REPORT NO. EERC 72-7 DECEMBER 1972 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF PINE FLAT DAM by D. REA cy. UAW and ‘A. K, CHOPRA A report tothe Office of the Chief of Engineers Department of the Army Washington, D.C. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - Berkeley, CaliforniaDYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF PINE FLAT DAM a report to the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D, C. od D, Rea c. ¥, Liew and A, K, Chopra Report No, EERC 72-7 Earthquake Engineering Research Center University of California, Berkeley, California December 1972ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The work described in this report was sponsored by the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C, under Contract No, DACW73-71-C-0051 with the University of California, Berkeley. Professor A. K, Chopra served as the University's Principal Investigator on the project, ‘The dynamic tests on Pine Flat Dam were made with the permission and co-operation of the Engineering Division, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, California, Mr, K. Hassebrock of this office provided technical information on Pine Flat Dam and was responsible for the initial test arrangements. Mr. A, Plummer, in charge of the maintenance and operation of Pine Flat Dan, was extremely helpful during the tests. Dr. P, Chakrabarti, former Research Assistant at the University of California, Berkeley, assisted in obtaining the analytical results for the two dimensional model of Pine Flat Dam, including water reservoir effects.TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT EXPERINENTAL RESULTS 3,1 January - February, 1971, Tests 3,2. June - July, 1971, Tests 3.3. Summary and Discussion of Experimental Results DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF PINE FLAT DAM ‘CONCLUSION REFERENCES FIGURES Page “a iit 13 7 26 30 aLFigure 10. ne 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, iii LIST OF FIGURES Title Pine Flat Dam Pine Flat Dam: Downstream Elevation Pine Flat Dam: Sections Vibration Force Output vs. Speed ~ Non-Counterbalanced (After Hudson [6]) Vibration Generators on Pine Flat Dam Acceleration Frequency Response, Block 16: Jan,~Feb,, 1971 Displacement Frequency Response, Block 16: Jan,-Feb,, 1971 Acceleration Frequency Response, Block 16: Jan.-Feb., 1971 Displacement Frequency Response, Block 15: Jan,-Feb,, 1971 (a) Pressure Transducer Housing (b) Pressure Transducer Housing Dynamic Water Pressure Frequency Response: Jan.-Feb,, 1971 Corresponding Acceleration and Pressure Frequency Responsé Jan,-Feb., 1971 Variation of Dynamic Water Pressure with Height, Centerline of Block 15: Jan,-Feb,, 1971 Variation of Dynamic Water Pressure with Height, Centerline of Block 13: Jan,-Feb., 1971 Crest Mode Shape: Jan,-Feb,, 1971 Relative Block Notion: Jan,-Feb,, 1971 Vertical Mode Shapes at Centerline of Block 16: Jan,-Feb,, 1971 Vertical Mode Shapes at Centerline of Block 15: Jan,-Feb,, 1971 Acceleration Frequency Response, Block 16: June 18th, 1971Figure 20, a. 22, 23, aa. 25. 26 2. 28, 29. 30, aL. 33. 34, 35. 36. 37, 38, 39, 40, iv mite Acceleration Frequency Response, Block 16: June 22nd and 23rd, 1971 Acceleration Frequency Response, Block 16: July 8th, 1971 Acceleration Frequency Response, Block 18: June 23nd, 1971 Acceleration Frequency Response, Block 15: July 8th, 1971 Dynanic Water Pressure Frequency Response: June 23rd, 1971 Dynanic Water Pressure Frequency Response, July sth, 1971 Variation of Dynamic Water Pressure with Height, Centerline of Block 12: June 22nd, 1971 Variation of Dynamic Water Pressure with Height, Centerline of Block 15: July sth, 1971 Horizontal Pressure Distribution: July 9th, 1971 Crest Mode Shapes: July Ist, 1971 Relative Block Motion: June 8th and 9th, 1971 Vertical Mode Shape at Centerline of Block 16: June 30th, 1971 Vertical Mode Shape at Centerline of Block 15: June 30th, 1971 Comparison of Mode Shapes Obtained in Winter and Summer Tests, Finite Element Idealization of Pine Flat Dam, Three- Dimensional Model Computed Frequencies and Mode Shapes: Three-Dimensional Nodel ‘Two-Dimensional Model of Pine Flat Dam Comparison of Mode Shapes of the Two- and Three~Dimensional Models Reduction in Frequencies due to Increasing Water Level Dynamic Properties of Two-Dimensional Model, H = 310 ft. Dynamic Properties of Two-Dimensional Model, H = 340 ft,1. INrRopuCTTON ‘The response of a structure to ground motion during an earthquake governed by the dynamic properties of the structure, This fact has motivated the direct determination of dynamic properties of full-scale civil engineering structures by experimental means, Dynamic tests have been performed on steel, reinforeed-eonerete, and timber buildings, and on several dams, Dynamic properties aave been determined for earth dams (1 and 2) and for several arch dams (3, 4, and 5). Concrete gravity dams are generally massive structures, and it had been doubtful if the equipment that had been used to test other civil engineering structures would have safficient power to excite measureable vibrations in a concrete gravity dam, Dynamic tests on Pine Flat Dan were undertaken to answer tais question, and to determine as much about the dynamic properties of the dam as the existing equip- mont would permit. Since it is known that the water in the reservoir behind a dan affects the dynamic properties of the dam, two series of tests at dif- ferent water levels were planned. In addition, attempts to measure the dynamic water pressure in the reservoir caused by the vibration of the dan were to be made, Such information is necessary to establish the validity of various mathematical models formulated to predict the be- havior of dan-reservoir systens during earthquakes, Pine Flat Dam, located on the Kings River near Fresno, Califomia, was constructed about twenty years ago, It is a concrete gravity dam with a straight crest 1840 ft. long. The dam consists of thirty-six 50 ft, and one 40 ft, wide monoliths, the tallest monolith being 400 ft,‘The dam is shown in Fig. the downstream elevation is shown in Fig. 2, and the sections through the dam are shown in Fig. 3. The first series of tests were conducted on Pine Flat Dam during January and February, 1971, These tests were planned to coincide with the period when the water in the reservoir would be near its seasonal low level, The second series of tests were conducted during June and July when the water would be near its seasonal high level, The results from both test series are described in this report, ‘The results of the dynamic tests on Pine Flat Dam were used to check the accuracy of two mathematical models of the dam, In the first mathematical model the dam is idealized as an assemblage of three dimensional finite elements and the effects of water in the reservoir are neglected, In the second mathematical model the dam is idealized as a plane section having the same geometry as a section through one of the taller monoliths, Using this model, the effects of water in the reservoir may be accounted for by treating the water as a continuum governed by the two dimensional wave equation, Comparisons are made between the dynamic propertios of the mathematical model and the experi- mentally determined properties of Pine Flat Dam.2, EXPERIMENTAL ECUIPMENT Pine Flat Dam was vibrated by means of two eccentric-mass vibra- tion generators, These machines (6) were developed at the California Institute of Technology under the supervision of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute for the Office of Architecture and Construction, State of California. Each machine consists of an 1} HP electric motor driving two baskets or rotors mounted on a common shaft, The baskets rotate in opposite directions, and when weight, the eccentric mass, is added to the baskets a machine generates a sinu- soidal rectilinear force, The maximum force which a machine can generate is 5000 lbs, Tt can be obtained at a number of combinations of ec- centric mass and rotational speed, since che output force is propor- tional to the square of the rotational speed as well as the mass inserted in the baskets, ‘The maximum force can be reached at a minimum rotational speed of 2,5 cps when the baskets are full, At higher speeds the ec centric mass must be reduced in order to avoid overstressing the machines, ‘The maximum operating speed is 10 cps, and the minimum practical speed is about 0.5 cps. The relationship between output force and frequency of rotation of the baskets for different basket loads is shown in Fig. 4, ‘The speed of rotation of the motors driving the baskets is con- trolled by a servo-system employing velocity feedback. The rotational speed of the baskets, which is the frequency of the exciting force being applied to the structure, is measured by weans of a tachometer driven by the electric motor driving the baskets, The tachometer generates a sinusoidal signal of frequency 300 times the frequency of rotation of the baskets, and the frequency of this signal is recorded by an elec tronic counter,‘The forced vibrations of the dam were detected by means of Statham Model Ad linear accelerometers with a maximum acceleration rating of 4 0,25g, The signals from the accelerometers were conditioned by a Honeywell Heiland 119Carrier Amplifier System before being recorded by an ultra-violet light type recorder (Visicorder). ‘Transducers were lowered over the upstream face of the dam into the reservoir to detect changes in water pressure caused by the forced vibrations, The pressure transducers, Kistler Wodel No, 206M111, have an essentially flat frequency response from 1 eps up to 1000eps; they do not detect hydrostatic pressure, ‘The sensitivity of the transducers is approximately 100 mv/psi, The signals from the pressure transducers were fed to Burr-Brown instrumentation amplifiers, Model No. 3088/16, before being recorded by the Visicorder,3, EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 3,1 January-February, 1971, Tests During the tests conducted in January and February of 1971, the water level in the reservoir behind the dam remained fairly constant at an elevation of about 880 ft, The vibration generators were at- tached to the crest of the dam with 3/4" bolts inserted in masonry anchors imbedded in the concrete roadway, Both machines were located fon construction block (monolith) no, 16, a distance of 20 ft, apart, see Fig. 5 Since the machines were Located close together on a single construction block they essentially applied a single horizontal force acting at the centerline of block 16. Frequency response functions for the dan were obtained by increasing the frequency of rotation of the vibration generators in steps from 1 eps to about 8 cps, At each step, the frequency was held constant until steady state vibrations were achieved and then the response of the dam and the frequency of excitation were recorded, The fre~ quency steps were kept as small as the speed control would permit in the vicinity of a resonant frequency, but the steps were relatively large in the rest of the frequency domain, ‘A frequency response function in the form of acceleration plotted against exciting frequency is shown in Fig. 6, The accelerometer recording the response was placed on the roadway in the center of block 16, Different curves were obtained by changing the amount of weight, the eccentric mass, in the baskets, Resonant frequencies, frequencies corresponding to response peaks in the frequency response functions can be identified at 3.45, 4.10, 5,39, 6,06, 6,50, and 7.47 cps.‘The maximum sinusoidal force amplitudes that were applied to the dam at the resonant frequencies were 8,0, 8,0, 4,0, 5,0, 4,0 and 5,3 kips, respectively. Damping factors may be evatuated from resonance peaks in the frequency response curves by means of the formula at oa where § = the damping factor, f, = resonant frequency, and Af = the aifference in frequency of the two points on the resonance peak with amplitudes of 1/V% times the resonant amplitude, Application of the formula to the resonance peaks in Fig, 6 vields damping factors of 3,0, 5.3, 2,2, 2,0, 21 and 9,6% for modes with increasing resonant frequencies. The frequency response function shown in Fig. 6 is for an exciting foree that increases with the square of the exciting frequency, If the acceleration amplitudes in Fig, 6 are divided by the squares of the corresponding frequencies, then displacement frequency response curves are obtained for exciting forces that increase with the square of the exciting frequency, The frequency response for the displacement of the crest at the centerline of Block 16 is shomn in Fig. 7. Resonant frequencies occur at 3.44, 4.10, 5.37, 6,03, 6.47 and 7.44 eps, The resonant frequencies do not differ appreciably from the resonant frequencies evaluated fron Fig. 6. The damping factors evaluated trom Fig, 7 are 3.9, 9.4, 2.5, 2.8, 2,0 and 3.8%, The values do differ somewhat from the values evaluated trom Pig. 6, However, since damping by its nature is an imprecise Phenomenon it is not necessary to measure damping accurately in a percentage sense; it is only necessary to know the range in which thedamping factors lies, For example meaningful ranges might be defined a8 under 1%, 1-2%, 2-8%, 5-10% and over 10% of critical damping. Thus the differences in damping factors evaluated from the acceleration and displacement frequency responses are not considered significant, Frequency response curves for the dynamic water pressure at the centerline of block 15 were obtained by lowering a pressure transducer dosn the upstream face of the dam, The pressure transducers could not be lowered over blocks 16 through 28 because there were outlet tunnels and pipe obstructions on which the transducers might become snagged, ‘Thus it was also necessary to determine acceleration and displacement frequency response functions for block 15 for comparison with the water pressure frequency responses. ‘The acceleration and displacement frequency response functions for the centerline of block 15 are shown in Fig, 8 and 9, respectively. Resonant peaks can be observed at frequencies of 3.45, 4,13, 5.40, 6.50, and 7,80 cps. The average damping factors associated with the modes of vibration of the four lower resonant frequencies are 2.6, 2,8, 1.8, and 1,8%, A damping factor could not be evaluated from the resonance curve at 7,80 cps, ‘The pressure transducers were installed in a waterproof housing, Fig, 10(a), before being lowered over the upstream face of the dam on a length of nylon cord, Dynamic pressure frequency responses obtained froma transducer at a water depth of 200 ft, (Elevation 660 ft) on the centerline of block 15 are shown in Fig. 11, Resonant peaks can be observed at frequencies of 3.50, 4,3, 6.2 and 7.3 cps. The resonant frequencies evaluated from acceleration measurements made on the crestat the centerline of block 15 are 3.45, 4,13, 5.40, 6.50, and 7.80 cps, and these frequencies indicated in Fig. lL, Only the fundamental dynamic water pressure resonant frequency and the fundamental resonant frequency determined by the acceleration neasurements coincide at about 3,5 eps, For purposes of comparison, corresponding acceleration and pressure frequency responses are superimposed in Fig. 12. The variation of dynamic water pressire with water depth is shown in Fig. 13, The measurements were made along the centerline of block 15 at the resonant frequencies observed in the acceleration frequency response curves, Similar curves for the centerline of Block 13 are presented in Fig, 14, Node shapes of the dam were determinad by vibrating the dam at each resonant frequency in turn and measuring the acceleration ampli- tudes at various points on the dam, Since only six accelerometers were available, this procedure had to be repeated a number of times until sufficient points had been recorded to define the shapes of all the modes that could be excited, One accoleroneter was maintained in the same position during all the mode shase observations in order to have a reference acceleration to which all other accelerations could be normalized, The crest mode shapes determined at frequencies of 3.47, 4,13, 5.40, 6,10, 6.50 and 7.47 ops are shown in Fig. 15, ‘The mode shapes shown in Fig. 15 can be seen to be associated with the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 8th modes of vibration, ‘The 3rd and 7th mode of vibration were not excited which indicates that both of these modes have a nodal point located at block 16 where the vibration generators were placed,The crest mode shapes show that despite construction joints shear forces are transmitted between adjacent monoliths, In order to check if relative motion occurred between blocks, acceleration measurenents were made at both edges and in the center of blocks 15 and 16. The measurements were made at each resonant frequency and the results are shown in Fig. 16, Although the evidence is not conclusive, it does appear from Fig, 16 that some relative motion takes place between adjacent monoliths even at small amplitudes of vibration, Vertical mode shapes for the centerlines of blocks 15 and 16 are shown in Fig, 17 and 18, respectively, The points on these curves at the lower elevations were obtained by placing acceleroneters in tunnels that run through the dam, The vertical mode shapes at resonant fre~ quencies of 3.47, 4,13 and 5,40 cps each aave a node point at the base of the dam only. The vertical mode shapes at resonant frequencies of 6.10, 6.50, and 7,47 cps have node points at about mid-height as well as at the base, 3.2 June-July, 1971, Tests A second series of tests were conducted on Pine Flat Dam during the summer of 1971, These tests were planned to coincide with the time at which the water level in the reservoir would reach its highest level of the year, Unfortunately this is also the time when water is released tron the reservoir at a high flow rate, Consequently the water level fell rapidly over the period the tests were being conducted, and a complete set of results could not be obtained at a particular water level. ‘The water outflow rate during the sumer resulted in a second problem, The outflow generated vibrations in the dam which caused10 substantial noise on the signals from both the accelerometers and pressure transducers, In addition since the water level was higher than it had been in the winter, the added mass effect reduced the accelera~ tion amplitudes that could be generated with the vibration machines, ‘Thus the signal to noise ratio was significantly lower during the summer tests than it had been during the winter tests, A frequency response curve in the form of acceleration measured on the crest of the dam at the centerline of block 16 is shown in Fig, 19, The data for this curve were observed on June 18th when the water elevation in the reservoir was 917 ft, Resonant peaks can be observed at frequencies of 4,00, 5,54 and 6.97 cps. The damping factors evaluated fron the resonant peaks associated with these resonant frequencies are 3.3%, 3.0% and 3.1%, respectively. Frequency responses for the same location were observed on June 22nd and 23rd when the water level was 914 ft, and again on July 8th when the water level had fallen to 894 ft, These curves are shown in Figs. 20 and 21 respectively, Figure 20 shows that on June 22nd and 23rd, when the water level was 914 ft., there were resonant frequencies at 3.27, 4,07, 5.65, and 7,07 eps, The associated damping factors are 2.2%, 2.7%, 3.3% and 3,08, Fig. 21 shows that on July 8th, when the water level was at 894 ft,, there were resonant frequencies at 3,41, 4.18, 5.85, and 7,30 cps, The damping factor associated with the fundamental mode of vibration is 1.9%, and the damping factors associated with the modes of vibration at 5.85 and 7,30 cps are 3.4 and 3.0%, respectively, A reliable damping factor could not be evaluated for the vibration mode with a resonant frequency of 4.18 cps.ro Frequency response curves for acceleration measured on the crest of the dam at the centerline of block 15 are shown in Figs. 22 and 23, The data for Fig. 22 were observed on June 22nd and 23rd, and the data for Fig, 23 were observed on July 8th, The resonant frequencies and danping factors evaluated from these curves agree with the values ob- tained from the frequency response curves for block 16, The frequency response curves for block 15 are included principally because dynamic water pressure frequency responses were again observed at that location, A dynamic water pressure frequency response for June 23rd is shown in Fig, 24, The pressure measurements were made at a water depth of 200 ft, at the centerline of block 15, The acceleration resonant frequencies are marked along the abscissa and again it can be seen that with the exception of the fundamental natural frequencies, the acceleration and dynamic water pressure resonant frequencies do not coincide. A similar dynamic water pressure frequency response curve for July 8th is shown in Fig. 25. ‘The variation of dynamic water pressure with height at the center- Line of block 12, measured on June 22nd when the water elevation was 915 ft,, is shown in Fig. 26, The dynamic water pressure recordings were made at frequencies of 3.23, 4,03, 4,27, 5.63, 6,97, and 7.10 cps, Four of these frequencies are close to the acceleration resonant frequencies for Pine Flat Dam for a water elevation of 915 ft, The other two frequencies (4,27 and 6.67 eps) are close to resonant peaks in the water pressure frequency response for June 22nd, Fig. 24, Similar curves for the centerline of block 15, observed on July 8th when the water elevation was 895 ft. are shown in Fig. 27, The12 measurements for these curves were observed at frequencies of 3.23, 4,07, 4,30, 5,63, 6.97 and 7,37 eps. ‘he dynamic water pressures for three points along the dan are superimposed on the crest mode shapes in Fig, 28, The water pressure measurements were made at a depth of 200 ft. at the centerlines of construction blocks 9, 12 and 15, Unfortunately more pressure measurements could not be made at points closer to the center of the dam because of outlets and obstructions in that region. The measure- ments show that for the fundamental mode of vibration the dynamic water pressure increases with upstream acceleration of the dam, which is not necessarily the case for the higher modes of vibration, see Fig. 28, The crest mode shapes, determined on June 24th when the water elevation was 913 ft,, are shown in Fig. 29, They show that the Ist, 2nd, 4th and 6th modes of vibration were excited during the summer tests, Moasurenents were made again in the summer tests to determine if there were relative motions occurring at construction joints when the dam was being vibrated, Three acceleroncters, one in the center and one at each edge, were placed on both blocks 15 and 16, Vibrations were generated in the dan at each resonart frequency in turn and ac~ celeration measurements made, The accelerometers that had been located on block 15 were moved to block 16, and viee versa, Another set of measurements were made with the acceleroreters in the new locations. ‘The two sets of measurements are shown in Fig, 30 and they both indicate the same anount of relative motion between blocks 15 and 16, ‘These results are considered conclusive evidence that even at the small13 amplitudes of vibration generated during the tests, some relative motion occurred at the construction joints in the dan. The vertical mode shapes for the centerlines of blocks 14 and 15 are shown in Figs, 31 and 32, respectively, These mode shapes were observed on June 30th when the water elevation was 906 ft, 3.3. Summary and Discussion of Experimental Results During the Jan, - Feb, tests when the water elevation was 880 ft. 6 modes of vibration were excited. ‘The mode shapes show that these modes were the 1st, 2nd, 4th, Sth, 6th, and Sth, During the June ~ July tests when the water elevation ranged from 895 ft. to 917 ft, four modes of vibration, the Ist, 2nd, 4th and 6th, were excited, The resonant frequencies associated with these modes are shown in Table 1, Test Jan,-Feb, | July 8th} June 22nd } June 18th Water EL sso rr | 895 rr] 915 FT 917 FT Mode 1 3.47 3.41 2 4,13 4.18 4,07 4,00 4 5.40 5.85 5.65 5.54 5 6.10 -- 6 6.50 7,30 7.07 6.97 7 a a7 TABLE 1 RESONANT FREQUENCIES (eps)4 ‘The fundamental resonant frequency of Pine Flat Dam ranged from 3.47 to 3,27 cps as the water level rose from an elevation of 880 to 915 ft. The natural frequency of the 2nd, 4th and 6th modes decreased with increasing water level during the summer tests, This effect has been established for a two dimensional analytical model of a dam (9), However, the second resonant frequency measured on July 8th when the water level was 895 ft, is greater than the 2nd resonant frequency measured in the January-February tests when the water level was 880 ft, Also, all the resonant frequencies of the 4th mode of vibration were greater for the summer tests than the resonant fre~ quency of the 4th mode in the winter test even though the water level was higher during the summer tests than it had been during the winter test, ‘The same effect, to an even greater degree, applies to the sixth mode of vibration, see Table 1, It is suspected that changes in the friction forces between construction blocks may have been responsible for the results from the winter tests violating the trend established in the summer tests. ‘The tests in January and February were conducted when the tempera- ture during the day reached a high of 40 - 50°F, ‘The summer tests were conducted when the day-time temperatures reached highs of 80 - 100°F, Even though the internal temperature of the dam remains practically constant throughout the year, it is possible that the surface tempera— ture of the concrete might indirectly influence the dynamic properties of the dam vibrating at small amplitudes of motion, The concrete at the exterior exposed surfaces of the dam may have expanded suf- ficently to increase the shear forces that might develop in the construction joints before relative motion between blocks could occur,15 If the maximum shear forces between blocks were greater in the summer than they were in the winter, this would result in an increase in the dan's stiffness for small amplitudes of vibration, It should be expected, because of the shapes of the vibration modes, that the increase in the stiffness would be greater for the higher modes of vibration, The resonant frequencies shown in Table 2 shows that the increase in stiffness was small for the fundamental mode, and increased with each mode up to @ maximum for the sixth mode, ‘The damping factors determined from the resonant peaks in the frequency responses of both the winter and sunmer tests are shown in Table 2, The damping factors lie in the range of 2 to 3% of critical. These values are no higher than the values that have been determined tor arch dans, (3) and (4), even though there is no relative motion between construction blocks in an arch dam, Test Jan,-Feb, | July 8th | June 22nd | une 18th Water EL 880 FT 95 rr | 915 Fr 917 FT NODE, 1 3.0 - 2.2 - 2 3.2 - 2.7 3.3 3 - ~ - - 4 . 3.4 3.3 3,0 5 7 5 5 - 6 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 7 = - - - 8 3.5 - - - TABLE 2 DAMPING FACTORS (%)16 The mode shapes determined during the winter and summer are compared for the Ist, 2nd, 4th and 6th modes in Fig. 33, ‘The differences in the mode shapes may be attributable to either the change in water level or the changes in the construction joint behavior discussed above,7 4, DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF PINE FLAT DAI A major reason for conducting dynamic tests on full-scale structures is that the results from such tests help in formulating mathematical nodels or provide a means of checking the validity of existing mathe- matical models of the tested structures, The results from the tests on Pine Flat Dam were used in the formulation of a three dimensional mathematical model of the dam and to check the validity of a two dimensional model that includes the effects of interaction between a dam and the water in its reservoir, ‘The Pine Flat Dam test results show that an exact mathematical model of the dam would have to take into account the three dimensional character of the structure, the effects of interaction between the water in the reservoir and the dam, and even the possibility of rela~ tive motion between construction blocks, Unfortunately, such a mathematical model has not yet been formulated, and the analyses of Pine Flat Dam had to be made using two mathematical models, neither of which included all three effects. In the first mathematical model the dam is considered a homogeneous three-dimensional solid and the effects of water in the reservoir and relative motion between blocks neglected, This idealization is accomplished by means of an assemblage of three dimensional finite elements, In the second idealization a plane section through one of the construction blocks is considered, This mathematical model has only two dimensions but it has the advantage that the effects of Water in the reservoir may be taken into account, The dam is repre- sented by an assemblage of two dimensional finite elements and the18 water in the reservoir is idealized a a continuum governed by the two dimensional vave equation. The geometrical properties of the three dimensional mathematical nodel of Pine Flat Dan are illustrated in the finite element ideal iza- tion shown in Fig. 34, ‘The idealization consists of 1024 three dimensional elenents connected at 1530 nodal points, The dimension of each element in the longitudinal direction was made equal to the width of a construction block, and each construction block was sub- divided into four elonents in the transverse direction, In the vertical direction the number of elements in a construction block varied fron twelve for the tallest block to one for the blocks adjacent to the abutments. Tore was little information available regarding the properties of the concrete in the dam, The Corps of Engincers had data from tests conducted twenty years ago on concrete cores taken from Pine Flat Dam, This data indicated an elastic modulus (E) which ranged from 1.1 to 4.3 million psi. Thus there was no basis for selecting a probable value for the elastic modulus, and for computational convenience a value of 1 million psi was assumed. Since the node shapes of the three dimensional model are independent of the value of B, and the natural frequencies are proportional to /E, then the natural frequencies obtained from this model could be scaled cor rectly by multiplying then by /E, where # has the units of millions of psi, The density of the core samples was 155 pef and this value was assumed for the concrete density, Poisson's ratio was assumed to be 0.2, (7)19 The first few natural frequencies and their associated modal shapes were determined for the three dimensional model by means of the com- puter program SAP (8). This program employs a Rayleigh-Ritz procedure which starts with a set of displacement vectors obtained as the static displacements caused by a set of load patterns, The load patterns are selected so that the static displacements have the general features of the Lover mode shapes of the structure, ‘The dynamic properties of the three dimensional mathematical model of Pine Flat Dam are illustrated in Fig. 35, where the natural frequencies are expressed as a function of E in million psi, If the natural frequencies of the fundamental mode of vibration (2.055 /F) is equated to the natural frequency determined during the January February tests (3.45 cps), a value of 2,8 million psi is obtained for the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the concrete. This value may be considered a lover bound for the modulus since the two main assumptions in the mathematical model, no water in the reservoir and no relative motion between construction blocks, result in a calculated natural frequency that is too high, ‘The ratios between the higher modes and the fundamental modes for both the three dimensional model and the test results are shorn in Table 3. Corresponding ratios are similar, and it appears Likely that the ratio between the third natural frequency and the fundamental frequency of the dam is 1.3, Thus if the third mode of vibration had been excited during the tests its resonant frequency would have been about 4.5 cps during the January-February tests, about 4,2 eps during the June 22nd and 23rd tests, and about 4.4 cps during the June 8th tests.20 Wode T z a 7 3 Tan, ~ Feb, To Te = 16 Le June 22nd & 1.0 1.2 - 1.7 - 23rd July sth 1.0 1.2 - - - 3D model 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 La TABLE 3 Ratios Between Higher and Fundamental Natural Frequencies. The geometrical properties of the two dimensional mathematical model including the effects of water in the reservoir are shown in Fig. 36, A plane section having the same geometry as a section through construction block 18 was idealized by means of 136 quadri~ lateral finite elements connected at 162 nodal points, The water in the reservoir was assumed to be governed by the two dimensional wave equation: where p is a pressure variable and ¢ is the velocity of sound in water (4720 tt/see), ‘The first two natural frequencies of the two dimensional mathematical model were determined for a number of water levels by means of a recently developed analysis procedure (9), In this analysis the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the dan without the reservoir are first determined, The mode shapes are then used as boundary conditions in the solution of the two dimensional wave equation to determine the complex frequency responses of hydrodynamic21 pressures acting on the dam, The hydrodynamic pressures are then applied to the dan and the equations for the dan subjected to steady state hamonic excitation, including reservoir effects, are developed. The response is determined for a range of excitation frequencies from which the resonant frequencies and shapes of vibration at resonance are obtained, Initially the reservoir was assumed to be empty and the first two natural frequencies of the concrete section were determined as a function of the modulus of elasticity (E) by assuming E equal to 1 million psi, As in the case of che three dimensional model, the density of concrete was assumed equal to 155 pef, and Poisson's ratio equal to 0.2, The fundamental natural frequency of the two dimensional model without water in the reservoir was found to be 1.74 JE ops. This frequency is lower than the fundamental natural frequency of the three dimensional model (2,03 /B) because the two dimensional model ts equivalent to an infinitely long dam of cross section similar to the cross section of monolith 18. Thus the two dimensional model is considerably more flexible than the solid assumed for the three dimensional mathematical model, The shape associated with the fundamental mode of the two dimensional model is compared with the deflected shape of the vertical centerline of monolith 18 taken from the fundamental three dimensional node shape in Fig. 39(a). There is good agreement between the node shapes. Te second natural frequency of the two dimensional model was found to be 2,88 /E eps, but this frequency cannot be compared with the second natural frequency of the three dimensional model because22 they are associated with different modes, The second mode shape of the two dimensional model was found to agree best with the 6th verti- cal mode shape of the three dimensional model, as shown in Fig. 37(b). Since the mode shapes are similar, the 2nd natural frequency of the two dimensional model might be assumed to be equivalent to the 6th natural frequency of the three dimensional model (4.53 /B). Once the effects of water were included in the two dimensional model the natural frequencies of the coupled system were no longer proportional to /E because the reservoir interaction effects depend on the frequency of the dam relative to the frequency of the water in the reservoir, Therefore, it was necessary to estimate the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the concrete in Pine Flat Dam as accurately as the available data would permit. The modulus of elasticity of the concrete was estimated by an iteration procedure making use of the results fron the January~ February tests when the water was at an elevation of 880 ft. (level 310 ft.), As a trial value, 5.0x10°psi was assumed for E, and the fundamental natural frequency of the three dimensional model was determined to be 4,60 cps, For the same value of E, the fundamental natural frequencies of the two dimensional model without water and with water at a height of 310 ft were detemined to be respectively 3,88 and 8,53 eps. Then it was assumed that the reduction in the fundamental natural frequency of the three dimensional model if water in the reservoir were included would be the sane as the reduction in the two dimensional model. On this assumption, the natural frequency of the three dimensional model with water at an elevation of 880 ft. was23 estimated to be 4.2 cps. Since this value is greater than the experi- nontally determined value of 3,46 cps, the assumed value of 5.0 x 10° for E was reduced by the factor 3.467/4,2” and the procedure repeated. After two iterations a value of 3,25 x 10° psi was determined for the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the concrete in Pine Flat Dam. ‘The fundamental natural frequencies of the two dimensional model, with a modulus of elasticity of concrete equal to 3.25 x 10° psi, and the other material properties as before, were determined for various water levels, The percentage decrease in fundamental natural fre- quency determined during the January-Fetruary, June 21st and 22nd, and July 8th tests are also shown in this figure. Of course, since the model was established using the results from the January-February tests, the experimental value for the January-February test lies on the analytical curve, however, it can be seen in Fig. 98(a) that the experimental values determined in June and July fit the analytical curve, indicating the validity of the two dimensional model in predicting the decrease in the fundamental natural frequency of the dan with increasing water level. ‘The fundamental natural frequency of the dam-water system with the reservoir full is 20% less than the fundamental natural frequency of the dam when the reservoir is empty, If the water is assumed to be incompressible the corresponding reduction is 15%, although this assumption does not alter the general way in which the natural fre~ quency decreases with water level, see also Fig, 38(a), The errors in natural frequencies caused by the assumption of water incompressi- bility is a function of the modulus of elasticity of the concrete in24 the dam (9), so the errors may be greater than 5% in other dans, ‘The reduction in the second natural frequency of the two dimensional model with increasing water Level is shown in Fig. 38(b). ‘The second natural frequency of the dam vithout water in the reservoir is only 3% greater than the natural frequency of the dam-water system when the reservoir is full, If the water is assumed to be incon- pressible the difference is 8%. Thus, the water depth has less effect on the second natural frequency of the tvo dimensional model than it does on the fundamental mode, The decrease in the 6th resonant frequency of the dan as the water rose from elevation 895 ft. to 915 ft, was 7%, whereas the decrease in the fundamental mode for the same change in water Level was only 4%, see Table 1 (as explained previously, the results for the 6th natural frequency obtained in the January - February tests are not directly comparable to the 6th natural frequencies obtained in the summer tests), ‘Thus, it may be concluded that even though the second mode shape of the two dimensional model is similar to the vertical mode shape of the three dimensional model, these modes of vibration are not comparable. ‘The mode shapes and water pressure distributions of the two dimen Sional mathematical model for the cases of empty reservoir, and water levels of 310 and 340 ft, are shown in Figs, 39 and 40, There is considerable difference in the distribution of dynamic water pressure with height depending on whether or not vater is assumed to be com~ pressible, Although quantitative compar:son is not possible, the experimental distributions shown in Fig, 13 tend to exhibit the characteristics of the curves obtained when the compressibility ofof water is included, The presence of water has a barely per- ceptible effect on the fundamental mode shape of the dam, but is becoming significant for the second mode shape. 2526 5. CONCLUSION ‘The tests on Pine Flat Dam demonstrated that existing types of vibration generators may be used to determine the small amplitude dynamic properties of large concrete dams, However, Pine Flat Dam appears to be as large a structure as might be tested successfully with such equipment, Although the signal-to-noise ratio of the acceleration signals was adequate for accurate measurements during the winter tests, by summer, the ratio hed deteriorated due to the rise in reservoir water level and increase in the outflow of water fron the reservoir to the point where the accuracy of measurements was barely adequate. ‘Thus tests for large dams should be scheduled for periods when there is little outflow of water fron the reservoir, or for periods when the outflow may be interrupted for several hours each day for the collection of data, During the winter tests the natural frequencies of the 1st, 2nd, 4th, Sth and 6th modes of vibration were determined to be 3.47, 4.13, 5.40, 6,10 and 6.50 cps respectively, During the summer tests, when the water level in the reservoir ranged from 15 to 37 ft, above the level it had been for the winter tests, the natural frequencies of the Ist, 2nd, 4th, and 6th modes of vibration ranged between 3,41 and 3.27; 4,18 and 4,00; 5,85 and 5.54; and, 7,30 and 6.97 cps respectively. The Srd mode of vibration was not excited during either the winter or summer tests because the vibration generators were located at a node point of the 3rd mode shape of vibration, Apparently, the node point of the Sth mode, which was close to the location of the vibration generators during the winter tests, had shifted close27 enough to the Location of the vibration generators during the summer tests so that the Sth mode of vibration was not excited in the latter tests. ‘There is an anomaly concerning the 2nd and higher natural fre- quencies observed in the winter and summer tests, Although the natural frequencies of these modes decreased with increasing water level during the summer tests, the natural frequencies of the 4th and 6th modes during the winter were less than the natural frequencies during the summer even though the water level was higher in the summer than it had been in the winter, The same effect to a lesser degree is apparent for the natural frequencies of the 2nd modes, but is not apparent in the natural frequencies of the fundamental mode, Since the natural frequency of a mode, especially the lower modes, is ex- pected to decrease with increasing level of water in the reservoir, it is concluded that the structural stiffnesses associated with the 2nd and higher modes increased between the winter and summer tests, ‘This increase in stiffness might be associated with changes in the relative motion of construction blocks due to the difference in the ambient temperatures during the two sets of tests, The tests were conducted with relatively small changes of reservoir water level - less than 40 ft, ina total depth of about 300 ft. ‘These small changes in water level were sufficient to produce dis- tinct changes in the natural frequency of the dam-water system, How ever, from an experimental point of view larger changes in the water level would have been preferable, as would a less rapid changing water level during the summer tests,28 ‘The damping factors associated with the modes of vibration of the dam ranged from 2,0 to 3,5%. There is no indication that the damping factors were affected by the small changes in water level, Also the damping capacity of Pine Flat Dam is no greater than the damping capacities that have been determined for arch dams (3 and 4), in spite of the fact that some relative motion between construction blocks was detected, ‘The amplitudes of the harmonic forces, applied on the crest of the dam near its center ranged from 2 to 10 kip, ‘These forces generated acceleration amplitudes on the crest that ranged up to .5x10"* g and displacements that ranged up to .3x10™° in, The ampli- tudes of the water pressure fluctuations reached 1x12” psi for the fundamental mode of vibration and lesser amounts for the higher modes of vibration, The piezo-electric transducers employed for the pressure measurements had a sensitivity of approximately 100 mv/psi which was adequate for accurate measurements in this pressure range. The accuracy of the dynamic water pressure measurements, especially during the summer tests, were limited by the noise generated by the outflow of water from the reservoir. ‘The results from the tests on Pine Flat Dam illustrated that a concrete gravity dam is a three dimensional structure whose dynamic behavior is made more complex by the possibility of relative motion between construction joints, and the interaction of the structure with water in its reservoir, A mathematical model has not yet been developed that can take into account both these complications, The results from the tests were used to check the validity of a three29 dimensional model that ignores both relative motion at construction joints and the effects of water in the reservoir, and a two dimensional model that can cope with the latter effects. ‘The implementation of both models requires a knowledge of the dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete for the dam being analyzed. Since a knowledge of this basic property was lacking, the two models, the test results, and certain assumptions, were used to estimate its value at 3.25 million psi, Thereafter the three dimensional model appeared capable of yielding the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the dam with reasonable accuracy. The two dimensional model yields, the fundamental natural frequency and the water pressure distribution on the upstream of the dam for that mode,30 6. REFERENCES Keightley, W. 0,, "Vibrational Characteristics of an Earth Dam," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of america, 56(6), December, 1966, Martin, G. R, and H, Bolton Seed, "An Investigation of the Dynamic Response Characteristics of Bon Tempe Dam, California,” University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering, 1966, Rouse, G. C., and Bouwkamp, J. G,, "Vibration Studies of Monticello Dam," Research Report No, 9, Washington, D, C,: Bureau of Reclama- tion, United States Department of the Interior, Rea, D., "Forced Vibration Tests, Morrow Point Dam Colorado,” Service to Industry Report No, 71.5, University of California, Berkeley, California, June 1971. Clough, R, W., Raphael, J. M, and Reimer, R., "Evaluation of the Pacoima Dan Accelerogram Recorded During the San Fernando Earth~ quake", To be presented at the Fifth World Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Rone, June 1973, Hudson, D, E., "Resonance Testing of Full-Scale structures” Proceedings ASCE, Journal of Engineering and Mechanics Division, 90 (EM3) 1964, ACI Committee 207, "Mass Concrete for Dams and Other Massive Structures", ACI Journal, April 1970, Wilson, &. L,, "SAP - A General Structural Analysis Progran” Report No, SESM 70-20, Structural Engineering Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, September 1970, Chakrabarti, P., and Chopra, A. K., "Earthquake Response of Gravity Dams Including Reservoir Interaction Effects," Report No, EERC 72-6, Barthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California, December 1972.7. FIGURESNYG LWIE BNId 1NOILVASTS WVSYLSNMOG- Wd LW14 SNid 2914 SLITLNO 30IMs. \ _ ooOls TF Uy 5 000097 din L308 | 114 AVM TTdS SLNIor |e] go| v2 oe alr HLMONOW ° | 0S'916 13 18380 AVNTTIds— | | 00026 13 F=,0°262 I ayo, r 10-081 AL ,0-0SSNOILOAS - WVG lW14 3Nid €°9145 02 HLLIMONOW -NOLLO3S MO1443A0 81 HLIMONOW HONOYH NOILOSS = = = of. = o001s 73 ols 7a Soins or 300 os'9ze 73 —oozea 5 a esll6 73 ered : "eevevs | |——|—eiceaa 026 13 10-28 KL((S) NOSGNH 4314) G3ONV1IVEYS.LNNOD-NON —G33dS ‘SA LNdLNO 3940S NOILVUYBIA b 9ld GNOO3S Y3d S319A9 ‘G33dS Y3LIOXA NOILVUSIA ol 8 9 v z@ ° g 3 = UBLIOXNS O3ONVTVEY3SLNNOD-NON g 2 013 4 3ysve Hows suvoiam S L_ °° sou a0 Satna Sut = £9 cen 139509 2 HOV] SLHOI3M TIWWS OML = 2S 2 304d VILUINI ONIABA + sn Fveosenis 40. Sond she a A 3 oo02 a 5 3 3 fl = coos 5 5 2 5 § | m eC ©. 3 oy 0006 oO y lo Te fr 2 2 a Ws fe? fe) fe fala] z ~ oD 000S ‘887 000S = LIWIT GvOT WhWIxyW5 VIBRATION GENERATORS ON PINE FLAT DAM1261*@a4-NVP:91 400718 ‘SSNOdSaY AONSNOSYS NOILVYSTS0OV (sdo) AONSNDSYS ONILIOXS os oL 09 os Ov 9°9l4 S3QNLINdWY 3OYO4 ONIABWA yO4 91 y00T8 } LV 1380 40 NOILWYaT300" ° 6 oz ° (8,01X) 3aNLIMdWy NOILWya7300" of0 ovo ogo1261 ‘@34-NVP: 91 4OO1E‘SSNOdS3Y AONENOIYS LNSWIOVIdSId (sdo) AONSNDSYS ONILIOXS on o9 os ov 2°94 of S3GN.LITdWY 3ONOS ONIANWA ¥O4 91 10078 9 Lv s349 40 LNSW39V1dSI0 oro ozo oro (ul 01x 680 x) SNL LNAW30V71dSI01261 ‘@34-NVP:S1 400718 ‘SSNOdS3Y AONANOAYA NOILVYATIOOV «8 Old (sd2) AQNANO3S ONILIOXS os on 09 os Ob og S3GNLMdNY 30404 ONIAYVA. ¥O4 SI yOOT8 4 LV 48340 40 NOILV43739000 oro ozo oo ovo oso ) 30NLIIdNY NOLLVHsT3—9000 O1x (By1261 “@34-Nve: $1 49078 ‘SSNOdSAY AONSNDIYS LNSWFOV SIO 6914 (sdo) AONSNDSYS ONILIOXS os on 09 os Ob oe S3QNLMdWy 3040S ONIAYWA ¥Od S$! 40078 4 LW S340 40 LN3W3OV1dSIC ozo 1X68'0x) SGNLIdWY LNAW3OVIdsiC (ur10(a) PRESSURE TRANSDUCER HOUSING 10(b) PRESSURE TRANSDUCER BEING LOWERED OVER SIDE OF DAM1261 ‘@a4-NWP: 3SNOdS3Y AONSNOAYS SYNSSSYd Y3LVM OINWNAG os oe (sd9) AONANDSYS ONILIOXS og os “old a ‘S319N3ND3Ed OB ‘S34 “90V ced SI 0018 40 3 44002 40 H1d30 ¥aLVM iv d30N0034 3uNSSaud oro ozo ogo ovo. oso 090 O1X) 3ONLMdNy 3YNSS3d HSLVM z (sd1261 ‘aa4-Nve :S3SNOdS3Y ADNANODSY4 JYNSSAYd ONY NOILVY3TZOOV ONIGNOdS3YNOo z19I4 (sd9) AONSNDSY4 ONILIOXS os oz o9 os Ov oe a T BOVAUNS MOTRE 14002 SI} Lv 3UNSSSYd YSLVM (x) SI W018 } Lv 18349 JO NOlLWH37300V (0) oro ozo ogo ovo oso (184.01) 3GNLMdWy 3uNSS3ud Y3LVM (8,01) 30nd NOLLWH313000EL 870. 110, _870_ 570 ee a Pi sar cps 413 ops 5.40 cps e. ero 110. _e70. psi psi 6.10 cps 6.50 cps 747 cps FIG. 13 VARIATION OF DYNAMIC WATER PRESSURE WITH HEIGHT, CENTERLINE OF BLOCK I5: JAN.-FEB. 1971e_e7o —Z— 770 670 570 | j “05x10 -05x107 psi 347 cps psi 4.13 ops 5.40 cps ELs7o —Z— 770 670 570 L_ J 05 x10" “082107 Psi 10 eps. psi 6.50 cps 747 ops FIG.14 VARIATION OF DYNAMIC WATER PRESSURE WITH HEIGTH, CENTERLINE OF BLOCK |3 : JAN-FEB I971BLOCK __NOS. SCT Tol TTT iste TT eo CT est TTT bot TT BRIDGE f=3.47cps f=4.13cps o aa f=5.40cps Nfs f= 6.10cps fo Pes A f= 747cps 5 FIG.IS CREST MODE SHAPES 'JAN.-FEB. I971, | { 3.47 cps 4.13 cps —- 5.40 cps —p aia i 6.10 cps mo . wy 4 t 7.47 cps | vont j yvoINT | JOINT i & g c e BLK BLK IS BLK 16 BLK I7 FIG.I6 RELATIVE BLOCK MOTION : JAN-FEB 1971EL.970 870 TL S10 S70 —L 3.47 cps 4.13 cps 5.40 cps EL.970 870 770 670 570 _L 6.10 cps 650 ops TAT ops FIG.17 VERTICAL MODE SHAPE AT CENTERLINE OF BLOCK I6: JAN-FEB 1971£L970 Bt0_ Tr S10 so | 347 4.13 cps EL. 970 870 770 670 870 6.10 cps 650 cps 5.40 cps 7.47 cps FIG.18 VERTICAL MODE SHAPE AT CENTERLINE OF BLOCK I5: JAN-FEB I9711261 ‘81 ANNP: 9140078 ‘3SNOdS3Y AONSNDSYS NOLLWYSTSZ0OV 61914 (sdo) AONANDSYS ONILIOXE 14216 = T3A37 YSLYM S3ONLIMdWY 30NO4 ONIANWA ¥O4 91 M0078 4 LW 18340 40 NOLLWY373000 Bb= oro oz ° (6 201%) SANLIMIdWY NOILWeS1300" ogo ovo oso1261 ‘€z @ 22 ANNP : 91 MOOT ‘3SNOdS3H AONINDIYS NOLLVYITZ0OV Oz ’9l4 (sdo) AONSND3YS ONILIOXS os OL 09 os ‘Ld S16 = 7337 Y3LVM S3QNLIMdWY 30YO4 ONIAYVA 5 ¥O4 91 yOOT8 3 LV y@bad ° isa¥9 40 NOlLWYaT300V oro ozo oo ) AONLIMdWY NOlLWY3 73000 2 g 3 (8.01% oso1261 ‘8 ATNP : 91 YOONg ‘SSNOdS3Y AONSNOSYS NOILVYSTIOON 12/914 (sdo) AONSNDSYS ONILIOXS os OL 09 os ov oe a T ! T T 14968 = 73A37 YalyM S3GNLMdWY 30404 SNIAYVA essy uOd 91 yOOTE 4 LY 48349 40 NOILVY313000 oro ozo oo ° t 3 (B,01X) 30NLIIdWY NOLLW4373000 oso1261 ‘ez 8 ZZ 3NNP: GI HOOT ‘SSNOdS3Y AONINOINS NOILVYSIZVOV 22914 (sd2) AONANDSY4 ONILIOXS os o2 og os O10 8 3 vas 1300¥ ° mp ° 2 g 3 (8 .01X) 3qNLMdNY NOI 4 S16 = 13A37 Y3LVM, SSONLMANY JOOS ONIAYWA yO4 SI yOOTa 3 Lv 48340 JO NOILWYsT300N oso1261 ‘8 AINC:S1 OOT1E *ISNOdS3Y AONSNDSYS NOILVYSISOOV €2'914 (sdo) AONSNDSY4S ONILIOXS os OL o9 os ca T T T ot yOrOl= 44 968 = T3A37 YSLYM S3GNLIMdWV 30404 ONIANVA ¥o4 SI yO018 B Lv isiyo 40 NolLwuaTI00" O10 ° a o (8,01) 30NLMdWV NOlLvY31300V ogo 2 < 3 oso1261 pif SNA :3aSNOdS3Y o8 + OL AONSNOAYS AYNSSAYd YSLVM DINWNAG ¥2'Ol4 (sd9) AONANDSYS ONILIOXS 09 os Ov a ($0384 LNVNOS3Y yoy NOILW4373000) T sos T™— T Tt 20 Si yoole 40 4 44 002 40 Hid3d M3LVM V iv a3q4ooa¥ 3’uNss3ud oro ozo ogo ovo oso (isd 01%) 3QNLIdWY SYNSS3¥d YSLYM1261 yy8 AINe © os ASNOdS3Y AONANDSYS SYNSSAYd YSLVM SINVNAG Sz2‘9l4 (sdo) AONANOSYS ONILIOXS oL o9 os Ob oe ‘ T ($0344 LNVNOS3Y o¢-) NOlLv4a1300¥) T TT T TT T T seg Bit Ive si y0018 40 3 14 002 40 Hid30 Y3LVM ¥ 4v a3q40034 SuNssaud oro ozo ogo ovo oso (isd 201X) 3qNLIIdWy SYNsSSz¥d YSLVMEL_870 770 ° ° 670 570 105x102 Ke er rar 3.23 cps SNe 4.03 CPS 427 CPS EL_s70 770 670 570 mmm 7m "am 563 CPS 697 CPS. 7.10 CPS FIG.26 VARIATION OF DYNAMIC WATER PRESSURE WITH HEIGHT CENTER LINE OF BLOCK 12, JUNE 22nd j971EL_870, 770 } 670 570 -05x10% +0510 Me psi 3-23 CPS TORS 4.07 CPS 4.30 CPS EL_870 770 670 570 — m7 Le 5.63 CPS 6.97 CPS 7.37 CPS FIG.27 VARIATION OF DYNAMIC WATER PRESSURE WITH HEIGHT CENTER LINE OF BLOCK I5, JULY at” i971& OF BLK — MODE SHAPE AT CREST 9 2 15 PRESSURE READING AT | | | EL. 800.0 FT. : AND WATER DEPTH OF 200 FT. a a 3.23 cps, A A 4 4.03eps = 5.67cps ay af 4 ZOcps VERTICAL, MODE SHAPES ¢ BLK 15, FIG.28 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION VS CREST MODE SHAPES, JULY 9TH 1971SLIT Tor TTT iste TT eo TTT est TTT BolT 5) BRIDGE - f= 3.23 cps eo f= 4,03 cps waerans ain ‘o a f=7lOcps FIG.29 CREST MODE SHAPES: JULY Ist. 19711 ana 1 3.40cps | 1 4,03 cps, nae 4.27eps 1 mo 1 5.63cps rT] 8 L | 1 7.07eps ; my . JOINT JOINT | | JOINT c BLKI4 BLK IS BLK 16 BLK I7 FIG.30 RELATIVE BLOCK MOTION: JULY 8th & 9th, 197]EL_970 870 770 670 570 — Im 3.23 CPS 4.04 cps EL_970 870 770 670 570 5.67 CPS 7.10 CPS FIG.31 VERTICAL MODE SHAPE AT CENTER LINE OF BLOCK 14, JUNE 30th, j97|EL_970 870 770 670 570 — wm 7m 3.23 CPS 4.04 cps EL_970 870 770 670 570 —— 7m MT 5.67 CPS 7.10 CPS FIG.32 VERTICAL MODE SHAPE AT CENTER LINE OF BLOCK 15, JUNE 30‘, 197)Ps f= 3.47cps Et SUMMER {,=323cp3 SSS \ ER f=4.1 ‘SUMMER f= 4.03 uu a i eee WINTER f= 5.40: rm ‘SUMMER f= 7.10 3 Ny Y WINTER f=6.50. FIG.33 COMPARISON OF CREST MODE SHAPES OBTAINED IN WINTER AND SUMMER TESTSWvd LV14 SNid 40 NOWZINVSd! LN3W373 SLINIS veld O€S1 = SLNIOd 1WGON 40 ¥3EWNN ‘201 = SLN3W373 40 Y3GWNN 02 HLIMONOW 2 HLIMONOW NOILWA13 WY3YLSNMOG 81 HLITONOWISd NOITTIW NI SMINGOW ILSV13 = 3 SAdVHS SCOW GNV S3ION3NDIY4 GSLNdWOD Se O14 sdo 3/S02= AONSNDSYS —& 30H edo 3/obre=,0NENORS —-&-B0ON see usa-73 ——— a ee 380-73 use8=73 / / sous=73 ougs73 i f saws \ Asa 800 3/ SobZ= AONINDIUS —--SOOW sdo 3/*ss02=AONSNOZYA == SOW use senna ST eee usee=73 aa us90-73 ous=73 Hous=73 ooive VeeEL = 970FT, NUMBER OF ELEMENTS. = 136 NUMBER OF NODAL POINTS =162 \ \ \ EL=S70FT MONOLITH 18 FIG. 36 TWO DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF PINE FLAT DAMINCLUDING COMPRESSIBILITY: OF WATER NEGLECTING COMPRESSIBILITY: OF WATER EXPERIMENTAL VALUES PERCENTAGE DECREASE IN FREQUENCY 3 v 700 800 900 IS go. sanas Bo WATER ELEVATION Ragee g SECS ze Zs5e (a) FUNDAMENTAL MODE NEGLECTING COMPRESSIBILITY: OF WATER INCLUDING COMPRESSIBILITY OF WATER PERCENTAGE DECREASE IN FREQUENCY 3 wl 600 700 800 soo 'g_ go 3 oe ae WATER ELEVATION 2 ugse ze BIS (b) SECOND MODE FIG.38 REDUCTION IN RESONANT FREQUENCIES DUE TO INCREASING WATER LEVELSNOILNGIYLSIG JYNSS3Yd YALVM GNV S3dVHS 3GOW 6¢°9I4 14d ole BMWA TWLNBWINSdX3 8 YBLVM JO ALITIGISSZYdWOD ONILOZIOIN ——— YSLWVM 4O ALITIGISSZYdWOD ONIGMION| —— AQNANDSNS LNYNOS3Y GNOD3S (a) ADNANOSY4 LNVNOS3Y LSULI (0) BuNSSaud aunssaud NOLWW4OI3G SIWVNAGONGAH =—-NOILWW4O430 SIN NAGONGAH r I | | I I I I I140bE=H SNOILNEINLSIG SYNSSAYd YBLVM GNV S3dVHS 3GOWOP'9I4 YALVM 40 ALMIBISSIYdWOO ONILOIT93N ——— YBLVM 40 ALITIGISS3YdWOD ONIGNTON| —— AON3NOAYS LNVNOSSY GNODAS (a) AONANDBY4 LNVNOSSY LSUl4 (0) BuNSSaud aYNSS3ud SIWYNAGONGAH NOLLWWHOI30 OIWYNAGONGAH —NOLLWIWHOI3C TEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS EERC 67-1 "Feasibility Study Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator Facility”, by J. Penzien, J. G, Bouwkamp, R, W. Clough and D, Rea - 1967 (PB 187 905) EERC 68-1 Unassigned EERC 68-2 "Inelastic Behavior of Beam-to-Column Susassemblages Under Repeated Loading,” by V. V, Bertero ~ 1968 (Pp 184 888) EERC 68-3 "A Graphical Method for Solving the Wave Reflection- Refraction Problem,” by H. D. McNiven and Y, Mengi - 1968 (PB 187 943) EERC 68-4 "Dynamic Properties of McKinley School Buildings,” by D. Rea, J, G. Bouwkamp and R, W, Clough - 1968 (PB 187 902) EERC 68-5 "Characteristics of Rock Motions During Earthquakes," by H, B, Seed, I, M, Idriss and F, W, Kiefer - 1968 @B 188 338) FERC 69-1 "Earthquake Engineering Research at Berkeley (@B 187 906) - 1969 EERC 69-2 "Nonlinear Seismic Response of Farth Structures," by M, Dibaj and J, Penzien - 1969 (PB 187 904) EERC 69-3 "Probabilistic Study of the Behavior of structures During Earthquakes,” by P. Ruiz and J, Penzien ~ 1969 (PB 187 886) EERC 69-4 “Numerical Solution of Boundary Value Problems in Structural Mechanics by Reduction to an :nitial Value Formulation,” by N, Distefano and J, Schujman - 1969 (PB 187 942) FERC 69-5 “Dynamic Programming and the Solution of the Biharmonic Equation,” by N, Distefano ~ 1969 (PB 187 941) EERC 69-6 "Stochastic Analysis of Offshore Tower Structures," by A, K, Malhotra and J, Penzien ~ 1969 (PB 187 903) EERC 69-7 "Rock Motion Accelerograns for High Magnitude Earthquakes,” by H. B, Seed and I, M, Idriss - 1969 (PB 187 940) FERC 69-8 "Structural Dynamics Testing Facilities at the University of California, Berkeley,” by R. M, Stephen, J. G, Bouwkamp, R, W, Clough and J, Penzien - 1969 (PB 189 111) Note: Numbers in parentheses are Accession Numbers assigned by the National Technical Information Service, Copies of these reports may be ordered from ‘the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22151, Accession Numbers should be quoted on orders for the reports.EERC BERC BER EERC EERC EERC ERC ERC EERC ERC BERC EERC EERC 69-10 69-11 69-12 69-13 69-14 69-15 69-16 70-3 70-4 70-5 70-6 “Seismic Response of Soil Deposits Underlain by Sloping Rock Boundaries," by H, Dezfulian and H, B, Seed - 1969 (PB 189 114) “pynamic Stress Analysis of Axisymmetric Structures Under Arbitrary Loading," by S, Ghosh and E, L, Wilson - 1969 (PB 189 26) "Seismic Behavior of Multistory Frames Designed by Diff- erent Philosophies,” by J. C. Anderson and V, V. Bertero - (PB 190 662) “stiffness Degradation of Reinforcing Concrete Structures Subjected to Reversed Actions," by V. V. Bertero, B, Bresler and H. Ming Liao - 1969 (PB 202 942) "Response of Non-Uniform Soil Deposits to Travel Seismic Waves," by H, Dezfulian and H, B, Seed - 1969 (PB 191 023) "Damping Capacity of a Model Steel Structure," by D. Rea, R, W, Clough and J, G. Bouwkamp - 1969 (PB 190 663) "Influence of Local Soil Conditions on Building Damage Potential During Earthquakes," by H. B, Seed and I. M, Idriss - 1969 (PB 191 036) "The Behavior of Sands Under Seismic Loading Conditions," by M, L, Silver and H, B. Seed - 1969 (AD 714 982) "Barthquake Response of Concrete Gravity Dams," by A, K, Chopra - 1970 (AD 709 640) "Relationships Between Soil Conditions and Building Damage in the Caracas Earthquake of July 29, 1967," by H. B. Seed, I, M, Idriss and H, Dezfulian - 1970 (Pp 195 762) “cyelic Loading of Full Size Steel Connections,” by E. P. Popov and R, M. Stephen ~ 1970, (PB 213 545) "Seismic Analysis of the Charaima Building, Caraballeda, Venezuela," by Subcommittee of the SEAONC Research Committee, V. V. Bertero, P. F. Fratessa, S. A. Mahin, J. H. Sexton, A. C, Scordelis, E. L, Wilson, L. A. Wyllie, H. B, Seed, and J. Penzien, Chairman ~ 1970 (PB 201 455) "A Computer Program for Earthquake Analysis of Dans," by A. K, Chopra and P, Chakrabarti - 1970 (AD 723 994) "the Propagation of Love Waves Across Nen-Horizontally Layered Structures," by J, Lysmer and L, 4, Drake ~ 1970 (PB 197 896)EERC FERC BERC ERC BERC ERC ERC ERC ERC ERC EERC BERC EERC EERC 10-7 70-8 70-9 70-10 n-1 n-2 1-3 71-6 nT 71-8 72-1 72-2 “Influence of Base Rock Characteristics on Ground Response,” by J. Lysmer, H, B, Seed and P, B, Schnabel - 1970 (PB 197 897) "Applicability of Laboratory Test Procedures for Measuring Soil Liquefaction Characteristics Under Cyelic Loading,” by H, B, Seed and W. H, Peakeock - 1970 (PB 198 016) “A Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil Liquefaction Potential," by H, B, Seed and I. M, Idriss - 1970 (PB 198 009) "Soil Moduli and Damping Factors for Dynamic Response Analysis,” by H. B. Seed and I, M, Idriss - 1970 (PB 197 869) "Koyna Barthquake and the Performance of Koyna Dam," by A. K. Chopra and P, Chakrabarti - 1971 (AD 731 496) “Preliminary In-Situ Measurements of Anelastic Absorption in Soils Using a Prototype Earthquake Simulator," by R. D. Borcherdt and P, W, Rodgers - 1971 (PB 201 454) "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Inelastic Frame Structures,” by F, L, Porter and G, H, Powell - 1971 (PB 210 135) “Research Needs in Limit Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures," by V, V. Bertero - 1971 (PB 202 943) “Dynamic Behavior of a High-Rise Diagonally Braced Steel Building," by D, Rea, A. A. Shah and J. G, Bouwkamp - 1971 (PB 203 584) "Dynamic Stress Analysis of Porous Elastic Solids Saturated With Compressible Fluids,” by J, Ghaboussi and E, L. Wilson - 1971 (PB 211 396) "Inelastic Behavior of Steel Beam-to-Column Subassemblages ," by H. Krawinkler, V. V, Bertero and £, P, Popov ~ 1971 (PB 211 335) "Modification of Seismograph Records for Effects of Local Soil Conditions," by P, Schnabel, H, B. Seed and J, Lysmer ~ 1971 (PB 214 450) “static and Earthquake Analysis of Three Dimensional Frame and Shear Wall Buildings,” by E. L, Wilson and H, I, Dovey ~ 1972 (PB 212 589) “Accelerations in Rock for Earthquakes in the Western United States,” by P. B. Schnabel and H. B, Seed - 1972 (PR 213 100)FERC 72-3 "Elastic-Plastic Earthquake Response of Soil Building systems,” by T. Minami and J, Penzien ~ 1972, ERC 72-4 "Stochastic Inelastic Response of Offshore Towers to Strong Motion Earthquakes," by M, K, Kaul and J, Penzien 1972, ERC 72-5 “Cyclic Behavior of Three Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members with High Shear,” by E. P. Popov, V.V. Bertero and H, Krawinkler - 1972, (PB 214 555) EERC 72-6 "Barthquake Response of Gravity Dams Including Reservoir Interaction Effects,” by P, Chakrabarti and A, K, Chopra ~ 1972, EERC 72-7 "Dynamic Properties of Pine Flat Dam," by D, Rea, C. Y. Liaw and A, K, Chopra - 1972,