Incidence of
Senior High School Male Smokers in
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan S.Y. 2017-2018
A Thesis
Presented To
The Faculty of the Senior High School
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan
Montemayor St., Poblacion, Malasiqui, Pangasinan
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 1
By
March 2017
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan JONELTA
Basic Education Department Senior High School
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
Smoking tobacco has become a usual thing in our culture nowadays. A person with a
cigarette is a usual thing, it has become a routine thing for us. Like most people, you already
know that smoking is bad for your health. But do you really understand how dangerous smoking
really is? Tobacco contains nicotine, a highly addictive drug that makes it difficult for smokers to
kick the habit. Tobacco products also contain many poisonous and harmful substances that cause
disease and premature death. Most people don't know the odds of getting sick as a result of
smoking are really that bad, but when you do the numbers, that is how they come out. For many
people, truly understanding the very real dangers associated with smoking becomes the
motivating factor that helps them to quit. Although it can be a very difficult habit to break,
number of people who die from using tobacco is greater than the combined total number of
people who die from murder, suicide, car accidents, fire, AIDS, and using alcohol, cocaine, and
heroin. Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer of both men and women, and smoking is
associated with nearly 90 percent of lung cancer cases. In addition, smoking is a leading cause of
cancers of the mouth, tongue, throat, larynx (voice box), esophagus, stomach, pancreas, cervix,
Cancer is not the only disease caused by smoking. Smoking also causes chronic
bronchitis and emphysema, and worsens asthma. Cigarette smoking substantially increases the
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan JONELTA
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risk of coronary heart disease, including stroke, heart attack, aneurysm and vascular
disease. It also contributes to peptic ulcers, varicose veins, osteoporosis, periodontal disease,
Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, allergies, and impotence. The bottom
line is that continuing to smoke puts you at risk of contracting a serious, life-threatening illness.
If you contract any one of the diseases listed above, your quality of life will deteriorate and you
will shorten your life span. Secondhand Smoke Smoking is dangerous, not only for the
person holding the cigarette, but also for the people who share their environment.
Secondhand smokes is caused by smokers and inhaled by people nearby. Secondhand smoke
contributes to 3,000 lung cancer deaths in nonsmokers and as many as 40,000 deaths from
cardiovascular disease each year. Secondhand smoke is dangerous for anyone who comes into
contact with it, but it is especially dangerous for unborn babies and small children. Smoking
during pregnancy increases the risk of infant mortality, premature delivery, and babies with low
birth weight. Tobacco smoke contains high levels of nicotine and carbon monoxide, which
interfere with the oxygen supply to the fetus, and cause the developmental delays often seen in
the fetuses and infants of mothers who smoke. Smoking around infants and children has also
been linked to sudden death syndrome and to a rise in respiratory illnesses, including an
increased risk of developing asthma and an increase in the symptoms of asthma in children who
In order to quit smoking individuals should prepare themselves or the move. A person
should be ready to face tough situations or relapse; a person also prohibited others from smoking
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan JONELTA
Basic Education Department Senior High School
in ones home. It is advisable to asses past efforts in giving up smoking and take into
The research study determined the Incidence of Senior High School Male Smokers in
Statement of Hypothesis
Our Hypothesis of this study is the Incedence of Males Smokers has bad side effects to
the student of PHCP. Our main goal are to answer the questions we have prepared by using
surveys or by the other means, study only covers the Grade 12.
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan JONELTA
Basic Education Department Senior High School
The subject of this study are the male senior high school students in Perpetual Help College
of Pangasinan who have experienced smoking, the scope of this study includes concerns, issues
and other factors. The study is only limited to the problem itself, means we only conducted this
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of attitudes towards and
knowledge about cigarette smoking among senior high school male students with different levels
of academic ability. The deleterious effects of smoking inclined toward disease of the respiratory
academic ability levels. They also thought that environmental tobacco smoke exposure was
harmful to non-smokers health. Although they fully understood the harmful effect of smoking,
the percentage of current smokers is still relevant. To reduce the number of adult smokers, it is
important not only to prevent students from starting to smoke or to encourage smokers to quit but
Definition of Terms
The following terms used in the study are defined conceptually and operationally.
Alcohol. A colourless volatile flammable liquid that is produced by the natural fermentation of
Behaviour. The way in which one acts or conducts oneself. Especially towards other.
Cancer. The disease caused by uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body.
Deviant. Departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behaviour.
Esophagus. The part of the alimentary canal that connects the throat to the stomach.
Larynx. The hallow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal
Nicotine. A toxic or yellowish oily liquid that is the chief constituent of tobacco.
Tobacco. A preparation of the nicotine-rich leaves of an American plant, which are cured by a
Smoke. A visible suspension of carbon or other particles in air, typically one emitted from a
burning substance.
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan JONELTA
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Chapter 2
The Related and Literature Studies
These chapters present related literature and studies that enhanced the richness of
the content of the study. Furthermore, these related literatures give strong support of the finding
of this research.
Does it matter if the male partner smoker when trying to get pregnant? Yes, it does. And
in ways you may not have considered You already know that smoking is bad for your health,
and you have likely guessed that smoking is bad for female fertility. IN both men and women,
smoking has been linked to an increased risk for many cancers, heart disease, emphysema, and a
number of other health problems. The toxin in cigarettes takes their toll not only on the lungs but
also on the health of your entire body. This includes your reproductive system.
on semen health. The analysis included 20 studies and just over 5,000 men across Europe. The
study found that smoking was associated sperm count, decreased sperm motility (thats how
sperm swim), and poor sperm morphology (how sperm are shaped). Most notably, the negative
effects smoking had on sperm health was stronger in infertile men and in moderate to heavy
smokers, compared to light smoker. But thats not the only way smoking may fertility. Male
smoking is also, secondhand smoke can harm her fertility as well. When he smokes, it not only
decreases his sperm health. It also decreases her fertility. Because of the largest number of men
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worldwide who smoke and the fact that cigarette smoke contains knows mutagens and
carcinogen, there has been concern that smoking may have adverse effect mutagens and
Carcinogens, there has been that smoking may have adverse effect on male and reproductive.
with modest reductions in semen quality including sperm concentration, motility and
morphology. The association in semen quality including sperm concentration, and motility are
stronger among studies of healthy men (e.g. volunteers and sperm donors) than among men
from infertility clinic populations. Smoking has also been associated with alterations in hormone
levels in males, for example increases in the levels of outshone and estradiol. Despite reductions
in semen quality and altered hormone levels among smoker compared to non-smokers, studies
have not shown a reduction in male fertility in association with paternal smoking. It is concluded
that, although smokers as a group may not experience reduced fertility, men with marginal semen
quality who wish to have children may benefit from quitting smoking, since several small studies
indicate the potential for improved semen quality after quitting smoking. More research on the
benefits of quitting smoking among men with marginal semen quality is needed. Methodological
improvements in studies aimed at clarifying the association between paternal smoking and
various time windows (e.g. prior to conception, during gestation), and controlling for potential
confounders and modifying factors such as age and maternal smoking habits. More sensitive and
specific laboratory assays and increased sample sizes are required to establish whether smoking
Household smoking bans are recommended to decrease the visibility of cigarette smoking
, and also to initiate of nonsmoking social patterns and parental attitudes towards the sector of
Youth, this may serve as mediators to reduce smoking initiation. Related social norms such as
perceived smoking prevalence (and the perceived social acceptability of smoking have been
studies also show that peer and parental smoking as parental antismoking patterns and
disapproval of smoking are directly. With those studies being present as an additional guide to
this study this paper aims to assess the relationship of household smoking bans on adolescent
perceived prevalence of adult and youth smoking, as well as their perception of adult disapproval
of adult and youth smoking. There are many reasons why young adults and teenagers begin
smoking. Most notably may be the relationship between peers and the development of mutual
habits. This is to say, many times an action or activity practiced by an individuals friends or
social group will then be assimilated and increased risk that the individual will begin the habit of
smoking as well. Social factors also include marketing attraction by tobacco companies. This
attraction entices teens young adults. These marketing efforts are to ensure that for every smoker
who dies, a new smoker is born. Most people who smoke do so around the age of 18. Social
factors may also be subsets of peer pressure, such as the seemingly attractive nature of
There are also factors like general stress, related to school, stress related to relationship,
family troubles ,etc., that may lead to smoking. Many are under the mistaken impression that
cigarettes eliminate stress. This makes you feel less stress however; according to the Cleveland
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Clinic your body is really increased stress. Your blood pressure and heart rate greatly
increase, yours muscle tense, your blood vessel begin to constrict, and oxygen becomes stress
available to
Your brain and to your body (cells, organs, skin, etc.). The dopamine merely provides a false
feeling of stress relief, while the smoke creates more stress and a feeling of the continued need to
smoke.
Some persistent behavior on the part of an individual conflict with his knowledge that the
1957). One way of reducing the dissonance is to change the behavior itself. But the change may
be difficult, or painful, or it may require a stronger effort than one is willing to exert. If the
behavior cannot be changed, then perhaps the perception of the behavior can be altered in a way
that reduces the dissonance. One way of assessing how people perceive some particular aspect
of their behavior is to ask them to assign themselves to one of a set of pre-established categories
along some dimension of that behavior. In this study we investigated the smokers'
self-\categorization as related to their daily consumption of cigarettes. The data for this
investigatory are part of a survey that we carried out dealing with the smokers' avoidance of
information which tends to increase their cognitive dissonance (Taglicozzo, 1978). In the returns
Not included in the table are two respondents who checked the space in between "light"
and "moderate" The table shows that a very high percentage of the respondents who smoked 10
cigarettes or less (86.4%) considered themselves "light" smokers, and a similarly high percentage
of those smoking between half and one pack (84.8%) called themselves "moderate" smokers. But
only 40% of the respondents who smoked between one and two packs per day assigned
themselves to the category of "heavy" smokers, while 60% classified themselves as "moderate".
Since no explicit norms are to be found, either in the scientific literature or in the information
disseminated by health agencies and clinical organizations, defining the parameters of heavy,
moderate, and light smoking, any dividing line between the categories is to some extent arbitrary.
Studies on male smoking have shown a decrease in the quality of semen. But how much of an
effect are we talking about? And what do these semen health parameters mean? Heres a closer
look: Sperm concentration: refers to the number of sperm found in a measured quantity of
semen. Studies have shown a 23% decrease in sperm concentration in men who smoke. Sperm
motility refers to the swimming capabilities of the sperm. If sperm cannot swim properly, they
may have trouble reaching the egg and fertilizing it. In men who smoke researcher found a 13%
decrease in sperm motility. Sperm morphology refers to the shape of sperm. Oddly shaped sperm
may not swim well enough to get to the egg and may not be able to fertilize an egg. Male
smokers have fewer healthy shaped sperm than non-smoker. Sperm DNA: Some studies have
found that the sperm of smokers has increased DNA fragmentation. DNA damage sperm may
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increased miscarriage rates. Male smokers may also have abnormal hormone levels, which can
affect fertility.
involve the effects of nicotine on the dopaminergic system. Only one study has previously
investigated dopamine synthesis capacity in cigarette smokers. This study, exclusively in male
volunteers, reported increased dopamine synthesis capacity in heavy smokers compared with
larger sample of cigarette smokers that included females. Dopamine synthesis capacity was
measured in 15 daily moderate smokers with 15 sex- and age-matched control subjects who had
never smoked tobacco. Dopamine synthesis capacity (indexed as the influx rate constant K(i)
between smokers and non-smoker controls in the whole striatum (t28=0.64, p=0.53) or any of its
functional subdivisions. In smokers, there were no significant relationships between the number
of cigarettes smoked per day and dopamine synthesis capacity in the whole striatum (r=-0.23,
p=0.41) or any striatal subdivision. These findings indicate that moderate smoking is not
Conceptual Framework
The study focuses on Anti-Smoking advertisements and how exposure and recall of these
advertisements affect the NCR male high school students knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes
toward smoking. Exposure and recall of anti-smoking advertisements are the main entities that
this study will concentrate on. The availability heuristic principle focuses on the ease of recall of
student to anti-smoking messages and their sources while the mere exposure theory in this study
dwells into the students exposure to anti-smoking messages. Using the HBM Model, the cues to
action are the male high school students sources of information about anti-smoking. Their
exposure to anti-smoking messages will affect their ability to recall what these messages are and
where they come from. Their ability to recall is defined to be the availability heuristics or the
information readily available in the mind. The study focuses on the top-of-the mind memory of
the students or which information they can easily recall. Modifying factors such as age, sex,
personality, socio-economic and knowledge affect the perception on susceptibility and severity
of smoking-related diseases and the perception of benefits against the barriers .The perceived
susceptibility and severity of having smoking-related diseases influence the perception on the
threat of these smoking related diseases. It, therefore, affects the likelihood of action which is not
smoking. Figure 3 shows the integrated conceptual model of this study which demonstrates the
The theoretical deployed in smoking cessation is social learning theory, which draws on
the assumption that smoking is a behaviour that is learned; therefore; it can be unlearned. Social
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learning theory has become an undoubtedly become an influential theory with regard to
learning and development. In particular, this study utilizes the social learning theory suggested
by Alan bandura (1972). According to Bandura (1977), direct reinforcement does not take into
account all forms of learning. His theory of learning incorporated a social element which draws
on the assumption people usually learn behaviours through watching other people. Referred to as
observational learning, this form of learning is usually deployed in studying various behaviours.
Social learning theory concedes that, birds of the same feather flock together;
therefore, they influence one anothers behaviour in both deviant and conforming
cessation as a process whereby an individual breaks all situational and emotional ties associated
with smoking behaviours. To stop smoking, the quitting smoker must have an understanding of
the addiction process and the conditioned responses associated with smoking when tackling
symptoms of withdrawal and craving. Core elements of social learning theory in smoking
cessation entail motivational interviewing (MI) and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Under
MI, the health worker can assist quitting smokers to resolve ambivalence and empower them to
choose change. Under CBT, health workers can assist quitting smokers to undertake new, alter
thought, which can be helpful in implementing a solid quitting and relapse prevention plan.
Chapter 3
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan JONELTA
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the description of the research design selection and description of
respondents research instruments data collection procedure and statistical treatments use.
Research Design
Cigarette smoking, one of the main causes of preventable morbidity and mortality, has a
multitude of well-known side effects. The relationship between cigarette smoking and infertility
has been studied for decades, however, large scale, population wide prospective studies are
lacking. The majority of the current literature is in the form of retrospective studies focused on
the effects of smoking on semen analyses. This article discusses the result of this studies and
reviews the postulated mechanism. The effects of smoking on assisted reproduction and in vitro
fertilization outcomes are noted. The consequences of smoking while pregnant on future fertility
as well as the outcomes of second hand smoke are analyzed. The current evidence suggest that
men should be advised to abstain from smoking in order to improve reproductive outcomes.
Primary sources
This research focuses on giving all senior high school students questionnaires which is the
commonly used method in surveys questionnaires are list of questions open minded or close
Secondary sources
Technology is a big help this day for researcher general website that has specific details about
Participants of the Study the participants of the study will consist of 100 Senior high
school students who have experienced the major problem in PHCP. The 100 participants who
will choose they are the one who will give and complete of doing research for one on one
interview.
In this study we can confirm that our research is true and proven because of its realistic
facts and experience by the smoker himself. Every details and statements in this chapter is
verified and not bias. The researchers conduct a survey test, and determine the students of
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan who smoke cigarettes. And also, the researcher looked for
necessary resources that could help them in their study. They did an ntensive reading from
internet and asked opinion to the smoker. We make sure that every details and everything
they said is true and facts by their own experiences in smoking cigarette.
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themselves after doing a research. The researchers constructed a letter to the main
chairman and allowed the researchers to conduct the survey among the students in
and showed to the adviser for the suggestions. After that, revision of the
After the validation of research instrument, the researcher will follow the data gathering
procedure advised by Creswell (2007). First, the researcher will select the participants in
Perpetual help College of Pangasinan Senior High School with help of 100 students. After
gaining access and establishing rapport with the students the interview will be set, then the actual
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the gathered data and analysis in tabular form followed by
interpretation of results.
Table 1
N-100
STRANDS
25
20
15
10
0
STEM ABM GAS HUMMS ICT
GRADE 11 GRADE 12
The Table Above shows the scope of the survey the ages of the respondents that we have
given a survey in 16 years old we have 22 Respondents for different strands in 17 years old they
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STRAND
Chart Title
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Are you a s moker
Yes No
are 30 respondents in different strands in 18 years old there are 39 respondents and 19years old
they are 9 Respondents for the total of 102 respondents from grade 11 and 12.
The table above shows the scope of the survey, to validate the result when it is needed,
whenever it ask. For the survey on Grade 11, we got 48 wholeheartedly respondent in for all, for
STEM (18 respondents) for ABM (5 respondents) for all HUMMS (8 respondents) for all GAS
(11 respondents) and in I.C.T (4 respondents). For Grade 12, we got 54 wholeheartedly
respondent in for all, for STEM (30 respondents) for ABM (8 respondents) for HUMSS (12
respondents) for GAS (0) and in ICT (4 respondents) for a total of 102 respondents, that we
Question #1 F %
YES 66 66%
NO 34 34%
The Table
Total N=100 100%
Above shows the
result of the survey, 64 Students Said that they are smoker from Different Strands and 34 of the
Question #2 F %
YES 25 25%
NO 75 75%
Chart Title
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Have you ever tri ed to s moke i ns i de the ca mpus
Yes No
25 respondents said that they have smoke inside the campus and 75 respondents have not
Question #3 F %
YES 24 24%
NO 76 76%
Chart Title
30
25
20
15
10
0
Have you ever tri ed to es cape cl as s to s moke
Yes No
25 respondents answered that they have smoke inside the campus and 75 respondents
Question #4 F %
YES 29 29%
NO 71 71%
Chart Title
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
Have you ever been ca ught whi l e s moki ng
Yes No
We Ask them If they Were Caught While Smoking 29 Of them said Yes they've been
Question #1 F %
Bidis 7 7%
Cigarette 71 71%
Tobacco 4 4%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bi di s Ci garette El ectroni c Ci ga rette Ta bacco
Seri es 1
The Table Above Shows what kind Of cigarette they use and Reason and Effects they get
on Smoking 7 Of our Respondents use bidis 71 Of our respondents use usual Cigarrete 19 Of our
Question #2 F %
1 27 27%
2 20 20%
3 18 18%
4 10 10%
5 9 9%
25
20
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5
Seri es 1
it also shown on how many cigarrete does they use in one day 27 Respondents answered
they can use 1 cigarrete in one day 20 respondents answered they can use 2 cigarette 18
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Respondents answered they can use 3 cigarrete 10 respondents answered they can use 4
cigarette and 25of respondents answered they can smoke 5 cigarrete in one day.
Question #3 F %
Curiosity 19 19%
To be accepted in a 22 22%
group.
Many of your 59%
friends influenced 59
you.
Total N=100 100%
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The reason behind why they smokes are curiosity 19 of our respondents answered
because of curiosity, 22 Answered because they want to be accepted in a group and 59 Answered
Question #4 F %
There are effects also that we have surveyed 45 Of our respondents said their lips and
gums is getting darker because of smoking 24 Answered they were getting a disease and 31 Of
Question #5 F %
House 22 22%
Canteen 31 31%
30
25
20
15
10
0
Computer s hop Fi tnes s Gym Hous e Canteen
Seri es 1
Our respondents usually smoke 31 Answered in the computer shop 14 Answered they
Smoke in the fitness gym , 22 of our respondents answered they smoke in there house and 33
Chapter 5
Summary Conclusion Recommendation
Final Summarization
Smoking tobacco has become a usual thing in our culture nowadays. A person with a
cigarette is a usual thing, it has become a routine thing for us. Like most people, you already
know that smoking is bad for your health. But do you really understand how dangerous smoking
really is? Tobacco contains nicotine, a highly addictive drug that makes it difficult for smokers to
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan JONELTA
Basic Education Department Senior High School
kick the habit. Tobacco products also contain many poisonous and harmful substances that cause
disease and premature death. Most people don't know the odds of getting sick as a result of
smoking are really that bad, but when you do the numbers, that is how they come out.Cancer is
not the only disease caused by smoking. Smoking also causes chronic bronchitis and
emphysema, and worsens asthma. Cigarette smoking substantially increases the risk of coronary
heart disease, including stroke, heart attack, aneurysm and vascular disease. It also
Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, allergies, and impotence. The bottom
line is that continuing to smoke puts you at risk of contracting a serious, life-threatening illness.
If you contract any one of the diseases listed above, your quality of life will deteriorate
Second hand Smoke Smoking is dangerous, not only for the person holding the cigarette,
but also for the people who share their environment. Second hand smokes is caused by smokers
and inhaled by people nearby. Second hand smoke contributes to 3,000 lung cancer deaths in
from cardiovascular disease each year. Second hand smoke is dangerous for anyone who
comes into contact with it, but it is especially dangerous for unborn babies and small children.
Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of infant mortality, premature delivery, and babies
with low birth weight. Tobacco smoke contains high levels of nicotine and carbon monoxide,
which interfere with the oxygen supply to the fetus, and cause the developmental delays often
seen in the fetuses and infants of mothers who smoke. Smoking around infants and children has
also been linked to sudden death syndrome and to a rise in respiratory illnesses, including an
Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan JONELTA
Basic Education Department Senior High School
increased risk of developing asthma and an increase in the symptoms of asthma in children who
With modest reductions in semen quality including sperm concentration, motility and
morphology. The association in semen quality including sperm concentration, and motility are
stronger among studies of healthy men (e.g. volunteers and sperm donors) than among men
from infertility clinic populations. In order to quit smoking individuals should prepare
themselves or the move. A person should be ready to face tough situations or relapse; a
person also prohibited others from smoking in ones home. It is advisable to asses past efforts in
giving up smoking and take into consideration what worked and what did not.
Conclusion
where they want. And some of those smoker are student of different school, colleges. This paper
will examine How many students tried to smoke inside the campus, What is there reason behind
why do they smoke, Have they ever try to escape class to smoke and Have they ever been caught
while smoking. The research conduct a survey for Senior High School in Perpetual Help
College of Pangasinan. And in over 100 Senior High School student. 25% say that they
tried to smoke inside the campus. And 19% smoke because of curiosity 22% smoke to be
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accepted to a group 59% smoke because many of there friends influenced them. 24% escape
Recommendation
As based from the foregoing findings and conclusions the following recommendation are
formulated.
1. Based on the conclusion of the study give a detailed description of the suggestion for the
body.
3. Teacher must be the one who guide the students to avoid the cigarettes.
4. The school must promote awareness about the danger of smoking.