Paul gill
Chapter 4 Insulating Oils, Fluids, and Gases
4.2.2 Insulating Oil Testing ......................................................... 196
4.2.2.1 Dielectric Breakdown
Voltage Test (Cup Tests) ...................................... 197
4.2.2.2 Acidity Test ...........................................................200
4.2.2.3 Interfacial Tension (IFT) ..................................... 201
4.2.2.4 Color Test .............................................................. 201
4.2.2.5 Power Factor Test ................................................. 201
4.2.2.6 Specifi c Gravity .................................................... 202
4.2.2.7 Water Content Test (Karl Fisher Method) ........ 202
4.2.3 Combustible Gas Analysis of Insulating Oil ...................203
4.2.3.1 Introduction ..........................................................203
4.2.3.2 TCG ........................................................................203
4.2.3.3 DGA .......................................................................204
4.2.3.4 Comparing the Two Methods ............................204
4.2.3.5 Interpretation of Gas Analysis ...........................204
4.2.3.6 Assessing the Transformer Condition
Using the TCGA in the Gas Space ....................206
4.2.3.7 Assessing the Transformer Condition
Using the DGA Method...................................... 207
4.2.3.8 Fault Types and Associated Key Gases ............208
4.3 Less Flammable Insulating Fluids .................................................209
4.4 Insulating Liquid Sampling Procedures ....................................... 210
4.4.1 Sampling Oil from Transformers........................................ 211
4.4.2 Sampling Oil from Drums
or Shipping Containers ........................................................ 211
4.4.3 Taking Oil Samples for Gas-in-Oil Analysis .................... 212
4.5 Maintenance and Reconditioning of Insulating
Oil and Fluids .................................................................................... 212
4.5.1 Reconditioning Used Insulating Oils ................................ 213
4.5.1.1 Natural Precipitation .............................................. 213
4.5.1.2 Filter Presses ............................................................ 214
4.5.1.3 Filter Press Operation ............................................ 215
4.5.1.4 Cartridge Filters ...................................................... 215
4.5.1.5 Centrifuges .............................................................. 215
4.5.1.6 Coalescers ................................................................ 217
4.5.1.7 Vacuum Dehydrators ............................................. 217
4.5.2 Maintenance of Less Flammable Fluids ............................ 217
4.5.2.1 Maintenance of RTemp .......................................... 217
4.5.2.2 Maintenance of Silicone ........................................ 218
4.5.2.3 Maintenance of Wecosol .......................................220
4.5.2.4 Maintenance of Environtemp (FR3) ....................223
4.5.2.5 Maintenance of Askarels ......................................227
a Oil dielectric testing in accordance with ASTM D877 has been replaced by ASTM D1816 in Table 1. See 5.2.1.
b
Alternative measurements of 1.0 mm (0.04 in) and 2.0 mm (0.08 in), respectively, for gaps.
c
This value is more stringent than the ASTM D3487 requirement.
d
Equivalent measurement is parts per million (ppm).
Table 2 Test limits for new mineral insulating oil received in new
equipment, below 230 kV, prior to
energization
Visual examination, ASTM D1524 Bright and clear Bright and clear
c c
Neutralization number (acidity), ASTM D974, mg KOH/g 0.015 0.015
maximum
d
Water content, ASTM D1533, mg/kg maximum 20 10