma 1743-1746 tudiral filozofijo v Celovcu, nato pa je med letoma 1748-1749
ponavljal matematine vaje z dunajskimi tudenti. V letih 1754/55 in 1755/56 ga najdemo v
Celovcu kot profesorja matematike; enako katedro je leta 1756/57 prevzel v Linzu. Med
letoma 1758-1765 je bil v Gradcu profesor matematike, prefekt muzeja matematike in
posebne astronomije; kmalu po prihodu prijatelja Biwalda je odel v na rudarsko akademijo
Bansk tiavnica in tam predaval mehaniko in hidravliko med letoma 1766-1771. Med
letoma 1772-1773 je bil znamenit mehanik Traunkirchenu v Zgornji Avstriji.453 Po
prepovedi jezuitov je ostal kar tam in po letu 1773 postal spovednik cesarja Leopolda II.;454 iz
previdnosti ni ve objavljal pod svojim imenom, temve kar pod psevdonimom Physiophilus,
pod tem pomenljivim nadimkom pa so bila njegova bioloka dela prevedena tudi v
angleino. Scopoli in Poda sta sodelovala z baronom Karlom Ehrenbertom Mollom (* 21.
12. 1760 Thalgau pri Salzburgu; 1. 2. 1838),455 ki je bil blizu tudi B. Hacquetu, eravno
Scopolijevo mnenje o Hacquetu ni bilo ravno visoko.

Linn je usmerjal skupno 186 disertacij svojih tudentov med letoma 1743-1776; le pri
zagovoru zadnje ga je nadomestil sin. Teksti so bili pripravljeni v naglici kaken teden pred
zagovorom, tiskani na nekoliko slabem papirju, razdeljeni obiskovalcem in nato javno
branjeni; podobnih sveanih zagovorov so bili tisti as vajeni tudi dobro stojei Ljubljanani
na jezuitskih vijih tudijih. Tedanje disertacije niso bile samostojna dela temve prej
razirjene razprave o idejah mentorja Linnja, podobno kot na jezuitskih olah tistega asa z
Ljubljano ali Gradcem vred. Pri zbirki Linnjevih disertacij iz nekdanje Erbergove dolske
knjinice ni mogoe govoriti o slabem papirju, eravno vodnih znakov v papirju ni;
kartonska vezava izvoda shranjenega v zbirki za zgodovino znanosti knjinice Bizzell
Univerze v Oklahomi z ojaenimi robovi in hrbtom z nalepko Linne/Selectae je nedvomno
novovekega izvora. Erbergovo knjigo v enaki Biwaldovi graki izdaji na 316 straneh hrani
tudi lyonska knjinica v Franciji brez kraja izdajatelja Josepha Maurica Lechnera; izvod
knjinice v Mainzu teje 285 strani, podobni knjigi pa hranijo tudi v Freiburgu in, seveda, pri
vedski akademiji. Erbergov izvod so podedovali Attemsi h katerim se je poroila J.K.
Erbergova hi dedinja Antonija. V drugi polovici 19. stoletja je knjigo najprej prevzel
berlinski knjigotrec antikvar Rudolf Damkhler; na zadnjo stran spodaj in med platnice je
pritisnil svoj ovalni modri peat R. Damkhler/ Buchhandlung u. Antiqiariat/ Berlin. N.
Knjigarnar R. Damkhler je leta 1885 izdal v Berlinu pri A. Haacku popis svojih starih
zakladov podnaslovom: Catalog No. ... des Antiquarischen Bcherlagers von R. Damkhler.
Damkhler je zbiral knjige o Berlinu, Elzevirjeve izdaje, heraldiko, rodoslovje, medicino in

451
Widder, 1967, 205.
452
Hollister-Short, 1978, 13, 20, 29, 39; Hoffmann, 1974, 118; Kurzel-Runtscheiner, 1928, 71; Kurzel-
Runtscheiner, 1929, 74, 82; Hinkel, 1995, 181
453
Fischer, 1978, 192; Lukcs, 1987, 1: 108-109.
454
Speta, 2004, 567.
455
Speta, 2004, 568.
privlane redkosti.456 R. Damkhler je bil svoj as dokaj znan na trgu knjig. S pridom je tiskal
posebno glasbeno zbirko (Studien zur Geschichte der franzsischen Musik); knjige o
Lafayettu in druge z R. Damkhlerjevom peatom najdemo danes v knjinici univerze Yale.
Damkhler je oitno na nek nain prodal vsaj eno Erbergovo knjigo, eravno je doslej veljalo,
da so Attemsi prodali Demanu celotno Erbergovo dolsko knjinico za Rudolfinum, dananji
Narodni muzej v Ljubljani.

SLIKA 2 (LinneBiwald1764NaslovnicaOklahomaErbergPecat): Linnjeve disertacije iz

nekdanje Erbergove zbirke, ki so preko R. Damkhlerjeve knjigarne prispele v zbirko
zgodovine znanosti Univerze v Oklahomi: naslovna stran z Erbergovim peatom kot
lastnikim dokazilom (Linn, 1764). Fotografirano z dovoljenjem Univerze Oklahoma.

SLIKA 3 (LinneBiwald1764ZadanjaStranOklahomaDamkohlerPecat): Zadnja stran z R.

Damkhlerjevim berlinskim modrim peatom v Linnjevih disertacijah iz nekdanje Erbergove
zbirke (Linn, 1764). Fotografirano z dovoljenjem Univerze Oklahoma.

Zoisov Karel in drugi premoni Biwaldovi tudentje

Nekdanji ljubljanski profesor Biwald je v Gradcu razvil kar majhno tovarno za promocijo in
izdajanje tujih del, eravno je rad objavljal tudi svoje fizikalne ubenike v Bokovievem
duhu. Natisu Linnjevih disertacij je tako v poldrugem desetletju dodal e dober ducat
podobnih del, ki si jim pogosto botrovale monje petinih dijakih oetov zvrhano polne
rumenih cekinov. V Karlovem primeru je bajno bogatega a pravkar umrlega oeta
Michelangela Zoisa (* 1694; 1777) pa nadomestil brat iga.

Preglednica 1: Biwaldovi izpiti povezani s slovenskimi knjinicami457

Imena tudentov Avgust leta __ Obseg, profesorji Privez

Ni izpitnih tez ali 1764 Biwald Linn, Selectae ex

imen tudentov amoenitatibus
(Uppsala)
Jakob Valentin 1767 Biwald Carlo Benvenuti (*
Perko (* tajerska) 1716; SJ 1732),
Dissertatio physica
de lumine (Rim
1754)
Izpitne teze brez 1768 Biwald G(iacomo) Bartholomeo
imen tudentov Beccari (SJ Bologna),
Comentarii duo, de
Phosphoris Naturalibus

456
Petzholdt, 1883, 111.
457
muc, Moder, 2005, 200.
 et Artificialibus
(Bologna 1731)
Kranjec Josephus 1769 Biwald; Francisco Abb Jean-Antoine
Polz Loscani; Taupe Nollet, Vergleichung
der Wrkungen des
Donners mit den
Wrkungen der
Elektricitt (1769
Praga)
Bratranec . Zoisove 1771 Biwald, Pller, William Lewis (*
matere, Ljubljanan Wisenfeldt 1714; 1781),
Joannes Nepomuk Geschichte des
Pollini Goldes (1763
London)
Izpitne teze brez imen 1773 Biwald; Taupe; Wolf Franz Seraphim
tudentov Zallinger zum Thurn (*
1743; SJ; 1828).
Boscowichische System
(1772 Freiburg)
Senjski mean 1775 Biwald /
Maximilianus
Chiolich de
Levensperg
Schmutz, Andreas; Biwald; Leopoldo /
Hoffmann, Michael Plappart; Aloysio
Mayer
Senjski plemi 1775 Biwald; Taupe, Axel Frederik Cronstedt
Ioannes Nep. Carolus; Wolf, (* 1722; 1765),
Pasquich; tajerec Joannes Nepomuk Versuch einer
Petrus Hoblnigg Mineralogie (1775) ur.
Morten Thrane
Brunnich (* 1737;
1827)
Antonius Boschi (* 1776 Biwald; Taupe; Wolf Johann Friedrich
Gorika) Gmelin,
Abhandlungen von
den giftigen
Gewchsen
Graki grof 1777 Biwald; Ios. Ianach; Meteorologija,
Cajetanus Aloysio Mayer koledarji
Wildenstein
Karel Zois 1778? 7 listov, 12 strani, Nicolas Bion,
(Biwald, Taupe, mathematische
Wolf)? Werkschule (1709 Paris,
1726 Nrnberg)

Med najbogatejimi Biwaldovimi dijaki je bil seveda igov mlaji brat baron Karel Zois.
Nekdanji jezuit Karl Taupe iz Celovca je K. Zoisu predaval matematiko, tako da je prav pri
njem in pri Biwaldu K. Zois opravil konni izpit, eravno ju zavoljo udnega spleta okoliin
ni imenoval na naslovnici. Kmalu nato je dne 4. 11. 1782 Joef II. grako univerzo ponial v
licej podoben ljubljanskemu, vendar sta Biwald in Taupe nadaljevala svoja fizikalna oziroma
matematina predavanja;458 tako je vedoeljni Karel ujel tako reko e zadnji vlak za
univerzitetni tudij tako blizu doma, eravno bi mu ljubljanski tudij pri Ambschellu brkone
prav toliko hasnil, kot mu je graki pri Biwaldu in Taupeju.

Ob zaetku K. Zoisovih tudijev je Biwald leta 1775 utemeljil naravoslovni muzej za

tajersko. Kot svetovljan je imel stike z Goethejem, prijateljeval pa je predvsem z Wulfenom,
Scopolijem in Podo; slednja dva sta druno pripravila izdajo v kateri sta pod tevilko 1326
imenovala rastlino Biwaldia,459 ki je danes sinonim za roo Garcinia L. Ob koncu K.
Zoisovih tudijev je Graka univerza leta 1777 prvi dobila naravoslovno katedro, seveda z
Biwaldom kot rednim profesorjem; njegov doprsni kip v graki knjinici je naredil dunajski
profesor Johann Martin Fischer.460

SLIKA 4 (Biwald): Biwaldov doprsni kip v Gradcu.

Biwald in Taupe sta se drug za drugim kalila med ljubljanskimi tudenti; najprej je tiri leta
stareji Taupe (Taube, * 11. 11. 1726 Celovec; SJ 23. 2./14. 10. 1742; 1791) vlival znanje v
vasih kar pretrde glave kranjskih dijakov, med 23. 10. 1755 in letom 1757 pa se je podobne
nehvalene obrti lotil e Biwald. Oba sta po dunajskem noviciatu predavala gramatiko in
retoriko v Ljubljani, kjer sta spoznala Zoisovo druino. Taupe je nato tiri leta uil filozofijo
na Terezijaniu, medtem ko se je Biwald po ljubljanski izkunji takoj odpravil v Gradec, ki
ga ni ve zapustil razen med etrto prisego v Judenburgu leta 1762. Taupe je vmes postal
kaplan nemke garde in si je komaj potem privoil poldrugo desetletje pouevanja
matematike v Gradcu od novembra 1765 pa vse do bridkega obiska starke s koso; uspeno je
previharl prepoved jezuitov leta 1773 in kljub zapletom s poukom nadaljeval v plodnem
soitju s sodelavcem Biwaldom. V prijetni graki slubi je zamenjal Franza Pachnerja (* 2.
11. 1729 Dunaj; SJ 14. 11. 1744; 18. 3. 1791), ki je svoja matematina predavanja objavil v
Gradcu leta 1763, filozofsko-fizikalna pa tri leta pozneje.461 Taupe je v Gradcu ob matematiki
predaval tudi strojnitvo (Maschinenlehre) in vojno arhitekturo (militrische Baukunst), kar je
dobro razvidno iz tovrstnih vsebin v Zoisovih izpitnih vpraanjih; s takno tehniko uporabno
usmeritvijo je Taupe nadaljeval Podovo delo v Gradcu. Taupe je objavljal izpitne teze v
drubi z Biwaldom in Pllerjem v letih 1767, 1771, 1773, 1775 in 1776; Pllerja je v 1770ih
letih nadomestil Wolf.462

Gradec je imel v K. Zoisovem asu 2600 hi463 in 44,000 prebivalcev;464 zvedavi Karel Zois
je tam poglobil svojo kranjsko ljubezen do planin, morebiti pa obasno celo do lahtne
kapljice. Kakne matematike se je nauil nadebudni baron Karel Zois? Malo pred Karlovim
prihodom v Gradec je Biwald leta 1771 posvetil stonicam deset tez izpita iz matematike.
tudentje so morali odgovoriti na vpraanja: kaj je stonica, kdaj je ta krivulja elipsa, kdaj
hiperbola, parabola, kronica ali premica; kaj je premer stonice, od esa je odvisna njena
dolina, kaj je konjugiran premer, ki ga pri paraboli ni. Poznati so morali izreke o lastnostih
stonic. Nadaljnje teze so vsebovale predvsem nartovalne naloge: doloiti oziroma narisati

458
Ilwof, Peters, 1875, 262.
459
Scopoli, 1777, 322.
460
Widder, 1967, 197.
461
Sommervogel 67: 61; Kunitsch, 1805, 91-92.
462
Sommervogel 7: 1892-1893: Krones, 580.
463
rnivec, 1999, 280.
464
Tremel, 1966, 202. Po drugih virih (Duffy, 2000, 34) je imel Gradec leta 1780 le 35000 prebivalcev.
stonico, e je dana vodnica, gorie, teme; pri istih podatkih ugotoviti, e ima krivulja
neskonno os; narisati tangento na stonico v dani toki. e je uitelj opisal le del stonice, je
moral pridni tudent doloiti njen tip in lego osi. Teze oziroma naloge so bile precej zahtevne;
preuevanje stonic je nujno zahtevala njihova pomembna vloga v fiziki in astronomiji.
V Biwaldovih izdajah iz leta 1777 in 1780 sta matematini poglavji imeli prav tako po deset
tez, vendar povsem razlinih od tistih iz leta 1771; obsegale so kratek pregled vse geometrije.
Izreki so govorili o kotih ob vzporednicah, o vsoti kotov v trikotniku, o kotu med tangento in
tetivo ob uporabi Pitagorovega in sinusnega izreka. Vpraanja oziroma naloge so od
tudentov priakovale razlago skladnosti trikotnikov, doloitev vsote kotov mnogokotnika,
izraun ploine trikotnika, paralelograma, trapeza, kroga; ni jim bil tuj niti izraun povrine
prizme, valja, piramide ali stoca. Pitagorov in druge izreke so zapisovali poenostavljeno, da
si jih je bilo lae zapomniti. Geometrijske teze so bile precej laje od onih o stonicah iz leta
1771, saj so obsegale le osnovno splono znanje geometrije po standardih tedanjih ol. Tako
so se, vsaj kar se matematike tie, tudentje K. Zoisove generacije lae prebili skozi svoje
tudijske zagate leta 1777 in 1780 kot njihovi stareji kolegi leta 1771.

Leta 1779, malo po konnem izpitu Karla Zoisa, je njegov stareji brat iga plaal natis
Karlovemu podobnega zakljunega izpita ljubljanskemu sluatelju drugega letnika filozofije
Wolfgangu Muhi. Muhi je seveda padla sekira v med, zato je razpravo svojega profesorja
fizike Ambschella o teiu skupaj z izpitnimi tezami posvetil prav Zoisu; pridruil se je
slovenskemu preporodu in Zoisovim prostozidarskim krogom, po odhodu na Dunaj pa je
sodeloval s prostozidarskimi prijatelji Jurija Vege. Muha je bil rojen leta 1759 v Lokvi na
Krasu blizu Lipice; tam Muhe bivajo e dandanes, njegov pomembni sorodnik Muha pa je bil
v 19. stoletju deelni poslanec. Leta 1776 so W. Mucho pohvalili na ljubljanskih nijih
tudijah, eravno se mu je izmuznila nagrada namenjena najboljim sluateljem retorike.465
Komaj leto dni po izpitu pri Ambschellu je leta 1780 na Dunaju objavil raziskavo idrijskega
rudnika ivega srebra, ki jo je J. Kalasanc Erberg nabavil z svojo dolsko knjinico.466 Knjigo
je posvetil grofu Janezu Nepomuku Jakobu grofu Edlingu (* 1. 5. 1751 Gorica; 1793
Dunaj), referentu ljubljanske olske komisije in administratorju kofjelokih posesti
freisinkega kofa. V posvetilu ga je imenoval pospeevalca znanosti. Svoje delo je razdelil na
sedem poglavij o razlinih mineralih in njihovih kristalnih oblikah: vrste apnenca, glin,
azbesta, kremena, soli, zemeljskih soli in, konno, ivega srebra. Opisal je tudi delovanje
idrijskega rudnika leta 1761. Citiral je Scopolijevo razpravo o idrijskem ivem srebru in o
fosilih, predvsem pa opis idrijskega rudnika Johanna Jacoba Ferberja (* 9. 9. 1743 Carlscrona
na vedskem; 12. 4. 1790 Bern).467 Leta 1786 je Ferber postal pruski viji rudarski svetnik
(Oberbergrath); bil je tudi lan berlinske akademije znanosti in Leopoldine. Karel Zois je
zapisal svoj lastniki zaznamek v Ferberjevo izdajo treh pisem kranjskega botanika lekarnarja
Freyerja poslana baronu Josephu Friedrichu Racknitzu (* 1744; 1818), ki so bila tiskana
desetletje pred Karlovo smrtjo. Racknitz je tudi sam objavljal raziskave o bazaltu.

Leta 1780 je Ambschell pred tezami objavil pet strani fizikalnih vpraanj, predvsem opisov
poskusov; tisto poletje je med svojimi tudenti natel celo paleto znamenitih imen, med
katerimi sta bila pozneji izumitelj protomatematike Joef Peter Alkantara Mislej (* 19. 10.
1761 Podraga (Vipava); okoli 1840) in Ljubljanan Michael Gruber. Podobno kot njegov
stareji sodelavec Biwald je tudi nekdanji jezuit Ambschell svoje tudente spraeval po
merilnih metodah; posebno ga je zanimalo doloanje hitrosti toka reke v povezavi z deli na
Gruberjevem prekopu, ki so ga slavnostno odprli v Ljubljani s topovskimi salvami z gradu

465
His proxime accessere (rnivec, 1999, 312, 447).
466
Umek, 1991, 68.
467
Muha, 1780, 37, 75, Ferder, 1774.
nekaj tednov po Mislejevem izpitu. Ambschell je od Misleja in njegovih soolcev zahteval
matematino izpeljavo izrekov mehanike, doloevanje teia, delitev rezultante sil na
komponente, doloitev razmerja med tevilom nihanj in nihajnim asom, raunanje
ravnovesja in izkoristka strojev, pretvarjanje liber in drugih tedaj veljavnih merskih enot,
pojasnitev ravnovesja kapljevin v veznih posodah in sifonu, razlago plavanja, delov
atmosfere, vetrov, pojasnilo vzrokov za dvigovanja ivega srebra v barometru, opis sestave
razlinih vrst padavin, opis strukture oesa, nastanek slike v njem in njegove napake. Veina
Ambschellovih vpraanj iz leta 1780 zveni povsem sodobno. Seveda pa si je omislil tudi
takna, ki jih dijakom danes raje ne postavljamo, med njimi Kaj je ogenj? ali Kaj je
svetloba?; gotovo bi si nadebudni moderni uenci nanje znali izmisliti tako zvedave
odgovore, da bi ubogega profesorja poteno zabolela glava. Ambshell z vpraanji ni posegal v
elektriko, magnetizem in astronomijo, eprav je s tezami objavljenimi za fizikalnimi vpraanji
obravnaval vsa podroja fizike razen magnetov.

Zoisova matematino obarvana izpitna vpraanja predigra za prvi alpski botanini vrt med
Slovenci

Zvedavi tudent Karel Zois je v Gradcu v 1770ih letih sreeval poltretje leto starejega
bodoega barona Jurija Vego, ki je kot Gruberjev inenir urejeval tok reke Mure na obmoju
med Gradcem in Radgono do leta 1780. K. Zois je svoje izpitne iztonice objavil na osmih
nepaginiranih listih s trinajstimi popisanimi stranmi vpraanj in nalog. Stran za naslovnico in
zadnja stran sta ostali prazni; bogati baron seveda ni vareval s papirjem. Najprej beremo
navodilo za algebrajsko raunanje (Buchstabenrechnung) s sorazmernimi veliinami,468 nato
vedno znova ponavljajoe se naloge (Aufgaben), za njimi pa kapitalski raun z rabatom.469
Sledilo je zemljemerstvo (Aus der Mekunst) na poljih, prav tako ozaljano z vpraanji. Karel
je moral doloiti povrino trikotnika iz danih stranic, kotov ali podobnosti trikotnikov.470 Nato
se je lotil raunanja povrin valjev, stocev, krogov in prizem: tudi pravilom za prostornino
krogle se ni izogibal.471

V poglavju Von der Weis und Art auf dem Felde / zu messen, und die Lngen zu bestimmen se
je lotil meritev v naravi s estilom, kompasom in merilno mizo. Vpraanja so ga usmerjala k
odmeram zemlji, e posebej na hribih. Pridobljeno znanje mu je kmalu pomagalo pri
urejevanju grajskega vrta na Brdu pri Kranju, kjer je ob alpskih rastlinah sadil e drevesa iz
domaih logov, prav tako pa azijska s Kamatke, Urala, Bajkala in Altajskih Alp; privoil si
je celo amerika472 in druga tuja drevesa v prvem alpskem botaninem vrtu na Slovenskem.
Karel Zois je uvajal amerike rastline preko anglekih drevesnic na znanstven nain usklajen z
oblikovanjem prostora na Brdu.473 Vrt je zasadil med letoma 1781-1790 s pomojo oskrbnika
Martina Urbania; do leta 1795 mu je pomagal tudi brat iga, ki je nato alostno obsedel na
voziku zavoljo zahrbtnega protina. Zoisa sta na pozni renesanni osnovi ob 600 m dolgi poti
postavila oranerijo za prezimovanje tujerodnih rastlin, za njo pa veselini vrt po baronem
vzorcu. Ustanovitelj dunajskega botaninega vrta leta 1793, Nikolaj Thomas Host (* 6. 3.
1761 Rijeka; 13. 1. 1834 Schnbrunn pri Dunaju), je K. Zoisu poiljal ive primerke

468
Zois, 1778, 1.
469
Zois, 1778, 2.
470
Zois, 1778, 3.
471
Zois, 1778, 4.
472
Wurzbach, 261; Kolek, 2004, 158; Slana, 2004, 138; Praprotnik, 2004, 171, 172
473
Dobrilovi, Kravanja, 2003, 285.
eksotinih rastlin.474 Karel Zois je pisal Joefu Kalasancu Erbergu tri pisma z botanino
vsebino leta 1797 in 1798; dogovarjala sta medsebojno izmenjavo rastlin in premlevala
znanstveni pomen tujerodnih rastlin, saj je bil tudi vrt Erbergove graine Dol ustanovljen
okoli leta 1781,475 eravno so ga med mladoletnostjo Joefa Kalasanca dodobra zapustili.
Pozneje je Joefa Kalasanca Erberga z rastlinami oskrboval tudi Gabrijelov mlaji brat Anton
Gruber (* 26. 3. 1750 Dunaj; SJ 18. 10. 1765 Dunaj; 1819); v Dol je poiljal bezeg,
vzhodne pelagonije, koristne kaktuse, indijske salorije, indijske krizanteme, geranije,
verbene, ebelje metuljnice, glicinije in druge roe.476 Erberg je svoje znanje za ureditev
vrta v Dolu rpal predvsem iz Hoppejevega dela o ploditvi rastlin iz leta 1773.

Novembra 1782 je K. Zois je naroil tulipane in narcise iz nizozemske oranerije; v

eberfeldski drevesnici je leta 1783 kupil ve sadik jablan, hruk in nepelj, tudi nekatere za
slovenske deele nove vrste jablan, sliv in eenj.477 Veina dreves v Zoisovem botaninem
vrtu je izvirala iz londonske drevesnice Joachima Conrada Loddigesa (* 1738 Hannover;
1826), ki je hranil tudi orhideje iz tedaj najvejega rastlinjaka zasnovanega po zamislih
vrtnarja estega vojvode Devonshire, Josepha Paxtona (* 1803; 1865). Paxton je bil svoj as
najbolj iskana oseba v Angliji: kljub temu je nael dovolj asa, da je leta 1784 Zoisu poslal
tevilne tujerodne vrste.478 Zois je ob Brdu zasnoval tudi vrtove v Ljubljani od kriia
Rimske s Trako cesto do nekdanjega nunskega obzidja pod senco lipovega drevoreda; 479
privoil si je 400 eksotinih rastlin, nad 1000 domaih dreves in dodatnih tiso sadnih
dreves. V letu francoske revolucije (1789) so Zoisov ljubljanski vrt odprli za javnost;
podobno so se lahko hudomuni obiskovalci prosto kopali v ribnikih na Zoisovem Brdu.
Karel Zois je tujerodne rastline mnoil in prodajal preseke. Vrtove je urejal vrtnar Riedl, ki
je rad prenaal rastline iz Ljubljane na Brdo ali nazaj; vendar je po Franciscejskem katastru iz
leta 1826 prvotna podoba vrta na Brdu e izginila, tako da je Erbergov dolski vrt postal
najobseneja zbirka eksot na Kranjskem. Leta 1818 so iz Zoisovih vrtov presadili v
Erbergove dolske vrtove med drugim tudi ginko (Ginkgo biloba); v Dolu je pod ponosnim
Erbegovim oesom zrasel v najvejega v deeli.480 V botaninem parku Brdo je raslo okoli
7446 tujerodnih rastlin, skupaj se je Zois tam ponaal s 165 razlinimi drevesnimi in 38
grmovnimi vrstami.481

Leta 1782 je Zois dobil poiljko, ki jo je na Tahitiju nabral kapitan Cooke; al je veina sadik
propadla, za obnovo je bilo treba veliko truda, kot je z alostjo v botaninem srcu poroal
Karel Zois. Seveda so si Zoisi za svojo knjinico brez odlaanja omislili Cookova dela. Zois
je vsakega izmed treh zvezkov slovitega Cookovega potopisa dal posebej vezati v rjavo usnje
s pordeenimi robovi listov. Podatke o slovitem piscu je zapovedal odtisniti na hrbet platnic
A4 formata, vendar brez marmoriranih vmesnih listov za platnicami, ki si jih je ponavadi
privoil pri drugih lepoticah iz svoje knjinice. Slika pred naslovnico kae doprsno sliko
Cooka s podnapisom FRS (Fellow of Royal Society), kar je bilo tisti as e samo po sebi
zadostno priporoilo bralcu. V tirih zvezkih oko razveseli skupno 65 slik. Predgovor
nepodpisanega prevajalca je hvalil drugo Cookovo potovanje kot e bolj izjemno od prvega z

474
AS 1052. Posebno udejstvovanje Zois, fascikel 19, vrtni protokol za Brdo od leta 1781 do leta 1785;
Dobrilovi, Kravanja, 2003, 279.
475
ARS, AS 730, Gospostvo Dol, fascikel 75; Dobrilovi, Kravanja, 2003, 280.
476
Pisma datirana dne 22. 8. 1796, 8. 9. 1792, 7. 10. 1811 in 22. 2. 1811 (ARS, AS 730, Gospostvo Dol, fasc. 43,
1356-1357, 1358-1359, 1384-1385, 1386, 1401-1402, 1405, 1426).
477
Dobrilovi, Kravanja, 2003, 282 ; ARS, zbirka Zois, fascikel 30.
478
Dobrilovi, Kravanja, 2003, 281.
479
Andrejka, 1934, 107.
480
Dobrilovi, Kravanja, 2003, 283; Freyer, 1840.
481
Dobrilovi, Kravanja, 2003, 284.
obiski Junih morij, Pacifika, Atlantika482 in Tahitija.483 Po prevajalevem predgovoru je bil
posebej paginiran e Cookov predgovor, kjer je omenjal Ferdinanda Magellana.484 Navajal je
otok Saint Jago,485 narisal rastlino iz Nove Zelandije,486 tamkajnjo aboriginsko druino,487 in
morsko trombes de mer.488 Cooke je s seboj prevaal prenosni observatorij s astronomsko
uro na stojalu pod zasilnim otorom, ki ga je narisal na povsem zadnji sliki na ploi 65.489
Zanimali so ga predvsem zemljevidi in ljudje; zato je opisoval strukturo ali ornamente
njihovega orodja in oroja.490 Seveda je Zois kupil tudi ve Linnjevih del, med njimi
dvodelni leipziki nemki prevod prispevkov k naravoslovju, fiziki in medicini;491 knjigo je
vezal v rjavo usnje z zlatimi rkami na hrbtu in marmoriranimi vmesnimi platnicami. Linn je
narisal Pigmejca ob slikah Androvandijevega nosilca lui (luciferja) in opic;492 razglabljal je o
kavi,493 o aju,494 o uporabnosti naravoslovja,495 mineralnih vodah,496 spanju,497 kruhu498 in
naravoslovnih odkritjih.499 Na koncu prve knjige je navrgel e misli o (ozmotski) sili
rastlin,500 o kateri je razglabljal e Hasselquist v svojem doktoratu pri Linnju. V drugi knjigi
se je Linn lotil ekonomije narave,501 trakulje,502 kristalov,503 okolade,504 Indijancev,
pancev,505 kakava506 in konno e sadnega vina.507 eprav bi od bodoega botanika Karla
Zoisa priakovali, da bo svoja izpitna vpraanja dal vezati v kakno Linnjevim podobno
knjigo o roicah, pa se je zasukalo drugae in Karel si je raje izbral del Bionovega
matematinega ubenika na osemintridesetih straneh. Nicolaus Bion (* 1652; 1733 Pariz) si
je sluil kruh z izdelovanjem pripomokov kot kraljevi mojster matematinih naprav
sonnega kralja Louisa XIV. v Parizu in je oitno postal prva vedoeljna ljubezen bodoega
ljubitelja rastlin, Karla Zoisa. Bionov adligat je morda imel nalepko povsem na spodnjem
vogalu, ki pa je danes odtrgana; trije drugi adligati imajo e danes nalepke, Zoisov izpit
rumeno pobarvano.

Graki Windmanstadovi dedii v svojem gotskem natisu niso datirali Zoisovega ali
Bionovega spisa; ostali adligati so dunajski,508 Widmanstadov latinski tisk,509 spisa iz leta

482
Cooke, 1778, 1: vii; NUK, MS 667, stran 27.
483
Cooke, 1778, 1: xii.
484
Cooke, 1778, 1: predgovor pisca: vi.
485
Cooke, 1778, 1: 31, 32.
486
Cooke, 1778, 1: 158/159.
487
Cooke, 1778, 1: 166-167.
488
Cooke, 1778, 2: 74/75.
489
Cooke, 1778, 4: 308/309.
490
Cooke, 1778, vii.
491
NUK, MS 667, stran 47.
492
Linn, 1776, 1: 62.
493
Linn, 1776, 1: 71-90.
494
Linn, 1776, 1: 90-109.
495
Linn, 1776, 1: 109-134.
496
Linn, 1776, 1: 155-165.
497
Linn, 1776, 1: 160.
498
Linn, 1776, 1: 181.
499
Linn, 1776, 1: 262-267.
500
Linn, 1776, 1: 288-.
501
Linn, 1777, 2: 1-57.
502
Bandwurme (Linn, 1777, 2: 101-140).
503
Linn, 1777, 2: 141-172.
504
Linn, 1777, 2: 173-184.
505
Linn, 1777, 2: 173.
506
Linn, 1777, 2: 174.
507
Linn, 1777, 2: 368-.
508
NUK-8277.
509
NUK-8278.
1773 pa sta brez oznake kraja tiska in tiskarja.510 Pod Zoisovimi izpitnimi vpraanji je prijetna
risba ptia, ki si ie priboljke med dvema pomenljivima skicama trilistne rastline; pod sliko
je dvojni pahljaast znak. Bionovo delo nima tovrstnih okraskov, etrti adligat pa nam
postree s povsem druganimi. Tako Zoisov kot Bionov spis sta bila tiskana na samostojnih
polah. Rebrasti vodni tisk papirja vseh adligatov ima podolne rte razmaknjene za po dva
centimetra, tako je vsaka stran po razrezu dobila dve rti.

Bionovo delo v Zoisovi izdaji obsega osemintrideset strani paginiranih z naslovnico kot prvo
stranjo; za nameek ima na koncu tabelo s petnajstimi geometrijskimi figurami polnimi
krogel, estil in kock. Bion je najprej razloil uporabo rt,511 sledile so nartovalne naloge,
med njimi risanje vzporednic dane linije.512 Preuil je uporabo poligonskih rt (linea
polygonorum) za risanje krogov.513 Iz premera krogle514 je z uporabo kovinskih estil oziroma
ravnil515 raunal prostornino in teo krogle; podobno je poel Karel Zois na konnem
izpitu,516 kjer je bilo Bionovo delo oitno poglaviten prironik. iga Zois je prav tako imel
nedatirano Bionovo knjigo o sorazmernostnih estilih,517 ki jo je Kopitar opisal kot:
Grndliche Anw. zur Gebrauch des Proportional Zirckel. 12o; al tudi v tem dokumentu
Bionova izdaja ni datirana. Celotno Bionovo delo je nekoliko po Karlovem zakljunem izpitu
leta 1785 ponatisnil ljubljanski knjigarnar Mayr v svoji podrunici v Salzburgu; geometer,
geodet in avtor prvega cestnega atlasa Salzburga, Matthias Pock (* 1720; 25. 6. 1795
Salzburg), je izdajo uredil na treh listih uvoda in 108 straneh s sedmini bakrorezi, ki so
vsebovali tudi esti bakrorez z risbo proporcionalnega kompasa za uvod v geodetsko
zemljemerstvo.

SLIKA 5 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentPrednaslovka): Slika pred naslovom Bionovega dela.

SLIKA 6 (Bion1765DopplemayeMathematiscjeTirtlepage): Naslovna stran Bionove nemke

izdaje iz leta 1765.

SLIKA 7 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran36Plosca6Proporcionalni Kompas):

Sorazmernostni kompas kot analogno raunalo Zoisovih dni (Bion, 1752, 36 (tabla 6)).

SLIKA 8 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran62Plosca7Proporcionalni KompasZuporabami):

Uporabe sorazmernostnega kompasa (Bion, 1752, 62 (tabla 7)).

SLIKA 9 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran70Plosca8sestilaInPrirocneNaprave): Naparve za

meritve s kompasom (Bion, 1752, 70 (tabla 8)).

SLIKA 10 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran80Plosca9kompasiuZanimiviMerilci): Merilci v

Bionovem delu (Bion, 1752, 80 (tabla 9)).

SLIKA 11
(Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran90Plosca10sestilaInPrirocneNapraveTeodolitiTeleskopisV
510
NUK-8279, NUK-8280.
511
Bion, 1778?, 4.
512
Bion, 1778?, 7; Bion, 1709, 25; Bion, 1726, 25-26.
513
Bion, 1778?, 17; Bion, 1709, 34-36; Bion, 1726, 34-37.
514
Bion, 1778?, 33.
515
Lineae Metalicae, Ligne des Mtaux (Bion, 1778?, 37; Bion, 1709, 75-76; Bion, 1726, 72-73)
516
Zois, 1778?, 4.
517
ARS, AS 1052, iga Zois, Posebno udejstvovanje, popis na listih.
akuumskeSprice): Teodoliti, teleskopi in vakuumske naprave (Bion, 1752, 90 (tabla 10)).

SLIKA 12 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran110Plosca11sGeodestskeMeriltveUtrdbe):
Geodetske meritve in utrdbe (Bion, 1752, 110 (tabla 11)).

SLIKA 13 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran114Plosca12tlorisiUtrdb): Tlorisi utrdb (Bion,

1752, 114 (tabla 12)).

SLIKA 14 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran138Plosca14vi[ojaskeMeritve): Vojake meritve

(Bion, 1752, 138 (tabla 14)).

SLIKA 15 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran152Plosca15UtdsbeVojaske): Vojake utrdbe

(Bion, 1752, 152 (tabla 15)).

SLIKA 16 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran162Plosca16ZvezdastaIUtrdba): Zvezdasto

oblikovane utrdbe (Bion, 1752, 162 (tabla 16)).

SLIKA 17
(Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran176Plosca17sestilaInPrirocneNapraveVojaskeGeodfetske)
: Tlorisi utrdb (Bion, 1752, 176 (tabla 17)).

SLIKA 18 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran180TabelaBalistike): Tabele balistike (Bion,

1752, 180).

SLIKA 19 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran183PoglavjeOTopolvihInMoznarjih): Poglavje

o topovih in monarjih (Bion, 1752, 183).

SLIKA 20 (Bion1752TraiteInstrumentstran188Plosca18Topovi,
MeritveStelovPodRaznimiKoti): Topovi, merjenje strelnih kotov (Bion, 1752, 199).

Najdba Zoisovega izpita

Vse kae, da je Karlov zakljuni izpit ohranjen v Ljubljani zgolj v zapuini ljubljanskega
avgutinca in licejskega profesorja Johanna Evangelista Tretterja (* 28. 3. 1747 kren z
imenom Joseph na Dunaju; 6. 11. 1763 avgutinec Bruck an der Leitha; 1814 Gradec).
Dokument se je doslej izmikal budnim oem raziskovalcev predvsem zato, ker je adligat
drugih del in je Karel Zoisovo ime v cobissu vpisano zgolj kot opis prvega adligata in ne kot
kljuna beseda ali celo ime pisca; to kae seveda v prihodnje im prej popraviti. V cobissu so
adligati Hiltenbrandovega spisa zgreeno popisani kot dodatki Hiltenbrandovi knjigi z
oznakami a, b, c, d (Zois) in e (Lion, Nikolaus (sic!, pravilno seveda Bion)); zato jih z
iskanjem po piscu ali kljunih besedah ne zaznamo.

Tretter je dosegel filozofski bakalavreat z javno disputacijo v Gradcu dne 12. 8. 1771, teoloki
bakalavreat pa leto pozneje 25. 8. 1772,518 torej nekaj let pred Karlom Zoisom. 2. 6. 1775 je
Trettner doktoriral z bogoslovja na Dunaju.519 Dne 24. 12. 1777 je Johann Tretter postal
provizorini profesor v Gradcu, dne 6. 5. 1778 in 9. 5. 1778 pa je naredil izpite za rednega
518
Gavigan, 1979, 118.
519
Gavigan, 1979, 119.
profesorja. Dne 23. 4. 1784 je cesar Joef II. blagega spomina ukinil Tretterjev avgutinski
samostan v Gradcu, tako da je ubogi profesor moral zamenjati stanovanje;520 ni bolje se ni
godilo ljubljanskim avgutincem, ki so pred prepovedjo stanovali v danes franikanski cerkvi
na Preernovem trgu, kise je neko imenoval po Mariji.

Tretter je izgubil slubo na grakem liceju v zimskem semestru leta 1788, ko je bil graki
teoloki tudij s tirih skrajan na tri leta;521 morebiti je e istega leta odpotoval v
Ljubljano,522 eravno je verjetno najprej odel v tajerski samostan Admont, kjer je bil
profesor in pastor vsaj med letoma 1788-1790.523 Na vse svete dan 1. 11. 1791 je postal
profesor dogmatske teologije na ljubljanskem liceju; s predavanji v kranjski prestolnici je
nadaljeval do leta 1799.524 V tem asu je eno izmed svojih knjig, prav tisto z Zoisovim
konnim izpitom in drugimi privezi, zapustil ljubljanski licejski knjinici; vzrok ni ravno na
dlani; gotovo je lahko lo za neke vrste darilo, denimo ob koncu Tretterjeve slube v
Ljubljani. Kakor koli e, Tretterjev ljubljanski sodelavec zgodovinar Franc Wilde je e leta
1800 vpisal neko Tretterjevo knjigo med ljubljansko licejsko zbirko; zaenkrat e ni znano, ali
je v Ljubljani ostala e katera druga neko Tretterjeva knjiga.

Tretter je sprva skual zaman dobiti poloaj bibliotekarja v Gradcu, nato pa se je le vrnil v
Gradec kot profesor dogmatike leta 1799/1800; v Gradcu je postal dekan liceja med letoma
1800-1801 in nato direktor liceja od leta 1806 do smrti. Med letoma 1806-1808 je poueval
tudi polemino teologijo.525 Zaradi nasprotovanj Habsburanov ni objavil svojih teolokih
rokopisov.526

Tretter je knjigo z Zoisovim zakljunim izpitom vezal v dokaj cenen moder karton. Skupna
vezava estih adligatov deluje sodobno v modrem kartonu z rumenkasto nalepko; ime prvega
pisca Hiltenbranda in naslov njegovega dela sta zaznamovana na hrbtu. Adligate med seboj
druijo kvejemu letnice natisa 1773-1780, formati in dunajski oziroma graki tiskarji;
obravnavana snov pa je nadvse razlina. Prvi in zadnja dva adligata sta fizikalno-matematino
obarvana, vmesni trije pa spadajo k Tretterjevemu poklicnemu zanimanju za dogmatsko
teologijo. Vzrok za druenje tako razlinih del v skupen zvezek je seveda varnost; teje pa je
doloiti kako je Tretter kot graki profesor dobil izvod Zoisovih izpitnih vpraanj in emu ga
je zapustil ljubljanskemu liceju.

Ve rokopisov Karla Zoisa preko zapuine brata ige pristalo v sodobnem NUKu; vendar
med njimi ni Karlovega zakljunega izpita, ki nam ga je prijazno ohranil prav Tretter. K.
Zoisov zakljuni izpit ne omenja niti sicer zavidljivo natanni J.K. Erberg v svojem rokopisu
Literarne zgodovine Kranjske, eravno je natel tevilne podobne spise Erbergov, objavljene
ob koncu njihovih tudijev na razlinih univerzah.

Prvi adligat v neko Tretterjevi knjiici je spisal Hiltenbrand (* 1721 Dunaj; med 1784-
1787 Lviv); leta 1780 je bil profesor zgodovine in fizike na Terezijaniu. Hiltenbrand je svoj
as slovel kot pomemben raziskovalec elektroforja, ki ga je tisti as odkril Volta in je tudi
Zoisa mono privlail; Hiltenbrand je leta 1776 objavil prevod pisem o elektroforju prijatelju

520
Gavigan, 1979, 121.
521
Gavigan, 1979, 122.
522
Gavigan, 1979, opomba 51.
523
Gavigan, 1979, opomba 52, zavoljo napake zapisana letnica 1799.
524
Gavigan, 1979, opomba 52a.
525
Krones, 1886, 103, 467-468, 581, 583, 587-588; Gavigan, 1979, 123-124.
526
Gavigan, 1979, 125.
v Pressburg (Bratislava), leta 1779 pa je objavil mehaniko. Spomladi 1784 je Tretter postal
profesor naravoslovja povezanega s fizikalnim opisom Zemlje, poljedelstva, tehnologije,
naravoslovja in teologije527 na univerzi v Lembergu, danes ukrajinskem Lvivu; ko je preminil,
ga je julija 1787 zamenjal Balthasar Hacquet. Hiltenbrand je svojo knjigo zael z
nepaginiranim predgovorom o snovi, nato pa je bralcu privoil kazalo svojih poglavij: 1.
utila, 2. telesa nasploh, 3. gibanje nasploh, 4. krivo gibanje, 5. ovirano gibanje, 6.
ravnovesje, 7. fluidi, 8. hidrostatika, 9. hidravlika, 10. zrak, 11. ogenj, 12. svetloba, 13. barve,
14. elektrika, 15. magnetizem, 16. fizikalna astronomija in 17. zemeljski globus. Skupaj je
priobil dvesto est strani brez skic. Latinska poglavja Hiltenbrandove knjige so bila: I. De
Sensibus; II. De corpore in genere, ejusque attributis communibus (1. De extensione, 2. De
figura, 3. De soliditate, 4. De porositate, 5. De compositione, 6. De mobilitate, 7. De vi
ineritiae, 8. De gravitate, 9. De elasticatate, 10. De vi cohaesionis, 11. De vi attractiva, 12.
De vi repulsiva); III. De motu in genere; IV. De motu curvilineo (1. De pendulis, 2. De viribus
centralibus); V. De motus impedimentis (1. De conflictu corporum, 2. De resistentia medii, 3.
De adstrictu); VI. De aequilibrio, seu de statica (1. De vecte, 2. De libra & statera, 3. De axe
in peritrochio, 4. De trochles & polystasto, 5. De plano inclinato, 6. De cuneo, 7. De
cochlea); VII. De fluidis (1. De aqua, 2. De vapore,528 3. De glacie); VIII. Ex hydrostatica (1.
De aequilibrio fluidorum homogeonorum, 2. De tubis capilaribus, 3. De aestu maris, 4. De
aequilibrio fliudorum heterogenum, 5. De aequilibrio fluidorum fluidis immensorum); IX. Ex
hydraulica (1. De motu fluidorum a gravitate oriundo, 2. De cursu fluminum); X. De Are (1.
De atmosphera, 2. De motibus in are excitatis); XI. De igne (1. De modis ignem excitandi, 2.
De flamma & fumo;529 XII. De Luce (1. Ex optica,530 2. Ex catoptica,531 3. (pomotoma
zapisano 2.) Ex Dioptrica); XIII. De coloribus; XIV. De electricitate.532 Hiltenbrand je opisal
prevajanje elektrike; zanimala ga je idoelektrika in symper-elektrika: steklo, kristali, semena
(gemae), porcelan, veplo, resinae, cera hispanica, zrak (ar), rastline, deli ivali (animalium
partes)...533 Po dolgotrajnih poskusih je navajal raziskovanja dvornega tajnika Wrtemberga,
predvsem pa novo drugo izdajo Herbertove elektrike.534 Kot primer prevajanja elektrike je
opisal cera hispanica in turmalin s Sri Lanke (Cejlon).535 Zanimala ga je naravna elektrika,536
saj je poznal elektrini odboj.537 V snovi elektrometra se nasprotni materiji elektrike
privlaita.538 Preueval je fluorescenco barometra.539 Sledilo je poglavje XV. De magnete in
XVI. Astronomia physica (1. De planetis, 2. De luna, 3. De sole, 4. De sphaera mundiana).
Zakljuno poglavje je posvetil Zemlji: XVII. De globo terraqueo (1. De regnio minerali, 2.
De regnio vegetali, 3. De regnio animali).

Naslednji privez540 za Hiltenbrandovim je nedatiran opis blaenega Avgutina; sledi541

anonimni Lutru nasproten zagovor odpustkov Genaue Prfung der lehre von den Ablssen iz

527
Poggendorff, 1863, 1106.
528
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 72.
529
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 115.
530
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 122.
531
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 127.
532
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 151.
533
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 152.
534
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 153.
535
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 154.
536
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 155.
537
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 156.
538
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 157.
539
Hiltenbrand, 1780, 158.
540
W-1503=NUK-8278.
541
W-1504=NUK-8279.
leta 1773. Nadaljnji adligat so bili nedatirani anonimni katoliki odgovori,542 nato pa
beremo zakljuni izpit Karla Zoisa von Edelsteina, in konno e Bionovo matematino olo.
Zois je avgusta, brkone leta 1778,543 zagovarjal konni izpit v Gradcu; njegovega razmeroma
kratkega adligata ljubljanski licejski knjiniar Wilde ni popisal, eravno je natel ostalih pet.
Zoisov konni izpit ima posebne tiri samostojne lastnike tevilne oznake domnevno
starejih bibliotenih tevil S. 39 O 58 / N. 446 N 40 na naslovnici Stze und Aufgaben aus
unterschiedenen Theilen der Grossenlehre Zois si je zakljuni izpit oitno privoil v graki
visokoolski predavalnici filozofske fakultete; tam se je uil kot gojenec nadvojvodskega
plemikega kolegija. Tako je, kljub oetovemu novemu plemstvu, zavoljo druinskega
bogastva na univerzi v Gradcu e nastopal med drubeno smetano, potem ko so stareji bratje
oktobra 1761 v Reggio Emilia vendarle tudirali zgolj kot laini neplemiki gojenci. Denar
odpira vsa vrata, celo vrata namenjena uenosti niso izjema.

Pinhak je obvladal latinino in nemino; bi je nemki pridigar v stolnici, kjer je sluboval

od leta 1789; bogoslovne tudije je konal na Dunaju; bil je semeniki prefekt. upnijski izpit
je izvrstno opravil dne 29. 8. 1792, pozneje pa je leta 1797 postal upnik pri sv. Jakobu v
Ljubljani in obenem konzistorialni svetnik. Dne 25. 3. 1810 je bil umeen na Lambergov
kanonikat (Izpiski dr. Lojzeta Kovaia iz Kapela sv. Jurija na Ljubljanskem gradu kurati
zapornikov v Ljubljani. Ljubljanski stolni kanoniki leta 1788, stran 15-16).

Davyjev spomenik v Podkorenu (ermelj, 1963, 1); Davy je leta 1828/29 objavil
Consolations z 6 razgovori. Drugi razgovor je vseboval vizijo ilirskega dekleta (ermelj,
1963, 2). 4. razgovor je potekal v Magdalenski, sedaj rni jami pri Postojni o nesmrtnosti in o
proteusu (ermelj, 1963, 33). Davy je spoznal Pepco Detela, hi gostilniarja Ivana
Nepomuka na Nazorjevi ulici (ermelj, 1963, 4); v oporoki jo je pozneje obdaril (ermelj,
1963, 5). Dne 9. 7. 1818 je Davy z eno zapustil Ljubljano; tedaj je srea 14 do 15 letno
Pepco (ermelj, 1963, 5). 6 avgusta 1828 je delal poskuse z elektrinimi skati v Trstu
(ermelj, 1963, 6), aprila 1820 pa je obiskal Byrona. Davy je vedel, da proteusu lahko
odstranimo vratne dihalne organe, saj ima dvojne, torej rezervo (ermelj, 1963, 34). Tuhtal je
o podzemni povezava med Stino in Postojno. Zois je prvi odkril proteusa v Magdalenini
jami, v Stini pa so jih nali bolj poredko (ermelj, 1963, 35). Davy je namignil, da je proteus
morda liinka sogovornik Neznanec je to zanikal v odgovoru Davyjevemu alterego
Eubathesu. Tedaj v ujetnitvu e niso videli proteusa jesti. lo je za vpraanje reprodukcijskih
organov ali je mona celo kreacija? (ermelj, 1963, 36). Dihanje s krgami poleg kisika
absorbira tudi duik.

Pariani so navdueno pisal o dolenjskem proteusu, med njimi Georges Cuvier (* 1769;
1832) in Lamarck v Zooloki filozofiji (Philosophie Zoologique, 1809). Lamarck je opisal
dolenjske lepotce z njihovimi omi vred, ki jih je prvi ugotovil Schreibers pri posebno
shujanih primerkih. Lamarck je proteusove oi izpostavil kot primer zakrnelosti zavoljo
neuporabe in s tem tlakoval pot Darwinovim odkritjem, katerih poldrugo stoletje praznujemo
letos. Maja 1806 je Lamarck v nastopnem predavanju Discours d'ouverture de cours des
animaux sand vertbres, prononc dans le Musum d'Histoire Naturelle en mai 1806 opisal
tudi proteuse kot posebno obliko,544 vendar ni omenil njihovih znailnosti ali celo nahajali
na Kranjskem. Leta 1820 je Lamarck, ki ga je na zaetku kariere podpiral Buffon kot

542
W-1505=NUK-8280.
543
Praprotnik, 1991, 827.
544
Lamarck. 1955. Izbrannie proizvedenija v dvuh tomah. Moskva: Izdajateljstvo akademii nauk SSSR, str. 143,
878.
domaega uitelja svojega sina,545 objavil La Systme analytique des connaissances positives
de l'homme, restreintes celles qui provinnent directement ou indirectement de l'observation.
Lamarck se je skliceval tudi na Rumurjeve poskuse z razmnoevanjem bolh iz julija 1819.546
ivali je razdelil na 16 skupin, med njimi pa so bili 14. reptiles,547 v katero je verjetno tel
proteusa. Citiral je tudi Dtervillovo Extr. Du nouv. Dictionn. D'Histoire natur.548 Cuvier je
objavil Rescherche de ossemens Fossiles, od koder so iz tretje izdaje v Parizu iz leta 1825,
Tome V, 2. partie prepisali tipkopis Du Proteus (proteus anguinus Laurenti) dolg 6 listov s
petih tiskanih strani 426-430 formata 4o, ki so ga kupili za knjinico SAZU (SAZU-II 20196
B). Rokopis je priskrbel vodja Trubarjevega antikvariata tefan Tausik, nakup pa je odobril
tajnik SAZU Primo Ramov po podatkih Draga Samca. Cuvier je trdil, da se imamo odkritju
proteusa zahvaliti predvsem baronu Zoisu (brkone Michelangelu), njegovi zbrani primerki pa
so bili tudi tisti, ki do sluili za raziskave Scopoliju in Laurentiju, torej tudi Hochenwartu. Po
okolici Stine so jih odkrili tudi v Postojnski Jami. Schreibers in profesor fizike v enevi
Marc Auguste Pictet (* 1752; 1825), Nicolas Thodore de Saussurejev sodelavec pri
meritvah odboja toplotnih arkov in prednik kemika Raoula Pierra Picteta (* 1846 eneva;
1929 Pariz), sta jih preuevala ive, Zois pa je primerek priskrbel tudi Cuvierju, ki jih je
uporabil z opis v prvem zvezku Humboldtovih Observations zoologique leta 1807, Schreibers
pa leta 1801 v Phil. Trans. (Cuvier, 1825, 426-427). Michelangelo Zois je leta 1752 kupil v
okoliu Gabrovke grainska posestva Turn, Gabrje, Podpe in Kompolje 6 km juno od
Stine. Leta 1772 jih je izroil kot dediino sinu Joefu Leopoldu Zoisu (* 22. 11. 1748;
18. 4. 1817) (Valeni, 1991, 830), ki je bil med letoma 1773-1801 tudi lastnik Sela pri t.
Pavlu 4 km vzhodno od Vira pri Stini. Joef je veinoma ivel na Dunaju (Preinfalk, 2003,
Kronika 51/1: 31) in je Kompolje po smrti zapustil sinu Karlu (* 1775: 1836) in vdovi
Joefi (Smole, 1982, 433, 706); Karl je leta 1819 postal tudi igov dedi. Sela je 30. 11. 1801
prodal zakupniku Stine Jakobu Wresitzu. Tako so bili Zoisi mono prisotni v okolici Stine
v asu Laurentijeve objave (1768) in so jim proteuse brkone lovili kar lastni podloniki
eravno sam Vir morda ni bil del njihove posesti.

Italijan Mauro Rusconi (* 1776; 1849) je o proteusu leta 1820/21 pisal tudi amerikemu
politiku, odvetniku, zdravniku in profesorju Samuelu L. Mitchillu (* 1764; 1831). Rusconi
je nasprotoval Cuvierju in e posebej Buffonu; proteus je imel za odraslo ival s krgami in ni
priznaval bitij, ki bi na kakni stopnji razvoja obenem uporabljala krge in pljua.

Slovene translation of Zois 1907 article

(stran 1, levi stolpec)

Poroilo o nenavadni ribji vrsti, najdeni v vasici Vir blizu Stine

Na to nenavadno ribjo vrsto smo naleteli na Kranjskem, med Stino, to je star samostan, 8 ur
oddaljen od Ljubljane, e se peljemo po cesti v smeri Novega mesta, in majhno vasico, ki jo
domaini imenujejo Vir, ter je na Florjanievem zemljevidu oznaena kot Weyer, saj je v
nemini obiajno podaljevanje slovanskih imen.

545
Lamarck. 1988. La Systme analytique des connaissances positives de l'homme. Paris: Puf, VI.
546
Lamarck, 1988, 120.
547
Lamarck, 1988, 144-147.
548
Lamarck, 1988, 360.
Hribovje v okolici Stine je zgrajeno iz neprepustnega apnenca, ki se na najvijih vzpetinah
naih Alp povzpne do viine 1500 senjev nad morjem. Geoloka zgradba je prepoznavna po
tevilnih kotanjah na povrini, medtem ko je pod zemljo vse polno lukenj in jam. Ob vznoju
teh apnenastih mas, v dolini Vira, sta dve odprtini, vhoda v podzemlje, ki merita v premeru
15-18 palcev, in sta 3-4 evlje nad tlemi ter 2 senja oddaljena drug od drugega; iz vsake
jamske odprtine priteka na dan ista svea voda, ki se zbira v majhnih bazenkih, kot jih je
izdolbla voda; odtod odvena voda poasi odteka in ponikne kaknih 750 korakov stran od
vasi.

V teh bazenih ivi amfibija, o kateri bomo tu govorili, in smo jo tu nali sploh prvi doslej. Pa
e tukaj jo opazimo le, ko se topi sneg ali ob monem deevju, zato prevladuje mnenje, da jo
prekomerne vode prinesejo s seboj ter jo iztrgajo iz njenih podzemnih nahajali.

(stran 1, desni stolpec)

Domaini iz Vira, ki ival poznajo iz izroila ter tudi iz lastnih izkuenj, jo imenujejo bela
riba ali zhloveshka riba, torej loveka riba, zavoljo oblike noic, ki so podobne lovekim
prstom, in zaradi barve njene koe.

Prvi je o tej ivali poroal dr. Laurenti leta 1768 v svoji Synopsis reptilium. ivalco je opisal
na osnovi primerka, ki ga je imel v piritu shranjenega celovki stolni kanonik pl. Hohenwart.
Laurenti jo je imel za samostojno ivalsko vrsto in jo je imenoval Proteus anguinus.

Leta 1772 se je dr. Scopoliju, naemu velikemu botaniku, tisti as zdravniku v Idriji, ponudila
prilonost, opazovati ivo amfibijo, ter jo je na strani 73. v svojem V. letniku Hist. Nat. opisal
dosti natanneje kot Laurenti. V zakljuku je zapisal: III. Linnaeus, cui iconem misi, habet
pro larva lacertae, mihi videtur genus singulare [Linn, ki sem mu poslal sliko, meni, da gre
za larvo kakne kuarice, po mojem mnenju pa gre za samostojen rod].

Po Scopoliju te ivalce ni omenjal nihe ve razen J. Hermanna, ki jo je omenil v notici svojih

Comentarius Tab. Affinit. Animalium iz leta 1783, ter J. G. Schneiderja, ki se je teme dotaknil
leta 1799 v svojih Hist. Amphibiorum, v prvem zvezku na strani 40.

Oba omenjena pisca sta izrecno menila, da proteus ni samostojna ivalska vrsta; zadevo bomo
po Laurentiju in Scopoliju ter po omenjeni Linnjevi napaki, sedaj poskuali razjasniti.

(stran 2, levi stolpec)

Linnjevo tezo najdemo v notici v 13. izdaji njegovega dela System. Naturae Gmelina iz leta
1789 (1. knjiga, 3. del, stran 1056). Si vera sint generis perfecta animalia Protei a Soelmanno
omni anni tempore observati tritonius a Schrenkio, anguinus a Laurenti, ambo in lacubus
Austriae Interioris reperti, enumerati, delineati, huic loco*) inserendi mihi quidem videntur, et
summa cum gyrinis utique branchiostegis, similitudo hactenus obstat, donec conspirantibus et
curatissimus plurium observationibus constet, nullam amplius, tardiorem forte, subire
metamorphosin. [e je zares Proteus prava ivalska vrsta obiajno vsako leto obasno
opazovan povodni mo od Schegka, kaa od Laurentija, oboje v vodnih kotlinah Notranje
Avstrije najdeno, nateto, narisano, mu doloimo mesto*) uvrstitve po mojem mnenju, okoli
glavne problematine toke ki je vsekakor pri krgah, dokler ne doseemo soglasja in za
oskrbovanje porabimo ve opazovanj, saj se bo brez odlaanja pozneje zelo naglo pretvoril].
Da bi razreili problem, smo gospodu dr. Schreiberju, tedaj profesorju naravoslovja na
Dunaju, poslali ve primerkov nae stike ribice, namoenih v vinski pirit, da bi raziskal
njihovo anatomijo. Rezultate svojih raziskav je dr. Schreibers med svojim bivanjem v
Londonu priobil v Philosophical Transactions za leto 1801. Natisnili so jih pod naslovom
Zgodovinski in anatomski opis dvomljive amfibijske nemke ivali, ki jo je Laurenti imenoval
Proteus anguinus, z dvema bakrorezoma.

V zvezi z nainom ivljenja proteusa gre za samostojno ivalsko vrsto ali ne je prvo, kar
pri tej ivali opazimo, njeno odlono zavraanje dnevne svetlobe. e jo izpostavimo Soncu,
postane nadvse nemirna ter poskua na vse naine pobegniti in se mu izogniti; in vendar nima
nobenih oi, ki bi jih videli, oziroma, kot se je izrazil Scopoli: tubercula buna loco oculorum.
[majhna bula namesto oi].

Gospod Schreibers je bil prvi, ki je pod njeno koo odkril majhne oi: slednje lahko le redko
opazimo, saj se pokaejo le pri tistih primerkih, ki po dolgem postu shujajo, in njihova
povrhnja koa postane zelo tenka.

Pod vodo proteus na razline naine enkrat uporabi svoje noice, spet drugi svoj rep:
njegovo gibanje je poasno in preudarno; ko pa je razdraen, bei z vso hitrostjo, da se noice
prilepijo na trup.

*) Pod dvoivke med abo in kao

(stran 2, desni stolpec)

Podnevi se najraje skriva in je na miru; ponoi pa se vseskozi sprehaja po dnu, in sem in tja
pride na povrino ter izpihne zrak.

Ujeti primerki nikoli niso hoteli niti poizkusiti hrane, ki smo jim jo ponudili ne glede na to
ali je lo za svee ikre, koke rib ali abje meso, vodne rve, polipe ali umetno hrano (mrest),
zavraali so celo koljke vrste helix thermalis, dasiravno je dokazano, da slednje na svobodi
goltajo v velikih koliinah; v izlokih dobro rejenega proteusa, ki je opravil svojo potrebo
trikrat v dveh dneh ujetnitva, smo nali 84 vrst taknih koljk, nekatere majhne kot uho
ivanke. Ko smo mu tovrstne koljke postregli ive, je vzel eno v usta, a jo je v trenutku
izpljunil ter raje pustil, da so se razmnoevale, kakor da bi jih jedel.

Ne glede na trdovratne zavrnitve raznovrstnega ivea, te ivali dolgo ivijo v isti vodi, e
imajo le senco, tudi v kafu z vodo, e voda ni hladneja od 8 stopinj Raumurja, in e jo
vsake 4 ali vsakih 5 dni zamenjamo. V mrzli vodi, v kateri plavajo koki ledu, so ivalce
vidno trpele in poginile v tiriindvajsetih urah.

Ko jih pride ve skupaj, se dozdeva, da se prepoznajo, novi prileki se takoj seznanijo z

preostalimi in se poutijo domae: lahko sliimo tudi tih pisk, s katerim pokaejo, da so
zadovoljni; e pa so ivalce razdraene, bodisi zaradi radovednih opazovalcev ali zaradi
sonne svetlobe, potem sikajo s suhim rezkim tonom, ki se od prejnjega piska zelo razlikuje,
obenem pa skozi usta in krge izpihujejo zrak. Kako zelo so nemirne, lahko presodimo po
veji ali manji nabreklini njihovih uesnih opov in po njihovi barvi, ki postane karminasto
rdea: e si jih ogledamo s poveevalom, izgledajo uesni opi kot koralni grebeni; e pa ival
miruje, potem ti opi upadejo, se izgubijo in postanejo zamolklo beli. S povprenim
mikroskopom opazimo na teh razvejanih opih tevilne ile, po katerih se pretaka kri, in ob
vsakem udarcu srca opazimo kroglice krvi,

(stran 3, levi stolpec)

ki se pretakajo sem in tja. Pretejemo lahko 45 do 48 udarcev na minuto.

Na kopnem se proteus kljub svojim noicam ne sme preve oddaljiti od vode, saj se sluzasta
substanca, s katero je prevleen, prehitro izsui, tako da se ivalca prilepi na mesto, kjer se
plazi. Ve primerkov, ki so ponoi zlezli iz kafa ter popadli na tla, je e dajalo znake
ivljenja, ko smo jih pobrali s tal, vendar pa so poginili po dveh dneh, z rdeo rto ob strani
telesca, na tistem mestu, kjer so leali na tleh; to je dokaz za vnetje. Tisti pa, ki smo jih
pokropili z vodo ter so se tako odlepili s tal, so preiveli. Pri vseh poginulih primerkih smo
opazili nedvoumne Hippokratove znake smrti, sluz, ki prekriva njihovo povrino, se namre
posui, odlepi in postane vidna v vodi: kosmii sluzi plavajo okoli ter se usedejo predvsem na
noice in na rep ivalce; na koncu se proteus s trebuhom obrne navzgor ter kmalu pogine na
vodni povrini.

Kar zadeva velikost, smo nali primerke dolge 7-8, 12-13, in celo 15-16 palcev in debele 16-
18 rt (po 2,2 mm, torej 35-40 mm, op SJ). Ta velikost ne ustreza vodnim kuarjem pa tudi
sicer na Kranjskem ni nobenega plazilca, ki bi ga lahko primerjali s to ivalco.

Danes v kabinetu barona Zoisa ivita (17. 7. 1807) dve takni ivalci tu sta e od oktobra
1803. Sta shujani in dvakrat tanji kot leta 1803, sicer pa sta zdravi.

Sklepamo lahko, da je nedoloeno Linnjevo obdobje, tardiorem forte metamorphosin, po

skoraj 4 letih e minilo in je dopolnjeno.

Primerjava barve koe naih ivalic z varovalnimi barvami nekaterih amfibij je nekatere
avtorje zavedla in so jih zamenjali z drugimi dvoivkami. Podobnost je v krgah, ki jih imajo
zarodki. Gospod Schreibers je opozoril, da se krge**** proteusa bistveno razlikujejo od
zarodkov ostalih amfibij in rib, in sicer po svoji rdei barvi, torej po krvi, ki se v veji ali
manji meri pretaka po telesu te ivalce.

(stran 3, desni stolpec)

Glede mehanizma dihalnih poti gospod Schreibers zagotavlja, da je raziskal anatomijo

tevilnih vodnih kuarjev in ni odkril niti najmanje podobnosti s proteusom. Prej dopua
monost, da so stike ribice podobne Linnjevim Siren lacertina, vendar s predpostavko, da
imajo oboji krge in pljua: pri tem obstoj plju pri sireni dopua Hunter, Camper pa
zavraa: mnenje zadnjega od obeh enako slavnih anatomov je v znanosti prevladalo, tako da
Siren lacertina ne tejemo ve med amfibije, temve odtlej sodijo med ribe in jih imenujemo
muraena Sirene.

Doslej ni torej e ni odloeno: dr. Schreibers opozarja e, da se sirene loijo od proteusa tudi
po tem, da imajo le dve nogi in kratko glavo brez ustnic, usta pa majhna in zailjena, oi zelo
blizu drug drugemu, z obrvmi, nadalje po tem, da njihova pljua, eprav so prav tako zgrajena
iz ene same membrane, potekajo brez delitve na celice vzdol obeh strani telesa, vendar pa ne
povzroajo niti razlinih zavojev niti upotevanja vrednega pihanja, znailnega za proteusa.
Ne glede na tevilne razlike, je gospod Schreibers mnenja, da sta ivali v sorodu.

Poleg tega ne presenea, da je imel gospod Schreibers veliko dela in da je vloil veliko truda
v to, da je pri seciranju primerkov, ki so jih e dolgo hranili v vinskem piritu, preuil cel
organizem ter e posebej spolne organe ter jih doloil: izgledalo je, da imajo proteusi jajnike
ter celo organ podoben maternici, toda gospod Schreibers si ni dovolil, da bi ostalo le pri
domnevah. Nali smo nove monosti, da smo mu za raziskave priskrbeli ive primerke
proteusa.

V izviru pri Viru pri Stini so od leta 1798 dalje ujeli le 3 do 5 primerkov letno.

26. decembra 1804 so po hudi odjugi baronu Zoisu prinesli naenkrat 14 primerkov, med njimi
nekaj zelo velikih. Vsi so sedaj na Dunaju v oskrbi njegove cesarske visokosti nadvojvode
Janeza; del le-teh je pri prof. Schreiberju, del pa ivi v podzemlju, v

(stran 4, levi stolpec)

umetno skopanem jamskem kanalu v Schnbrunu, kjer imajo ugodne pogoje tako za hranjenje
kakor tudi za razmnoevanje, e so te ivali tega sploh sposobne (v ujetnitvu, op. SJ).

Leta 1804 je kranjski trgovec z minerali, Preschern, prodal 2 primerka proteusa v vinskem
piritu, enega v roke gospodu Schreiberja (sic!), in drugega gospodu Nepperschmidtu, trgovcu
z naravoslovnimi predmeti v Kopenhagnu, e dva primerka pa je poslal berlinski drubi
prijateljev naravoslovja. Tudi v Pariz je poslal en primerek. Gospod Dorfmeister, profesor na
tukajnji risarski oli, pa je izdelal risbe po ivih modelih in jih poslal tevilnim prijateljem
naravoslovnih ved.

Preglednic 2: Osebe, ki jih Zois omenja v razpravi (Zois 1807)

Zoisov zapis Oseba Opombe

Stran 1 desni stolpec Laurenti Joseph Nicolas Laurenti (*

Stran 1 desni stolpec
Stran 1 desni stolpec
Stran 1 desni stolpec
Hohenwart
Scopoli
Johann Hermann (* 1738;
1800), profesor medicine na
univerzi Strasbourg, njegova
zbirka po smrti postane
temelj Muse Zoologique v
Strasbourgu
4. 12. 1735; 17. 2. 1805).
Sigmund Hohenwart (* 7. 6.
1745 Celje; SJ??? 1825
Linz); Po Soban 2004, 73-74
Bernard Hohenwart (pri krsti
Sigismund (sic!), * 1734
Kolovec pri Rovtah pri
Kamniku; SJ 1754 Dunaj; 8.
10. 1779 Ljubljana)
Janez Anton Scopoli (*
1723; 1788)
1783: Tabula affinitatum
Animalium olim academico
specimene edita, nunc
uberiore commentario
illustrata cum
annotationibus ad historiam

Stran 1 desni stolpec Johan Gottlob Theaenus
Schneider (* 18. 1. 1750
Kollmen (danes Collm);
11. 1. 1822 Wroclaw
(Breslau)), od leta 1776
profesor filologije v
Frankfurtu na Odri, po letu
1811 knjiniar
Stran 1 desni stolpec Linn
Stran 2, levi stolpec Jacob Degen imenovan Schegk
(Schengkius * 1511 Schorndorff
(Schorndorffensis); 1587),
profesor v Tbingenu, ve
njegovih knjig je imel Volf
Engelbert Turjaki v Ljubljani,
Budinov izvod pa je romal na
Gornji grad in je danes v NUKu.
Oe J. Schegka mlajega
(Schegkius, * okoli 1550; po
1618).
Stran 2, levi stolpec Johann Friedrich Gmelin (* 8. 8.
1748; 1. 11. 1804)
Stran 2, levi stolpec Karl Franz Anton vitez
Schreibers (* 15. 8. 1775
Bratislava; 21. 5. 1852)
Stran 2 desni stolpec Ren-Antoin Ferchaut de
Raumur (* 1683; 1757)
Stran 3 desni stolpec Petrus Camper (* 1722;
1789)
naturalem animalium
augendam facientibus.
Treuttel, Strasbourg. S
portretom pisca, kot ga je
narisal Gurn (* 1758;
1831). 1. izdaja 1777 prav
tam kot doktorat na 15
straneh Georga-Christopha
Wrtza (* 1756; 1823) pri
Hermannu
1799-1801: Historia.
Amphibiorum naturalis et
literariae... Frommann, Jena.
Carl Linn (* 1707; 1778)
Schegk, J.D., 1570. Iacobi
Schegkii Schorndorffensis
Commentaria cum annotatis et
repetitionbus quibusdam additis in
hos qui sequuntur Organi
Aristotelis libros, ad artis partem
Analyticam pertinentes. In librum
praedicabilium, Librum
praedicamentorum, Librum
perihermenias, Libros duos
Analyticorum priorum... viduam
Ulric Morbard (Morhard),
Tubingae.
Gmelin, 1789: Caroli a Linn
systema Naturae per regna tria
naturae, secundum classes,
ordines, genera, species, cum
characteribus, differentiis.
Synonymis, locis. Dedituio decima
tertia, aucta, reformata Cura J. F
Gmelin, Leipzig, Beer.
Dunajski profesor
Pariki akademik
Leydenski tudent
Musschenbroeka in
'sGravesanda, nato profesor
v Amsterdamu, Grnigenu in
Frankerju. Leta 1778 je
opisal skupne znailnosti
tirinocev, ptic in rib kot
pripomoek za lepe risanje
 Stran 3 desni stolpec
Stran 3 desni stolpec
Stran 4 levi stolpec
Stran 4 levi stolpec
Stran 4 levi stolpec
John Hunter (* 1728
predmestje Glasgowa;
1793)
Nadvojvoda Janez
Simon Preeren (Preschern)
Bud Nepperschmidt
Vincent Dorfmeister
FRS 1767, brez univerzitetne
izobrazbe postane kirurg
bolnice Sv. Jurija leta 1768
Nadvojvoda Janez habsburki (*
1782; 1859).
gorenjski trgovec nameen
na Dunaju
trgovec z naravoslovnimi
predmeti v Kopenhagnu
profesor ljubljanske risarske
ole

Kopitar je bral asopise pri Schreibersu na Dunaju v krogu podobnem Zoisovem Screibers
rojen v Bratislavi, razume slovensko in zna tudi slovensko kaj povedati. Proteusa imenuje
loveka ribica. Zois polje Screibersu 17 ivih polhov; cesar se navdui in jih vzame v svojo
sobo. Zois polje na Dunaj zamrznjenega celega medveda in 14. 2. 1809 v pismu Kopitarju
vpraa, ali je prispel zdrav in uporaben. Screibers gmotno podpre Henrika Freyerja da hodi za
loveko ribico po terenu, obljubi nagrado za razmnoevanje ali vsaj za jajeca. Kopitar-
Zoisova korespondenca pria o Zois-Screibersovi koresponfenci 1808-1810, ki pa ni
ohranjena. Zios opazuje ive proteuse in o tem poroa Schreibersu, ki ga l. 1795 prosi za
svee primerke po Jordanovem posredovanju, e septembra mu Zois polje primerek, ne ve se
pa, ali jih je poznal e prej pred letom 1795. Kopitar nagovarja Zoisa naj lanek o loveki
ribici ponatisne v Analih avstrijske literature pri Sartoriju, a Zois 9./12. 2. 1809 odkloni da bi
ne prehitel Schreibersa. Schreibers nima Zoisovih latinskih navedkov, ki jih je Zois torej
pretudiral sam. Zois polje 2 proteusa drubi prirodoslovcev v Berlin = Gesellschaft
naturforschender Freunde katere lan je bil od leta 1782 tudi Zois.

Drutvo za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti na Kranjskem

(etrt tisoletja po pobudah za njegovo ustanovitev januarja 1764)

Izvleek

Obravnavamo zaetke kranjskega Drutva za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti (1767-1787),

imenovanega tudi Kmetijska druba. Osredotoamo se predvsem na lanstvo in na publikacije
Drutva. Zanimajo nas nagradna vpraanja, ki jih je Drutvo razpisovalo. Predstavljene so
mednarodne povezave Drutva.

Kljune besede: Zgodovina naravoslovja, zgodovina ekonomije Ljubljana, Drutvo za

poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti, 18. stoletje.
Abstract

Society for Agriculture and useful arts in Carniola

The early work in Carniola Society for Agriculture and useful arts (1767-1787), also called
Agricultural Society, is considered. The research is focused on its membership and
publications. The prize questions topics announced by Society for Agriculture and useful arts
are valued. The international connections of the Society are presented.

Keywords: History of Natural Sciences, History of Economy, Ljubljana, Society for

Agriculture and Useful Arts, 18th Century.

Uvod

Kranjsko Drutvo za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti, pogosto nekoliko ohlapno imenovano

po svojem nazivu Kranjska kmetijska druba (KKD) dokonno uveljavljenem v 19. stoletju,
je med letoma 1767-1787 pospeilo preuevanje naravoslovno-gospodarskih ved na tleh
sodobne Slovenije. Seveda so se podobne tenje uveljavljale tudi na danes slovenskih tleh, ki
njega dni niso bila del Habsburke monarhije; tu predvsem mislimo na nadaljevalno olo v
Kopru, ki so jo priblino do leta 1699 vodili redovniki somaski tudi s pomojo nekaterih
franikanskih profesorjev, za njimi pa piaristi (Scolopi, Scuole Pie). Za Slovenijo je e
posebej njihov olar grof Gian Rinaldo Carli (* 1720 Koper; * 1795), ki je postal poglavitni
beneko-habsburki strokovnjak za denarnitvo, nato pa svojevrstni gospodarsko-prosvetni
minister za Lombardijo v tedaj habsburkem Milanu. Seveda Carli kot podjetnik ni bil vedno
uspeen, vsaj glede svoje predilnice v Kopru ne.

Kranjsko Drutvo za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti se je uradno imenovalo Kaiserlich

knigliche Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher Knste im Herzogthume Krain do leta
1787, po letu 1820 pa K.k. Landwirtschaft-Gesellschaft in Krain. V Ljubljani je izdajalo:
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogthum Krain (1775-1776) in Sammlung ntzlicher
Unterrichte. Herausgegeben von der kaiserlich kniglichen Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und
ntzlicher Knste im Herzogthume Krain (1775-1779). Obe publikaciji nas bosta e posebej
zanimali.

KKD je se je uveljavila v dobi, ko je leta 1775 merkantilistino nastrojena cesarica odpravila

notranje carine med habsburkimi dednimi deelami z izjemo ogrskih in Tirolske, kar je dalo
nov polet leta 1758 v cehih registriranim petinosemdesetim kranjskim trgovcem.549 Po drugi
strani sta toleranni proglas in judovski patent (1781) Kranjcem priskrbel manj ljube tekmece.
Znailno je, da med dvajsetimi lani Ljubljanske trgovske drube (Handlungs-Gesellschaft)550
prav nobeden ni bil lan KKD; veletrgovcu Zoisu navkljub je KKD predvsem druila
veleposestniko skrb za kmetijstvo in kmeta brez zelo aktivne udelebe samih kmetov.

549
Poivavek, En gros, str. 64, 67, 113.
550
Poivavek, En gros, str. 119.
lani

Janez Karl Filip Kobencl (* 1712 Ljubljana; 1770) je priporoil podpis sedemletne pogodbe
z nizozemskim inenirjem Maksimilijanom pl. Fremantom (Fremaut, Fremont, 1769)551 v
Bruslju 28. 8. 1757. Komerni svetnik Fremant je v svoji spomenici 21. januarja 1764
glavnemu tajniku dvorne pisarne grofu Rudolfu Choteku (* 1706; 1779) predlagal
ustanovitev kmetijskih drub v Notranji Avstriji in Tirolski po zgledu Kmetijske drube iz
Berna utemeljene leta 1758. Cesar je leta 1759 imenoval Kobencla in Choteka za viteza
zlatega runa, tako da je bil predlog Kobenclovega varovanca Fremanta seveda ugodno sprejet.
Za Kranjsko je Fremant poleg samega sebe za lane predlagal Karla grofa Auersperga
(Turjaki), Joefa barona Brigido, intendannega svetnika pl. Raaba, Franca barona Janeia,
Pompeja barona Brigido, dr. Paulinija (Pollini) in rektorja jezuitskega kolegija. Poldrugo leto
pozneje dne 4. julija 1765 so na skupni seji zastopniki deelnega glavarstva in komernega
konsenza predlagali precej ve lanov bodoe kmetijske drube: ob treh astnih lanih so si
eleli e 42 domainov od katerih je veina dvaindvajsetih oseb v resnici prila med
ustanovne lane. Skupaj s pokroviteljem je KKD imela 46 lanov iz Kranjske in sedem
astnih lanov zunaj nje kmalu po ustanovitvi leta 1769; deloma so se izbranci pokrivali s
Fremantovimi in poznejimi predlogi, Fremant pa je bil ob smrti lan tajerske kmetijske
drube.552

Dne 26. 10. 1767 so v Ljubljani na ustanovnem obnem zboru poloili temeljni kamen
Drutvu za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti pod pokroviteljstvom tedanjega deelnega
glavarja grofa Henrika Turjakega (* 1721 Gradec; 1793 Gradec) z gospostva Kirchberg am
Wald; Drutva se je prijelo ime Kmetijska druba zaradi podobnosti drugim sorodnim
organizacijam v cesarstvu, eravno je pod tem imenom na Kranjskem uradno delovalo
predvsem po ponovni ustanovitvi izza Napoleonovega padca. Pokrovitelj drutva je bil
vsakokratni deelni glavar, saj je bilo od leta 1769 Drutvo neposredno podrejeno Deelnemu
glavarstvu. Do leta 1773 je bil prvi predsednik (direktor, prvomestnik) Drutva svetnik
Deelnega glavarstva prostozidar Josip Brigido pl. Brezovica (* 1736 Trst; 1817 Dunaj).
Njegov tajnik (Schriftfhrer) je bil prvi dve leti do premestitve v Trst komerni svetnik
pravnik dr. Valentin pl. Modesti (1767-1769) poroen z Marijo pl. Buglioni,553 prvi stalni
sekretar (Sekretr) Drutva pa je pozneje postal Brigidov varovanec Baltazar Hacquet leta
1776, potem ko je v KKD vstopil leta 1772.554

Prva drutvena vodilna garnitura Henrika in Josipa je zakljuila svoje uradovanje februarja
1773 ob Henrikovem odhodu na Dunaj ter nato junija 1774 na prestini poloaj guvernerja
monarhiji pravkar prikljuene Galicije. Pri tem pa si dvojica Henrik-Josip nikakor ni skoila v
lase, temve je na galicijskem stolku Henriku junija 1780 za domala poldrugo desetletje
nadomestil prav Josip in tja zvabil kar nekaj pomembnih junakov nae povesti, med drugim
Hacqueta.

551
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 110, 265; Smole, Graine, str. 454, 605; Ndasdi, L'ingnieur
flamand Maximilien Fremaut, str. 99.
552
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. 51; Fremaut, Trs humble
Pro-Mmoire.
553
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 89, 91, 94; Preinfalk, Auerspergi, str. 151, 444; Bleiweis,
Zgodovinske rtice, str. 11.
554
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 6-7.
Na poloaju deelnega glavarja je grofu Henriku Turjakemu sledil Vincenz Ferriers Andreas
grof Orsini von Rosenberg (* 1722; 1794), za njim pa med letoma 1774-1780 Henrikov
sorodnik Marija Joef Turjaki (* 1723 Ljubljana; 1805 Karlovac) s Turjaka,555 stareji brat
Pavla Alojza (* 1729); le-temu je sledil knez Franc Adam Lamberg. Grof Marija Dizma
Barbo Waxenstein (* 26. 1. 1737; 8. 3. 1802) iz dolenjske rakovnike veje pri Mirni je po
zabavnih zdrahah s svojo izvoljenko postal leta 1775 tajnik Drutva za poljedelstvo in
koristne umetnosti.556 Aktuar drutva je bil leta 1779 uradnik Kresije Pavel Joef Semen iz
fuinarske druine v eleznikih, nikakor ne nepomemben sorodnik in boter gostilniarjev Pri
estici.557 Od leta 1773 in do konca delovanja je bil direktor Drutva za poljedelstvo in
koristne umetnosti svetnik deelnega glavarstva Jurij Jakob grof Hohenwart (* 11. 4. 1724;
2. 1. 1808);558 leta 1770 je postal predsednik deelnega sodia v Ljubljani, v ljubljanski hii
na Novem trgu pa je gostil Linhartovega prijatelja Martina Kuralta in pozneje skrbel za
njegovo korespondenco. Zadnje desetletje je Hacquet bil stalni sekretar Drutva za
poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti; po njegovem nadvse skromnem preprianju je Drutvo lo
nemudoma rakom vigat im je Hacquet odel iz Ljubljane v Lvov.

Pred letom 1775 je KKD zaela intenzivno sodelovati z Ekonomsko (praktino agronomsko,
Societ d'agricoltura pratica) drubo v Vidmu saj je vlanila njenega predsednika,
podpredsednika in tajnika; Furlani so prav tako razpisovali teoretina nagradna vpraanja,
svoja zbornika Memorie ed Osservazioni pubblicate dalla Societa d'Agricoltura pratica
d'Udine pa je natisnila leta 1772 in 1773 s sodelovanjem slovitega raziskovalca elektrike
Giovanija Fortunata Bianchinija (* 1719; 1779). Societ d'agricoltura pratica je leta 1762
ustanovil grof kot del L'Accademia Udinese di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, ki jo je leta 1606 z
imenom Accademia degli Sventati ustanovil v Vidmu grof matematik-astronom Alfonso
Antonini (* 1584; 1657), brat Galilejevega dopisovalca Daniela (* 1588; 1616) in prednik
poznejega predsednika in lana KKD.

Zunanji astni lani KKD so bili leta 1775 in 1776 domala enaki: zunanji astni lan Pavel
Alojz Turjaki559 je prvi med domaimi leta 1776,560 Maks Kritof Waidmannsdorf pa se je,
nasprotno, iz domaega lana561 prelevil v zunanjega astnega lana.562 Tajnik Sigmund
Gallenberg iz leta 1775 je postal zunanji astni lan leta 1776. Kljub temu pa tevilo zunanjih
astnih lanov ni ostalo enako,563 temve se je povealo za kar najpomembneje uenjake v
svetovnem merilu: Jacquina, Hallerja, Beckmanna in Entnersfelda.564 Leta 1780 so bili
Kryger, Job, Jacquin, Entnersfeled skupaj z novincem Reviculum tajnikom savojske
Kmetijske drube e med astnimi zunanjimi lani KKD natetimi ob koncu popisa, umrli
Haller, in Beckmann pa ne ve.565 Maffei, Giell, Erddy so se iz kranjskih lanov let 1776
prelevili v zunanje astne lane leta 1780, Paliaruzzi je zaasno leta 1779-1780 nehal biti

555
Land-Krainerischer Schematismus: auf das Jahr 1775-1776; Preinfalk, Auerspergi, str. 118, 488; Umek,
Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 7.
556
Kos, Borba slovenskih fantov, str. 5-39, 30.
557
Andrejka, Zgodovina gostilne, str. 88; AS 533 L/1.
558
Stefan, Geschichte, str. 10, 33; Reme, Abb Martin Kuralt, str. 5, 14; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str.
31.
559
Land-Krainerischer Schematismus: auf das Jahr 1775, tevilka 5.
560
Land-Krainerischer Schematismus: auf das Jahr 1776, str. 46.
561
Land-Krainerischer Schematismus: auf das Jahr 1775, str. 41, petintrideseti od 38 lanov.
562
Land-Krainerischer Schematismus: auf das Jahr 1776, str. 51, tiriindvajseti od 32 lanov.
563
Land-Krainerischer Schematismus: auf das Jahr 1775, str. 42-43, 27 oseb.
564
Land-Krainerischer Schematismus: auf das Jahr 1776, str. 52.
565
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1780, str. 83-84; nepaginirane strani tete brez zaetnega koledarja.
domai lan KKD da bi se leta 1781 znova vlanil. Na koncu popisa leta 1780 so dodali e
nove kranjske lane: Anton Janez Nepomuk Taufferer, Karl Erhard Walter, Aleksander
Schell, Jernej Poganik, Janez Nepomuk Edling, Joef Peregrin Werner in Tobija Gruber.
Leta 1781 je Tobijo zamenjal njegov oim Andrej Schwindel, na koncu pa so med nove
kranjske lane dodali e Breckerfelda, Kumerdeja in Possavitza, med nove zunanje lane pa
Hornsteina in Wessenschneida. Leta 1782 ni bilo novih kranjskih ali zunanjih astnih lanov.
Leta 1782 sta Karl Lichtenberg in Amignoni odstopila, na novo pa je po krajem presledku
astni lan postal Zinzendorf.

Preglednica 1: tevilo lanov KKD. Najprej so popisali tiste z najvplivnejimi naslovi, na

konec popisa pa so dodajali nove lane; le leta 1779 so objavili abecedni seznam posebej za
prisednike in posebej za navadne lane, ki jih izjemoma niso delili med kranjske in zamejske

Leto Oje vodstvo lani iz Kranjske Zunanji astni lani

Predlogi 1765 4 38 (skupaj z vodstvom 42) 3

1769 4 41 7
1775 5 (dodan 38 27
blagajnik)
1776 6 (dodan sekretar) 40 32
1779 5 9 prisednikov, 59 lanov (Kryger in Haymann
pomotoma izpuena)
1780 6 42 34
1781 6 43 36
1782 6 41 37

Med dvainsedemdesetimi lani KKD iz leta 1779 slovita botanika Nikolaus Joseph baron
Jacquin (* 1727 Leyden; 1817) in Franc Grisellini, Johan Beckmann, Joseph Biewald,
Matija Furlani dr. Natalis Paliaruzzi, ter grof Rinaldi niso bili med lani leta 1769 ali 1782.
Vsaj za Grisellinija, Krygerja in Beckmanna je bilo lanstvo v KKD gotovo tudi odskona
deska za osvajanje razpisanih nagrad KKD. Vsekakor pa je s lani toliknega ugleda KKD
imela leta 1779 veliko vijo znanstveno raven kot prej ali pozneje. Scopolijev prijatelj Jacquin
je v KKD prinesel duha svojih znanstvenih potovanj v Ameriko, predvsem pa novo
Lavoisierjevo kemijo. lan KKD Albrecht Haller je s svojimi pesmimi, anatomijo in botaniko
polnil kranjske knjinice vkljuno z Zosovo566 kljub Hallerjevim sporom z drugim
Boerhaavejevim uencem Gerhardom van Swietenom (* 1700; 1772) in Linnjem. Kot lan
velikega sveta mesta Bern od leta 1745, profesor medicine, anatomije in botanike na
Beckmannovi univerzi Gttingen med letoma 1736-1753, lan londonske kraljeve drube
(1743) skupaj z Grisellijem in lan Krygerjeve stockholmske kraljeve akademije od leta 1747
je Haller gotovo vplival na irjenje lanstva KKD. Hallerjeve homeopatske ideje so utegnile
vplivati celo na irjenje homeopatije med ljubljanskimi redovniki, ki je povzroila obilo
preglavic zdravniku Franu Viljemu Lipiu (* 1799; 1845).

KKD je imela 84 lanov leta 1782, torej precej ve kot trinajst let prej leta 1769; 28 imen je

566
ARS, AS 1052, iga Zois, udejstvovanje, katalogi v debeli knjigi.
ostalo enakih. Tako je dobren del lanstva iz leta 1769 vztrajal trinajst let. tevilo lanov se
je poasi poveevalo, dotok pa se je v zaetku 1780-ih let ustavil. Med triindvajsetimi
kranjskimi lani iz leta 1769, ki jim znamo doloiti letnico rojstva, sta bila le dva rojena v
prejnjem stoletju, povpreno pa so bili stari 46,7 let. Sedemindvajsetim znamo doloiti
letnico smrti: povpreno je bilo pred njimi e 24,8 let ivljenja, med prvimi pa so leta 1777
umrli Ignac pl. Rastern, njegov brat Mihael pl. Rastern in Joef Gabrijel pl. Buset leta 1777.
Torej so bili lani leta 1769 e zveine pri moeh.

V KKD je bilo leta 1769 seveda najve graakov, med lani pa najdemo tudi pozneje
slovitega lorenskega slikarja, dva pravnika, tri zdravnike, dva upravnika pot in osem
duhovnikov vkljuujo jezuitske profesorje matematinih ved. Dva lana sta bila iz danes
hrvakih krajev Kastava in Pazina; sicer pa krajev ali smrti rojstva lanov ni lahko doloiti.
Nedvomno je veina lanov delovala v Ljubljani, med kraji rojstev pa so bili e Lorena, Trst,
Radie na Korokem, Snenik, Radovljica, Vipava, Gracarjev Turn, Polhov Gradec in
Postojna; med kraji smrti lanov sta tudi Strasbourg in Dunaj. Najznailneja zastopnike nove
podjetnike miselnosti sta bila leta 1769 Zorn in Glavar ob zunanjemu lanu pl. Thysu,
pozneje pa jim lahko ob bok postavimo e igo Zoisa.

Plemii so seveda prevladovali med lanstvom. Leta 1769 je bilo med kranjskimi lani vsaj 9
grofov, 7 baronov, en vitez, 11 nijih plemiev, dva opata in prelat. Leta 1782 je med
kranjskimi lani tudi knez Lamberg, vsaj 27 grofov, 15 baronov, 2 plemia in 15 nijih
plemiev e mednje tejemo tudi nekoliko dvomljivega Hacqueta de la Motte;567 trije opati so
bili prav tako plemii. Tako imamo leta 1769 med 46 domaimi lani vsaj 30 plemiev, leta
1782 pa med 84 domaimi lani najdemo vsaj 60 plemiev, torej dvakrat ve. Novi lani so
postajali tako plemii kot meani, kmete pa je uspela privlei kvejemu tajerska Kmetijska
druba.

Prostozidarji so imeli pomembno vlogo v delovanju KKD. Poleg Brigida so bili lani lo med
drugimi Jacquinov sin Emilian Gottfried Edler von Jacquin (* 1767; 1792),568 siva
eminenca KKD grof Kobencl, Gruberjev pomonik Maffei od leta 1781 v dunajski loi
Okronano upanje,569 Gruberjev brat Tobija, Linhartova zaitnika Janez Nepomuk Jakob grof
Edling in Zois. Prepletenost s prostozidarji je gotovo postala dodaten povod za gmotne teave
KKD po cesarskem prostozidarskem patentu konec leta 1785.

Drutva za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti se je po tedaj prevladujoih fiziolokih

usmeritvah prijelo ime Kmetijska druba, eravno je pod tem imenom delovalo predvsem po
ponovni ustanovitvi dobrih pol stoletja kasneje. Drutvo je prilo ob dravno podporo leta
1787, saj je cesar Joef II. zaprl dotok sredstev zanj; Hacquetov odhod morda le ni bil tako
odloilen, eravno sta si bila z Joefom dobra potem ko se je cesar poldrugo uro mudil pri
Hacquetu na dananjem Gornjem trgu t. 4. dne 21. marca 1784.570 Kljub pilim letnim
dohodkom 778 gld iz cesarske kameralne blagajne in 1000 gld iz domestikalne zaloge
Deelnih stanov je imelo Drutvo ob prenehanju delovanja kar 9014 gld 22 1/3 kr gotovine ob
bogatih zalogah knjig in eksperimentalnih naprav za fiziko, kemijo in naravoslovje, kar je 23.
5. 1787 sproilo dvorno namigovanje o domnevno neupravienem bogatenju, ki se je resda
kmalu omilil.571 Drutvo je prenehalo z odmevnejim delom za dobri dve desetletji; leta 1809

567
Juni, Kranjc, Bibliography of Balthazar Hacquet, str. 92-93.
568
Wagner, Bruder Mozart, str. 68
569
Koir, Brat Vega, str. 76-77.
570
Kurdi, Galicia , str. 117; Juni, Kranjc, Bibliography of Balthazar Hacquet, str. 65.
571
Bleiweis, Zgodovinske rtice, str. 16-17.
so za novega voditelja postavili igo Zoisa. Po Zoisovi smrti je vodstvo prevzel Anton Baron
Codelli, dokler ni bil leta 1816 imenovan za notranjskega okronega glavarja v Postojni. Tako
je komaj Janez Nepomuk baron Buset (Buseth), najmlaji sin Joefa Gabrijela Buseta (*
1716),572 po upokojitvi postal med letoma 1821-1825 prvi uinkoviti predsednik prenovljene
Kmetijske drube.573

ole

SLIKA 1 (GruberAS33Sola045PodpisiVodstvaKKD18dec1769/
Stacionarc/ GruberSolaNapravePrekop7maj2012): Podpisi vodstva
KKD na elu z Brigidom pod akt o ustanovitvi Gruberjeve ole dne
18. 12. 1769 (AS 33, Deelna vlada, konvolut 455, tehnika enota
182, Lit. M, Num 1, Volum 1).

Gruber in drugi jezuiti so imeli posebno pomembno vlogo v KKD. Za KKD v ustanavljanju
sta bila e dne 4. 7. 1765 predlagana ljubljanski rektor jezuitskega kolegija fizik Karel
Dillherr (* 1710 Dunaj; 1778 Stein pri Kremsu) in profesor fizike Pogrietschnig.574
Ljubljanski jezuitski profesor fizike Gregor Schttl je leta 1775 predlagal poskuse z
namakanjem semen za boljo kaljivost s pomojo poudre de la providence, ki se pri jarem
itu ni obnesel po Giellovem poroilu z dne 8. 6. 1776.575 Pomemben del dejavnosti Drutva
je segal v nadaljevalno olstvo, saj je Drutvo leta 1768 ustanovilo Gruberjevo stolico za
mehaniko, leta 1771 pa e stolico za kmetijstvo v okviru jezuitskih filozofskih tudijev; na
slednji je predaval Janez Nepomuk Giell (Giehl, Giel, * 16. 5. 1734 na ogrskem bregu Leithe;
SJ 17. 10. 1753 Dunaj; po 1786). Novo katedra za kmetijstvo je bila na pobudo Drutvo za
poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti dovoljena 9. 3. 1771; Giell je dobil dovoljenje za
pouevanje po prepovedi jezuitske drube 30. 10. 1773 in 7. 5. 1774. Teologi in filozofi niso
radi obiskovali pouka kmetijstva, kmetje pa seveda niso hodili v Ljubljano posluati
predavanj o svoji vedi; zato je dvorna pisarna ljubljansko kmetijsko stolico ukinila 23. 12.
1780.576 Obenem z Giellom je Drutvo dne 19. 9. 1774 pridobilo za predavanja iz
eksperimentalne fizike e drugega nekdanjega jezuita Franca Mhlbacherja, ki pa ga zaradi
gmotne stiske pokroviteljev le redko najdemo na poznejih seznamih predavateljev liceja v
Ljubljani.577

Gabrijel Gruber je bil med 8. 4. 1769 in januarjem 1785 v Ljubljani predstojnik katedre za
risanje, geometrijo, mehaniko (z inenirskimi vedami, nizkimi gradnjami, mapiranjem in
posebnim ladijskim brodarskim oddelkom) in hidravliko pri KKD. Gruberjev uenec Joef

572
Smole, Graine, str. 95, 498.
573
Reisp, O nekdanji knjinici, str. 38; Bleiweis, Zgodovinske rtice, str. 18-19, 38.
574
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 4.
575
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 11; AS 533, Kmetijske druba v Ljubljani, fasc. P/5.
576
Giell je postal kaplan v Dunajskem Novem mestu pri kofu Johannu Heinrichu von Kerensu (* 1725; 1792),
ki mu je leta 1785 sledil e na novo kofijo St. Plten (Kovai, Rektorji, str. 66; Rajp, Ukinitev, str. 270, 271,
273; Benedeti, Pot do slovenske univerze, str. 27; Schmidt, Zgodovina, str. 135, 164; Ciperle, Dekleva,
Biotehnika fakulteta, str. 6-7; Darnaut Bergenstamm - Schtzenberger, Kirchliche topographie, str. 261, 263).
577
Bleiweis, Zgodovinske rtice, str. 14; ARS, AS 7, Kmetijske zadeve, katla 204, Lit. B, t. 4, Vol 1; Umek,
Plovba po Savi, str. 257; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 23.
Marija emerl je po Gruberjevem odhodu od januarja 1785 deloval kot predstojnik katedre za
risanje, geometrijo, mehaniko in hidravliko; s predavanji je moral prenehati po ukinitvi
podpore Kranjskemu Drutvu za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti leta 1787.578 Leta 1786 je
KKD ustanovila premino predilno uilnico,579 ki pa je bila zaradi ukinitve dravne podpore
bolj kratke sape. Nedeljska nemka predavanja na obrtni oli je Gruber vodil sam, po
njegovem odhodu pa je pouk prevzel emerl. Gruber je pri KKD izprosil celo nagrade za
svoje najbolj nadarjene dijake. olo so ukinili ob zamrtju Drutva za poljedelstvo in koristne
umetnosti leta 1787 zaradi prenehanja dravne podpore. Gruber je pozneje v Rusiji vplival na
razvoj gospodarske statistike.580

Gruber je s svojo velikopoteznostjo sasoma zael v spore s Hacquetom in drugimi lani

KKD. Med letom 1766 in 30. 5. 1778 je veljala prisilna vonja olnarjev v roloju in z njo
uradno doloene tarife prevoza. Odprava roloja je povzroila teave pri prevozu ita, nakar je
Gruber leta 1779 predlagal ponovno uvedbo roloja; v pismu je trdil, da odprava roloja ogroa
varnost olnarstva, saj olnarji niso ve oproeni vojake slube. Zato se morajo skrivati, kar
naenja njihovo poklicno usposobljenost. Lastniki olnov tako zelo teko sestavijo zaupanja
vredno posadko. Gruber je postal navigacijski direktor 15. 1. 1773, dne 5. 6. 1779 pa je bil na
ta poloaj z dekretom imenovan grof Hohenwart; leta 1781 je Deelno glavarstvo obvestilo
deelne stanove, da je z dekretom ukinjen navigacijski fundus z vsemi zaposlenimi.581 V
Ljubljani so Gruberja podpirali baron iga Zois, Damijan Bartelotti in Anton Domijan
(Domian, Damijan), slednja dva kot lana Ljubljanske trgovske drube (Handlungs-
Gesellschaft).582 V Zemunu na koncu savske plovne poti so v Gruberjev rog pihali trgovci:
Filip Radkovi, Ivan Obradovi in Peter Pallechuz. Ljubljanski trgovec Domijan je leta 1792
kupil mlin za papir v Gorianah nad Ljubljano, leta 1797 pa je posodil 15.000 gld turjaki
elezarni na Dvoru.583 Takratni cesarski Dunaj je prisegal na svobodno trgovino in ni imel
pravega posluha za lokalne kranjske posebnosti; zato je bil Gruberjev predlog odklonjen po
posredovanju baronov Leopolda Livija Schwaba barona Liechtenberga (Lichtenberg, * Selo
pri martnem; 1799) in Andrejs Francs Apfaltrerja (* Grmae; 1796) pri deelnem
glavarstvu.584 Franc je bil brat slovitega jezuita Leopolda Apfaltrerja; vendar so bile
Gruberjeve zveze z nekdanjimi jezuiti sedaj e preibke za uspeno kosanje z dunajsko
politiko.

Spodbujanje domaih raziskav

Drutvo za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti je spodbujalo inovativnost v domaih logovih.

Izumitelj pralnega stroja in raziskovalec elektrike Jakob Kristijan Schffer (* 1718; 1790) je
poskual e leta 1765 izdelovati papir iz rastlinskih vlaken. Leta 1769 je Janez Anton Scopoli
(* 1723; 1788) dostavil KKD vzorec papirja, ki mu ga je poslal Schffer iz Regensburga.
Scopoli je predlagal izdelovanje papirja iz aganja, po njegovih navodilih pa se je dela lotil
Gruber v mlinu za papir v Radeah pri Zidanem mostu.585 Gruber je po naroilu deelne vlade
spomladi in poleti 1769 v papirnici preizkual in ocenil kvaliteto papirja izdelanega iz lesnega
578
Sere, Zaetki obrtnega olstva, str. 42; Bleiweis, Zgodovinske rtice, str. 13,
579
Bleiweis, Zgodovinske rtice, str. 15.
580
Juni - Sujan, Lah, Uratnik in Bilimovi, str. 397.
581
Holtz, Zanimivosti o prometnicah, str. 552.
582
Poivavek, En gros, str. 119.
583
orn, Zaetki industrije, str. 56.
584
Umek, Trgovski promet, 194, 196, 199; Umek, Plovba po Savi, str. 257.
585
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 21.
aganja, ki pa se ni obnesel. Delal je poskuse za izdelavo primernega modrega papirja za
zavijanje sladkorja pri emer se mu je posreilo razviti lasten postopek za njegovo izdelavo.

Gruber je raziskoval kolovrat z dvema vretenoma v ljubljanski prislini delavnici (Arbeitshaus)

ustanovljeni leta 1754; napravo je Scopoli leta 1769 predlagal KKD. lan drutva grof Ivan
Ursini Blagaj (Janez Nepomuk Blagay, * 1729; po 1806) je novost prav tako preizkusil,
vendar je zatrjeval, da ni uporabna za predenje konoplje; skupaj s Klaffenauom se je zavzemal
za izboljave lanenega prediva z uvajanjem lezijskih mikalnic.586

Gruber je predlagal izume za zavarovanje konjskih stez in izsuevanje plovbi kodljivih

renih rokavov. Leta 1770 je obnovil hidravlino rpalko za dvigovanje vode iz Save za
kranjski vodovod, obenem pa je skrbel za boljo plovbo svojih jadrnic po Savi. Preueval je
obnaanje razlinih vrst lesa v vodi in ugotovil prednosti hrastovine za izdelavo ladij.587 Poleti
1778 je na pobudo KKD preizkual uporabnost firnea iz cinobra, ki je bil leta 1767 ponujen
za zaito lesenih predmetov v proti rvivosti in gnitju lesa. Novost bi gotovo lahko postala
pomembna pri gradnji ladij v Gruberjevi oli in nartovani ladjedelnici; vendar je Gruber
izum odklonil, saj se mu je zdela primerneja do tedaj uporabljana oljnata barva.588 Gruber je
delal tudi poskuse s skrilavcem kot nadomestilom za skodlaste strehe.589

Na seji odbora Drutva so dne 20. 4. 1774 sklenili, da bodo trije njegovi lani prepotovali
Kranjsko, zbirali gradivo za politino zgodovino deele, popisali naravna bogastva, predlagali
njihovo izkorianje in pomnoitev. Trije doloeni popotniki so bili Giell, Mhlbacher in
Hacquet; Hacquet je postal lan Drutva leta 1772, pet let pozneje pa se je hudo sprl s
sodelavcem Gabrijelom Gruberjem.590 Pooblastilo za popotnike sta dne 27. 6. 1774 podpisala
tajnik Drutva Sigismund grof Gallenberg (* 1751; 1800) in aktuar Leopold Wismann;
Gallenberg je tedaj in znova 8. 7. 1775 podpisal e ukaz za dodatni Hacquetov dopust v
septembru in oktobru 1775. Dognanja Hacqueta in tovariev je pozneje uporabil lan KKD od
leta 1781 Anton Toma Linhart (* 1756; 1795). Hacquet je med letoma 1785-1787 poueval
kemijo na stolici, ki jo je ustanovila KKD.591

Marija Terezija je predlagala ustanovitev poarnih zavarovalnic, leta 1763 celo z davnimi
olajavami. Vendar so njene dedne deele predlog odklanjale kot novo obliko davka; tako je
prvo zavarovalno delniko drubo pa je Marija Terezija z dvornim dekretom ustanovila ele v
tedaj habsburkem Antwerpnu leta 1756. Vzporedno je tuhinjski upnik Franiek Paglavec
(* 1679; 1759) je za svojo upnijo ustanovil cerkveno posojilnico, ki je do leta 1782 kot
prva hranilnica na Kranjskem pomagala kmetom v stiski, nesrei in bolezni. Leta 1776 si je
Kranjska kmetijska druba prizadevala ustanoviti zavarovalnico za pogorelce.592

SLIKA 2 (GruberAS33Sola085PopisStudentov1772/ Stacionarc/

GruberSolaNapravePrekop7maj2012): Popis Gruberjevih
586
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 5-6, 12.
587
Slokar, Zgodovina obrtnega olstva.
588
orn, Zaetki industrije, str. 192; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 21.
589
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 21.
590
Bufon, Naravoslovje, str. 52; Wilde, Haupttabelle, str. 68.
591
ARS, AS 7, kmetijske zadeve, katla 204, Lit. B, t. 4, zvezek 1; Linhart 1788; Linhart 1791; Umek,
Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 5, 6; Umek, Druba za kmetijstvo, str. 89-91; Land-krainerischer Schematismus
1774.
592
kufca, Zavarovalstvo, str. 40-41; Granda, Poskus organiziranja, str. 239; Juni, Ivo Lah, str. 80.
 tudentov leta 1772 (AS 33, Deelna vlada, konvolut 455, tehnina
enota 182, Lit. m, Num 1, Volum 1, stran 17).

Knjinica

KKD je prve notranje platnice svojih knjig dala marmorirati spredaj in zadaj, na prvi notranji
platnici pa jih je krasila nalepka Kranjske kmetijske drube z voli orai. Omislili so si tudi
rdee robove listov. Posamezne prirodoslovne knjige so popisali med katalogi knjinice
Drutva za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti.593

eprav so Operozori obetali javno knjinico, semenika zbirka ni povsem izpolnila njihovih
nartov; tako se je za javno knjinico nadalje zavzemala Druba za kmetijstvo in koristne
umetnosti na Kranjskem, ustanovljena leta 1767. Dne 27. 4. 1784 je vodja Drube grof Jurij
Jakob Hohenwart (* 11. 4. 1724; 2. 1. 1808) s Kolovca, ki je leta postal 1770 predsednik
deelnega sodia v Ljubljani, na Dunaju predlagal nakup turjake kneje knjinice za ceno
1200 namesto realnih 16000 gld in njeno zdruitev s semeniko in nekdanjo jezuitsko sedaj
licejsko knjinico v javno knjinico, za katero naj se sezida posebna stavba. 6. 5. 1784 so ga
podprli na Dunaju, 23. 5. 1784 pa je poroal guberniju v Gradcu s predlogom za stavbo
knjinice v semeniu ali stanovski gimnaziji pod nadzorom nekdanjega jezuita s 180 gld
letne plae, kar je pozneje v resnici doletelo I. Tauffererja, ki je tedaj e bil bibliotekar.
Ljubljanski okroni urad je 24. 6. 1784 poslal grakemu guberniju za Notranjo Avstrijo
podoben predlog za ustanovitev knjinice. Dne 30. 6. 1784 je gubernij iz Gradca v 11. toki
svojega dopisa predlagal zdruitev franikanskih, kapucinskih in 3190 oziroma 3265
zvezkov bosonogih avgutincev v skupno knjinico. Po poaru so predlagali lokacijo nove
knjinice na pogoriu jezuitske gimnazije.

SLIKA 3
(AmbschelKmetijskaDruzbaNaprave40GrazGubrnij30jun1784knjizniceZaLicejko/HP/
HacquetARS15_4_2011bAmbschedlInventarKnjige): Kranjska kmetijska druba si prizadeva
za ustanovitev velike knjinice v Ljubljani: Dne 30. 6. 1784 je gubernij iz Gradca v 11. toki
svojega dopisa predlagal zdruitev franikanskih, kapucinskih in avgutinskih knjig v
skupno knjinico, zadnja tretja stran dopisa s podpisi (ARS, AS)

11. 4. 1789 je bil Franc Ksaver Wilde (* 1753 Vielkie Karlowice v Neifi v pruski leziji;
1828) imenovan za skrbnika knjinice, 27. 4. 1789 pa mu je okroni glavar in pozneje
guberinjski svetnik pl. Canal predal knjinico, ki jo je Wilde zael popisovati s pomojo
Franca Bratteta s pregledom knjinice poleg sv. Jakoba. Popis sta konala dne 26. 11. 1789,
ohranil pa se je v dvojniku danes shranjenem v Gradcu v tirih zvezkih vezanih v polusnje.
Popisala sta 962 del v 1377 zvezkih nekdanje jezuitske knjinice, stiko knjinico, 572 del v
2086 zvezkih Drube za kmetijstvo in koristne umetnosti, Gruberjevo darilo 112 knjig,

Leta 1779 skupaj z eksperimentalnimi napravami (ARS, AS 7, Deelno glavarstvo za Kranjsko, Rubrica
593

Publico Politica, Litera S, Numero 19, volumen 6, katla 72, Schull, und Studien Sachen nachgehobenen Jesuiten
Orden betreffen / Acta de ann. 1778).
nakupe knjiniarja I. Tauffererja, knjige samostana devinskih servitov, itd.594

V avgustu 1791 je Wilde preselil knjinico v novo licejsko stavbo. Leta 1800 je tajnik KKD
Dizma Grof Barbo ponudil Wildeju svojih 704 fidejkomisnih del ocenjenih na 1960 gld, ki jih
je Wilde prevzel po njegovi smrti dne 16. 9. 1806. Ker so prav tedaj neko jezuitsko knjino
zbirko pri sv. Jakobu vedno bolj mnoili s knjigami ukinjenih samostanov, je ta dotok
zadostoval za novo licejsko knjinico, eravno je Wilde upravieno menil, da licejski
knjinici manjkajo noveji spisi o filozofiji in medicini.595

Tednik

Drutvo za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti je izdajalo prvi ljubljanski tednik

Kundschaftsblatt. Drutvo je bilo sprva edino svoje vrste na Avstrijskem, ki je tiskala lastne
publikacije. Poleg tednika je izdajalo e revijo za lane Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte. V
Sammlungu so v letih 1770, 1771, 1776 in 1779 objavili tudi razpise nagradnih vpraanj;
podobno so v razvitejih deelah poele akademije. tajerska kmetijska druba je pozneje leta
1782 izdala Sammlung konomischer Schriften. Herausgegeben von der kaiserlich
kniglichen Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher Knste in dem Herzogthume
Steyermarkt im Jahre... pri grakem tiskarju Widmanstetterju.

Tednik KKD je objavljal gospodarske in tehnike novice iz sveta in domovine. Poroal je o

politiki, poljedelstvu krompirja ali sladkorja, smodniku in o podobnih zanimivostih. Objavil je
prevod razprave o novi tehniki zidanja, natisnjene v Parizu leta 1774.596 Pisal je teoretinem
nagradnem vpraanju KKD za leto 1773 glede industrije, ki bi najbolj pripomogla k
napredku.597 Pisci tednika so razglabljali o tisti as prestini znanosti geodezije in o
poznavanju povrja Zemlje,598 o izumu sladkorja,599 patentu za ognjeno napravo,600 o kopanju
jarkov pri gradu Snenik601 in o nagradnem razpisu parike akademije za leto 1778 namenjeno
pridobivanju solitra.602 Tednik je prav rad poroal o rabarbari,603 saj je celo pl. Raigersfeld
vzgojil osem sadik rabarbare; pozneje je Hacquet poroal o nasadu rabarbare v Lvovu.604

Seveda je v tednik Drutva pogosto pisal ljubljanski profesor kmetijstva Giell;605 med
tehniko obarvanimi spisi se je nael opis nove age.606 Prednosti gnojenja je opisal Friedrich
Franz Edler pl. Entnersfeld (Entressfeld, Entnersfels, Entersfeld, * 1731/1733 Dunaj;

594
Stefan, Geschichte, str. 13, 15; Wildov popis znanstvenih knjig Drutva za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti
v tirih zvezkih vezanih v polusnje prepisan v Stathalterei-Archiv, Steiermrkisches Landesarchiv Graz,
Karmelitenplatz 3, Hs XV, Nr. 3: Catalogus librorum bibliothecae lycei labacensis 1789, Bchersammlung der
Akkerbaugesellschaft.
595
Stefan, Geschichte; Pirjevec, Knjinice, str. 91-92.
596
Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogtum Krain, 1775, str. 401-407, 410-413, itd.
597
Kundschaftsblatt, 1: str. 184-186.
598
Kundschaftsblatt, 1: str. 244-247
599
Kundschaftsblatt, 1: str. 268-269.
600
Feuer-patent (Kundschaftsblatt, 1: str. 441-445).
601
Kundschaftsblatt, ob koncu 1. letnika leta 1775.
602
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/8: str. 115-119, 24. 2. 1776; Kundschaftsblatt, 3/9: str. 129-137, 2. 3. 1776.
603
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/22: str. 501-504.
604
Kundschaftsblatt, 2: str. 119.
605
Kundschaftsblatt, 2: str. 122.
606
Neue Sgmaschine (Kundschaftsblatt, 2: str. 197-199).
December 6, 1797/1799 Dunaj),607 prav dvorni svetnik kneevine Passau, lana kranjske in
tajerske kmetijske drube.608

Entnersfeld je bil lan KKD od vsega zaetka leta 1767 eravno ni omenjen v popisu leta
1769;609 izobrazil se je v domaem okolju oziroma kar sam. Leta 1764 se je zaposlil pri
eko-avstrijski dvorni pisarni, leta 1765 pa je postal koncipent v prezidennem uradu in je
dobil plemiki naslov. Bil je v slubi cesarice, leta 1782 pa je bil lan kmetijskih drub v
Gradcu, Ljubljani, Celovcu, Dunaju610 in Peterburgu,611 kneji dvorni svetnik v Passauu ter
lan ekonomske drube na Dunaju.612

Entnersfeld je v Tedniku KKD leta 1776 objavil dve razpravi, leta 1770 pa so pri KKD
preizkuali brkone Entnersfeldov stroj za ruvanje torov.613 Leta 1779 je Entnersfeld v
Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte objavil razpravo o krmljenju ivine in hlevih. Skliceval se
je na dvornega svetnika Franca Antona pl. Raaba (* 21. 12. 1722 St. Leonhard na Korokem;
20. 4. 1783 Dunaj).614 Raab je postal vitez leta 1755, dvorni svetnik pri komerni komisiji
pa po prepovedi jezuitskega reda leta 1773. Leta 1769 je bil kot intendant v Trstu skupaj s
Scopolijem eden od sedmih zunanjih lanov KKD.615

Entnersfeld je omenjal uporabo soli posebno glede nizozemske slane vode za zdravljenje
ivine;616 bral je dela ruskega splonega zdravnika Johanna Bernharda Fischerja (* 1685;
1772). Leta 1765 je Entnersfeld obiskal rudnik Idrija skupaj z neimenovanim uiteljem
mineralogije in metalurgije. V tem asu je bil Scopoli e v Idriji, Hacquet pa je priel
naslednje leto dne 20. 9. 1766. Scopoli je bil zdravnik v Idriji med letoma 1754-1769,
profesor kemije in direktor na tamkajnji metalurki in kemini strokovni oli (23. 9. 1763-
1769) in nato profesor mineralogije in metalurgije na rudarski akademiji v Banski tiavnici na
Slovakem do leta 1776. Tako je bil prav Scopoli brkone Entnersfeldov spremljevalec.

Velik del knjig v 1780-ih letih je Entnersfeld posvetil politinim in gospodarskim temam, ne
pa ve toliko tehnikim vpraanjem. V to smer je jadrala tudi njegova poklicna pot. Leta 1791
je objavil ubenik ekonomije, leta 1794 pa je postal izredni profesor ekonomije na dunajski
univerzi, kjer je predaval sloviti prostozidar Carl Joseph Nepomuk baron von Sonnenfels (*
1733; 1817).

607
Plemiki naziv je dobil leta 1765; al pa je bil njegov sin Ferdinand Edler von Entnersfeld (* 1768 Dunaj;
16. 12. 1816 Dunaj) zadnji potomec rodovine (http://www.koeblergerhard.de/juristen/tot/toteSeite112.html).
608
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/15: str. 225-230, 2/16: str. 241-246.
609
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769.
610
Die Landwirtschaftliche Gesellschaft je bila ustanovljena na Dunaju ele leta 1802 (http://www.scholarly-
sicieties.org/cgi-bin/public/soc/ ogled 2. 2. 2013)
611

, ustanovljeno 1765, je izdajalo: Trudy Imperatorskogo Volnogo Ekonomicheskogo
Obshestva=Travaux de la Socit Impriale Libre Economique=Arbeiten der Kaiserlichen Freien
Oekonomischem Gesellschaft. 1765-1770 (zvezki 1-15), imenovano tudi: Trudy Volnogo Ekonomicheskogo
Obshestva k Pooshchreniyu v Rossii Zemledelija i Domostroitelstva.=Abhandlungen der freyen oekonomischen
Gesellschaft in St. Petersburg: zur Ausmunterung des Ackerbaues und der Hauswirtschaft in Russland. St.
Petersburg/Riga/Leipzig/Mietau: In der Hartknochischen Buchhandlung.
612
konomische Gesellschaft Wien (http://www.koeblergerhard.se/juristen/tot/toteSeite112.html ogled 2. 2.
2013); Entnersfeld, Abhandlung von den eigentlichen Ursachen, str. 127.
613
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 6, 11, 12, 21.
614
Entnersfeld, Abhandlung von den eigentlichen Ursachen, str. 145.
615
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. 73.
616
Entnersfeld, Abhandlung von den eigentlichen Ursachen, str. 146, 150.
Na enainestdesetih straneh nepaginiranega nagrajenega spisa o gozdarstvu je Entnersfeld
zelo hvalil naravne danosti na tajerskem. Omenjal je grofa Buffona, Du Hamela,617
Raumurja, Crammerja (sic!)618 in Johanna Beckmana (Beckmann),619 ob poaru na Dunaju
pa tudi prizadevanja pl. Lamberga in nadkofa Migazzija.620 Du Hamel je veliko pisal o
kmetijstvu, sadju, pa tudi o ladjedelnitvu. Leta 1728 je bil sprejet v Pariko akademijo, leta
1755 pa je zael objavljati enciklopedino delo o gozdovih, ki je Entnersfelda predvsem
zanimalo. Johann Beckmann (* 1739 Hoya; 1811) je bil profesor ekonomije na univerzi v
Gttingenu, njegova dela pa je bral tudi Hacquet s katerim sta si dopisovala. Beckmann je
pohvalil Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte vkljuno s Hacquetovimi lanki, prav tako pa je
hvalil Hacquetovo delo Oryctographia.621 Cramer je bil nizozemski strokovnjak za
metalurgijo, kemijo pa je predaval v Leydenu. Med njegovimi poslualci leta 1737 v Leydenu
je bil celo G. Van Swieten,622 ki je leta 1745 prispel na Dunaj in kmalu postal vodja
sprememb v habsburkem olstvu.

Entnersfeld je sestavil stroj za vrtanje vijaka v les, s katerim so potem z dvojno silo vitla
vlekli panje iz zemlji namenjenih poljedelstvu. Panj je z vijakom pritrdil na vitel z bobnom.
Vijak je imel tri obroe, da so ga delavci lahko bolje privil v les. Dva delavca sta vijak
privijala z uporabo dolgih drogov, tretji pa jima je pomagal s sekiro. Vijak je imel tudi sidri za
dodatno pritrditev v panj. Domiselno napravo, ki jo je po uspenem puljenju lahko premikal
od panja do panja, je Entnersfeld hotel uporabljati za urejevanje polj, narisal pa jo je na treh
nazornih slikah.623

Entnersfeld je skupaj z Gabrijelom Gruberjem nartoval ladjo za plovbo proti toku, v

rokopisih in v Entnersfeldovih spisih dosledno imenovano Maschinenschiffe.624 Na zaetku
nepaginirane razprave o peeh na petindvajsetih straneh je Entnersfeld leta 1782 v prvem
odstavku omenil svojo strojno ladjo, katere prototip je v naslednjih mesecih Gabrijel
Gruber preizkual na reki Muri v Gradcu; Nedavno sem objavil (al ni zapisal kje) kratek
opis in sliko strojne ladje, s katero lahko plujemo nasproti ali po toku z veliko manj dela in
konj, veliko hitreje kot s sedanjimi ladjami. Tu opisujem elezno sobno pe kot nasprotje
(ladje), pri kateri je vodo nadomestil element ognja. Novost odlino deluje in s pejo
prihranimo zaznavne koliine lesa, kar bi imelo lahko precej vpliva na dobro gospodarjenje v
dravi. Entnersfeld je pe uporabljal doma, dvakrat pa jo je imenoval kar Maschine. Izum
je ponudil tajerski kmetijski drubi v Gradcu, pri tem pa je elezo posebej lakiral. Pe je bila
visoka eno klaftro, torej skoraj do stropa. iroka je bila 2, dolga pa 1,5 evlja. Zaradi eleznih
delov jo je, al, moral postaviti nekoliko nad tla. Seveda je vedel, da s tem izgubi nekaj
uinkovitosti pri gretju. Temperaturo je meril s Raumurjevim ivosrebrnim termometrom.

617
Henri-Louis Duhamel de Monceau (Du Hamel, * 1700 Pariz; 13. 8. 1782 Pariz).
618
Johann Andreas Cramer (* 1710/1723; 1777/1780).
619
Entnersfeld, Die gekrnten Preisschrift des Herrn Friedrich edlen v. Entnersfeld, die Waldungs-Kultur
betreffend, str. 43, 54.
620
Dunajski nadkof kardinal Christophor grof Migazzi (* 1714; 1803). Entnersfeld, Die gekrnten
Preisschrift des Herrn Friedrich edlen v. Entnersfeld, die Waldungs-Kultur betreffend, str. 57.
621
Beckmann, 1776. Physikalisch-konomische Bibliothek, 7/2: str. 377-380; Beckmann, 1777. Physikalisch-
konomische Bibliothek, 8/1: str. 65-66 & 8/4: str. 564-565; Beckmann, 1779. Physikalisch-konomische
Bibliothek, 10/4: str. 487-491, 503-507; Beckmann, Gttingische Anzeigen von gelehrte Sachen volume 2/35
(March 21, 1782): str. 286-288.
622
Gerard van Swieten (* 1700; 1772).
623
Entnersfeld, Die gekrnten Preisschrift des Herrn Friedrich edlen v. Entnersfeld, die Waldungs-Kultur
betreffend, str. 46.
624
Juni, Euler and the Jesuits in Russia, 228-231; StLA, R+K, K 83, Wasser Sachen, fasc. 34, Aug 33
(November 3, 1779) folii 1r, 3r; StLA, Miszllen K 393 briefe 419. Stara signatura: Landes Regirungs Archive,
Navigationsakten im Kleinen Archiv, Sch. 473, fasc. 419.
Na pe je postavil posodo z vodo, pekel pa je tudi meso. Svoj izum je ocenil na okoli 100
dukatov, na koncu spisa pa je narisal omaro in tri razline modele pei.625 Leta 1777 je
tajerska kmetijska druba nagradila Entnersfeldov spis o gozdarstvu; leta 1782 je izdala
nagrajeno pisanje in takoj za njim e njegova razmiljanja o izboljavah domaih pei, s
katerimi se je nekoliko prej ukvarjal tudi Benjamin Franklin. Franklin je svoja dognanja
objavil leta 1744 v Filadelfiji, leta 1775 in 1788 pa so prevoda njegovega dela objavili v
Milanu oziroma v Benetkah. Entnersfeld je poroal o gorenju lesa626 v razpravah znotraj
prizadevanj za bolje dimnike, ki jih je po svoje usmerjal sloviti Benjamin Franklin.
Ljubljanski tednik je povzemal celo najnoveja dela Benjamina Franklina v nadaljevanjih iz
njegove zbirke o Ubogem Richardu in njegovi obogatitvi pod naslovom: Die Art sich zu
bereichern / Klar erweisen in der Vorreide zu einem alten pensilvanischen Kalender, so zum
Titel hat: Der arme Richard hat sich reich gemacht. Von Herrn Benjamin Franklin.627 Seveda
ni manjkalo niti poroilo o Ameriko-Angleki vojni.628

Poskusi abbe Fontane iz Toskane so sledili disertaciji Mustela o kroenju tekoin v

rastlinah.629 Felice Fontana (Felix, * 15. 4. 1730 Pomarolo pri Roveretu na Tirolskem; 11. 1.
1805 Firence) je leta 1772 odkril adsorbcijo plinov na vroem lesnem oglju. Bil je duhovnik
in brat piarista, profesor logike in fizike v Pisi in nato v Firencah. rpalko je sestavil tako, da
je erjavico ugasnil brez stika z zunanjim zrakom. S tem je adsorbcijsko delovanje oglja
prihranil za zrak v recipientu. Fontanajev doseek je Marsilio Landriani (* 1751; 1815) iz
tedaj habsburke Brere v Milanu opisal v pismu Angleu Josephu Priestleyu, ki je leta 1775
uspeno ponovil poskuse. Do odkritja so, tako ali drugae, prili e Carl Wilhelm Scheele
(1773) in Bryan Higgins (1776). Fontanajev izum je opisal Nizozemec Jan Ingenhousz po
vrnitvi z Dunaja v Anglijo leta 1782. Ingenhousz je sestavil napravo s pokrovom iz bakra in
medi, vendar je za razliko od Fontana menil, da s taknim getranjem ni mogoe dobiti tako
dobrega vakuuma kot s rpanjem.

Tednik je poroal o vplivih vetrov.630 Objavljal je tudi o meteoritih in potresih,631 ki se jih je

lotil predvsem Giuseppe Toaldo (* 1719; 1797);632 le-ta je imel katedro za astronomijo in
meteorologijo na univerzi v Padovi in je bil prvi direktor leta 1761 ustanovljenega
observatorija. O njegovih uspehih na razpisih akademij je poroal tudi tednik KKD, kar je
gotovo vplivalo na nabavo Joefa Kalasanca ali njegovega oeta.633 Toaldo je bil lan
bolonjske akademije in dopisni lan znanstvene drube v Montpellierju, pa tudi uvaj cerkve
sv. Trojice. Opisal je Newtonovo in Franklinovo mnenje o rastlinah, ki ne morejo brez zraka,
etra, svetlobe in ognja; zanimala ga je teorija vetrov, njene praktine posledice, vpliv deja in
snega.634 Delo na 128 straneh je zakljuil z termometrskim koledarjem635 na straneh

625
Entnersfeld, Die gekrnten Preisschrift des Herrn Friedrich edlen v. Entnersfeld, die Waldungs-Kultur
betreffend, nepaginiran zaetek.
626
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/40: str. 629-638; Kundschaftsblatt, 2/41: str. 645-653 s kometi na str. 651 in
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/42: str. 661-670.
627
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/16: 247-249 (20. 4. 1776), Beschlu & Erfindungen (Kundschaftsblatt, 2/17: 263-267 27.
4. 1776); Franklin, Poor Richard's Almanack.
628
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/16: str. 251-252
629
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/15: str. 231-234
630
Pod naslovom: Wirkung der Luftbegebenheiten auf die Gewchse (Kundschaftsblatt, 2/24: str. 533-543).
631
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/24: str. 539-543.
632
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/24: str. 554.
633
V Erbergovi knjinici so hranili Toaldovo delo iz leta 1775 (Toaldo, La meteorologia). Priljubljeni sta bili
tudi nemki prevod te njegove knjigi iz let 1777 in drugo delo iz leta 1781 (Toaldo, Della vera influenza; Toaldo,
Witterung, str. 11).
634
Toaldo, Witterung, str. 13, 14, 17, 43, 48.
635
Toaldo, Witterung, str. 114-128.
otevilenih z rimskimi tevilkami. Objavil je tudi dve knjigi kot propagando za uvajanje
Franklinovih strelovodov skupaj Horace Bndict de Saussurom (* 1740; 1799) in natisnil
Franklinovo pismo Saussuru poslano v enevo dne 8. 10. 1772.636

Jean Jacques Paulet (* 1740; 1826), ki je leta 1745 predaval na fakultetah v Montpellierju in
Parizu, je za ljubljanski tednik poroal o zgodovinskih in fizikalnih zagatah pod naslovom:
Nachrichten von der Viehseuche. Dr. Verbec iz znamenite ljubljanske zdravnike druine je
opisal bolezen, ki je leta 1710 razsajala na Ogrskem; pisal je tudi o bolezni, ki je leta 1714
razsajala po celi Evropi.637 Med ljubljanskimi objavami ni manjkala niti praktina uporaba
sonne energije,638 ki ima kaj povedati celo sodobnemu asu.

Nagradna vpraanja

V dveh desetletjih delovanja (1767-1787) se je KKD mono priblialo delovanju akademij in

globoko posegla v razvoj Kranjske; tuji korespondenti so KKD dejansko imenovali
akademija. Vsako leto je KKD razpisovala nagradna vpraanja, na prvega leta 1767 pa je
ob nagradi oskrbnika Franca Jamnika (Jamnigg) s posestva Rifnik pri Celju pa je dne 23. 11.
1768 pohvalila tudi spis Janeza Krstnika Pogrietschniga (* 1722 Radie na Korokem) o
srenjskih panikih pod geslom Labor omnia vincit.639

Kranjski sanitetni svetnik in protomedik Ivan Joef Anton Haymonn in prokurator ter prelat
samostana v Stini, lana KKD, sta ocenjevala odgovore na nagradno vpraanje leta 1767.
Haymonn je tudi sam pisal razprave o gnojenju, tako kot Pogrietschnig in Entnersfeld. 640
Haymonn je bil idovskega rodu, rojen v Postojni. V doktorja medicine je promoviral na
Dunaju leta 1758 z disertacijo o zraku. V njej se je zahvalil Gerardu van Swietenu,641 navajal
pa je Hippokrata, Daniel Le Clercovo (* 1652; 1728) Histoire de la Medicine, De
Constitutione anni 1691 apud Mutinenses dissertatio Bernardina Ramazzinija (* 1633;

636
Toaldo, Della maniera di preservare; privez Toaldo, Dell' uso de' conduttori, str. XXX-XXXI.
637
Jean Jacques Paulet, 1776, Kundschaftsblatt, 1776 2/44: str. 697-702, 2/48: 761-766. Gerbez of Ljubljana
inside the report on Paulets work Kundschaftsblatt, 1776 2/44: p. 701.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433013584028;view=1up;seq=705
https://www.dlib.si/results/?euapi=1&query=%27keywords%3dwochentliches+kundschaftsblatt+des+herzogthu
ms+krain%40OR%40fts%3dWochentliches+Kundschaftsblatt+des+Herzogthums+Krain%27&pageSize=25
https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/48648805.html
Pohlin: https://books.google.si/books?id=kyI3AAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y

cela
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=dul1.ark:/13960/t6tx5r64t;view=1up;seq=19

Caille, Cassini, E. Halley 2: 713 Kundschaftsblatt 1776

638
Kundschaftsblatt, 2: str. 702-703.
639
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 4, 24.
640
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 12.
641
Haymonn, Dissertatio physico medica, str. 4.
1714) in Boerhaavejeve Praelectiones academicae in proprias institutiones rei medicae.642
Zanimal se je za Edme Mariottovo (* 1620; 1684) raziskovanje naraanja upora zraka s
kvadratom hitrosti izstrelka. Navajal je Introductio in notitiam rerum naturalium et arte
factarum iz leta 1742/43 izpod peresa Johanna Christopha Riegerja ( 1774),643 Swietenova
opazovanja ivali v vakuumu,644 ivosrebrni barometer, eksperimente Raumurja,
Boerhaavejevo toploto zraka, Stahlovo raziskovanje gorenja Fahrenheitov termometer in
diee izparine.645 V splonem je disertacija vsebovala ve fizike, kot medicine. Haymonn je
prakticiral na Kranjskem. e pred letom 1774 je postal sanitetni svetnik in protomedik.
Posebno pozorno je pazil na opremo in poslovanje lekarn. Umrl je v Ljubljani po letu 1791.

Grof Janez Nepomuk Blagaj je preizkual vpliv raznih vrst gnoja na rast lanu. Edini odgovor
na tevilna (praktina) nagradna vpraanja je dobila KKD leta 1771 glede najboljega in
najcenejega gnojia, za katerega je plaala 12 dukatov podloniku Martinu Demarku iz
graine Lupoglave v lasti Pompeja Brigida.646 Gallenberg, Blagay, profesor kmetijstva Giel
in profesor kirurgije Hacquet so bili lani komisije KKD, ki so izbrali Krygerjev spis za
nagrado glede vpraanja o trgovini z itoma razpisanega leta 1771; nagrada je bila podeljena
ob koncu leta za leto 1772.647 vedski merkantilist s primesmi modernejega liberalnega
razsvetljenstva Johan Fredrik Kryger (* 1707; 1777) je dobil nagrado za spis Nemo debet
velle... in dve objavi pri KKD v tekmi z Beneanom Francescom Grisellinijem (Grisellini, *
1717; 1787), ki je bil kot botanik e blije francoskemu fiziokratizmu in zato manj
dopadljiv razmeroma konzervativni komisiji KKD648 sestavljeni iz redovnika Ortnerja,
predsednika Akademije Operozov Gusia, tovarnarja platna Janeza Blagaja in graaka
Schwaba Lichtenberga. Grisellini je sicer za KKD leta 1770 napisal navodila za gojenje lanu,
ki so Blagaju gotovo godila649 nato pa je objavil e razpravo o murvah in svilarstvu. Grisellini
ni zmagal na razpisu kljub podpori svojega zaitnika Josipa Brigida, ki je kmalu za tem
odstopil s poloaja predsednika KKD; odstop je moral biti dokaj nenaden, saj KKD nekaj
asa ni imela predsednika. Grisellini je ustanovil Giornale d'Italia leta 1764. Uveljavil se je s
hvaljenjem Galilejevega prijatelja Paola Scarpija (* 1552 Benetke; 1623 Benetke). V
Milanu se je Grisellini udejstvoval pri prelomni razsvetljenski reviji Il Caff skupaj z nekoliko
mlajim Gian Rinaldo Carlijem; od decembra 1776 do 19. 5. 1780 je bil tajnik milanskega
Kmetijske drube (Societ Patriottica) na priporoilo Brigida in dunajskih prostozidarjev.
Dne 22. 10. 1774 je Grisellini obiskal nekdanjega jezuita Leopolda Biwalda,650 lana
tajerske kmetijske drube v Gradcu; med potjo v drubi Josipa Brigida od Trsta proti
Temivarju je morda sreal Hacqueta, ki je veliko objavljal v Giornale d'Italia.651 Prostozidar
Josip Brigido je bil guverner Banata med letoma 1774-1777, nato pa ga je tam med letoma
1777-1778 nasledil Pompej Brigido; ob odhodu iz Ljubljane je Josip Brigido obljubil, da bo
za vsak nagrajen odgovor sam primaknil 18 gld (dukatov) k dvakrat toliknemu znesku, ki ga
je zagotavljala KKD.652

642
Haymonn, Dissertatio physico medica, str. 4-5.
643
Haymonn, Dissertatio physico medica, str. 10.
644
Haymonn, Dissertatio physico medica, str. 23.
645
Haymonn, 1758, str. 25, 29, 32, 35, 56, 57.
646
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 12.
647
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a, prvo sveenj.
648
Vodopivec, O gospodarskih in socialnih nazorih, str. 42; Vodopivec, vedski merkantilist J. F. Kryger, str.
19.
649
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 9.
650
Giornale d'Italia, 11/16: str. 126; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 7.
651
Juni, Kranjc, Bibliography of Balthazar Hacquet, str. 6, 52.
652
Bleiweis, Zgodovinske rtice, str. 11; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 24.
etrto teoretino vpraanje je kljub mnenju vladarice Marije Terezije o nujnosti praktinih
vpraanj KKD razpisala 26. 4. 1773: Katera industrijska panoga bi bila na splono primerna
kot glavni ali stranski prehranjevalni zasluek meanov in kmetov zlasti v vojvodini
Kranjski, ne da bi eno (panogo) preve podpirali na rova drugih? V letu 1774 so dobili en
sam odgovor, zato so za leto 1775 ponovno razpisali enako vpraanje z rokom oddaje
odgovorov do konca leta 1775. Cenzorji za nagradno vpraanje so bili sami nekdanji jezuiti:
uitelj kmetijstva Janez Nepomuk Giell, Gruberjev pomonik in . Zoisov zasebni uitelj
matematik Joef Jakob Maffei pl. Glattfort (* 1742; 1807), in fizik Gregor Schttl (* 1732;
1777). Nagradili in pohvalili so spisa gttingenskega profesorja ekonomije J. Beckmanna s
prvo nagrado in Karla pl. Zahlheima z drugo nagrado.653 Cesarski tajnik na Dunaju Zahlheim
je bil leta 1760 uitelj kameralnih in policijskih ved na dunajskem Terezijaniu, leta 1776
tajnik dunajske Ekonomske drube in naslednje leto dunajski profesor kmetijstva.654 Tudi
Entnersfeld je poroal o koruzi655 v prizadevanju za taisto nagradno vpraanje KKD za leto
1773, podeljeno leta 1775.

SLIKA 4
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti22nagrajeniSpis1773NagradaKKD1775BeckmannGottingen
/laptop/shranjevanje datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Naslovna stran Beckmannovega spisa
iz leta 1773, ki ga je KKD nagradila dve leti pozneje.656

SLIKA 5
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti48NagradaKKD1775BeckmannGottingen4juni1776/laptop/s
hranjevanje datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Dopisovanje KKD z Beckmannom 4. 6. 1776 v
zvezi z njegovo nagrado.657

SLIKA 6
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti31GiellovaOcenaBeckmannazaKKD1775/laptop/shranjevanj
e datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Giellova ocena Beckmannovega spisa za nagrado KKD
konec leta 1775, druga zadnja stran.658

SLIKA 7
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti32MaffeijevaOcenaBeckmannaKarlaZallheimaITDzaKKD1
775/laptop/shranjevanje datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Maffeijeva ocena
Beckmannovega, Karl Zahlheimovih in drugih spisov za nagrado KKD konec leta 1775.659

Maffei je najvije ocenil Beckmannov spis Nudus ara, sere nudus, (hiem ignava colono):
Avtor tega zapisa se kae kot pronicljiv politik z razmiljanji o ekonomskih prednostih ki jih
industrija prinaa kmetom in dravi s pomojo trgovine. Do katere mere je slednja ugodna ali
kodljiva za dravo? Kako jo je treba voditi v doloenem asu v doloeni dravi? Vse to je v
tem spisu jasno in natanno dokazano. Spis Karla Zahlheima pod geslom Sic vos non vobis je

653
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 12; Umek, v: Beckmann, str. 17.
654
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/2: str. 377-278; Umek, Usmerjenost publikacij, str. 149; Flgel, Briefe im Netzwerk, str.
11, 102, 231, 232, 235, 239; Beckmann, Welche sind die schicklichsten Nebengewerbe; Umek, v: Beckmann, str.
15-17.
655
Kundschaftsblatt, 2/17: str. 257-263.
656
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
657
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
658
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
659
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
Maffei postavil a drugo mesto z naslednjo oceno: To pisanje ima prednost, vendar ne dovolj
da bi ga uvrstili na prvo mesto. Videti je da pisec pozna deelo (Kranjsko) in daje za razline
kraje pomembne pobude za katere je priakovati da ne bodo delovale motee. Vendar ne gre
po poti prvega (spisa) glede umestitve prostor in as. O spisu Omnium rerum je Maffei menil:
Spis kae pomembnega loveka, ki sredi patriotov dela le za izboljanje gospodarstva deele.
Zaradi vejih napak si nagrade ni zasluil saj vpraanja ni reil, vendar je njegovo pisanje
prijetno darilo. O spisu Otia si zollas je Maffei takole razglabljal: Enostavno povedano ima
pisateljev predlog napaen izraun in pomanjkljiv vpogled zaradi avtorjevega pomanjkljivega
znanja o gospodarstvu.

Giell je na prvem mestu precej bolj na iroko ocenil spis Otia si tollas etc. Menil je: To
pisanje samo po sebi dobro nadgrajuje proizvodnjo tkanin in njih predelavo vkljuno s svilo
in barvanjem. Razmiljal je o poveevanju cen predelanega poveanja blaga. Giell je
Beckmannov spis Nudus ara, sere nudus ocenil komaj na drugem mestu nekoliko kraje od
prvega. Maffeijeva ocena je imela oitno vejo teo od Giellove in je prinesla zmago
Beckmannu.

Veino nagradnih vpraanj so ocenjevali redovniki kar veliko pove o tedanji izobrazbeni ravni
Kranjcev. Najbolj je KKD zaupala mnenju prelata kartuzijanov iz Bistre rezbarja Bruna
Ortnerja, pogosto v sodelovanju z zdravnikom idovskega rodu Haymanom. Po njima se je
uveljavila strokovnost nekdanjega jezuita Giella, v dveh komisijah pa je deloval gorenjski
okroni glavar graak Franc Apfaltrer z Grma kot predstavnik najvijih oblasti. Graak
Janez Nepomuk grof Ursini Blagaj z Botanja pri alni je blestel v vlogi cenzorja, prav tako
pa je bil med zmagovitimi tekmovalci eravno ne istoasno. Domnevamo lahko, da so
cenzorji nagradnih vpraanj imeli pomembno besedo tudi pri razpisih: svetovljanstvo
redovnikov je tako teme usmerjalo v teorijo v nasprotju z cesariinimi eljami in razpisi
sorodnih habsburkih drutev; mednarodna vpetost ocenjevalcev je seveda omogoala zmage
tujcev vse do daljne vedske.660

Nagradna vpraanja gotovo odsevajo duhovno irino izobrazbe lanov KKD. Med njimi so
bili tevilni profesorji naravoslovno-matematinih ved (Jacquin, Job, Gruber, Hacquet,
Scopoli, Maffei, Pogrietschnig, Kaufmann, Schttl, Zahlheim) in ekonomisti (Entnersfeld,
Krieger, Grisellini, Beckmann), ki so krojili usodo Evrope dale za mejami Kranjske.

Leta 1776 je prenehala delovati Komerna komisija v Ljubljani, ki je dotlej dajal pobude in
smernice za delo Drutva. Odtlej se je Drutvo ukvarjalo predvsem s olstvom661 tako da so
nagradni razpisi zamrli.

Preglednica 2: Nagradna vpraanja KKD za zlato medaljo 36 dukatov ali pohvalo, enkrat
letno do 1770 in nato vsako drugo leto. Praktina vpraanja je po letu 1772 nagrajevala
dvorna pisarna662

Leto Vpraanje Komisija-cenzorji Zmagovalci

660
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 24.
661
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 5.
662
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 23-24.
 1767 Ali so srenjski paniki Purg, Hayman, Franc Jamnik 23. 11.
v deeli kodljivi ali Bruno Ortner, 1768 (pohvaljen
koristni in kako bi se prokurator Pogrietschnig)663
jih najlaje in najprej (odvetnik)
odpravilo in kako naj jezuitov,
bi se naredili prokurator in
koristne? prelat samostana v
Stini
November 1768, Koncentracija Ortner, Franc Franc Zahlheim
ponovljeno 1769 podlonikih zemlji Apfaltrer, Glavar, (pohvaljen Janez
Hayman Nepomuk Blagaj) 20.
11. 1770664
1770 O neenakosti deelnih Prepis nagrajenega
naklad (nekaj let pred spisa leta 1772665
njihovo odpravo)
1771, 1772 Rekorder v
(praktinem) sajenju
murv666
1771 Najbolje in Nagrada 12 dukatov
najceneje gnojie podloniku Martinu
Demarku iz graine
Lupoglave v lasti
Pompeja Brigida, edini
odgovor na tevilna
(praktina) nagradna
vpraanja KKD667
1772, jesen 1773 Rekorder v
(praktinem) sejanju
semen dreves,
predvsem iglavcev668
20. 11. 1771, 28. 2. Pragmatina Ortner, Gusi, Kryger (pohvaljen
1772 rok 15. 9. zakonodaja za Janez Blagaj, Grisellini) 28. 12.
1772 za oddajo prepreevanje Schwab 1772 med 14 kandidati
Drutvu ali tajniku draginje ali Lichtenberg
Raigersfeldu pomanjkanja ita v
veliki dravi z mesti
ob morju, cestami in
plovnimi rekami
26. 4. 1773, Najprimerneja Giell, Maffei, Beckmann (pohvaljen
ponovno razpisano industrijska panoga Schttl Karl Zahlheim)669
do konca leta 1775 na Kranjskem
Odgovori Pravi nain razvoja Gallenberg, 7 kandidatov
sprejemani pozimi KKD k njegovi Blagaj, Buset,

663
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 12, 24.
664
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 26.
665
AS 553, KKD (= Kranjska kmetijska druba) / Spisi, statut / 1780-1820.
666
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 10.
667
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 12.
668
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 21.
669
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 29.
 1777/78 (3. 12. sploni uporabnosti Giell, Hacquet
1877 in 18. 3.
1778670
11. 4. 1777, rok za Prednosti predhodnih Franc Joef Kristjan Ferdinand
oddajo 1. 4. 1778 popotovanj po deeli Wurmbrandt, Spittler (* 1751;
za deelnokneje Franc Apfaltrer, 1827) viji finanni
uslubence Giell svetnik v Stuttgartu
(pohvaljen Ivan Jurij
Strang uradnik
cistercijanske opatije
Bielhausen na
Frankovskem)671

SLIKA 8
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti18popisAnketirancevPoPodrocjihKranjske1765PodpisanVal
enModesti/laptop/shranjevanje datotek/ HacquetArs14_4_2011): Vpraalnik sodelavcem
KKD po obmojih Kranjske o stanju kmetijstva in obrti v deeli s podpisom tajnika Valentina
Modestija domnevno zapisan po 28. 1. 1768 glede na datacijo predhodnega dokumenta v
svenju namenjenega Pompeju Brigidu.672

SLIKA 9 (AmbschelKmetijskaDruzbaNaprave1768_004spisZaNatecajKoncentracija
podlonikih zemljiGrafZaTrst/ laptop/shranjevanje datotek/
HacquetARS15_4_2011bAmbschedlInventarKnjige): Spis za KKD nateaj iz leta 1768 o
koncentraciji zemlji z grafikonom za obmoje Trsta.673

SLIKA 10 (AmbschelKmetijskaDruzbaNaprave45nagrajeniSpisFrancXaverRichter/
laptop/shranjevanje datotek/HacquetARS15_4_2011cAmbschedlInventarKnjige): Spis za
KKD nateaj izpod peresa Franca Xaverja Richterja.674

SLIKA 11 (AmbschelKmetijskaDruzbaNaprave55nagrajeniSpisZa1770Zapis1772O
neenakostiDeelnihNakladAuflagen/ laptop/shranjevanje
datotek/HacquetARS15_4_2011cAmbschedlInventarKnjige): Izvleka nagrajenega spisa za
KKD nateaj leta 1770 O neenakosti deelnih naklad prepisan 1772.675

SLIKA 12
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti25TekmovalniRazpis28februar1772tiskanoPragmatinaZako
nodajaPrepreevanjeDraginjeAliPomanjkanjaita/ laptop/shranjevanje datotek/
HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Tiskani razpis nagradnega vpraanja KKD razpisanega 28. 2. 1772
o Pragmatini zakonodaji primerni za prepreevanje draginje ali pomanjkanja ita.676

SLIKA 13

670
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a, drugi sveenj.
671
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 31.
672
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 8.
673
AS 553, KKD (= Kranjska kmetijska druba) / Spisi, statut / 1780-1820.
674
AS 553, KKD (= Kranjska kmetijska druba) / Spisi, statut / 1780-1820.
675
AS 553, KKD (= Kranjska kmetijska druba) / Spisi, statut / 1780-1820.
676
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti45HacquetovPopisNaslovovSpisovPOredlaganihZaNagrado
PluisUltraNajboljsi ArvaTibiFructis NaturaEtIngen/laptop/shranjevanje
datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Hacquetova razvrstitev po kvaliteti naslovov spisov
predlaganih za nagradno vpraanje o bodonosti KKD. Najprej Plus Ultra kot najbolji, za
njim pa Arva Tibi Fructus, Natura et ingenia agunt ex simplicibus, Salus reipublicae suprema
lex esto, Erudimini qui judicatis terram, Pour le bien public (prejeto 18. 3. 1778)677 in Fr
Gemeine Beste (prejeto 3. 12. 1877). Novi stalni sekretar KKD Hacquet je gotovo vplival na
razpis o prednostih predhodnih popotovanj objavljenim (11. 4.) 1777 z rokom za oddajo 1. 4.
1778, ki mu je bil pisan na koo.678

SLIKA 14
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti37GallenbergBlagayBusetAliasBussettiGielHacquetZugunst
elllenKomisija22_8_1773/laptop/shranjevanje datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Tekmovalna
komisija za nagradno vpraanje za katero so poiljali odgovore pozimi 1777/78 komisiji v
sestavi: Gallenberg, Blagaj, Buset, Giell in Hacquet. Izsek s strani.679

SLIKA 15 (HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti26tekmovalnoVprasanje1773Koncentracija
podlonikih zemljiGallenbergBlagajBusettiGiellHacquet/laptop/shranjevanje
datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Tekmovalno vpraanje za katero so poiljali odgovore
pozimi 1777/78 pod naslovom: Na kateri pravi nain kae voditi razvoj Drutva za kmetijstvo
in umetnosti za njegovo splono uporabnost, in na kaken nain bodo gospodje lani prili do
tega cilja. Pod razpisom se je podpisal direktor Hohenwart, nato pa so nateli imena petih
lanov komisije: Gallenberg, Blagaj, Buset, Giell in Hacquet.680

SLIKA 16
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti46KDDnenagrajeniRazpis1775OmniamRerumUmek2006s3
0/laptop/shranjevanje datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Prva stran sestavka pod geslom 1775
Omniam Rerum..., ki leta 1775 ni dobil nagrade KKD.681

SLIKA 17
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti47KDDnenagrajeniRazpis1775OmniamRerumUmek2006s3
0/laptop/shranjevanje datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Sestavek pod geslom 1775 Omniam
Rerum..., ki leta 1775 ni dobil nagrade KKD.682

SLIKA 18
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti53tekmovalni14naslovov1773KKDGriselliniNa11KrygerMo
rda14/laptop/shranjevanje datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Naslovi gesel tirinajstih
tekmovalnih nalog KKD z Grisellinjevo na enajstem mestu in spisom pod geslom podobnim
geslu Johanna Friedricha Krygerja na zadnjem mestu.683

SLIKA 19
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti27Grisellini28dec1772naslovkaSpisaGesloSatiabiturPanibus
Umek2006S28/laptop/shranjevanje datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Naslovna stran dne 28.

677
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a, drugi sveenj.
678
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
679
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
680
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
681
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 30.
682
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 30.
683
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
12. 1772 pohvaljenega Grisellinijevega spisa pod geslom Satiabitur Panibus pri KKD.684

SLIKA 20 (HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti28Grisellini28dec1772Poglavje
VISvobodneTrgovineHolandijeSpisaGesloSatiabiturPanibusUmek2006S28/laptop/shranjevan
je datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): VI. poglavje o prednostih svobodne trgovine z zgledom
velikih nizozemskih mest dne 28. 12. 1772 pri KKD pohvaljenega Grisellinijevega spisa pod
geslom Satiabitur Panibus.685

SLIKA 21 (HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti33Johann Friedrich

Kryger9okt1773/laptop/shranjevanje datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Johann Friedrich
Krygerjev podpis pod pismom KKD dne 9. 10. 1773 v katerem naroa, naj mu nagrado in
medaljo KKD polje na dunajski naslov pesnika grofa Jeana Gabriela pl. Oxenstierna (* 1750;
1818), med letoma 1770-1774 tajnika komisije pri vedskem veleposlanitvu grofa Barcka
na Dunaju.686

SLIKA 22
(HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti30GiellovaOcenaZaKKD1775/laptop/shranjevanje
datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Giellova ocena spisov za nagrado KKD konec leta 1775,
prva stran.687

SLIKA 23 (HacquetKmetDruzbaDokumenti23KKD1777PrednostiPredhodnihPopotovanj
25apr1778francosko/laptop/shranjevanje datotek/HacquetZAL13_4_2011): Francoski dopis
za nagrado KKD razpisano leta 1777 glede Prednosti predhodnih popotovanj bodoih
uslubencev, prejet dne 25. 4. 1778.688

Zborniki

V tirih zvezkih Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte je KKD objavljala tudi nagrajene in

pohvaljene odgovore na nagradna vpraanja; prvi zvezek z letnico 1770 je izel leta 1774,
drugi zvezek z letnico 1771 kmalu za njim, tretji leta 1776, etrti zadnji pa leta 1779 ob
ponatisu kot Neue Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte (Laybach). Prvo tevilko tednika
Wochentlisches Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogthum Krain (Laibach: J. F. Egger) pa so izdali 7.
1. 1775, eravno je bil izid napovedan za 1. 7. 1774. Obe publikacije je tiskal tedaj edini
ljubljanski tiskar Sas Janez Friderik Eger (Egger, * okoli 1735; 8. 10. 1799 Ljubljana); le-ta
je malo pred Hacquetovim prihodom na Kranjsko leta 1765 poroil Petrovo her Marijo
Terezijo de Gersoni (Garzoni), vdovo svojega mojstra tiskarja Janeza Jurija Heptnerja
(Hepfner, * 1724; 5. 5. 1764). Marija se je s Heptnerjem poroila dne 18. 1. 1761,689
Eggerju pa je za doto prinesla uveljavljeno tiskarno, do leta 1782 edino v Ljubljani. Gmotni
uspeh je kmalu prinesel tudi mestna priznanja. Egger je postal lan ljubljanskega Zunanjega
sveta leta 1777, upan pa julija 1782; ni kaj astni asti se je odpovedal septembra 1785
takoj po sporu s Hacquetom. Zdi se, da niti ni imel druge izbire, e je hotel obdrati vsaj

684
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 28.
685
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 28.
686
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
687
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
688
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a.
689
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der Herzogthum Krain, str. 51, 363.
kolikor toliko spotljivo samopodobo.690 Egger in Hacquet sta se seveda e dolgo dobro
poznala, saj je prav Egger tiskal obe glasili kranjskega Drutva za poljedelstvo in koristne
umetnosti; Wochentlisches Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogthum Krain leta 1775-1776 in
Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte, herausgegeben von der kaiserlich kniglichen Gesellschaft
des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher Knste im Herzogthume Krain med 4. 5. 1776 in letom 1779.
Hacquet je leta 1778 postal stalni sekretar Drutva; e e ni bil urednik Wochentlisches
Kundschaftsblatt je bil pa gotovo poglavitni pisec obeh asopisov Drutva za poljedelstvo in
koristne umetnosti. Sodelovanje Eggerja in Hacqueta je bilo tako tesno, da se zgodovinarji
danes ne znamo zediniti, kdo od obeh ali nekdo tretji je pravzaprav urejeval Wochentlisches
Kundschaftsblatt ne da bi kdajkoli podpisal svoje ime.691

Hacquet je svoje objave v Sammlung zelo visoko cenil, saj je etrti zadnji zvezek Sammlung s
tremi svojimi razpravami poslal dne 1. 10. 1789 iz Lvova Akademiji v Peterburg skupaj s
etrtim delom svoje Oryctographia Carniolica natisnjene deset let pozneje leta 1789. Tajnik
akademije od leta 1769, sin slovitega matematika Leonharda, Johann Albrecht Euler (* 1734;
1800), je Hacquetovo pismo prebral akademikom dne 25. 2. 1790 in se za darilo prav lepo
zahvalil.692 V tistem asu je Johann Euler sprejemal tudi znanstvena pisma Jurija Vege z
boji pri Petrovaradinski trdnjavi.693

SLIKA 24
(GruberAS33Sola240_241GruberjevPodpis13septem17819/
Stacionarc/ GruberSolaNapravePrekop7maj2012): Gruberjev
podpis z dne 13. 9. 1781 pod predlog za ustanovitev ladjedelnice v
Ljubljani (AS 33, Deelna vlada, konvolut 455, tehnika enota 182,
Lit. M, Num 1, Volum 1).

Fiziokrati izpodrivajo merkantilizem

Pisci razprav v tedniku KKD so se le zmerno zavzemali za nova fiziokratska naela694 pod
vplivom modnega francoskega liberalnega razsvetljenstva. Knjiga francoskega fiziokrata
Victorja de Riquettija markiza Mirabeau (* 1715; 1789)695 je resda v Ljubljano prispela
komaj po njegovi smrti, zato pa je Ljubljano vsaj trikrat obiskal Mirabeaujev in Kobenclov
prijatelj jezuit Bokovi. Jezuitski tudent Mihael Gottlieb baron Raigersfeld je med svojim
petletnim tajnitvom pri KKD zanesel angleke ekonomske ideje, saj je bil njegov stareji brat
nekdanji jezuit Janez Luka Raigersfeld (* 20. 5. 1735 Trst; 1817 London) diplomat v
Londonu. Bila sta neaka kandidata za KKD leta 1765 Volka Danijela barona Erberga in
bratranca Margarete Felicite Henriete Erberg, snahe predsednika KKD Jurija Jakoba grofa
Hohenwarta. Vsekakor si lahko mislimo da so lani KKD pod Raigersfeldovim vplivom

690
Juni, Kranjc, Bibliography of Balthazar Hacquet, str. 65-67.
691
Juni, Kranjc, Bibliography of Balthazar Hacquet, str. 48-49.
692
Euler, Nova Acta, str. 17-18; Hacquet, Beobachtungen und Heilungsmethode; Hacquet, Oryctographia
carniolica.
693
Juni, Euler and the Jesuits in Russia, str. 237.
694
Umek, Usmerjenost publikacij, str. 149.
695
Mirabeau, Histoire secrte de la Cour de Berlin (NUK-DS 55879).
poznali zaetke moderne ekonomske znanosti z idejami Bogastva narodov (1776) Adama
Smitha vred;696 odtod ljubljanska nabava prevoda Smithovega dela iz leta 1770.697 Zaradi
nepoznavanja jezika KKD resda ni kupovala veliko anglekih knjig, zato pa si je omislila
prevode. Nabavila je beneki prevod Enciklopedije Ephraima Chambersa (FRS, * okoli 1680-
1740)698 kot prednika Diderotove Enciklopedije. Giambatista Pasquali (* 1702 Benetke;
1784 Benetke) je dal prevesti to prvo sodobno enciklopedino delo s pomojo Josepha Smitha
(* 1682; 1770), britanskega konzula v Benetkah med letoma 1744-1760. Smith sam je
drugim naronikom pomagal pri prevajanju v italijanino leta 1741; prispevke ilustracij za ta
nov prevod v devetih delih je prispeval Antonio Visentini (* 1688; 1782). Sam Diderot je
svoje enciklopedino delo zael s prevajanjem Chambersa, katerega Cyclopaedia je bila prvi
objavljena leta 1728 in je omogoila Chambersovo izvolitev v Royal Society.

Chambersova enciklopedija je zaslovela po navskrinih sklicih, ki so kmalu postali pravilo v

tovrstnih delih. Predgovor dolg sedemdeset strani je imel le prvi zvezek natisnjen leta 1748, ki
je bil dobesedni prevod anglekega originala iz leta 1728, le da je bil italijanski prevod zaradi
vejega formata natisnjen ne precej tevilnejih straneh v primerjavi z originalnimi tridesetimi
stranmi uvoda; anglekega popisa napak Italijani seveda niso ponatisnili. Angleki original iz
leta 1728 je imel lepo sliko pred naslovnico, ki jo beneki italijanski prevod 1748-1749
pogrea; na koncu je bila originalna addenda zamenjana z italijanskim supplemento. Veliko
latinskih skovank je ohranilo svoj poloaj. Angleki original ni imel ilustracij, ki jih je
Visentini narisal na koncu vsakega od 9 delov, vsakokrat na kakih 10 tablah. Drevo znanja je
narisal takoj na zaetku; vodenje konjev pa je bila e vedno posebna panoga znanja.
Chambers je poudarjal izkunje-poskuse in demonstracije v znanosti brez priseganja na
avtoritete po vzoru na Pitagoro, Boyla in Platona. 30. 1. 1762 je Giambatista Pasquali iz
Benetk svojim bodoim naronikom druge italijanske izdaje Chambersovega slovarja poslal
enostransko tiskano pismo, ki so ga nekateri naroniki nalepili med zadnji notranji platnici
prve izdaje iz leta 1742; Pasquali je obljubljal svoj dobeseden prevod, lepe ilustracije in popis
naronikov na koncu knjige; prva knjiga naj bi izla sredi aprila 1762. Prevajalec-urednik
Pasquali je na koncu vsakega zvezka natel nekaj strani naronikov, zveine iz italijanskih
mest vkljuno z Vidmom, Rovinjem, Zadrom, Kopranom markizom Girolamo Gravisi (*
1720; 1812), rektorjem koprske ole piaristom Giacomo de Anibalia in dubrovnikim
Bokovievim prijateljem Benedetto Stayjem; naronikov iz Rijeke ni bilo. Enciklopedijo so
naroali tudi iz Salzburga, zraven pa je bil tudi dunajski Furlan Johann Jakob Marinoni (*
1676; 1755). Veliko naronikov je bilo iz Firenc, Padove, Rima, Bologne, najve pa iz
Benetk. Naroniki se v posameznih zvezkih niso zaznavno spreminjali, saj je vsak ood njih
hotel imeti vseh 9 zvezkov. Le v prvem, 2. in 3. zvezku Pasquali ni natel naronikov, temve
je raje vstavil dve strani popisa svojih tiskov; med drugim je navedel svoje matematine
izdaje Lamyja, 's Gravesanda, Biona; dodal je Boerhaava in van Swietenove komentarje le-
tega. Seveda ga ni bilo dovolj v hlaah, da bi si upal tiskati Galileja.

Uporaba Chambersove Enciklopedije pri KKD kae na simpatije do Denisa Diderota, eravno
njegovo pariko enciklopedijo (1751-1772), zaeto s prevajanjem Chambersa, danes hrani le
Univerzitetna knjinica Maribor v tretji izdaji. Diderotova Enciklopedija je prila na indeks

696
Sujan, Postkeynesinaska, str. 26.
697
Smith, Theorie der moralischen Empfindungen.
698
25 naslovov v dvostranskem Ambschllovem primopredajnem katalogu s podpisoma Ambschlla in
predstavnika Kresijskega urada Ljubljane barona Karla Galla pl. Gallensteina datiranima 7. 11. 1785 (ARS, AS
553, Kranjska kmetijska druba / Spisi, statut / 1780-1820, nepaginirano, zaetni listi z Ambschllovim
podpisom).
dne 5. 3. 1759 in 3. 9. 1759 pod gronjo sub excom. Reservata;699 seveda rimska prepoved
nikakor ni odtehtala mnogo odmevneje podpore Madame de Pompadour.

e pri KKD niso smeli (naglas) brati Diderotove enciklopedije, so pa vsaj nabavili praktino
poljedelstvo Johna Millsa (* 1717; 1786/1796), ki ga je Andr Le Breton (* 1708; 1779)
prvotno najel za prevod Chambersove Cyclopaedia; ker zviti dobikar Mills sploh ni znal
prav francosko, ga je Le Breton maja 1745 poteno premikastil in leta 1747 raje najel
Diderota. Med ljubljanskimi fiziokrati je moral biti pretepeni Mills vseeno dokaj priljubljen,
saj so pozneje nabavili e prevod njegovega dela o bolezni ivine. Sicer pa moakar kljub
jecljavi francoini niti ni bil od muh, saj ga drugae ne bi izbrali v londonsko Kraljevo
drubo leta 1766. Ambschell je uporabljal Millsovo delo v prevodu Christiana Friedricha
Jngera (* 1724; 1794), rektorja v Freiburgu, ki pa se je podpisal zgolj z zaetnicami. Mills
je svoje delo izdal kot prevod z anglekimi izkunjami dopolnjenega dela Henri-Louis
Duhamel de Monceauja Londonu leta 1759; izboljave je dodal tri leta pozneje. Duhamel de
Monceau je po svoji strani svojo prvo francosko izdajo Poljedelstva leta 1753 sestavil po
principih Anglea Jethro Tulla (* 1674; 1741) v svojevrstnem prepletanju tedanjih
fiziokratskih domislic; Tullove iznajde strojev za sejanje opisoval tudi lan KKD Grisellini.
Posamezne prirodoslovne knjige so popisane tudi v drugih spisih Drutvu za poljedelstvo in
koristne umetnosti.700

Naravoslovno-tehniki strokovnjaki v vrstah KKD

KKD je imela tesne stike s podobnimi drutvi v Savoji, Milanu in predvsem v Vidmu; zato je
v med svoje lane uvrstila njihove voditelje. Savojska Kmetijska druba (Socit pour le
progrs de l'agriculture et des arts) jer bila po svojih publikacijah podobna KKD. Ustanovili
ao jo leta 1772 v Chambryju, ez dve leti pa ji je Vittorio Amedeo III. dal naziv Socit
Royale conomique; delovala je v prid poljedeljstva, trgovine in obrti. Med ustanovitelji so
bili Amedeo Filiberto Mellarde de Bettonet (* 1707), pionir psihiatrije Joseph Daquin (*
1732; 1815) in markiz Alexis Costa de Beauregard (* 1726); slednjega je obiskoval Rousseau,
v svojem delu o kmetovanju pa je Beauregard navajal delo profesorja fizike, balonarja in
predstojnika muzeja abb Jeana Franoisa Piltre de Roziera (1756-1785) iz leta 1774 Essai
sur l'amlioration de l'agriculture dans les pays montueux et en particulier dans la Savoie.
Pierre Tochon je bil podpredsednik Socit, ki je podpra tudi ustanovitev risarske (dessin)
ole v mestu Chambry. Socit so ukinili leta 1792 ob prikljuitvi Savoje revolucionarni
Franciji.

Med pomembne fizike-tehnike v KKD tejemo Joba, Millbacherja (Mhlbacher), Menza

Schnfelda, Paliaruzzija, Mellinga, predvsem pa Gabrijela Gruberja in njegove sodelavce.
Gruber je v KKD privabil svojega brata Tobijo kateremu je e leta 1774 preskrbel slubo
navigacijskega direktor-ravnatelj v Temivaru potem ko je po konanih tudijih nekaj asa
bival v Ljubljani;701 Tobija in navigacijski ravnatelj Gabrijel sta tako imela podobni dolnosti
na nasprotnih koncih dolge vodne poti Donavske monarhije dokler ni Tobila leta 1777

699
Benedikt XIV, Index, str. 320, 325.
700
Leta 1779 skupaj z eksperimentalnimi napravami (ARS, AS 7, Deelno glavarstvo za Kranjsko, Rubrica
Publico Politica, Litera S, Numero 19, volumen 6, katla 72, Schull, und Studien Sachen nachgehobenen Jesuiten
Orden betreffen / Acta de ann. 1778).
701
Verhovc, P. Gabrijel Gruber, str. 2.
zapustil Temivar da je 1778 in 1779 obiskal svoje brate v Ljubljani ter leta 1780 postal lan
KKD. Istega leta 1780 je Tobija postal stavbni ravnatelj dravnih (kameralnih) posestev na
ekem. Trikrat je predsedoval eki znanstveni drubi v Pragi:702 med 16. 10. 1790-23. 8.
1791, 1. 5. 1799-25. 6. 1800 in 24. 4. 1801-22. 7. 1802. Med lane Znanstvene drube je leta
1800 sprejel G. Gruberjevega nekdanjega uenca in uslubenca, majorja Jurija Vego.703 Po
Tobijovem odhodu je Gabrijel med lane KKD uvrstil svojega oima Andreja Schwindla.
Med lani KKD so bili tevilni Gruberjevi sodelavci pri navigacijski direkciji za Savo, Kolpo,
Ljubljanico, Muro in Dravo, ki jo je G. Gruber vodil od 4. 6. 1772 do 1. 5. 1781. Gruberjev
pomonik je bil sprva prejnji navigacijski komisar jezuit Franc Lukas Ferdinand pl.
Milpacher (Mhlpaher, Mhllbacher, Mhlbacher, Millpacher, Millbacher, * 16. 10. 1744
Ljubljana; SJ 18. 10. 1760 Dunaj; 1826 Stanisawow), brkone prvi Ljubljanan uveljavljen
v eksperimentalni fiziki. Bil je sin Franza Dominika pl. Milpacherja (* 1709 Ljubljana; 13.
2. 1754) in Marije Rosine, njegova botra ob krstu dne 18. 10. 1744 pa sta bili Josef Ignaz
Hingerle pl. Heldenheimb in Maria Anna Tomschitz pl. Tennau. Franz Dominik Milpacher je
bil kren dne 2. 11. 1709 v druini ljubljanskega potnega naelnika Franca Antona pl.
Milpacherja (* 1680; 28. 5. 1723) in Marije Joefe rojene Ingerle. Njegova krstna botra sta
bila ded poznejega tajnika KKD Sebastian pl. Raigersfeld-Rakovec in Anna Maria Ingerle.
Franc Ksaver Joef Mhlbacher (Millbacher) je od leta 1765 do 1767 tudiral filozofijo pri
Biwaldu v Gradcu in utrjeval snov s tudenti matematike. Naslednji dve leti je predaval na
ljubljanskih nijih tudijih, nato pa je od leta 1770 do prepovedi jezuitov tudiral teologijo v
Gradcu. Po teavah s slubo pri KKD je odel v Galicijo, tako kot pozneje njegov popotni
tovari Hacquet. Francu je pomagal brat Valentin, galicijski okroni glavar, tako da se je
gladko uveljavil v leta 1772 prikljueni habsburki Galiciji; tam so leta 1774 ustanovili
gimnazijo v Stanisawowu v kateri je ustanovil kemijski laboratorij in leta 1811 dosegel ast
prefekta.704

Po Millbacherjevem odhodu si je Gruber leta 1773 za navigacijskega podravnatelja izbral

Maffeija. Od leta 1773 navigacijska direkcija ni bila ve neposredno podrejena dvorni
komisiji za plovbo, temve je bila vezana na deelno glavarstvo v Ljubljani. Deelno
glavarstvo je leta 1774 postavilo grofa Ivana Ursinija Blagaja705 za posebnega referenta
navigacijskih zadev.706 Blagaj je e pred tem prevzel poloaj direktorja cestnih del na
Kranjskem po smrti Leopolda Karla grof Lamberga ( 1770), ki je bil na tem poloaju kar
etrt stoletja od 18. 6. 1746.707 Poloaj je Blagaju dobro nesel na dednem posestvu svoje
druine bosanskega rodu v Botanju pri alni od 1755 do 1783. Svojo dvojno hio na
ljubljanskem Starem trgu je 30. 7. 1781 zamenjal s hio . Zoisovega prastrica Pollinija
nasproti sv. Jakoba v bliini Gruberjeve palae. Od Pollinija je obenem kupil e graino
Rakovnik pri Ljubljani za ve kot 3000 gld in jo obdral do 6. 1. 1806.

702
Bhmische Gelegenten Privatgesellshaft so ustanovili leta 1777 v Pragi, leta 1784 preimenovali v esk
Spolenost Nauk, leta 1790 pa v Krlovska esk spolenost nauk (Kniglischen Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften und Kunste). Leta 1952 so jo ukinili skupaj z dotedanjo akademijo, da so lahko naslednje leto
ustanovili eko akademijo znanosti.
703
Archiv Akademie vd esk republiky (Praha) / A. Fondy instituc / Fondy starch vdeckch spolenost,
stav a spolk / Krlovsk esk spolenost nauk (KSN) 17661953, Listi 13, 44, 45/5, 53.
704
Lukcs, Catalogus II, str. 106; Schmidt, Zgodovina, str. 164; Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel in der
Herzogthum Krain, str. 47, 82, 84, 185, 195; Bleiweis, Zgodovinske rtice, str. 14; ARS, AS 7, Kmetijske
zadeve, katla 204, Lit. B, t. 4, Vol 1; Umek, Plovba po Savi, str. 257; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str.
23.
705
Smole, Graine, str. 98, 413, 695.
706
Umek, Plovba po Savi, str. 257-258.
707
Smole, Graine, str. 636; orn, Modernizacija, str. 64, 67, 77; orn, Zaetki industrije, str. 31.
Blagajnik KKD Franc Ksaver Jamnig je bil obenem blagajnik direkcije za plovbo
(Kassaverwalter Schiffahrtsdirection) na Ljubljanici, Savi in Kolpi pod direktorjem
Gruberjem in njegovim adjunktom Maffeijem708 Leta 1765, 1772, 1774 je bil boter otrokom
Janeza Pavla pl. Freudenegga in Marije Ane Utschan (Uan) v Ljubljani.709 Enako ime je imel
zunanji lan KKD Franc Jamnig, ki je bil dne 24. 7. 1769 oskrbnik korokega Greifenstein
(Sankt Stefan im Gailtal, tefan na Zilji), Cmureka (Verstandingaber Guts Muhregg, Mureck)
in Rifnika na tajerskem.710 Aleksander baron Schell z ljubljanske Gosposke ulice
(Herrengasse) t. 355 je bil skupaj z Niklasom Rudolfom pl. Raabom (* 6. 12. 1707
Ljubljana),711 Jurijem Jakobom Hohenwartom in Gruberjem svetnik deelnega glavarstva za
navigacijske zadeve.712 Lahko si mislimo, da je ljubljanska navigacijska direkcija vsaj sprva v
asu Gruberjeve moi tvorila pomembno skupino znotraj KKD.

Gruber je s svojega ljubljanskega profesorskega poloaja obvadoval ttufi veino ljubljanskih

obrti. Najpomembneji obrtnik v KKD je bil ljubljanski lutnjar Janez Krstnik Melling (*
1716; 1783), neak in dedi slikarja Janeza Valentina Metzingerja (* 1699 Saint-Avold ob
Moselli v Loreni; 1759 Ljubljana); skupaj s sestro Marijo-Margarito sta dedovala po
Metzingerju tako, da je Janez ivel v mojstrovi hii kot goslar. Janez Krstnik Melling je
stanoval v Schumijevi ljubljanski hii z vrtom na Gradiu, ki je imela do leta 1805 tevilko
51, po letu 1876. pa t. 9. Leta 1752 je bil lastnik Anton pl. Wollwitz, med letoma 1771-1784
Janez Krstnik Melling, po letu 1785 pa Andrej Jelousoheg. Leta 1759 je Janez Melling
Ljubljani izdeloval violine; al so mu tam med letoma 17681770 umrli trije otroci. Poklica
se je izuil e pred letom 1738 skupaj z bratom Georgom, ki je leta 1753 vodil lutnjarsko
delavnico v Parizu na ulici Fromenteaux. Drugi brat Christophe je kiparil v lesu, tretji brat pa
je bil dvorni slikar v Karlsruhe Metzingerjev uenec Joseph Melling (* 27. 12. 1724 St. Avold
v Loreni; 23. 12. 1796 Strasbourg).713

Zakljuek

Drutvo za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti je bila sprva domala edina kmetijska druba v
nemkih (cesarskih) deelah, ki je izdajala svoja dela.714 Drutvo je pod skupno streho druilo
domala vse tedaj veljavne uenjake na Kranjskem na elu z ogo Zoisom in je pod vplivom
boja med starimi merkantilistinimi in novodobnimi francoskimi fiziokratskimi naeli zaoralo
ledino ekonomskih ved v Ljubljani. Mednarodne povezave Drutva so bile na zavidljivi ravni,
saj so se mnogi zamejski strokovnjaki prizadevali za nagrade Drutva in za objave v
njegovem glasilu, mnogi tujerodni veljaki pa so bili tudi lani Drutva.

708
Land-Krainerischer Schematismus: auf das Jahr 1776; pozneje brez Maffeija (Neuer Instanzkalender auf das
Jahre 1782, str. 97).
709
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 112.
710
AS 533 Ustanovitev in protokoli sej KKD P/5a; 92.
711
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 46, 162.
712
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 207. Poivavek, En gros, str. 62-63; Neuer Instanzkalender auf das
Jahre 1782, str. 48, 62, 70, 71, 90.
713
Fabjani, Procvit pivovarnitva v Ljubljani, str. 219; Jacops, Higel, De Sierck Saint-Avold, une dynastie
de menuisiers et de sculpteurs, str. 270-272; Zupani, Razvoj violinske pedagogike, str. 14; Cankar, Metzinger
(geslo); Mantuani, Katalog razstave : Razvoj glasbe pri Slovencih, tabla XVI. Glasbilarji.
714
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 31-33.
Opisani so zaetki kranjskega Drutva za poljedelstvo in koristne umetnosti (1767-1787),
imenovanega tudi (stara) Kmetijska druba (KKD). Temeljna pozornost velja predvsem na
lanstvu in publikacijam Drutva, saj so bile predvsem slednje izjema v srednjeevropskem
prostoru. Ogledalo dela KKD so nagradna vpraanja, ki jih je KKD razpisovala v veliki meri
kot teoretine zagate, ki so privabile tevilne zamejske tekmovalce. V lui zamejskih astnih
lanov so predstavljene so mednarodne povezave Drutva. Ekonomska in fizikalno-tehnina
preprianja lanov KKD so postavljena pod drobnogled v letih neposredno pred francosko
revolucijo.

Knjige rade potujejo, podobno kot veina njihovih bralcev. Njihovim potem je pogosto teko
slediti, e teje pa sestaviti zgodbo njihovega dejanja in nehanja, ki se v naem primeru vrti
okoli stisk in veselja pomembnih kranjskih baronov, prijateljev Erbergov in Zoisov. Bogati
druini sta si radi izmenjavali knjige, e raje pa mokro cvetoe rastline, kot jih ez as v rimah
oznail na pesniki velikan France Preeren, ki je zakljuil svoja najstnika snovanja ob smrti
ige Zoisa.

Francoski pouk in njegove pritikline so v kratkih letih svojega dejanja in nehanja med
Slovenci podrtale razvoj od cerkve loenega pouka. Poglobile so slovensko ali vsaj
ljubljansko odvisnost od francoskih ubenikov, ki pa bi bili uporabljani kot najbolji brkone
tudi e bi jih ne podpirala mo Napoleonovih bajonetov. Vsa desetletja od Francoske do
marne revolucije so tudi pri nas v veliki meri francosko stoletje od Napoleonove zasedbe pa
vse do gostovanja francoskega kralja z A. Cauchyjem vred v Gorici. V tem duhu gre
opazovati nastanek Napoleonovega spomenika pred Kriankami, ob poljskem edinega zunaj
Francije, prav tako pa bourbonske kraljeve grobnice na Kostanjevici z edino francosko
okronano glavo pokopano zunaj domovine. Ti dvojni vezi Slovencev s Parizom so le vrh
sodelovanj, ki nas na Francoze veejo tesneje kot na kateri koli drug narod, s katerim se
vzajemno ne spogledujemo ez skupno mejo.

Dodatek s popisi lanov Drutva

astni lani bodoe Kranjske kmetijske drube predlagani dne 4. julija 1765 na skupni seji
zastopniki deelnega glavarstva in komernega konsenza so bili svetnik intendance v Trstu pl.
Raab, komerni svetnik pl. Thys in komerni svetnik pl. Fremant. Za lane z Gorenjske so
predlagali: okronega glavarja pl. Claffenaua, svetnika deelnega glavarstva Franca barona
Janeia, Joefa pl. Segalla (egal, 1786)715 lastnika graine Bela Pe, barona Codellija,
Petra Pavla Glavarja upnika pri sv. Petru v Komendi, Volka Danijela barona Erberga (* 27.
8. 1714; 7. 8. 1783), Sigmunda grofa Liechtenberga, Janeza Krstnika Zittenecka (
1791)716 skrbnika graine Kri v lasti Alojza Adolfa grofa Turjakega, dr. Auerbergerja,
Adama pl. Dinzla, lastnika graine Turn pri Preddvoru (Ludvika Ksaverja Dinzla ( 1772),717
freisinkega oskrbnika v Loki Baumgartna (loki glavar Maksimilijan Anton Paumgarten (*
1695; 1778) ali manj verjetno njegov naslednik Leopold Augustin Paumgarten (* 1745;

715
Smole, Graine, str. 76.
716
Smole, Graine, str. 705.
717
Smole, Graine, str. 514-515, 599.
19. 3. 1830) soprog Marije Katarine Coppini)718 in Alojzija grofa Auersperga. Med Dolenjci
so si izbrali opata iz Stine in Kostanjevice, grofa J. N. Blagaja lastnika graine Botanj
(Botanj pri alni, Janez Nepomuk grof Ursini Blagaj), Schwaba pl. Liechtenberga, ni kaj
gospodarnega zadolenega Karla grofa Auersperga s uperka,719 dolenjskega okronega
glavarja med letoma 1761-1767 in nato gorenjskega okronega glavarja Apfaltrerja (Andrej
Franc baron Apfaltrer ( 1796) z Grma),720 dr. Pollinija, jezuitskega rektorja in
profesorja fizike, Franca Joefa barona Schweigerja, Joefa grofa Barba, Riharda grofa
Auersperga (Rihard Joef, 1798),721 Franca Antona pl. Mordaxa, Joefa pl. Busettija (Joef
Gabrijel pl. Buset), barona Wolkensperga (Franc Rudolf Oblak (* 17. 4. 1725; 14. 7.
1807)722), Ignacija barona Apfaltrerja. Za Notranjsko so predlagali: okronega glavarja barona
(Pompeja) Brigida, Joefa barona Brigida, prelata iz Bistre, Marka Antona Billichgrtza
barona Polhograjskega, Antona Kastelica upnika iz Brezovice, Ivana Jakoba Fanzoya
(Fanzoi723) oskrbnika graine v Vipavi pozneje pa v Postojni, Franca Ignaca pl.
Liechtenberga, Friderika (sic!) Dietricha dravnega prejemnika na Vrhniki, Janeza K.
Tranquillija oskrbnika v Pazinu, barona Joefa Bonaventuro D'Argento graaka v Klani,724
(Antona Ludvika) pl. Abramsperga ( 1786) graaka s turij,725 Friderika grofa Thurna in
Jurija Vlaha upravnika v Kastavu.726 Odebeljeno tiskana veina dvaindvajsetih oseb je v
resnici prila med ustanovne lane.

Kranjski lani KKD leta 1769 so bili medijski-jabeljski graak Joef (Anton) baron Janei
(* 1723; 2. 2. 1780),727 Janez Nepomuk grof Blagaj (* 1729; po 1806), gubernjski svetnik
Pavel Alojz grof Turjaki (* 3. 7. 1729; 5. 6. 1810) s Turjaka in Iga,728 stiki opat,
kostanjeviki opat, Pompej baron Brigido (pl. Brezovica, * 1729; 1811), Franc baron
Apfaltrer (* 2. 12. 1729; 10. 9. 1796),729 Sigmund grof Liechtenberg (komornik, 9. 11.
1797),730 Franc Ignac grof Liechtenberg (Ignac Ksaver Gotftrid, * 1715 Ljubljana; 1782
Snenik),731 Karl grof Liechtenberg (Karl Gottfried gospodar Tutanja, * 1718),732 Georg
Sigmund grof Liechtenberg (Karlov brat, * 1719 Snenik),733 baron Billichgrtz (graak s
Polhovega Gradca Mark Anton (* 19. 5. 1713 Polhov Gradec; po 1781),734 Joef baron
Apfaltrer (sin Sigmunda Ferdinanda (* 1700) in Ivane Elizabete Erberg (* 1696), 26. 1. 1763
poroil Rozalijo Scharlichi),735 Jakob grof Hohenwart (Jurij Jakob, * 1714; 1808), baron

718
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 134, 229, 284.
719
Smole, Graine, str. 130.
720
Smole, Graine, str. 177; Vrhovec, Zgodovina Novega mesta, str. 124.
721
Smole, Graine, str. 586.
722
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 56.
723
Smole, Graine, str. 399, 703; Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 65, 283; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska
druba, str. 13.
724
Smole, Graine, str. 582.
725
Smole, Graine, str. 494, 579; Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 436.
726
AS 7, Deelno glavarstvo na Kranjskem, Kmetijske zadeve, . 204 (Lit. Al/l); Umek, Kranjska kmetijska
druba, str. 4, 8 po viru: AS 9, Komerni konses v Ljubljani, . 1, Lit. A1/1.
727
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 205.
728
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 69; Preinfalk, Auerspergi, str. 118, 496.
729
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 79, 208.
730
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 79, 208.
731
Slana, Lichtenbergi, str. 191.
732
Slana, Lichtenbergi, str. 186.
733
Slana, Lichtenbergi, str. 186.
734
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 355; Smole, Graine, str. 591.
735
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 405, 409.
Schweiger (Franc Joef baron Schweiger Lerchenfeld, * 1736; 1817),736 Schwab pl.
Liechtenberg, pl. Claffenau (Franc Joefov sin novomeki okroni glavar med letoma 1767-
1783 cesarsko kraljevi svetnik Janez Nepomuk Karl Claffenau (Kaffenau, * 1727; 31. 5.
1814), gospodar Nemke vasi),737 Ignac pl. Rastern (* 1697; 22. 3. 1777),738 Gabrijel pl.
Buset (Joef Gabrijel pl. Buset (Busset, Bussetti, Buseth, * 6. 3. 1716 Gracarjev Turn;
1777),739 dekan upnik Menga Mihael pl. Rastern (Ignacov brat Evstahij, * 18. 9. 1720; 3.
11. 1797),740 pl. Haulab (Georg Josef Hauslab poroen z Alojzijo Edler pl. Pollau),741
jezuitski profesor matematike Rapustmann, jezuitski profesor fizike Pogrietschnig, upnik
Peter Pavel Glavar (* 1721; 1784), pl. Zorn (doktor obojega prava Franc Matej Zorn pl.
Mildenheim (* 29. sept. 1731 Ljubljana; 13. april 1790), dekan Novega mesta Jabazin
(Martin Joef Jebain, * 7. 9. 1724 Vipava; 1789),742 doktor pl. Purg (Purger pl. Purg),
zdravnik dr. Pollini (prastric ige Zoisa Janez Krizostom Pollini, * 27. 2. 1712 Radovljica;
7. 11. 1786 Ljubljana), zdravnik dr. Hainan (Ivan Joef Anton Haymann, * 1732 Postojna;
26. 11. 1799 Ljubljana),743 pl. Amignoni (viji potni upravitelj na Kranjskem Janez Franc pl.
Amigoni ( 1797)),744 Ludwig Dietrich (potni mojster na Vrhniki, 1787-1790),745 med
letoma 1758-1768 administrator-glavar Pazina v lasti markizov Montecuccolijev (Gian
Battista) pl. Tranquilli, Gabrijel Gruber, administrator Kastava Ulah, administrator Bleda
Krobath (Franc Florijan Chrobath, 1776), administrator Vipave Premru (Andrej vitez
Premrov Premerstein, * 1696; 16. 10. 1785),746 Ivan Krstnik Citeneg, Melling, neak slikarja
Janeza Valentina Metzingerja (* 1699 v Saint-Avold ob Moselli v Loreni; 12. 3. 1759
Ljubljana747) in ljubljanski stolni kanonik grof (Janez) Torres, Herbersteinov kanonik med
letoma 1770-1787.

Zamejski astni lani so bili leta 1769: direktor tajerske kmetijske drube komornik Johann
Wenzel grof Purgstall (* 1724; 1785), celjski okroni (kresijski) glavar (med letoma 1771-
1775) Joef baron Gallenfels, svetnik trake komerne intendance pl. Raab, kancler
koroke kmetijske drube komerni svetnik Nizozemec Jan van pl. Thys, idrijski profesor
kemije dr. Scopoli, celovki profesor mehanike jezuit Leopold baron Apfaltrer in komerni
svetnik direktor kovnice direktor solin v kraju Halla in Tirolskem Johann Baptist Menz.748

Leta 1779 so KKD vodili:749 astni predsednik Marija Joef grof Turjaki, direktor Jurij Jakob
grof Hohenwart, kancler Dizma Barbo grof Wachsenstein, stalni sekretar ljubljanski javni
profesor kirurgije Hacquet, aktuar Semen in devet odbornikov-prisednikov: dvorni svetnik
Franz pl. Amigoni, Janez Nepomuk Ursini grof Blagaj, ljubljanski redni profesor ekonomije
Jurij Ghiel (sic!, Janez Giell), dvorni svetnik in navigacijski direktor Gruber, Joef baron

736
Smole, Graine, str. 680; Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str.
LXXIII.
737
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 293, 304; Vrhovec, Zgodovina Novega mesta, str. 124.
738
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 417; Smole, Graine, str. 114.
739
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 56.
740
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 61, 227; Smole, Graine, str. 114.
741
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 112.
742
http://www.arzenal.si/files/knjiznica/knjige/1183/pdf 157-158 ogled 31. 1. 2013.
743
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 286.
744
Smole, Graine, str. 580.
745
Smole, Graine, str. 599.
746
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 434.
747
Cankar, Metzinger (geslo).
748
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. 72-74.
749
Patriotische Gesellschaften in der Erblanden (Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-
kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. Wien: Joseph Gerold, 1779, str. 505-506;
http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1779&page=523&size=45 ogled 8. 4. 2013).
Janei, Karl grof Liechtenberg, Mark Anton baron Billichgtz, Zois in Franz pl. Zorn
Mildenheim. Med devetinpetdesetimi lani so bili: grof Antonini, Franc baron Apfaltrer,
Joef baron Apfaltrer, Leopold baron Apfaltrer, Fabius pl. Asquinio (zagovornik
proizvodnje svile in dobrih vin grof Fabio Asquini (* 1726; 1818)), (Pavel) Alojz grof
Turjaki, Henrik grof Turjaki, Johan Beckmann, Joseph Biewald (Leopold Biwald), Joef
grof Brigido, Pompej grof Brigido, prelat Bruno iz Bistre, Josef Dietrich, Friedrich pl.
Entnersfeld, Joef grof Erddy (Erddy von Monyorkerk in Moslavine (Monoszl, * 1754;
1824)), Gottfried Fischer, Matija Furlani, Sigmund grof Gallenberg (* 1751; 1800), Joef
baron Gallenfels, upnik Glavar, Franc Grisellini, Seyfried baron Guich, Jurij edler
Hauslab, Martin Joef Jabacin, Niklas Joseph Jacquin, Franc Jamnigg, pater piarist filozof
Eduard Job, Joseph Kaufmann, Karl pl. Klaffenau, opat Kostanjevice Aleksander
Hallerstein, Franc Ignac baron Liechtenberg, Leopold Livius baron Liechtenberg, Ksaver
Liechtenberg, Joef Maffei pl. Glattfort, Janez Melling, Janez Joef Menz pl. Schnfeld, Franc
Millbacher (Mhlbacher), pl. Modesti, zdravnik-tovarnar dr. Natalis Paliaruzzi (* 1746
Kobarid; 1832), Janez Krstnik Pogrietschnig, dr. Pollini, Kasper Premru, grof Purgstall,
Franc Anton Raab, Mihael Gottlieb baron Raigersfeld, Mihael pl. Rastnern, grof Rinaldi,
grof Rosenberg, Franc baron Schweiger, Ksaver opat Stine, Scopoli, Janez pl. Tranquilli,
Janez grof Torres, Max baron Weidmannsdorf, Sigmund pl. Wallensperg, Karl Augustin
Weickhard (* 24. 8. 1735 Ljubljana),750 Karl pl. Zahlheim (* 1746; 1787, stalni tajnik
dunajske ekonomske drube id leta 1776), Karl grof Zinzendorf (* 1739; 1813, traki
guverner) in Janez Krstnik Zittenegg (itnik). Odebeljeno so tiskani lani KKD iz let 1769 in
1779 (35 oseb), poevno pa tisti, ki leta 1769 e niso bili vlanjeni, leta 1779 in 1782 pa e
(30).

Leta 1782 so bili lani KKD: grof Antonini, Franc baron Apfaltrer, Joef baron Apfaltrer,
Leopold baron Apfaltrer, pl. Asquinio, Henrik grof Turjaki, Marija Joef grof Turjaki,
(Pavel) Alojz grof Turjaki, Dizma grof Barbo, Janez grof Blagaj, Joef grof Brigido,
graak v Lupoglavi in leta 1776 notranjski okroni glavar Pompej grof Brigido, pl.
Brickerfeld (sic!, graak Starega gradu pri Novem mestu Franc Anton Breckerfeld (* 1740;
1806), prelat Bruno (Ortner kartuzijan iz Bistre, * 1722 Tirolska; 1800 rni Vrh), pl.
Claffenau, grof Edling, edler Entnersfeld, grof Erddy, Gottfried Franc Fischer, Sigmund
grof Gallenberg, baron Gallenfels, Giehl, Glavar, Gruber, edler pl. Guich (predsednik
akademije Operozorov Sifrid baron Gusi, * 13. 12. 1709 Preek; 13. 6. 1794 Ljubljana),
Haiman, stiki opat Aleksander baron Hallerstein, Hacquet, edler Hauslab, Jurij Jakob grof
Hohenwart, baron Hornstein, opat Jabacin, Franc Ksaver Jamnigg, Job, Kaufmann, Krieger,
Bla Kumerdej, deelni glavar Lamberg, Leopold baron Liechtenberg, Franc Ksaver
Liechtenberg, Franc Ignac baron Liechtenberg, Joef Maffei pl. Glattfort, Melling, Janez
Joef Menz pl. Schnfeld, Millbacher (Mhlbacher), pl. Modesti, dr. Paliaruzzi, baron
Billichgrtz, Max Poganik, Jernej Poganik, Janez Krstnik Pogrietschnig (* 6. 11. 1722
Radie (Radsberg) na Korokem), dr. Pollini, Wolfgang Possavitz, Premru, baron
Raigersfeld, pl. Rastnern, grof Rosenberg, Schell, baron Schweiger, soprog matere Gabrijela
Gruberja pl. Schwindel, aktuar Semen, Scopoli, opat Janez Nepomuk Taufferer, Anton baron
Taufferer, grof Torres, baron Weidmannsdorf, Waickhart, pl. Wallensperg, Erhard pl. Walter,
Wessenschneid, Wiewald, grof Wurmbrand, pl. Zahlheim, grof Zinzendorf, Zittenegg, iga
baron Zois in Zorn (administrator Franc Zorn).751 KKD je imela 84 lanov leta 1782, torej
domala dvakrat toliko kot trinajst let prej leta 1769; osemindvajset imen je ostalo enakih in so

750
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 76.
751
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782 In welchem die k.k. bheimische und sterreichische Hofkanzley,
und die k.k. Oberster Justitzstelle, dann sammentlich hoch= und niedere Dikasterien und Stellen dies
Herzogthums Krain enthaltend sind. Laybach: Egger, str. 87-94.
tiskana odebeljeno.

Preglednica 3: lani KKD popisani na osnovi predlogov iz leta 1765 v kolikor so bili
realizirani znotraj predlagane druine ter tiskanih ematizmov iz let 1769, 1775, 1776, 1779,
1780, 1781 in 1782. V oklepajih so osebe omenjane pri delu KKD, ki jih ni med popisi
lanstva

Ime in as (astnega) lanstva Opombe

(Anton Ambschell) po 1782 lan ljubljanske Akademije Operosorum

Janez Franc pl. Amigoni (Amignoni) 1769-
1781
grof Antonini 1775-1782
Franc baron Apfaltrer (Andrej, * 2. 12. 1729
Grmae; 10. 9. 1796)753 1765, 1769-1782
Ignac baron Apfaltrer (Janez, * 1710 ;
1765) 1765
Joef baron Apfaltrer 1769-1782
Leopold baron Apfaltrer (* 16. 10. 1731
Grmae; SJ 1. 11. 1747; 9. 12. 1804 Gyr)
1769-1782
Fabius grof Asquinio (Fabio Asquini, *
1726 Fagagna severozhodno od Vidma v
Furlaniji; 1818) 1775-1782
ustanovljene leta 1781 in KKD; oba lanstva
je izpostavil v naslovu svoje knjige e po
odhodu iz Ljubljane leta 1792
Viji potni upravitelj na Kranjskem,
graak Novega dvora v Hotemeu,752 pravi
cesarski svetnik
Podpredsednik ekonomske drube v Vidmu
1775 iz druine kranjskega rodu. Grof
Antonio Antonini iz Patriarhata, gospodar
Saciletto jugovzhodno od Palmanove, je
dobil herko leta 1783
Gorenjski kresijski glavar, lastnik Grma,
sin Ignacija barona Apfaltrerja (Janez, *
1710 ; 1765), predlaganega za lana KKD
dne 4. 7. 1765, in sorodnice lana KKD
Marije Joefe baronica Guich ( 1777)
Sin Sigmunda Ferdinanda (* 1700) in Ivane
Elizabete Erberg (* 1696), 26. 1. 1763
poroil Rozalijo Scharlichi754
Profesor mehanike v Celovcu, Francov (*
1729) brat, z Joefom sta imela skupnega
prapradeda Adama Sigmunda Apfalterja z
Grma
Zagovornik proizvodnje svile, kurjenja
furlanske ote,755 keraminih majolik in vina
picolit, do leta 1780 stalni tajnik videmske
ekonomske drube (Societ d'agricoltura
pratica), lan gorike Kmetijske drube756

752
Smole, Graine, str. 185, 321, 465, 580.
753
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 79, 208, 331; Smole, Graine, str. 177; Neuer Instanzkalender auf
das Jahre 1782, str. 58, 88.
754
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 409.
755
Asquini, Il supplimento al diffeto delle Legna da fuoco nella Torba.
756
Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und
Residenzstadt Wien 1779, str. 511.
 Dizma Barbo grof Wachsenstein Tajnik KKD od leta 1775757
(Waxenstein) 1775-1787
Joef grof Barbo (morda Jot Vajkard Anton
Barbo grof Wachsenstein (* 1702; 1775),
Dizmov oe z Rakovnika pri Mirni) 1765
Johan pl. Beckmann 1776-1779 Predavatelj ekonomije v Gttingenu
Mark Anton baron Billichgrtz (* 19. 5. graak s Polhovega Gradca758
1713 Polhov Gradec; po 1781) 1765,
1769-1782
Janez Nepomuk grof Blagaj (Ursini, * 1729;
po 1806) 1765, 1769-1782
pl. Brickerfeld (sic!, Franc Anton Graak Starega gradu pri Novem mestu
Breckerfeld, Preckerfeld (* 1740; 1806),
1781-1782
Josip Brigido pl. Brezovica (* 1736 Trst; lan tajerske kmetijske drube759
1817 Dunaj) 1765, 1769-1782
Pompej baron Brigido (pl. Brezovica, *
1729; 1811) 1765, 1769-1782
Gabrijel pl. Buset (Joef Busset, Buseth, *
6. 3. 1716 Gracarjev Turn; 1777)760 1765,
1769-1776
Friderik Dietrich 1765, Ludwig Dietrich (* Friderik Dietrich dravni prejemnik na
1706; 29. 3. 1787 Vrhnika) 1769, Josef Vrhniki. Ludwig Dietrich leta 1724 vojak,
Dietrich 1779 nato potni mojster na Vrhniki; njegov sin iz
prvega zakona edler Leopold (* 1745
Vrhnika; 1801 Idrija) je med letoma 1765-
1770 delal v idrijski jamomerski slubi, po
tudiju pri Scopoliju v Banski tiavnici pa je
postal rudarski inenir in nato advokat761
Janez Nepomuk Jakob grof Edling (* 1751 Svetnik deelnega glavarstva,762 sin Alberta
Gorica; 1793 Dunaj) 1780-1782 (* 1717; 1796) in grofice Karoline Saurau,
olnik, prostozidar, sodeluje s Kumerdejem,
ter s lani Akademije Operosorum
Kuraltom, Japljem, Devom, Pohlinom in
svojim varovancem Linhartom, frisinki
upravitelj (Lehenprobst) v kofji Loki
1780763
Friedrich edler pl. Entnersfeld 1776-1782
Joef grof Erddy (Monyorkerk in Pravi cesarski komornik
Moslavina (Monoszl), * 1754; 1824)
757
ARS, AS 7, Deelno glavarstvo za kranjsko, Kmetijske zadeve, katla 204, Litera B, t. 4. volum. 1.
758
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 355; Smole, Graine, str. 591.
759
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. 51; Hof- und Staats-
Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien
1779, str. 503.
760
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 56.
761
Smole, Graine, str. 132, 599; Idrijski razgledi 48 (2003), t. 1;
http://gw5.geneanet.org/sepulveda?lang=en;p=leopold;n=von+dietrich
http://gw5.geneanet.org/sepulveda?lang=en;p=ludwig;n=dietrich;oc=1 ogleda 8. 4. 2013.
762
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 48, 90.
763
Freysingischer Hof- und Kirchenkalender, auf das Jahr 1780, Freising; Mmer, str. 24, 34.
 1776-1779, 1780-1782
Gottfried Franc Fischer 1775-1782
Matija Furlani 1776-1780
Sigmund grof Gallenberg (Jan iga, * 4. 2.
1751; 11. 8. 1800 Dunaj) 1776-1781
Joef baron Gallenfels 1769-1782
(Johann Gandini pl. Lilienstein)
Jurij Ghiel (sic!, Janez Giell, Giehl, * 16. 5.
1734 na ogrskem bregu Leithe; SJ 17. 10.
1753 Dunaj; po 1786) 1775-1779, 1780-
1782
Peter Pavel Glavar (* 1721; 1784) 1765,
1768-1782768
Franc Grisellini (Griselini, * 1717 Benetke;
1787 Milano) 1775-1782
Gabrijel Gruber 1769-1782
Tobija Gruber 1780
edler Guich (Sigfrid baron Gusi, * 13. 12.
1709 Preek; 13. 6. 1794 Ljubljana)770
1775-1782
Hacquet 1772-1787771
vicar Albrecht von Haller (* 1708; 1777)
1776-1777
Lovrenc Sigismund Ksaver (Aleksander)
baron Hallerstein (* 1720 Menge; 1804
Koncipist na Dunaju, tajnik dvorne blagajne
Hofrechungskemmer
Duhovnik
Od 20. 4. 1774 do 8. 7. 1775 je bil tajnik
Drutva do prestavitve v Galicijo kot
ljubljanski gubernialni svetnik, tretji sin
razvpitega melanholika Wolfa Sigmunda
Antona Joefa grofa Gallenberga (* 1707;
1773) in Marije Cecilije Ester grofice
Orzon.764 Gallenbergov aktuar je bil 20. 4. in
27. 6. 1774 Leopold Wismann.765
Celjski okroni (kresijski) glavar med
letoma 1771-1775, solastnik graine Golnik
do leta 1776766
Soproga Marija Josefa Karolina Charlotte
Dinzl Angerburg (* 4. 6. 1731 Kamnik),
lastnica Turna pod Novim gradom pri
Preddvoru,767 leta 1780 komisar
(Zeugskommissar) za Gorenjsko
Nekdanji jezuit, profesor kmetijstva
upnik
astni lan kraljeve drube v Londonu in
Lyonu, lan kmetijskih drub v Bernu in
Gorici769
Duhovnik
Predsednik akademije Operosorum
lan drube v Bernu, predsednik kraljeve
znanstvene drube v Gttingenu
Kostanjeviki opat

764
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 7.
765
ARS, AS 7, Deelno glavarstvo za Kranjsko, Kmetijske zadeve, katla 204, Litera B, t. 4. volum. 1.
766
Smole, Graine, str. 155, 610.
767
Smole, Graine, str. 515; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 515.
768
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 6; leta 1769 popisan kot Glanar (Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-
Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. LXXIII), leta 1779 pa kot Glovar (Hof- und Staats-
Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien
1779, str. 506).
769
lan gorike Kmetijske drube (Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und
erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien 1779, str. 512).
770
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 227.
771
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 6.
 Ljubljana) 1765, 1769-1782
Ivan Joef Anton Haymann (Hainan,
Haiman, * 1732 Postojna; 26. 11. 1799
Ljubljana) 1769-1782
Georg Josef edler Haulab (Hauslab,
Hauslaab, Georg Hauslb) 1769-1782
Jakob grof Hohenwart (Jurij, * 1714;
1808) 1769-1787
Bernhard baron Hornstein (Bruno-Maria, *
1717; 1792) 1781-1782
Niklas Joseph edler Jacquin 1776-1782
(Lovrenc Jake)
Franc Ksaver Jamnigg 1775-1782
Franc baron Janei 1765
Joef (Anton) baron Janei (* 1723; 2. 2.
1780) 1769-1780
Martin Jakob Jebain (Joef Jabazin,
Jabacin, * 7. 9. 1724 Vipava; 1789) 1769-
1782
Paulus Job (Eduardus a Santo Colomano, *
1. 4. 1730 Hohenrupersdorf v Spodji
Avstriji v kofiji Passau; piarist 16. 10.
1747; zaobljube 3. 2. 1749 Dunaj; po
1783) 1775-1782
Zdravnik772
Poroen z Alojzijo Edler pl. Pollau,773
komerni svetnik v k.k. Banko-Gefllen
administraciji Kranjske in Primorske,
stanoval v hii grofa Turjakega poleg
Urulinske ceste t. 58
tudiral v Freiburgu in na jezuitski univerzi
v Innsbrucku; po dveh letih v Rimu je postal
kanonik stolnice (Domkapitular der
Domstifter) v Augsburgu (1738) in nato tam
generalni vikar med letoma 1759-1763,
pravi tajni svetnik nadkofa volilnega kneza
(Kuhrfrst) Clemensa Wenceslausa Sakega
(* 1739; 1812) v Trierju, dekan in
guverner (Stadthalter) mesta Ellwangen med
Stuttgartom in Nrnbergom774
lan tajerske kmetijske drube775
Upravnik Socerba776
Medijski-jabeljski in kratek as mengeki
graak na Ravbarjevem gradu,777 v oporoki
dne 19. 11. 1777 posinovil svojega polbrata
Franca Ksaverja Lichtenberga ( 1832) sina
Leopolda Livija Lichtenberga
Opat, novomeki dekan778
Piarist, profesor fizike, matematike in
mineralogije na Terezijaniu pozneje na
Savojski viteki akademiji (Savoyische
Ritterakademie); njegove knjige so hranili
na Licejki, leta 1817 pa ponatisnili v

772
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 286. Ni naveden v popisu KKD leta 1779 (Hof- und Staats-
Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien
1779, str. 505-506), najdemo pa ga v popisih iz let 1769, 1775, 1776, 1781 in 1782.
773
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 109, 114, 115; Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 99.
774
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. LXXIII; Braun, Die
Domkirche, str. 179-180.
775
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. 51.
776
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 8.
777
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 205; Smole, Graine, str. 640; Neuer Instanzkalender auf das
Jahre 1780, zapisan na tretjem mestu med domaimi lani KKD eprav je umrl e zgodaj leta 1780, kar
dokazuje, da se popisi KKD nanaajo na lanstvo v zaetku posameznega koledarskega leta.
778
http://www.arzenal.si/files/knjiznica/knjige/1183/pdf str. 157-158 ogled 31. 1. 2013; Neuer Instanzkalender
auf das Jahre 1782, str. 34, 89.

Joseph Kaufmann (* 22. 8. 1725 Dunaj; SJ
20. 10. 1741 Trenin; 1791) 1769-,780
1775-1782
Janez Nepomuk Karl pl. Klaffenau
(Claffenau, * 1727; 31. 5. 1814) 1765,
1769-1782
Ivan Friderik Krieger (Johann Friedrich
Kryger (* 1707 Rgen; 1777) 1775-
1782
Franc Florijan Crobath (Krobath, 1776)
1769, ni ve lan leta 1775
Bla Kumerdej 1781-1782785
Franc Adam knez Lamberg ( 1803) 1781-
1782
Johann Justin Lenz 1767-1769
Franc Joef baron Schweiger Lerchenfeld (*
1736; 1817)789 1765, 1769-1782
Franc Ksaver baron Liechtenberg Janei (
1832) 1775 -1782
brazilski Bahiji779
Jezuit, matematik, gradbenik
Franc Joefov sin, dolenjski novomeki
okroni glavar med letoma 1767-1783
cesarsko kraljevi svetnik, lastnik Nemke
vasi,781 kot okroni komisar je 21. 1. 1788
poroil Marijo Katarino pl. Lichtenthal ob
priah Francu Salekemu pl. Gallu in Francu
baronu Fldniggu782
Upokojeni vedski ekonomist783
Administrator-zakupnik briksenke graine
Bled med letoma 1769-1774, graak
Straia784
lan KKD leta 1781786
Deelni glavar787
Aktuar koncipist, poroen z Marijo Ano
Herzog, pozneje leta 1805 dejanski dvorni
tajnik v Innsbrucku788
kresijski glavar Dolenjske leta 1782 790

779
Job, Institutiones; Fischer, Catalogus, str. 75
780
Leta 1769 pomotoma zapisan kot domai lan Rapustmann jezuitski profesor matematike, uvren na seznam
tik pred jezuitskim fizikom Pogrietschnigom (Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das
Jahr 1769, str. LXXIII). Tedanji celovki jezuitski profesor matematike Leopold Apfaltrer je bil na naslednji
strani natet med zunanjimi lani KKD, goriki jezuitski profesor matematike 1768/69-1769/70 Leopold
Wisenfeldt pa prav tako ne pride v potev. Kaufmann je bil ljubljanski jezuitski profesor matematike med letoma
1766-1771, med letoma 1772-1773 pa profesor filozofije v Gorici; v naslednjih letih je bil zunanji astni lan
KKD.
781
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 293, 304; Vrhovec, Zgodovina Novega mesta, str. 124.
782
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 164.
783
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 6; Hoevar, Monetary Theory, str. 36. Ni naveden v popisu KKD leta
1779 (Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und
Residenzstadt Wien 1779, str. 506).
784
Smole, Graine, str. 466, 632; http://www.ednevnik.si/?w=Rimljancek&category=BLED ogled 8. 4. 2013.
785
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 6.
786
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 6.
787
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 45, 87. Pred kranjsko je bil pokrovitelj gorike Kmetijske
drube (Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt-
und Residenzstadt Wien 1779, str. 511).
788
Instanzen-Schematismus fr Tyrol und Vorarlberg: Mit einem Kalender und Post-Stationen durch Tyrol.
Wagner, Innsbruck, str. 4, 9; AS 33, Deelna vlada, konvolut 455, tehnina enota 182, Lit. N, Num. 1, Volum. 1,
str. 65; Deelni glavar grof Henrik Turjaki in njegova soproga Joefa sta bila po posrednikih krstna botra
Lenzove herke dne 25. 2. 1762, drugo hi pa sta dala krstiti dne 15. 3. 1771 (Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der
Adel, str. 106, 113, 202).
789
Smole, Graine, str. 680.
790
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 60, 89; Smole, Graine, str. 640.
 grof Franc Ignac Liechtenberg (Ksaver
Gottfried, * 1715 Ljubljana; 1782
Snenik)791 1765, 1769-1781
Karl grof Liechtenberg (Gottfried, * 1718)
1769-1781
Neimenovani Schwab pl. Liechtenberg z
Dolenjske793 1765, 1769; Leopold (Livius)
baron Liechtenberg (Schwab Lichtenberg, *
Selo pri martnem; 1799)794 1775-1782
(Georg) Sigmund grof Liechtenberg (* 1719
Snenik; 9. 11. 1797) 1769
Sigmund grof Liechtenberg 1765, 1769
Anton Toma Linhart (* 1756; 1795)
1781-1787797
Maffei 1775-1776, 1779-1782
(Martin Maze)
Janez Krstnik Melling (* 1716; 1783)
1769-1782
Janez Joef Menz pl. Schnfeld (Johann
Baptist, * 1719 Bolzano; 1811) 1769-
1782
Franc Millbacher (Mhlbacher) 1775-
1782
Valentin pl. Modesti 1769-1782
Bruno Ortner (* 1722 Tirolska; 4. 1. 1800
rni Vrh) 1765, 1769-1782
dr. Natalis Paliaruzzi (Palliaruzi, * 1746
Kobarid; 1832) 1775-1782
Jernej Poganik (Bartholme) 1780-1782
Gospodar Tutanja792
Svetnik deelnega glavarstva, ivi v
Kaseniatischen zraven nove zgradbe t.
178795
Karlov brat, komornik796
ematizma iz let 1781 in 1782 ga ne
pritevata med lane KKD!
Jezuitski profesor matematike
Upravnik Senoe798
Konal tudij medicine leta 1756 v
Innsbucku, nato tudiral fiziko in kemijo.
Skupaj s profesorjem Nikolausom
Strzingerjem sta leta 1760 razvila postopek
segrevanja za pridobivanje isteje soli,
prizadeva pa si tudi za uporabo lignita pri
kurjavi. Postal je komerni svetnik, direktor
kovnice, direktor solin v Halle na Tirolskem,
lan Patriotische Gesellschaft na Tirolskem
in na Kranjskem (KKD)799 pozneje skupaj z
baronom Vincencom Jurijem Strupijem
(Struppi, * 1733 Trst; 1810) in pl.
Wolfom800
Nekdanji jezuit, eksperimentalni fizik
Regierungsrath Graz 1782
Prelat kartuzijanov iz Bistre
Zdravnik in tovarnar
Upravnik-oskrbnik (Verwalter) nemkega

791
Slana, Lichtenbergi, str. 191; Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 88.
792
Slana, Lichtenbergi, str. 186.
793
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 8.
794
Smole, Graine, str. 434, 640.
795
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 46, 88.
796
Slana, Lichtenbergi, str. 186; Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 79, 208.
797
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 6.
798
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 8.
799
Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und
Residenzstadt Wien, 1779, str. 506, 510.
800
Struppijev tekst panfleta je v imenu Patriotische Gesellschaft pozdravil von Wolf dne 2. 4. 1781 (Struppi, Auf
Herrn Tobias Grubers).

Max Poganik 1782
Janez Krstnik Pogrietschnig 1765, 1769-
1782
Janez Krizostom edler Pollini (* 27. 2. 1712
Radovljica; 7. 11. 1786 Ljubljana) 1765,
1769-1782
Wolfgang Possavitz (Joef Possaviz, po
1794) 1781-1782
1769 administrator Premru brez imena,
1775-1782 administrator Kasper Premru
Ignaz Anton pl. Purg Purger (* 1725; 26.
6. 1770) 1769
Johann Wenzel grof Purgstall (* 1724;
1785) 1769-1782
Franc Anton edler Raab (* 21. 12. 1722 St.
Leonhard na Korokem; 20. 4. 1783
Dunaj) 1765, 1769-1782
Mihael Gottlieb baron Raigersfeld (Amadej,
* 1744; 1783) 1775-1776, 1779-1782
vitekega reda,801 7. 8. 1778 boter sinu
Marije Ane Poganik poroene Frere, 25.
11. 1766 Franc Jernej Poganik in Marija
Julija dobita sina.802
Kreisamtoffizier gorenjske kresije stanuje v
Blaevi (Blasischen) hii na Namki cesti
(Deitschen Gassen) t. 308803
Jezuitski profesor fizike (leta 1765 zapisan
zgolj s to funkcijo)
Zdravnik, prastric ige Zoisa, ivi na Starem
trgu t. 157804
Doktor prava, lastnik Abondinijevega
dvorca,805 zapriseen odvetnik deelnega
glavarstva, stanoval v lastni hii na
Gosposki ulici t. 351806
Administrator Vipave Kasper Premru pri
graaku Andreju vitezu Premrov
Premersteinu (Premru, * 1696; 16. 10.
1785), od 1757 lastniku graine Premrov v
Vipavi.807 Casparo Premaru je bil dne 19. 10.
1761 krstni boter matematiku-filozofu
zdravniku Joefu Misleju v Podragi pri
Vipavi
Doktor, pridrueni zaasni (angesezter)
tajnik Drutva808
Direktor tajerske kmetijske drube,809
pozneje lan njenega vodstva,810 komornik
Svetnik trake komerne intendance, lan
tajerske kmetijske drube,811 Dunajski
komerni svetnik, avstrijski in eki dvorni
svetnik 1782
Kanzler oziroma tajnik Drutva od
novembra 1769 do premestitve na poloaj
gubernialnga svetnika v Galicijo leta 1774812

801
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 8.
802
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 110, 117.
803
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 59.
804
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 67, 81, 89.
805
Smole, Graine, str. 63, 663.
806
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 66, 90.
807
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 434; Smole, Graine, str. 389; Pajk, Dr. Joef Mislej, str. 254.
808
Pogrebne sveanosti v ljubljanski stolnici (Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 203); AS 33, Deelna
vlada, konvolut 455, tehnina enota 182, Lit. N, Num. 1, Volum. 1, str. 43, 45; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska
druba, str. 7.
809
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. 50.
810
Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und
Residenzstadt Wien 1779, str. 503.
811
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. 51.
812
AS 33, Deelna vlada, konvolut 455, tehnina enota 182, Lit. N, Num. 1, Volum. 1, str. 65; Umek, Kranjska
kmetijska druba, str. 7, 31.
 Ignac pl. Rastern (* 1697; 22. 3. 1777)813
1769-1776
Mihael baron Rastern (* 18. 9. 1720; 3.
11. 1797) 1769-1782
Revicul 1780-1782
grof Rinaldi 1775-1782
Vincenz Ferriers Andreas grof Orsini von
Rosenberg (* 1722; 1794) 1769-1782
Aleksander baron Schell ( 11. 3. 1792)
1780-1782
(Gregor Schttl, v popisih ni imenovan)
Andreas Schwindel, 1781-1782
Scopoli 1769-1782
Pavel Joef Semen (Smen) 1779-1787
(tefani)
Anton baron Taufferer (Janez Nepomuk
Tadej, * 6. 5. 1723 Vinja Gora; 3. 3. 1787 kranjskega in primorskega taksnega urada
Ljubljana) 1780-1782
Ignacov brat upnik v Mengu814
Tajnik savojske Kmetijske drube
Predsednik ekonomske drube v Vidmu.
Giuseppe de Rinaldis pa je leta 1756 pisal o
vinu piccolitto (picolit). Sorodnik Girolamo
de Rinaldis je bil kanonik stolnice v Vidmu,
Giovanni Batista Rinaldi iz Trevisa pa je
dobil sina 1767.
Deelni glavar in pokrovitelj Kmetijske
drube na Korokem. Vincent grof
Rosenberg in Julija sta bila krstna botra 25.
6. 1773 v Ljubljani.815
Jezuitski profesor fizike
Oim Gabrijela Gruberja816
lan tajerske kmetijske drube817
Aktuar Drutva, zamenja namestnika
aktuarja Ignaza Antona Hubnerja in
Wissnerja,818 uslubenec deelne uprave,
stanuje v dvorni (Hoferische) hii v
Kapucinskem predmestju t. 14819
Upravnik Tria od 15. 6. 1769 v lasti
Joefa Marije Turjakega;820 Joef tefani
je bil med letoma 1774-1782 Krobathov
naslednik pri zakupu graine Bled
Kresijski glavar Gorenjske, predstojnik
upokojen v zaetku leta 1787, lan Dizmove
bratovine z vzdevkom Ranjeni (Der
Verletzte) lastnik Novega gradu v Peeniku,
ljubljanskih hi Stari Trg 11 in 15,821 dvorni

813
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 417; Smole, Graine, str. 114.
814
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 61, 227; Smole, Graine, str. 114; Pokorn, ematizem duhovnikov,
str. 66. Leta 1769 med lani KKD popisan z imenom in v naslednji vrstici pomotoma e kot dekan-upnik
Menga (Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. LXXIII.
815
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 114. Philipp grof Rosenberg, po rodu s Koroke, imenovan
modrijan, je sestavil rokopis Cammeral-Systema leta 1726. Leta 1721 so ga poslali v Beograd, da je tam in v
vsej Srbiji uredil komorne zadeve (AS, Zborka rokopisov, rokopis t. 81 (1 3d). str. 286. I). Ni istoveten z
Ignacom grofom Rosenbergom (* 1739; 10. 2. 1801 sv. Jakob Ljubljana (Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel,
str. 228)).
816
AS 309, Zapuinski inventar, lit. S, fasc. XXXV, t. 258 (Josefa Schwindel vdova Gruber ( 9. 1. 1787), zapuina podpisana 28. 3. 1787) ; Neuer
Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 90.
817
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. 51.
818
AS 33, Deelna vlada, konvolut 455, tehnina enota 182, Lit. N, Num. 1, Volum. 1, str. 43, 45.
819
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 52, 87.
820
Smole, Graine, str. 505; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 8.
821
Smole, Graine, str. 689.

Janez Nepomuk Taufferer (Aleksander
Matija, * 25. 2. 1752; 9. 2. 1832 Dunaj)
1782
Jurij Joef Dizma (Franc Ksaver) Taufferer
(* 1733 Vinja gora; 1789) 1765, 1769-
1782
Friderik grof Thurn
Jan van pl. Thys 1765, 1769
Friderik grof Thurn 1765
Janez grof Torres (Thurn, della Torre) 1769- Herbersteinov ljubljanski stolni kanonik
1782
Gian Battista pl. Tranquilli 1765, 1769-1782 Med letoma 1758-1768 administrator-glavar
Henrik grof Turjaki (* 1721 Gradec;
1793 Gradec) 1767-1773, 1775-1782
Karl grof Auersperg827 1765
Marija Joef grof Turjaki 1775-1780,
1781-1782
Pavel Alojz grof Turjaki (* 3. 7. 1729; 5. Gubernijski svetnik s Turjaka in Iga829
6. 1810) 1765, 1769-1775, 1776-
1782
Rihard grof Auersperg (Rihard Joef,
1798)830 1765
Ulah (Jurij Vlah, * 1699/1700 Kastav;
1772) 1765, 1769
Maks Kritof baron Waidmannsdorf 1775,
1776-1782
Sigmund pl. Wallensperg (Wallensberg)
1775-1782
svetnik, administrator, komornik, stanoval
na gradu (k.k. Burg) t. 353822
Antonov sin, 1775 posveen v manika,
opat, bival v dunajski Domherrhaus t.
199823
Antonov brat, stiki opat
predlagan v KKD 1765
Nizozemski kancler koroke kmetijske
drube, komerni svetnik
med letoma 1770-1787, leta 1782 stanoval v
Domherrhaus t. 210824
Pazina of 1. 9. 1766 v lasti markizov
Montecuccolijev825
Stanoval na Kohlmarket t. 1182826
Lastnik uperka
Stanoval na Renngasse t. 380828
Administrator jezuitske graine Kastav
1723, leta 1770 odpre javno olo in nato
zgradi prvo cesto ez Uko za povezavo
Kastava s Pazinom. Druina Vlahse je v
Kastav preselila s eke v 17. stoletju831
Baron Waidmansdorf s Tirolske832
Joef Mihael ( 1769) in njegov sin Joef
Filip Wallensberg sta bila graaka v

822
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 64, 89, 99.
823
Neuer Instanzkalender 1782, str. 31.
824
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 30, 89.
825
Smole, Graine, str. 342.
826
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 1, 90.
827
Smole, Graine, str. 130.
828
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 1, 90.
829
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 69; Preinfalk, Auerspergi, str. 118, 496; Neuer Instanzkalender auf
das Jahre 1782, str. 46, 88.
830
Smole, Graine, str. 586.
831
http://imehrvatsko.net/profile/juraj_vlah http://imehrvatsko.net/namepages/view/family_name/prezime-
VLAH ogleda 8. 4. 2013; Muzur, Kako su se Opatijci kolovali.
832
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 501.

Karl Augustin Weickhard (Waickhart, * 24.
8. 1735 Ljubljana)834 1779-1782
Karl Erhard pl. Walter 1780-1782
Joef Peregrin Werner 1780
Gottlieb Wessenschneid 1781-1782
Duhovnik R.Wiebald 1775-1776, Joseph
Biewald 1779, duhovnik R.Wiewald 1780,
duhovnik Wiewald 1781-1782
Franc Joef grof Wurmbrand-Stuppach
(Wurmbrandt) 1780-1782
Karl pl. Zahlheim (Zallheim, * 1746;
1787) 1775-1782
Karl grof Zinzendorf (Pottendorf, * 1739;
1813) 1775-1782
Janez Krstnik Citeneg (Ivan Zitteneck,
Zittenegg, 1791) 1765, 1769-1782
iga baron Zois 1775-1782-
Franc Matej Zorn pl. Mildenheim (* 29. 9.
1731 Ljubljana; 13. 4. 1790) 1768841-1782-
Trebnjem med letoma 1734-1799833
Medicinec 1776
Kaplan pri sv. Petru v Ljubljani. V
Radovljici je bil 11. 5. 1733 pria na poroki
bohinjskega cesarskega carinskega uradnika
Franca Antona Sigfrida pl. Mayerhoffena.835
Joef Wener je dne 10. 7. 1772 poroil
Urulo vdovo Pesdirz ob priah doktorju
prava Pavlu Franku pl. Frankenfeldu in
Joefu Kloserju836
lan Ekonomske fizikalne drube Obern
Launitz na Sakem, tajnik frisinkega
knejega dvora in komisar urada za takse837
Morda nekdanji jezuit graki profesor fizike
Gotlib Leopold Biwald (Biewald, * 1731;
1805) lan tajerske kmetijske drube838
Svetnik gubernija Gradec, pravi komornik
Stalni tajnik dunajske (inter der Enns)
ekonomske drube od leta 1776, naslednje
leto redni predavatelj kmetijstva na Dunajski
Visoki oli839
Traki guverner, vitez nemkega reda,
dunajski komerni svetnik 1775, lan
tajerske Kmetijske drube eta 1779
Graak na Novem gradu v Mengu840
Doktor obojega prava

833
Smole, Graine, str. 502, 698.
834
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 76.
835
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 359; Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 43, 89.
836
Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, str. 163.
837
Freysingischer Hof- und Kirchenkalender, auf das Jahr 1780, Freising; Mmer, str. 35.
838
Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. 51. Po kazalu iz leta 1779 bi
se dalo sklepati, da sta bila Leopold Biewald in Joseph Biewald ista oseba (Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der
rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. Wien: Joseph Gerold,
1779, str. 506.
839
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 5.
840
Smole, Graine, str. 290, 705; Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Der Adel, 106; Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba,
str. 8.
841
Zapisan takoj za Glavarjem, ki je vstopil v KKD leta 1768, in osem mest pred Gruberjem, ki je prispel v
Ljubljano julija 1768; od tod sklepamo, da je tudi Zorn postal lan KKD leta 1768 glede na kronoloko razvren
polis lanov (Kaiserl. Knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769, str. LXXIII).
Preglednica 4: Vodstvo KKD

Ime Funkcija Obdobje

Henrik Turjaki Pokrovitelj 1767- februarj 1773

Vincenz Ferriers Andreas Pokrovitelj 1773-1774
grof Orsini Rosenberg
Marija Joef grof Turjaki Pokrovitelj 1774-1780
Franc Adam grof Lamberg Pokrovitelj 1780-
Joef Brigido Predsednik-direktor 1767-1773
Jurij Jakob Hohenwart Predsednik-direktor 22. 8. 1773-1787842
Valentin Modesti Tajnik-kancler 1767-1769
Ignaz Anton pl. Purg Pridrueni zaasni tajnik 24. 12. 1769843
Mihael Gottlieb Raifgersfeld Tajnik-kancler November 1769-1774
Sigmund Gallenberg Tajnik-kancler 1774-1775
Dizma Barbo Waxenstein Tajnik-kancler 1775-1782-
Franc Ksaver Jamnig Blagajnik 1775-1782-
(Jamnigg)
Hacquet Stalni sekretar 1776-1787
Lenz Aktuar 1767-31. 12. 1771-
Leopold Wissner Aktuar -20. 4. 1774-1776-
Ignaz Anton Hubner Namestnik aktuarja 24. 12. 1769-
Semen Aktuar 23. 8. 1779-15. 5. 1785-844

Index of Personalities

Laura Bassi (* 1711; 1782).

Lorenz Florenz Friedrich von Crell (* 1744 Helmstedt (Helmstdt) in Lower Saxony; 1816
Gttingen)

Axel Frederik Cronstedt (* 1722; 1765).

Jean-Andr De Luc (1727; 1817).

Jean Pierre Fanois Guillot-Duhamel (* August 31, 1730 Nicorps by Coutances; February
19, 1816 Paris).

Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert (* 1769; 1824).

Friedrich Albrecht Carl Gren (* 1760; 1798).

842
Umek, Kranjska kmetijska druba, str. 7.
843
AS 33, Deelna vlada, konvolut 455, tehnina enota 182, Lit. N, Num. 1, Volum. 1, str. 43, 45, 65.
844
AS 553, KKD (= Kranjska kmetijska druba) / Spisi, statut / 1780-1820.
Ren Just Hay (* 1743; 1822).

Gabriel Jars (* 1732 Lyon; 1769).

Janez Krstnik Kersnik (* March 26, 1783 Moste near irovnica in Upper Carniola; June 24,
1850 Ljubljana).

Richard Kirwan (* 1733; 1812).

Auguste-Frdric-Louis Viesse de Marmont (* 1774; 1852).

William Murdock (Murdoch, * 1754 Bellow Mill; 1839 Soho).

Johann Phillip Neumann (* 1774 Trebi (Tebitsch) in Moravia on the Jihlava River; 1849
Vienna).

Janez Krizostom Pollini (* January 27, 1712 Radovljica; November 7, 1786 Ljubljana).

Abb Jean Franois Pilatre de Rozier (* 1756; 1785).

Johann Christian Daniel Schreibers (* 1739; 1810).

Lazzaro Spallanzani (* January 12, 1729 Scandiano near Modena; February 11, 1799
Pavia).

Emanuel Swedenborg (* 1688; 1772).

Thomas Thomson (* 1773; 1852).

Johann Heinrich Voigt (* June 27, 1751 Gotha; September 6, 1823 Jena).

Johann Ernst Emmanuel Walch (* 1725; 1778).

Josiah Wedgwood (* 1730; 1795).

Raffaelle Zelli (Zell, * 1772 Italy845 or * 1786 Klagenfurt, or Parish Zell (Sele) near
Ferlach;846 1817).

Sigmund Zois (iga, * January 23, 1747 Trst; November 10, 1819 Ljubljana).

++++***

Sources, Abbreviations, Literature

845
J. umrada, Les principaux traits de la politique napolonienne dans les Provinces illyriennes. Napoleon na
Jadranu. Napolon dans l'Adriatique (ed. J. umrada), Annales, Koper/Zadar, 2006, 43-58, here p. 53.
846
V. Bartolj, Pouk fizike v osnovni oli na Slovenskem do prve svetovne vojne. Graduate work with Janez
Ferbar, Pedagogic Faculty, Ljubljana, 1998, 14.
ABBREVIATIONS AND ARCHIVAL SOURCES

ARS Archive of Republic Slovenia, Zvezdarska 1, Ljubljana

op-Kalister Lyceum book catalogue, 1826-1831 (NUK, Manuscript department).

Kersnik J.K. Kersnik, Inventaire des objects existantes dans le Cabinet de Chimie et de
Physique des coles centrales Laibach. ZAL. Akc.fond 1, arh. Division 53, 1811, unpaged

NUK Signatures in National and University Library, Ljubljana

Z . Zois, Bibliothecae Sigismundi Liberi Baronis de Zois Catalogus. 181?, NUK, Ms.
667. Selling catalogue provided by Henrik Viljem Korn (* 1755 Mastricht, Holland) finished
on August 4, 1821 with 4109 volumes.847

ZAL - Zgodovinski Arhiv, Mestni trg 27, Ljubljana.

Zo . Zois, 1803-1812. ARS Special activities, AS 1052. The earliest of Zois own
catalogues issued on March 11, 1780, library catalogue of Jernej Kopitar accomplished
around 1803.848

ARS Archive of Slovenian Republic, Ljubljana.

NUK National and University Library, Ljubljana.

NM National Museum of Slovenia.

SBL Slovenian Biographical Lexicon, Ljubljana.

SJ Date of the entrance in Jesuit order.

Schnleben, J.L., 1668 (copied in 1762): Catalogus Sive Repertorium omnium Librorum
Bibliothecae Illustrissimi et excellentissimi Domini Domini Wolffgangi Engelberti R:I:
Comitis ab Auersperg, et Gottschee, Domini in Schn= et Seisenberg, inclit: Carniola
Ducatus, et Marchia Slavica Supremi, ac hereditoris Mareschalli, et Cameraris, ac Caes: Mais:
actualis Cameraris et Consiliaris intimi, Provincia Capitanei Supremi, et Continui
Deputatorum Praesivi ec: ec: In Clases Decem et octo divisus A:R:D:g:E:N:E:D:D:C:S:B:
Anno Domini 1668. - Haus-, Hof- und Staats-archiv, Dep. Frstlich Auerspergsches Archiv.
Dunaj, Minoritenplatz 1, VII Laibach, A 14/4 conv. 1 Laibach-Frstenhof 1729-1895, pp. 1-
431.

Z - Zois, iga. 1821. Bibliothecae Sigismundi Liberi Baronis de Zois Catalogus. NUK, Ms.
667. The selling catalogue of the bookseller Henrik Viljem Korn (* 1755 Maastricht in
847
Kidri, 1939, 9.
848
Kidri, 1939, 34; Valeni, Faninger & Gspan-Praelj, 1991, 841.
Jolland) finished on August 4, 1821 in the library of the deceased Zois with 4109 volumes
included (Kidri 1939, 9).

Zo - Zois, iga. 1803-1812. ARS Special Activities, AS 1052. The first catalogue March 1,
1780, and Jernej Kopitars catalogue around 1803 (Kidri 1939, 34; Valeni, Faninger &
Gspan-Praelj 1991, 841).

ARS - Arhiv Republike Slovenije v Ljujbljani.

AS 730, Gospostvo Dol, fasc. 43.

AS 730, Gospostvo Dol, fasc. 75.

Freyer, Henrik. 1840. Annalen des Gartens fr Lustall fr das jahr 1840. AS 730,
Gospostvo Dol, rokopis 203.

Zois, iga. 1803-1812. AS 1052. Posebno udejstvovanje Zois, Prvi katalog po 11. 3.
1780 izdelal Zois sam, celotno knjinico pa je popisal Jernej Kopitar priblino leta
1803.

AS 1052. Posebno udejstvovanje Zois, fascikel 19, Vrtni protokol za Brdo od leta
1781 do leta 1785.

NM - Narodni muzej v Ljubljani.

NUK - Signature Narodne in univerzitetne knjinice v Ljubljani.

W - Wilde, Franz. 1803. Catalogi Librorum Bibliothecae Publicae Lycei Labacensis in

Ducatu Carnioliae. Alphabethisches literarisches Verzeichnis der in der Laybacher
Lycealbibliothek vorhandenen Werke (NUK. Rokopisni oddelek).

Zois, iga. 181? - 4. 8. 1821. Bibliothecae Sigismundi Liberi Baronis de Zois

Catalogus. NUK, Ms. 667. 4109 zvezkov v prodajnem katalogu knjigarnarja Henrika
Viljema Korna (* 1755 Mastricht na Nizozemskem).

Zois, Karel. 179?. Catalogus Librorum Caroli L.B. de Zois Alphabetisches

Verzeichnises der naturhistorischen Bchersammlung der Sigmund rcksichtlich Carl
Baron Zois. NUK, Ms. 364/3.

Archiv Akademie vd esk republiky (Praha) / A. Fondy instituc / Fondy starch

vdeckch spolenost, stav a spolk / Krlovsk esk spolenost nauk (KSN) 1766
1953.

ARS - Arhiv Republike Slovenije

AS 7, Deelno glavarstvo na Kranjskem, kmetijske zadeve, . 204.

AS 9, Komerni konses v Ljubljani, . 1 (Lit Al/l).

AS 33, Deelna vlada, konvolut 455, . 182, Lit. M & N, Num 1, Volum 1.
AS 533, Kmetijska druba v Ljubljani, fasc. P/5.

AS 553, KKD (= Kranjska kmetijska druba) / Spisi, statut / 1780-1820

StLA - Steiermrkischen Landesarchiv, Karmeliterplatz 8, Graz.

R + K, K 83, Kommission in wassersachen (Navigationskommision)
Miszllen K 393 (Stara signatura: Landes Regirungs Archiv, Navigationsakten im
Kleinen Archiv, Sch. 473).
Fremaut, Maximilian: Trs humble Pro-Mmoire, ou Project idal Son Excellence
Monseigneur le Comte Rudolph de Chotek, Chevalier de la Toison dOr, & pur former une
Socit dAgriculture entre le Tyrol, la Carinthie, la Carniole et la Styrie, le 21 janvier 1754.
Steierische Agrikultursozietat, I-3, 3-5.

ZAL - Zgodovinski Arhiv Ljubljana

SI_LJU 346, Slokar, Ivan: Zgodovina obrtnega olstva v Ljubljani do leta 1860. I. Mehanska
ola v Ljubljani 1769-1784, Rokopisni elaborati, t.e. 41, a.e. 338, nedatirano.

Spletni viri / Web Sources

http://www.koeblergerhard.de/juristen/tot/toteSeite112.html

http://www.scholarly-sicieties.org/cgi-bin/public/soc/

http://www.koeblergerhard.se/juristen/tot/toteSeite112.html

http://www.arzenal.si/files/knjiznica/knjige/1183/pdf 157-158 ogled 31. 1. 2013.

asopisi / Journals

Wchentliches Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogtum Krain, Laibach: Egger, 1775-1776.

Giornale d'Italia spettante alla scienza Naturale e principalmente allAgricoltura, alle arti ed
al Commercio. Venice: Benedetto Milocco.

Hof- und Staats- Schematismus der rm. kaiserl. auch kaiserl.-kniglich- und erzherzoglichen
Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. Wien: Joseph Gerold, 1779.

, ustanovljeno 1765, je izdajalo: Trudy Imperatorskogo Volnogo
Ekonomicheskogo Obshestva=Travaux de la Socit Impriale Libre Economique=Arbeiten
der Kaiserlichen Freien Oekonomischem Gesellschaft. 1765-1770 (zvezki 1-15), imenovano
tudi: Trudy Volnogo Ekonomicheskogo Obshestva k Pooshchreniyu v Rossii Zemledelija i
Domostroitelstva.=Abhandlungen der freyen oekonomischen Gesellschaft in St. Petersburg:
zur Ausmunterung des Ackerbaues und der Hauswirtschaft in Russland. St.
Petersburg/Riga/Leipzig/Mietau: In der Hartknochischen Buchhandlung.

Instanzen-Schematismus fr Tyrol und Vorarlberg: Mit einem Kalender und Post-Stationen

durch Tyrol. Innsbruck: Wagner.

Kaiserl. knigl. Inner-Oesterreichischer Schematismus auf das Jahr 1769. Graz:

Widmanstetter.

Land-Krainerischer Schematismus: auf das Jahr...: worinnen die k. k. Boeheimisch- und

Oesterreichische Hofkanzley und der mit dieser vereinbarte Kaiserl. knigl.
Hofcommercienrath, dann saemmtliche hoch- und niedere Dicasterien und Stellen dieses
Herzogthum enthalten seynd, Laybach: Joh. Friedr. Eger, 1775, 1776.

Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1780 (1781, 1782) in welchem die k.k. bheimische und
sterreichische Hofkanzley, und die k.k. Oberster Justitzstelle, dann sammentlich hoch= und
niedere Dikasterien und Stellen dies Herzogthums Krain enthaltend sind. Laybach: Eger.

Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte. Herausgegeben von der kaiserlich kniglichen Gesellschaft

des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher Knste im Herzogthume Krain, Laybach: Egger, 1775-1779.

Literatura

Ambschell, Anton. 1779. Dissertatio de Centro Gravitatis in Subsidium Suorum

Discipulorum Conscripta ab Antonio Ambschell AA.LL. ac Phil. Doctore nec num Caes.Reg.
in Academia Labac.Phys.Prof.p.o. Anno M.DCC.LXXIX. Assertiones ex Universa Physica et
Mathesi Elementari quas in Aula Academica Archiducalis Gymnasii Labacensis / Ex
Praelectionibus Martini Jeell Caes.Reg.Math.Elem.Prof. Publ.Ord. Antonii Ambschell
AA.LL.ac Phil.Doct. nec non Caes. Reg. Phys. Prof. P.O. Mense Augusto die_ Anno
MDCCLXXIX. Propugnabit R. ac P.D. Wolfgangus Muha Carn. Corgnial. Phil. in II. Annum
Auditor. Labaci: Typis Egerianis. (NUK 8046; NUK 8047, Erberg XCVII WVIII; NM-1758;
NM-18186).

Ambschell, Anton. 1780. Dissertatio de Motu in Genere in Subsidium Suorum Discipulorum

Conscripta ab Antonio Ambschell AA.LL. ac Phil. Doctore nec num Caes.Reg. in Academia
Labac. Phys. Prof. P.O. Anno M.DCC.LXXX. Labaci, Typis Egerianis./ Assertiones ex
Universa Physica quas in Aula Academica Archiducalis Gymnasii Labacensis Mense Augusto
die_ Anno M.DCC.LXXX. Publice Propugnabunt / R.ac P.D. Aloysius Knee,
Carniol.Labacens. R.ac P.D. Joannes Gutschenigg, Carniol.Labacens. E. ac P.D. Antonius
Schmith, Carniol. Labacens. E. ac P.D. Xav. Tschebulz, Carniol. Neostad. E. ac P.D. Joannes
Stibiel, Carniol. Heyd. E. ac P.D. Franciscus Khern, Carniol. Gottschee. E.ac P.D.
Raymundus Dietrich, Carniol. Michelft. E. ac P.D. Thadeus Vechovicz, Carniol. Labacens. E.
ac P.D. Josephus Misslei, Carniol. Vipacens. E. ac P.D. Michael Gruber,849 Carniol.
Labacens. Philosophiae in secundum Annum Auditores. Labaci, Typis Egerianis. (Erberg
XCVII WVIII; NM-18187).

Andrejka, Rudolf. 1934. Kje so bili Zoisovi vrtovi? Glasnik muzejskega drutva za Slovenijo.
15: 107-115.

Benvenuti, Carlo. 1754. De lumine, dissertatio physica, quam in Seminario Romano ad

disputandum proponit D. Joseph Joachimus ec. Rome: typis Antonii de Rubeis (91 strani, 2
ploi); 1754. Graz: Typis Haeredum Widmanstadii; 1761. De lumine. Vindobonae: sumtibus
Joannis Thomae Trattnern (Erbegova knjiga danes v NM, 92 strani, 2 ploi, 4o); 1766.
Dissertatio physica de lumine Auctore P.Carolo Benvenuti Societatis Jesu. Vienna: sumtibus
Joannis Thomae Trattnern (152 strani, 2 ploi; 4o); 1767. Dissertatio physica de lumine
Auctore P.Carolo Benvenuti Societatis Jesu... Assertiones Ex universa philosophia ... Jacobus
Valentinus Perko Styrius ... (50 Biwaldovih tez za izpit). Graz: Typis Haeredum
Widmanstadii. MDCCLXVII. (NUK-8334; Ekslibris: Inscriptus Catalogo Bibliotheca Phil.
Colleg. S. J. 1767; 152 strani, dve Benvenutijevi ploi s slikami).

Bion, Nicolaus. 1709. Trait de la construction et des principaux usages des instrumens de
mathmatique. Avec les Figures necessaires pour l'intelligence de ce Trait. Dedi a son
Altesse Royale, Monseigneur le duc d'Orleans. Paris: la Veuve & fils de Jean Boudot &
Jacques Collombat; 1716. Paris: Boudot; 1717. Mathematische Werkschule oder grndliche
Anweisung wie die mathematische Instrumenten mit allein schiedlich und recht zu
gebrauchen, sondern auch auf die beste und accurateste Manier zu verfertigen, zu probieren,
und allezeit im guten Stand zu erfllen sind. 3 Theile in neunen Buch. In 4to. Leipsig: Peter C.
Monath (ST-21/83 98v = W-1419 = NUK-21406). Angleki prevod: 1723. The Construction
and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments. Translated from the French of M. Bion,
Chief Instrument-Maker to the French King. To which are Added, the Construction and Uses
of such Instruments as are omitted by M. Bion; particularly of those invented buy the English.
By Edmunf Stone. The whole Illustrated with Twenty-six Folio Copper-Plates, containing the
Figures, &c. Of the several Instruments. London: John Senex; 3. (nemki) natis: ... vermehret
von Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr. 1726. Neu=erffnete Mathematische Werck=Schule
Dritten Auflage ermehret, von Johan Gabriel Doppelmayr. Nrnberg: Monath (z dodanimi
optiko-geometrijskimi in astronomskimi napravami v precej bolj kratkih dveh knjigah); 1765.
Neuerf(f)nete Mathematische Werkschule. Nrnberg: Georg Peter Monath. Delni ponatis:
Bion, Nicolaus. Sine dato (1778?). Grndliche Anweisung zum gebrauch, und Nutzen des
Proportional Zircels aus der mathematische Werkschule des Herrn Nicolas Bion. Graz:
Windmanstads Erben (W-1506 = NUK-8282, adligat za K. Zoisovimi izpitnimi vpraanji).
Pock, Matthias (* 1720; 1795) (ur.) (Scheibel, Johan Ephraim; Scheffelt, Michael (* 1652;
1720) matematik). 1785. Gebrauch des Proportionalzircels nach Anleitung des Herrn Bions
zu sechs Linien; mit einem Anhange einews neuen Transporteurs, wodurch auch im Kleinen
einzelne Minuten zu zeichen und zu messen sind, nebst einigen Tabellen von knstlich und
figurirten Zahlen, deren simplen und Zentralpolygonen und Pyramidalzahlen, von ihrer
Wurzelausziechung bis in die 9te Dignitt, wie auch von Proniczahlen und deren Wurzeln. mit

849
Grueber, Stibiel, Missley, Simon (Sic!) Vehovitz, Dietrich iz Michelsttta, Khern, Schmid, Knee so bili leta
1778 sluatelji retorike v Ljubljani, med njimi Khern, Nissley in Grueber najbliji premiferjem. Gutschenih je bil
stareji in je poslual retoriko e leta 1776 (rnivec, 1999, 313, 314-315). Tschebulz je obiskoval gimnazijo v
Novem mestu.
7 Kupfertabellen. Salzburg: Joh. Jos. Mayr (trije listi predgovora, 108 strani teksta, 17 cm).

Clavius, Christopherus. 1588. Novi calendari romani apologia. Adversus Michaelem

Maestlinum Gaeppingensem, in Tubingensi Academia Mathematicum, tribus libris explicata.
Auctore Christophoro Clavio Bambergensie Societate Iesu. Romae: Sanctius, & Soc.

Cooke, Jacques captain. 1778. Voyage dans l'hemisphre Austral et autour du monde fait sur
les vaisseaux de roi, l'Aventure, & la Rsolutionm en 1772, 1773, 1774 & 1775. crit par
Jacques Cook, Comandant de la Rsolution; Dans lequel on a infr La Relation du
Capitaine Fourneux, & celle de MM. Forster. Traduit de l'Anglois. Ouvrage enrichi de Plans,
de Cartes, de Planches, de Portraits, & de Vues de Pays, dessins pendant l'Expdition, par
M. Hodges. Paris: Hotel de Tou, Rue des Poitevins (NUK-2667).

rnivec, ivka in drugi (ur.). 1999. Ljubljanski klasiki 1563-1965. Ljubljana: Maturanti
klasine gimnazije.

Dobrilovi, Marko; Kravanja, Nikolaja. 2003. Rastlinsko gradivo prvega botaninega parka
na Slovenskem - Brdo pri Kranju. Zbornik Biotehnike Fakultete Unierze v Ljubljani.
Kmetijstvo. 81/2: 277-286.

Duffy, Christopher. 2000. The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War. Rosemont: Emperors
Press.

Ferber, Johann Jacob. 1774. Beschreibung des Quecksilbergwerks zu Idria in Mittel Crayn.
Berlin.

Ferber, Johann Jakob. 1789. Drey Briefe mineralogischen Inhalts: an Freyherrn von Racknitz.
Berlin: August Mylius (NM-7888, 70 strani, 18 cm, K. Zoisov lastniki zapis).

Fischer, Karl Adolf Franz. 1978. Jesuiten-Mathematiker in der deutschen Assistenz bis 1773.
Archivum Historicum Societatis Jesu. 47/93: 159-224.

Gavigan, Johannes. 1979. Johannes Tretter O.S.A., Rektor der Universitt Graz 1807-1808.
Cor. Unum. 37: 116-126.

Geoffroyjev, tienen-Franois. 1741. Tractatus de Materia Medicam. Paris: Desaint &

Saillant.

Gmelin, Johann. 1747. Flora Sibirica sive historia. Petropoli.

Hasselquist, Frideric; Linn. 1757. Iter Palaestinum, Eller Resa til Heliga Landet, Frrttad
ifrn r 1749 til 1752; 1769. Voyages dans le Levant. Paris; 1769. nemki prevod; 1766.
Voyages and Travels in the Laevant, in the years 1749, 50, 51, 52.

Herbert, Joseph Edler. 1772. Theoriae phenomenorum electricorum conscripta a P. Josepho

Herbert e S.J. Viennae: Joh. Thom. de Trattnern (NUK-8392, 178 strani); 1778. Theoriae
phenomenorum electricorum: quae seu electricitatis corpore in deficiens traiectu, seu sola
atmosphaerae alectricae actione gignuntur... Editione altera.. mea suspictione conscius
sonsentit. Vindobonae: Tratner (246 strani, 6 plo, 20 cm).
Hiltenbrand, Anton. 1776. Geistlichen von Wien an einen seiner Freunde von Pressburg, ber
den immerwhrenden Elektrophor, bersetzt mit Anmerkungen (Schreiben eines
Naturforschers an den K.K. Herb Hofrathh von G. Von den immermhrenden Elektrophor).
Wien: Johann Thom. Edl. Von Trattnern.

Hiltenbrand, Anton. 1780. Historia Physica seu cogitiones historiae ad physicam necessaria.
Vienna: Schulz (W-1502 = NUK-8277, z adligati iz let 1773-1778?. Graz: Widmannstadt
(W-1503-1506 = NUK-8277-8282)).

Hinkel, Raimund. 1995. Wien an der Donau. Der grosse Strom, seine Beziehungen zu Stadt
und die Entwicklung der Schiffahrt im Wandel der Zeiten. Wien: Christian Brandsttter.

Hoppe, Tobias Konrad. 1773. T. C. Hoppens Abhandlung von der Begattung der Pflanzen:
Nebst einen vorrede von D. George Heinrich Kningsdrfer. Altenburg: Richter (Erberg; 62
strani).

Khler, Martin. 1747. De Crzstallorum Generatione, Quod Consent. Ampliss. Facult: Med.
Im Reg. Acad. Upsalinensi. Upsaliae: Medicine Dissertation; 1774. Abhandlung von der
Erzeugung der Kristalle: aus dem Lat. bersetzt. Grtz: Widmannstetter. Ponatis: 1780:
Martin Khlers Abhandlung von der Erzeugung der Kristalle. Grtz.

Kern, A. 1954. Die Promotionschriften der Jesuiten-Universitten in der Zeit des Baroks V:
(Sutter, B. (ur.)) Festschrift Julius Franz Schtz. Graz/Kln.

Kolek, Alenka. 2004. Razsvetljenska krajina ige Zoisa na BrduKronika. 52/2: 157-166.

Van der Korst, J. K. 2003. Een doktet van formaat, Gerard van Swieten, lijfarts van keizerin
Maria Theresia. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker.

Krones, Franz. 1886. Die Geschichte der Karl Franzens Universitt in Graz. Graz.

Kunitsch, Michael. 1805. Biographien merkwrdinger Mnner der Oesterreichischen

Monarchie. Grz: Gebrdern Tanzer.

Linn, Karl; Biwald, Leopold. 1764, 1766, 1769. Selectae ex amoenitatibus (=amaenitatibus)
academicis Caroli Linnaei dissertationis ad universam naturalem historiam perinentes, quas
edidot et additamentis auxit L.B. e S.J. Continuatio selectarum ex amoenitatibus acad. C.
Linneai dissertationum ad univ. Nat. Histor. Pertinentium, quas ed. L.B. e S.J. Graecii:
Haeredum Widmanstad/sumtibus Iosephi Mauritii Lechner (NUK-8847; izvod z Erbergovim
peatom danes v zbirki OU Bizzell). Prvi del 1764, 316 strani, 2 ploi: Specimen de
crystallorum generatione / Martini Khler.- Dissertation de viribus plantarum ()/ Friderici
Hasselquist.- Flora oeconomica / Eliae Aspelin Smolandi.- Dissertatio de Corallis balticis /
Henrici Fougt.- Radix senega / Jonae Kiernander O-Gothi.- Oratio, qua peregrinationum intra
patriam asseritur necessitas / Caroli Linaei.- Oeconomia naturae / Isaaci Biberg. Drugi del s
polnim imenom Leopold Biwald Societatis Jesu leta 1766. Selectae ex Amoenitatibus
Academicis Caroli Linnaei Dissertationes, ad universam Historiam naturalem spectantes,
additamentis a se auctae. Graecii. 8o, 297 strani, 2 ploi: Obstacula medicinae.- Plantae
esculentae patriae.- Odores Medicamentorum.- Noxa insectorum.- Centura simplicum.-
Acetaria.- Somnus plantarum.- Fungus Melitensis.- Flora alpina.- Metamorphosis plantarum.-
Descriptio fossilium montis.- Additamenta editoris. Tretji del leta 1767 (s ponatisom leta
1769). Continuatio altera Selectarum ex 277 strani, 4 ploe slik, 4o: Panis diaeteticus.-
Transmutatio frumentourm.- Arboretum suecicum.- Frutetum suecicum.- Pandora
insectorum.- Anthropomorpha.- Prolepsis plantarum.- Fructus esculenti.- Prolepsis
plantarum.- Additamentum primum.- Additamentum secundum); Druga graka izdaja: 1786.
Graz: Zaunrieth (285 strani, 4 ploe slik, 8o).

Linn, Karl. 1776-1777. Auserlesene Abhandlungen aus der Naturgeschichte, Physik und
Arzneywissenschaft... aus dem Lateinischen bersetzt von E. J. T. H. 1-2. Leipzig: Bhme
(NUK-8819)

Lukcs, Ladislaus S.J. 1987. Catalogus generalis seu Nomenclator biographicus personarum
Provinciae Austriae Societatis Jesu (1555-1773), I. Romae: Institutum Historicum S.I.

Muha, Wolfgang. 1780. Anleitung zur mineralogischen Kenntniss des Quecksilberbergwerks

zu Hydria im Herzogthume Krain. Wien: Rudolph Grffer (NUK-35749, 76 str, 17 cm;
Erbergova knjiga, knjini katalog 18).

Musschenbroek, Pieter van. 8. 2. 1744. Oratio de sapientia divina... : habita A.D. VIII.
Februarii 1744 cum Magistratu Academico abiret. Leyden: Samuel Luchtman &
filium/Vienna, Pragae, Tergesti: Trattner (33 strani).

Petzholdt, Julius. 1883. Neuer Anzeiger fr Bibliographie und Bibliothekwisschenschaft.

Jahrgang 1883. Dresden: Schnfeld.

Poggendorff Johann Christian. 1863-1898. Biographisch-Literarisches Handwrterbuch zur

Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften von J.C. Poggendorff, I-II. Leipzig: Johann
Ambrosius Barth. Ponatis: 1965. Amsterdam: B. M. Isral N.V.

Praprotnik, Nada. 1991. Zois Karel Filip Evgen pl. Edelstein (geslo). SBL. 4/15: 827-828.

Praprotnik, Nada. 2004. Botanini vrt Karla Zoisa na Brdu. Kronika. 52/2: 167-174.

Raumur, Ren-Antoine Ferchault de. 1712. Mmoires pour servir l'histoire des insects.
Paris; 1734-1742. Amsterdam.

Scopoli, Janez Anton. 1760. Flora Carniolica. Wien: Johann Paul Krauss (NUK-9386, K.
Zoisov lastniki zapis). Ponatis v dveh zvezkih: 1772. Graz: Akademische Druck und
Verlaganstalt.

Scopoli, Janez Anton. 1761. De Hydragora Idriensi. Venetiis: Radici; 1771. Jenae/Lipisiae:
Hartung.

Scopoli, Janez Anton. 1769. Einleitung zur Kenntniss und Gebrauch der Fossilien. Riga, und
Mietau: Hartknoch.

Scopoli, Janez Anton. 1777. Introductio ad historiam naturalem Pragae.

Slana, Lidija. 2004. Utrinki iz zgodovine Brda. Kronika. 52/2: 131-142.

Sommervogel, Carlos, S.J. 1890-1900. Bibliothque de le Compagnie de Jsus, Premire
partie: Bibliographie par les Pres Augustin et Aloys de Backer, Nouvelle dition par Carlos
Sommervogel, S.J. Strasbourgeois, Bruxelles-Paris: publie par la province de Belgique,
Tome I-IX.

Speta, Franz. 2004. Entomologen der ersten Stunde: Nikolaus Poda (1723-1798) und Joannes
Antonio Scopoli (1723-1788). Entomologie und Parasitologie. Festschrift zum 65. Geburstag
von Horst Aspck (ur. Aspck, U). Linz: Biologieszentrum des Ober. Ponatis: 17. 9. 2004.
Denisia. 13: 567-618.

Tremel, Ferdinand. 1966. Land an der Grenze. Graz: Leykam-Verlag.

Umek, Ema. 1991. Erbergi in Dolski Arhiv. Ljubljana: Arhiv republike Slovenije.

Wallerius, Johan Gottschalk. 1747. Mineralogia, Eller Mineralriket, Indelt och beskrifvit.
Stockholm: Salvi; 1750. Mineralogie. Berlin: Nikolai; 1753. Minralogie. Paris: Pissot

Wallerius, Johan Gottschalk. 1760. Chemiae physicae pars prima, de chemiae natura ac
indole in genere ejusdemque historia Stockholm: L. Salvius.

Widder, Felix J. 1967. Die Grazer Ausgaben on Linns Amoenitates Academicae. Botan.
Jahrbuch. 86/1-4: 186-208.

Wurzbach, Constant vitez Tannenberg. 1868-. Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums

sterreich. Wien.

Zois, Karel. Avgust 1778?. Stze und Aufgaben aus unterschiedenen Theile der Grenlehre,
welche mit Einstimmung / Ihro Magnifizenz des hochwrdigen, hochgelehrten / Herrn
Rectorn der hohen Schule, des hochedelgebohrnen, und hochgelehrten / Herrn K. K.
Vorsteher der philosophischen Facultt, / des wohledelgebohrnen, ansehnlichen, und
hochgelehrten Herrn Dechant, und aller Mitglieder gedachter Facultt, in dem groen
Hrsaale auf der hohen Schule zu Grz im Monat August ffentlich beweisen, und
vertheidigen wird der hoch= und wohlgebohrne Freyherr Karl Zois von Edlstein aus dem
erzherzogl. Adelichen Collegium. Graz (W-1506 = NUK-8281).

muc, Irena; Moder, Gregor. 2005. Bakalavratske teze iz zbirk Mestnega muzeja Ljubljana.
Ad fontes. Otorepev zbornik (ur. Miheli, Darja). Ljubljana: Zaloba ZRC SAZU. 197-212.

Aljani, M: (ed.), 1993: Proteus the mysterious ruler of Darkness. - Vitrum, Ljubljana.

Aljani, Marko, 1997: iga Zois in loveka ribica. Ob 250. Obletnici rojstva velikega
razsvetljenca. Proteus 1997 84/4/60: 152-159.

Belar, A., October 11, 1890: Sigismund Zois Freiherr von Edelstein. (Feuilleton). Laibacher
Zeitung. 109 Jahrgang, Nr. 234, Pp. 1941-1943.

Bonvicino, V., 1665: Matematiche discipline per uso della illustrissima Accademia Delia di
Padova: dove si trattati brevemente si ristringono aritmetica, geometria, trigonometria
pratiche, fortificazione, sfera, e geometria. - Eredi di Paolo Frambotto, Padova.
Bufon, Z., 1971: Naravoslovje v slovenskem narodnem prebujanju. - Zbornik za zgodovino
naravoslovja in tehnike (Ljubljana). 1, 15-77.

Ciancio, L., 2004: Voyons maintenant si cette opinion se trouve conforme lexperience
Nicolas Stenone, Athanasius Kircher, e le origini della speleologia. - Atti. Acc. Rov. Agiati.
254 (8), 4a/1, 57-72.

Cuvier, Georges. 1825. Du Proteus (proteus anguinus Laurenti). Rescherche de ossemens

Fossiles, 3rd edition. Paris. Tome V, 2. 426-427.

ermelj, L. 15. 9. 1963. Proteus, slovensko dekle in Humphry Davy. Proteus 1963/64 1: 1-6.

ermelj, L. 15. 10. 1963. Proteus. Proteus 1963/64 2: 33-37.

Davy, H., 1831: Consolations in Travel; or the Last Days of a Philosopher by Sir Humphry
Davy, Bart, Late president of the Royal Society. Tretja izdaja. John Murray, London.

Faganel, J., 1999: Zoisovi rokopisi. - ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana.

Faninger, E., 1988: Zoisova zbirka mineralov. - Zavod SR Slovenije za varstvo naravne in
kulturne dediine, Ljubljana.

Faninger, E., 1994/95: Sodelovanje barona ige Zoisa in Valentina Vodnika na podroju
geolokih znanosti. - Geologija. 37-38, 561-564.

Fitzinger, L.J., 1850: Ueber de Proteus anguinus. - Wien.Ber. Mat.Nat. 5/3: 291-303. -
Separate: 1850: Carl Gerolds Sohn, Wien.

Gams, I., 2003: Kras v Sloveniji v prostoru in asu. - ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana.

Gleditsch, J.G. & Hacquet, B., 1782: Neue Bemerkungen ber das Geschlecht und die Art der
chten Baldamflanze vom Mecca, nach ihren natrlichen Kennzeichen von Gleditsch (Hern
Gleditsch ber die Balsamflanze von Mecca). - Schriften der Berlinischen Gesellschaft
naturforschender Freunde, 3, 103-132 (Tab III).

Gruber, T., 1781: Herrn Tobias Grubers, Weltpriesters und k.k. Bau- und
Navigationsdirektors im Temeswarer Banat, Briefe hydrographischen und physikalischen
Inhalts aus Krain an Ignaz Edlen von Born k.k. wirklichen Hofrath. - J.P. Krauss, Vienna.

Gruber, T., 1784: Anhang zu den Briefen hydrographischen und physikalischen Inhalts aus
Krain. An Ignaz Edlen von Born kaiserl. knigl. wirklichen Hofrath. Von Tobias Gruber,
Weltpriester; k.k. Baudirektor auf den Kameralherrschaften in Bhmen. Born's Physikalische
Arbeiten der eintrchtigen Freunde in Wien. - Wappler, Wien. Des zweyten Quartals, 1-24.

Habe, F. & Kranjc, A., 1981: Dele Slovencev v speleologiji. - Zbornik za zgodovino
naravoslovja in tehnike. 5-6, 13-93.

Kacin, M., 2001: iga Zois in italijanska kultura. - ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana.
Kempe, S., Hubrich, H.-P. & Suckstorff, K., 2006: The History of Postojnska jama: the 1748
Joseph Anton Nagel Inscriptions in Jama near Predjama and Postojnska Jama. Acta
Carsologica. 35, 2, 155-162.

Kempe, S. & Horst-Volker, H., 2004: Alois Schaffenraths zerbrochene Pyramide

(Postojnska jama), ein Zeuge glazialer Hhlenvereisung? Mitt. Verb. dt. Hhlen- u.
Karstforsch. 50, 3, 76 81.

Kidri, F., 1939: Zoisova korespondenca 1808-1819. SAZU, Ljubljana.

Kos, J., 1990: Valentin Vodnik. - Partizanska knjiga, Ljubljana.

Kranjc, A., 1998: Dvorni matematik J. A. Nagel na kranjskem krasu 1748. - Zbornik za
zgodovino naravoslovja in tehnike. 13/14: 335-343.

Kranjc, A., 2006: Baltazar Hacquet (17239/40-1815), the Pioneer of Karts Geomorphologist. -
Acta Carsologica. 35, 2, 163-168.

Laurenti, J.N., 1768: Laurenti Austriaci Vienensis Specimen medicum exhibens Synopsin
reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis Circa Venena et Antidota, Reptilium Austriacorum
etc. - Typis Joan Thomae Trattner, etc., Vienae. - Reprint: 1818. - Pavia. (6 table, 199 pages).

De Luc, J.A., 1776: Untersuchungen ber der Atmosphre. Mller, Leipzig.

Mayr, J.B., 1678: Catalogus Librorum qui Nundinis Labacensibus Autumnalibus in Officina
Libraria Joannis Baptistae Mayr, Venales prostant. Anno M.DCC.LXXXVIII. - Mayr,
Ljubljana.

Mller, F., 1781: Anmerkungen. - Schriften der Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender

Freunde. 1, 116-138.

Pintar, I., 1925; Hladnik Franc de Paula (geslo). - SBL, 1, 323.

Pirjevec, A., 1925: Hacquet Baltazar (geslo). - SBL, 1, 284-287.

Preinfalk, Miha: Genealoka podoba rodbine Zois od 18. do 20. stoletja. Kronika. 51/1: 2003,
27-50.

Ravikovi, A.N., 1976: arlz Laiel. - Nauka, Moskva.

Rusconi, M., 1826: Descrizione di un Proteo. - Giornale di fisica ecc. di Pavia. Bim. I.
Reprint: 1826 (1827): Descrizione di un Proteo femmina notabile per lo sviluppo delle parti
della generazione. With Pictures 1-8 on Table II. - Isis. 20, 1, 94-100 (pages 95-97 omitted by
printers mistake). Translation: 1826: - Frories Notizen und der Natur Kunde. 16, 332, 17-20.

Sachs von Lwenheim (Lewenhaimb), P.J. (ed.); Redi, F., 1670: Miscellanea curiosa medico-
physica Academiae Naturae Curiosorum; sive, Ephemeridum medico-physicarum
germanicarum curiosarum Annus primus anni scilicet M. DC. LXXmi, continens
celeberimorum medicorum in & extra Germaniam observationes medicas & physicas. - V. J
Tresheri, Lipsiae.
Von Schreibers, C., 1802: A Historical and Anatomical Description of a Doubtful
Amphibious Animal of Germany, Called by Laurenti Proteus Anguineus. Communicated by
Sir Joseph Banks (* 1743; 1820). - Extract of the Philosophical Transactions. (2) 91, 241-
261.

Von Schreibers, C., 1802: Johan Heinrich Voigts (* 27. 6. 1751 Gotha; 6. 9. 1823 Jena) -
Magazin fr das Neueste Zustand der Naturkunde. 4, 727-732.

Von Schreibers, C., 1818: Proteus Anguineus. - J.G. Heubner, Viennae.

Von Schreibers, C., 1820: Sur le Prote. - Isis. 567-570.

Von Schreibers, C., 1820: Lettre de M. Charles de Schreibers a M. Dumeril (A.M.C. Dumril
(* 1774; 1860)) sur le Prote et observation de M. Blainville (Henri Marie Ducrotay de
Blainville (* 1777; 1850)) a se sujet. - Isis. 567.

Scopoli, J.A., 1772: Annus V. historico-naturalis. - Hilscher, Leipzig. (Observationes

Zoologicae) V: 70-128, o proteusu str. 73-74 (NUK-8802),

Siegfried, R., 1782: Kristalische Asbest von Gmnd in Krnten. - Schriften der Berlinischen
Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde. 3: 423.

Siegfried, R., 1785: Desgleichen ber eine neue grne afrikanische Steinwart. - Schriften der
Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde. 6, 407-409,

Shaw, T.R., 1999: Moeril v 19. stoletju za prodajo in za znanost. - Acta carsologica, 28, 1,
229-304.

Smolik, M., 1980: Thalnitscher (do 1688 Dolnizher ali Dolnitscher) Janez Gregor. - SBL, 4,
73-76.

Soban, D., 2004. Joannes A. Scopoli Carl Linnaeus. Slovenian Natural History Society,
Ljubljana.

umrada, J., 2000. Hacquet, iga Zois in francoski naravoslovec Picot de la Peyrouse. -
Scopolia. 44: 1-34.

Vaccari, E., 1993: Giovanni Arduino (1714-1795). - Leo S. Olschki, Firenze.

Valeni, V., Faninger, E. & Gspan-Praelj, N., 1991: Zois iga (Sigismund) pl. Edelstein.
SBL. 15, 832-846.

Valjo, M. (ur.), 1997: Baltazar Gaket i Ukrajina. Statti i materiali. Nacional'na akademija
nauk Ukrajni. L'viv: L'viv'ska naukova biblioteka im. V. Stefanika. 152 pp.

Wulfen, F., 1791: Descriptiones zoologicae ad Adriatici litora maris concinnatae. - Nova acta
phys. med. Acad. Caesar. Leopold. Carol. Naturae curiosorum. Viennae. 8, 235-359.
Zois, . (anonymous), July 18, 1807: Nachrichten von der im Dorfe Vir bey Sittich
vorkommenden Fischart. - Laibacher Wochenblatt; zum Nutzen und Vergngen (Supplement
of Laibacher Zeitung). No. 29. unpaged, pages 1-4 (NM-1837).

igon, T., 2001: Laibacher Wochenblatt ljubljanski tednik za korist in zabavo (18041810
in 18141818). - Zgodovinski asopis. Ljubljana, 55, 1, 6791.

Andrejka, Rudolf: Zgodovina gostilne Pri estici v Ljubljani, Kronika slovenskih mest 7/2
(1940), str. 85-91.

Asquini, Fabio: Il supplimento al diffeto delle Legna da fuoco nella Torba nuovamente
scoperta nel Friuli / dal nobile sig. conte Fabio Asquini esperimentato ed esposto in lettera al
signor Antonio Zanon. Giornale dItalia. 16. 3. 1765.

Beckmann, Johann: Welche sind die schicklichsten Nebengewerbe fr die Landleute

berhaupt, vornehmlich aber im Herzogthum Krain. Vierte Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte,
herausgegeben von der kaiserlich kniglichen Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher
Knste im Herzogthume Krain (Laybach: Johann Friedrich Egger). 4 (1779), str. 83-107.
Faksimile s komentarji Umek, Ema - Teich, Gerhard: Mnchen: Rudolf Trofenik (Litterae
slovenicae VI.). (1972), str. 15-17.

Beckmann, Johann (ur.): Physikalisch-konomische Bibliothek worinn von den neuesten

Bchern, welche die Naturgeschichte, Naturlehre und die Land- und Stadtwirthschaft
betreffen, zuverlssige und vollstndige Nachrichten entheilet werden, 1777-1779.

Beckmann, Johann (ur.): Gttingische Anzeigen von gelehrte Sachen.

1/137 (1779), November 11, str. 1107-1110; 2/35 (1782), Marec 21, str. 286-288.

Benedeti, Ana: Pot do slovenske univerze. Ljubljana: Partizanska knjiga, 1981.

Benedikt XIV: Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Romae: Camerae Apostolica, 1758.

Bleiweis, Janez: Zgodovinske rtice vanejega delovanja c. k. kmetijske drube na

Kranjskem od prietka njenega v letu 1767. do konca leta 1867, Ljubljana: Kmetijska druba,
1867.

Braun, Placidus: Die Domkirche und der hohe niedere Clerus an derselben. Augsburg:
Schloffer, 1829.

Bufon, Zmago: Naravoslovje v slovenskem narodnem prebujanju, Zbornik za zgodovino

naravoslovja in tehnike (Ljubljana: Slovenska matica) 1 (1971), str. 15-77.

Chambers, Ephraim - Lewis, George: Dizionario universale delle arti e delle scienze, che
contiene la spiegazione de' termini, e la descrizion delle cose significate per essi, nelle arti
liberali e meccaniche, e nelle scienze umane e divine: le figure, le spezie, le proprieta, le
produzioni, le preparazioni, e gli usi delle cose si naturali, come artifiziali: l'origine, il
progresso, e lo stato delle cose ecclesiastiche, civili, militari, e di commercio: co' varj sistemi,
con le varie o pinioni &c. tra': filosofi, teologi, matematici, medici, antiquari, critici, &c. Il
tutto indirizzato a servire per un corzo d'erudizione e di dottrina antica a moderna: Tratto da'
migliori autori, da'dizionarj, da' giornali, dalle memorie, dalle transazioni, dall' efemeridi ec.
scritte prima d'ora in diverse lingue, Traduzione esatta ed intiera dall'Inglese. 1-9. Venezia:
Giambatista Pasquali, 1749-1762 (NUK-6591).

Ciperle, Joe - Dekleva, Tatjana: Biotehnika fakulteta skozi as in prostor. Ljubljana:

Univerza, 2007.

Cankar, Izidor: Metzinger Janez Valentin (geslo). SBL, Ljubljana.

Darnaut, Vincenz - von Bergenstamm, Aloys - Schtzenberger, Aloys: Kirchliche

topographie von sterreich, Strauss, Wien, 1819.

Entner von Entnersfeld, Friedrich Franz: Vom Dunge, Wochentlisches Kundschaftsblatt des
Herzogthum Krain (Laibach: J. F. Egger) 15 (13. 4. 1776), str. 225-230; 2/16 (1776), str.
241-246.

Entner von Entnersfeld, Friedrich Franz: Neue Sgmaschine, Wochentlisches

Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogthum Krain (Laibach: J. F. Egger) 2/13 (30. 3. 1776), str. 197-
202.

Entner von Entnersfeld, Friedrich Franz: Weizensteinbrand...

Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte (Laybach) 1 (1776).

Entner von Entnersfeld, Friedrich Franz: Ersparung der Samen auf

Saat. Wochentlisches Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogthum Krain
(Laibach: J. F. Eger) 2 (April 27, 1776).

Entner von Entnersfeld, Friedrich Franz: Abhandlung vom Brande der Fruchtkrner, dem
Ursprunge dieses Uebels, und Mittel wider dasselbe. Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte,
herausgegeben von der kaiserlich kniglichen Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher
Knste im Herzogthume Krain (Laybach) 3 (1776).

Entner von Entnersfeld, Friedrich Franz: Abhandlung von den eigentlichen Ursachen der
Viehseuchen: dann einige Prservatio- und Kuratzions Mittel dagegen. Vierte (Neue)
Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte, herausgegeben von der kaiserlich kniglichen Gesellschaft
des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher Knste im Herzogthume Krain (Laybach) 4 (1779), str. 127-
156.

Entner von Entnersfeld, Friedrich Franz: Die gekrnten Preisschrift des Herrn Friedrich edlen
v. Entnersfeld, die Waldungs-Kultur betreffend. Unterricht von der Ntzbarkeit, und vom dem
Gebrauche holzerparender Zimmer-Oefen (Beschreibung und Abzeichung einiger neu
erfundenen vieles Holz ersparenden eisenen Zimmerfen. Von Herrn Friedrich Edlem von
Entnersfeld, Mittgliede der k.k. Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues, und der Freyenknste in
Steyermark, und jener zu Klagenfurt, Laibach, Wien, und Petersburg, auch Hochfrstl.
Passauischer Hofrath), von eben demselben. Sammlung konomischer Schriften.
Herausgegeben von der kaiser. Knigl. Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher Knste in
dem Herzogthume Steyermarkt im Jahre 1782. Graz: Widmanstetter, 1782.
Euler, Johann Albrecht: Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae 8
(1790), str. 17-18. Petropoli: Academiae Scientiarum, 1794.

Fabjani, Vladislav: Procvit pivovarnitva v Ljubljani 18. in 19. stoletje. Kronika

slovenskih mest 5 (1938), t. 1, str. 209-221.

Fischer, Karl A.F.: Verzeichnis der Piaristen der deutschen und bhmischen Ordenprovinz -
Catalogus generalis provinciae Germanicae et Bohemicae ordinis scholarum Piarum.
Mnchen: Collegium Carolinium, 1985.

Flgel, Helmut W.: Briefe im Netzwerk sterreichischer "Mineralogen" zwischen

Aufklrung und Restauration. Graz, 2009.

Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard's Almanack. Philadelphia; Franklin, 1732-1758.

Granda, Stane: Poskus organiziranja slovenskega zavarovalnitva v Ljubljani v drugi polovici

19. stoletja. Zgodovina Ljubljane. Prispevki za monografijo. Ljubljana: Kronika, 1984, str.
238-244.

Hacquet, B.: Beobachtungen und Heilungsmethode einzelner Hornviehkrankheiten, welche

durch Gifte aus den drey Naturreichen verursachet (verursacht, sic!) werden. Von Balthasar
Hacquet, der Weltweisheit Doctor, kais.knigl.ffentlich= und ordentlicher Lehrer der
Zergliederung= Wundarzney und Entbindungskunst, bey der Akademie zu Laibach,
bestndiger Sekretar, der kaiserl.knigl.Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und nzlichen Knste im
Herzogthume Krain; Mitgliede der rmisch. kaiserl. Akademie der Naturforscher, wie auch
der Berliner naturforschender Freunde, und der Churminzischen Akademie der ntzlichen
Wissenschaften; Korrespondent der knigl.Savoischen konomischen Gesellschaft zu
Chambry, und anderer; Erste Beobachtungen ber einen beynahe jederzeit tdlich
gewordenen Durchfall bei den Pferden, zu Ende des Jahrs 1778; Zweite Beobachtungen ber
eine endemisch gewordene Krankheit der Pferde, welche zu Anfang dieses Jahrs geherrschet,
und unter dem Namen Kehlsucht bekannt ist. Vierte Sammlung ntzlicher Unterrichte,
herausgegeben von der kaiserlich kniglichen Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und ntzlicher
Knste im Herzogthume Krain (Laybach) 4 (1779). str. 1-81; 174-196.

Hacquet, Baltazar: Oryctographia carniolica. Tom I-IV. Leipzig, 1778, 1781, 1784, 1789.

Haymonn, Ivan Joef Anton: Dissertatio physico medica de aere. Viennae: Kaliwoda, 1758.

Hoevar, Toussaint: Monetary theory in J.F. Kryger's Second Ljubljana Essay (1779).
Economy and History 18/1 (1975), str. 34-40.

Holtz, Eva: Zanimivosti o prometnicah na obmoju nekdanjega litijskega okrajnega

glavarstva v 18. in 19. stoletju. Kronika 59/3 (2011), str. 547-566.

Jacops, Marie-France Higel, Charles: De Sierck Saint-Avold, une dynastie de menuisiers

et de sculpteurs: les Melling. Les cahiers lorrains (september 2002), t. 3, str. 255-282.

Job, Eduard: Dissertationes Physico-Mechanice ex Commentaris Imperialis Academiae

excerptae. Vindobonae, 1762.
Job, Eduard: Anfangsgrnde der gesamten Weltweisheit zum Gebrauche der Vorlessungen in
K.K. Theresianische Militar-Academie zu Wienerische Neustad. Wien, 1762.

Job, Eduard: Elementa prima Geometriae et Algebrae in usum Gymnasiorum. Vindobonae,

1772.

Job, Eduard: Institutiones Philosophiae practicae. Viennae: Josephi Kurzbock, 1773;

Bambergae: Klietsch, 1781, 1783; Bahiae: Emmanuelis Antonii da Silva Serva, 1817.

Job, Eduard: Kenntnisse der natrlichen Dingen zum Gebrauche der studierenden Jugend in
K.K. Staaten. Wien, 1781.

Juni, Stanislav: Ivo Lah vodilni slovenski aktuar ob petdesetletnici iznajdbe Lahovih
tevil, ob petindvajsetletnici Lahove smrti. Ljubljana, 2005.

Juni, Stanislav - Sujan, Andrej: Lah, Uratnik in Bilimovi zaetniki statistine analize na
podroju drubenoekonomskih raziskav v Sloveniji. Teorija in praksa 44/3-4 (2007), str. 396-
418.

Juni, Stanislav: Euler and the Jesuits in Russia. Quaderns d'histria de l'enginyeria 9
(2008), str. 219-247.

Juni, Stanislav - Kranjc, Andrej: Bibliography of Balthazar Hacquet (1739-1815) and his
contribution to natural sciences (obituary on 200th anniversary of Hacquets death).
Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, 2013.

Kos, Duan: Borba slovenskih fantov in deklet za svobodo. Zgodovina za vse 16/1 (2009), str.
5-39.

Koir, Matev: Brat Vega, prostozidar. Zbornik za zgodovino naravoslovja in tehnike 15-16
(2002), str. 75-111.

Kovai, Lojze: Rektorji jezuitskega kolegija v Ljubljani (9. 8. 1597-29. 9. 1773). Jezuitski
kolegij v Ljubljani, Ljubljana 1998. str. 49-76.

Kurdi, Krisztina: Galicia s a galciai zsidsg. Doktorat na Etvs Lorand Univerzi,

Budimpeta, 2008.

Linhart, Anton Toma: Versuch einer Geschichte von Krain und den brigen Lndern der
sdlichen Slaven Oesterreichs. Ljubljana: Egger, 1788, 1791.

Lukcs, Ladislaus: Catalogus generalis seu Nomenclator biographicus personarum

Provinciae Austriae Societatis Iesu (1555-1773). I-III. Romae: Institutum historicum S.I.,
1987, 1988.

Mantuani, Josip: Katalog razstave: Razvoj glasbe pri Slovencih, Ljubljana: Glasbena matica,
1932.

Mills, John: Vollstndiger Lehrbegriff von der praktischen Feldwirtschaft, nach der alten und
neuen Einrichtung, so weit sie sich auf die Erfahrung grndet. Aus dem Engellndischen
bersetzt von M. C. F. J. Leipzig: Weidmann & Reich, 1764-1767 (NUK-9532).

Mirabeau, Victor de Riquetti Markiz: Histoire secrte de la Cour de Berlin, ou

Correspondence d'un Voyageur franois, depuis le 5 Juillet 1786 jusqu'au 19 Janvier 1787.
Ouvrage posthume. Alenon: Malassis, 1789.

Muzur, Amir: Kako su se Opatijci kolovali. Suaka revija (2010) t. 72.

Ndasdi, Istvn, L'ingnieur flamand Maximilien Fremaut, au service du dveloppement

agricole et de l'amnagement rural du Banat de Temesvar (1757-1768), Bulletin de la
Socit Gographique de Lige 32 (1996), str. 99-105.

Pajk, Janko Dr. Joef Mislej, slovenski modroslovec. Ljubljanski Zvon 11 (1891), t. 5, str.
281-285, 395-399.

Pirjevec, A., Knjinjice in knjiniarsko delo. Celje: Druba sv. Mohorja, 1940.

Pokorn, Franc: ematizem duhovnikov in duhovnij v ljubljanski nadkofiji leta 1788.

Ljubljana: Knezokofijski ordinarijat ljubljanski, 1908.

Preinfalk, Miha: Auerspergi: po sledeh mogonega tura. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, 2005.

Rajp, Vincenc: Ukinitev jezuitskega reda na Slovenskem. Jezuiti na Slovenskem. Ljubljana:

Intitut za zgodovino Cerkve Teoloke fakultete v Ljubljani in Provincialat slovenske
province Drube Jezusove, 1992, str. 255-274.

Reme, M.: Abb Martin Kuralt, Zbornik / na svetlo daje Matica Slovenska, 1912.

Reisp, Branko: O nekdanji knjinici knezov Auerspergov (Turjakih) v Ljubljani. Zgodovinski

asopis 43/1 (1989), str. 37-47.

Schiviz von Schivizhoffen, Ludwig: Der Adel in der Herzogthum Krain. Graz, 1905.

Schmidt, Vlado: Zgodovina olstva in pedagogike na Slovenskem I. Ljubljana: DZS, 1963.

Sere, Saa: Zaetki obrtnega olstva na Kranjskem v obdobju 1750-1850. Arhivi 22/2 (2000),
str. 41-46.

Slana, Lidija: Lichtenbergi na Tutanju, Kronika 71/2 (2009), str. 171-200.

Smith, Adam: The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Edinburgh, 1759; Theorie der moralischen
Empfindungen von Adam Smith. Nach der 3. ter englischen Ausgabe bersetzt von Christian
Gnter Rautenberg (* 1728; 1776). Braunschweig, 1770 (NUK-5040).

Smole, Majda: Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem. Ljubljana: DZS, 1982.

Stefan, Konrad: Geschichte der Entstehung und Verwaltung der k. k. Studien-Bibliothek in

Laibach. Mitteilungen des Musealvereines fr Krain (ur. Franc Komatar). 20/1-3 (1907).
Struppi, Vincent: Auf Herrn Tobias Grubers, Weltpriesters und k.k. Bau- und
Navigationsdirektors im Temeswarer Banat, Briefe hydrographischen und physikalischen
Inhalts aus Krain Patriotische Nota. Laybach: Johann Friedrich Eger, 1781.

Sujan, Andrej: Postkeynesianska ekonomska teorija. Ljubljana: FDV, 1995.

kufca, Franc: Zavarovalstvo na Slovenskem. Ljubljana: Pegaz International, 2003.

orn, Joe: Modernizacija cestnega in vodnega omreja v asu od leta 1713 do 1830 na
ozemlju dananje Socialistine republike Slovenije. Razvoj prometnih zvez v panonskem
prostoru do leta 1918 (ur. Vanek iftar - Janko Kuster). Maribor: Univerza v Mariboru, 1977,
str. 59-86.

orn, Joe: Zaetki industrije na Slovenskem. Maribor: Obzorja, 1984.

Toaldo, Giuseppe: Della maniera di preservare gli edifici dal fulmine: informazione al
populo, Venezia, 1772.

Toaldo, Giuseppe: Dell' uso de' conduttori metallici a preservazione degli ediz. Contro de'
fulmini, nuova apologia colla descrizione della pubblica specola di Padova. Con una lettera
del Sig. Franklin. Venezia: Zatta, 1774.

Toaldo, Giuseppe: La meteorologia applicata allagricoltura; memoria che ha riportato il

premio dalla Societ reale della scienze di Montpellier, sul problema proposto per lanno
1774: Quale linfluenza della meteore sulla vegetazione, e quail conseguenze pratiche
possono ricavarsi, relativamente a questoggetto, dale differenti osservazioni meteorologiche
sin ora fate; Venezia: G. Storti, 1775; Milier's Journal, Maj 1775; Prevod Johann Gottlieb
Steude: Witterung fr den Feldbau. Berlin: Himburg, 1777.

Toaldo, Giuseppe: Della vera influenza degli astri sulle stagioni e mutazioni del tempo.
Saggio metereologico di D. Giuseppe Toaldo Vicentino... Nuova edizione di molto
accresciuta e migliorata. Padova: Stamperia del Seminario, 1781.

Umek, Ema: Trgovski promet po Savi v XVIII. stoletju. Kronika 12/3 (1964), str. 194-200.

Umek, Ema: Usmerjenost publikacij Kranjske kmetijske drube v letih 1770 do 1779.
Kronika 15/3 (1967), str. 149-151.

Umek, Ema: V: Beckmann, Johann, 1972, str. 15-17.

Umek, Ema: Plovba po Savi v 18. stoletju. Zgodovinski asopis 40/3 (1986), str. 233-268.

Umek, Ema: Druba za kmetijstvo in koristne umetnosti v Ljubljani 1767-1787. V: Slovenci v

letu 1789, Ljubljana: Narodni muzej, 1989, str. 89-91.

Umek, Ema: Kranjska kmetijska druba. Arhivi 29/1 (2006), str. 1-34.

Verhovc, Josip: P. Gabrijel Gruber ( 25. 26. marca 1805). Slovenec (24. 3. 1905), t. 69,
str. 1-2.
Vodopivec, Peter: vedski merkantilist J. F. Kryger v glasilu kranjske kmetijske drube 18.
stoletja. Arhivi 22 (1999), str. 12-27.

Vodopivec, Peter: O gospodarskih in socialnih nazorih na Slovenskem v 19. stoletju.

Ljubljana: Institut za novejo zgodovino, 2006.

Vrhovec, Ivan: Zgodovina Novega mesta, Ljubljana: Matica slovenska, 1891.

Wagner, Guy: Bruder Mozart. Freimaurerei im Wien des 18. Jahrhunderts. Wien: Amalthea,
2003.

Wilde, Franz Avgust: Haupttabelle ber den Zustand der Unterrichts=Anstalten im

Herzogthume Krain. Mittheilungen des historischen Vereins fr Krain (1860), str. 65-72.

Zupani, Marua: Razvoj violinske pedagogike in olstva na Slovenskem, Ljubljana:

Filozofska fakulteta, 2013.