Astm and Aashto Standards

AASHTO T30 6 .................................................................................
AASHTO T164 9 ...............................................................................

AASHTO T166 22 ........
AASHTO T168 28 .................................................................................................................................
AASHTO T245 35...........................
AASHTO T275 49 .............................................................................
AASHTO T283 54 ...........................................................
62 .................................................................................................................................. ASTM D5
72 ............................................................................................................................................ ASTM D36
82 ................................................................................................................... ASTM D70
89 ...................................................................................................................................... ASTM D88
105 ..................................................................................................... ASTM D92
114 ................................................................. ASTM D95
122 ............................................................................................................................. ASTM D113
127 ................................................................................................................................................ ASTM D139
134 .......................................................................................................................................... ASTM D140
147 ............................................................................................................................ ASTM D402
160 ...................................................................................................................... ASTM D979
ASTM D1075 166 ...........................................................................
169 ....................................... ASTM D1188
173 ............................................... ASTM D1559
ASTM D1664 187 ..........................................................................
ASTM D1754 194 ................................................................................................................
ASTM D2041 202 ..................................................................................
ASTM D2042 220 ......................................................................................................
226..................................................................................................................... ASTM D2170
250 ................................................... ASTM D2171
ASTM D2172 269....................................................................................................
ASTM D2726 282....................................
) 290 .............................. (RTFO ASTM D2872
300 ............................................................................................................................ ASTM D2995
307 ....................................................................... ASTM D3625
310 ................................................. ASTM D4123
315 ....................................................... ASTM D4469
326.................................................. ASTM D5361
330........................................................ ASTM E102
336 ........................................................................................................................ ASTM C31

339 ............................................................................................ ASTM C39
350 .......................................................... ASTM C42
362.......................................................................................................... ASTM C109
373 ............................................................................. ASTM C114
)( 399............................................................................... ASTM C143
403 ............................................................................................................ ASTM C150
415 ............................................................................................................................ ASTM C151
420 ............................................................................ ASTM C172
424.................................................................................................................. ASTM C185
430 ............................................................ ASTM C186
444............................................................................................................... ASTM C187
448 ..................................................................................... ASTM C188
457 ......................................................... ASTM C190
461 .......................................................................... ASTM C191
465................................................................................. ASTM C204
478 ................................................................................................ ASTM C231
497................................................................................ ASTM C260
503 ........................ ASTM C266
507 ......................................... ASTM C305
511 ............................................................................................. ASTM C348
522........................................................................................ ASTM C403
531 ............................................. ASTM C452
537 .............................................................. ASTM C469
546................................................................................................................................... ASTM C494
563 ........................................................... ASTM C496
570 ................................................................................................................. ASTM C617
581 ..................................................................................... ASTM C666
ASTM C1038 597 .............................
ASTM C1064 602 .......................................................................................................
ASTM C1078 605 .............................................................................................................
ASTM C1079 625.....................................................................................................................................
ASTM C1437 640 ................................................................................................................
ASTM D2167 644...........................................................
ASTM D4186 656.........................................
668.............................................................................................. ASTM E196
BS1881part101 674....................................................................................................................
BS1881part102 681 .................................................................................................................................
BS1881part108 687 .................................................................................................................
BS1881part111 693........................................................................................................................
BS1881part116 697.........................................................................................
BS1881part125 704 .................................................................................
712 ............................................................................................... AASHTO T2

722..................................................................................... AASHTO-T27
733 ......................................................................... AASHTO T30
736 ..................................................................................................................................... AASHTO T89
750 ..................................................................................................... AASHTO T90
756 ............................................................................... AASHTO T103
764.................................................................................................................................. AASHTO T176
779 ....................................................................................................................................... AASHTO T180
794.............................................................................................. AASHTO T191
802 ..................................... AASHTO T224
809 ....................................................... AASHTO T248
816 ............................................................................... ASTM C29
828 ..................................................... ASTM C40
831 ............................................................................................... ASTM C70
835 ...................................................................................... ASTM C88
75 845 ................................................................................. ASTM C117
852 ............................................................................................... ASTM C123
857 ..................................................................... ASTM C127
869................................................................................. ASTM C128
881.................................................................. ASTM C131
886 ........................................................................... ASTM C142
890 .................................................................................................................. ASTM C289
900 ........................................................................................................................ ASTM C295
922 ............................................................. ASTM C535
928................................................................................................................ ASTM C851
932........................................................................................................................ ASTM D516
938 ................................................................................... ASTM D698
972................................................................................................................... ASTM D854
988 ...................................................................... ASTM D1194
992 ................................. ASTM D1195
997.......................... ASTM D1196
1001 .................................................................................................................. ASTM D1411
1009................................................................................................................................................. ASTM D1556
1025 ................................................................................ ASTM D1557
1049 ........................................................................................ ASTM D1586
1060........................................................................................ ASTM D1587
1066 ........................................................ ASTM D1888
1080 ................................................................. ASTM D2166
1089 .............. ASTM D2168
1100 ........................................................................ ASTM D2216
1111 .................................................................... ASTM D2434
1121.......................................................................................... ASTM D2435
1146 ....................................................................................................... ASTM D2573
1153 ............................... ASTM D2664
1159 .................................. ASTM D2850
1175 ................................................................................................ ASTM D2937
1184 ........................................................................... ASTM D2938
1190........................................................... ASTM D3080
1206 ............................................................................. ASTM D 3148
1217 ............................................................................................................................... ASTM D3398
1226 ....................................................... ASTM D3441
1241 ............................................................................................................................... ASTM D3744
)( 1258............................................................................. ASTM D3967
1264 .......................................................................... ASTM D4221
1270 ................................................................................. ASTM D4253
1300 ................................................................................ ASTM D4254
- 1316 .............................................................................. ASTM D4318
1339................................................................................................................ ASTM D4380
1342............................................................................. ASTM D4381
CBR 1346........................................................................................................................... ASTM D4429
1355 ................................................................................................ ASTM D4543
1361 .............................................................. ASTM D4546
1379..................................................................................................... ASTM D4564
ASTM D4643 1398.................................................................................
ASTM D4644 1407 .........................................................................................
ASTM D4647 ) ( 1412 .....................................................................................
ASTM D4718 1433 ..................................................................
ASTM D4719 1438 ..........................................................................................................................................
ASTM D4767 1460 .................................................................
ASTM D4829 1487 ................................................................................................................................
ASTM D4914 1496 ............................................................................
ASTM D4972 PH 1525..................................................................................................................................................
ASTM D5030 1531 ............................................................
1567.................................................................. ASTM D5731
1581 ............................................................................... ASTM D5821
1589................................................... ASTM E303
1596 .................................. ASTM G57
BS 812-105.1 1606 ...............................................................................................................
BS 812-105.2 1614 .............................................................................................................
1620 .................................................................................................................................... BS 812part3
BS 1377Part2 425 1623 .........................................................................
BS 1377Part8 CU , CD 1626 .......................................
1675...................................................................................................................................
1694 ................................................................................. ISRM
1698................................................... ISRM
1701 ............................................................................... ISRM
1708 ................................................................................................................................. ISRM
1712 .......................................................................... ISRM
1719 ....................................................................................................
1731 .......................................................................................................................... USBR E38
1749 ......................................................................................................................................................... VSS VSS
1753 ..................................................................................................
) (

)(HMA
AASHTO Designation: T164-06
ASTM Designation: D2172-01
1
1-1
. T30
.
2-1 SI.
3-1 .

. 7 .
- 1 .
. .
2
1-2 AASHTO
M 231 .
R 16 .AASHTO
T 30 .
T 44 .
T 84 .
T 110 ).(HMA
T 168 .
1 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
T 170 .
T 228 .
T 248 .
2-2 ASTM
C 670 .
D 604 .
D 2111 .
D 4080 .
D 6368 .
3

. A E .
.
.
4
1-4
.
. T170
A ) E (2 .
) 2 (E ) (1-1-21
. .
5
1-5 110 5 ) 230 9 (.
2-5 .
3-5 0/1
M231 .
2 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
4-5 .
5-5 1000 2000 ) 100(.
6-5 125.
7-5.
6
1-6 ].[(NH4)2CO3
2-6 ) 7 (.
3-6 .ASTM D6368
4-6 ) (3 .ASTM D4080
5-6
.
. .
-3 ) T170 1 (.
-4 .
7
1-7 6 ) (R16
.

.
.
2-7
.
. .
.
) (T170 .
3 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
3-7
. .
.
. .
8
1-8 T168.
2-8
1-2-8 )(
110 5 ) 230 9 (
.
.
2-2-8
1 ) .(5
-5 ) (
. ) .(12

)(
0/5 4 4/75
3
1 9/5
8
1/5 1
12/5
2
3
2 19/0
4
3 1 25/0
4 1
1
37/5
2
4 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
3-2-8 ) (7 ) (9
. .
-6
.
9
1-9 ) 3-2-8 ( T110 .
-7
149 163 ) 300 325 ( 2 2/5
2-9 ) W2 (1-12 ) (1-9

) W1 (1-12 .
5 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
-2

1 11 1
0/8 42/9 1 155/6 6
32 16 8
1 3 3
1/6 44/5 1 157/2 6
16 4 16
2/0 5 47/6 7 158/8 1
1 6
64 8 4
1 7
3/2 50/8 2 163/5 6
8 16
5 3 1
4/0 55/6 2 165/1 6
32 16 2
3 7 3
4/8 56/4 2 187/3 7
16 32 8
7 1
5/6 57/2 2 203/2 8
32 4
1 5 3
6/4 58/7 2 247/7 9
4 16 4
7/9 5 63/5 1 254/0 10
2
16 2
3 5 1
9/5 66/7 2 257/2 10
8 8 8
1 13 1
12/7 71/4 2 260/4 10
2 16 4
5
15/9 76/2 3 279/4 11
8
3 1
19/1 88/9 3 304/8 12
4 2
25/4 1 95/3 3 320/7 5
3 12
4 8
1
28/6 1 101/6 4 330/2 13
8
3 1 1
30/2 1 108/0 4 342/9 13
16
4 2
35/7 113 127/0 5 355/6 14
32
1 7 1
38/1 1 138/1 5 368/3 14
2 16 2
19 7 1
40/5 1 149/2 5 384/2 15
32 8 8
5 1
41/3 1 152/4 6 393/7 15
8 2
7 3
47/6 1 154/8 6 406/4 16
8 32
0/9 20 gage 3/2 # 8B&S
26qt 24/6L
1/2 18 gage 4/75 4
6 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
10
: 1-10 5 A
1-1-10 1
3600 .
.
.
.
-8 .
2-1-10 .
3-1-10 ) (2-1-10 .
1/27 0/03 ) 0/05 0/005(
. ) 500 635 965( ) 25 38(
15014 ) 330 30( . 0/2 ) 0/034
. (
-9 .
7 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
: ) 2 (.
-1 ) (A
11
1-11 9 .
2-11 .
3-11 .
) ( .
. 110 5 ) 230 9
( .
.
8 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
4-11 3600
. 200
. )
( .
.
5-11 .

110 5 ) 230 9 ( ) 10 .(11
) (W3
. .
-10 1105
) 2309 ( .
-11 1105 ) 230 9 (
110 5 ) 230 9 (
1-5-11 :
5-11 .
. .
.W3
-12
9 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
6-11 :
1-6-11
1-1-6-11 ) .(W1 1
0/001 .
100 100 .
. ) 500 600 ( ) 932
1112 ( . 5
. . 1105
) 230 9 ( )(G
0/001 .
2-1-6-11 W4 :
)W4= G (W1/100 )(1
:
G 0/001
W1 ) (.
2-6-11
1-2-6-11 ) 3000
( .
2-2-6-11 )( 0/01 .
. )
D B A (E ) (
.
.
) 9000 SMM 20000
1- Ignition Dish
10 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
(Sharples 100 150

.
) (
.
3-2-6-11 ) ( . .

110 5 ) 230 9 ( .
. ) W4 (1-12 .
3-6-11
1-3-6-11 .
0/1 ) 2 (
)( . .

. 0/1
+ .
- 13 .
: 2-3-6-11
) (M1 - M 2
V1 = V2 - )(2
G1
:
V1
V2
M1
M2 ) (
G1 ASTM D 2111 0/001 .
11 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
3-3-6-11 :
)M3 = k(M 2 - G3V1 )(3
:
M3
G2 T84
G3 T228 .
K :
G2
=K
G2 G3
V1 2-3-6-11
M2 2-3-6-11
12
) ( W - W ) - (W + W
= 1 2 3 4 100 )(4
W1 - W2
:
W1
W2
W3
W4 .
-14 W4 .
-15 W3+W4
W1-W2 4 .
12 AASHTO T164
2007
) (
26
1-26 0/18 .
0/52 .
85 0/58 0/21 ) 26 .(27
2-26 0/29 .
0/81 .
85 0/29 0/83 ) 26 .(27
-26 1s d2s ASTM C670.
-27 59
3
. 98 9/5 ) ( .
8
.
13 AASHTO T164
2007
) (

) (HMA

1
1-1 .
2-1 2-7 2-10
2/0
.
3-1 .
4-1 SI.
5-1 .
.
2
1-2 AASHTO
M231
T275 ) (HMA

3
1-3
1-1-3 - )
(
:
x y
:
= x = y
14 AASHTO T166
2007
) (
2-1-3 - 2
0/05 .
4
1-4
.
2-4 :
-1
.
-2 .
3-4 .
4-4
. .
5-4 ) ( ) (
)( .
6-4 .
.
5
1-5 )(
0/1 M231
.
.
2-5
.
.
.
15 AASHTO T166
2007
) (
3-5
.
.
6
1-6 52 3 ) 125 5 ( .
.
.
2-6 25 5 ) 77 9 ( ) (A
) .(1 25 1 ) 77 1/8
( 4 1 ) (C .
) 5( ) (B .
.
.
-1
) (C ) (B ) (A .
-2 .
7
1-7 :
A
=
B C
:
:A
:B
:C .
2-7 ) ( :
16 AASHTO T166
2007
) (
B A
= 100
B C
3-7 2-7 2/0 ) T275
( .
8
1-8 0/1
M231 .
2-8 .
3-8 ASTM 17C . 19 27 ) 66 80
( 0/1 ) 0/2 ( .
4-8 1200 .
.
9
1-9 52 3 ) 125 5 ( .
.
.
2-9 25 5 ) 77 9 ( ) (A
) .(1 10 25 1 ) 77 1/8
( . 10
25 1 ) 77 1/8 ( . D
. ) 5( ) (2 .
. ) (B .
.
3-9 60 .
25 1 ) 77 1/8 (
17 AASHTO T166
2007
) (
.
) .(3 ) (E .
-3
) (B ) (E
) (A .
: -4 B %6 .
10
1-10 :
A
=
B + D E
:
= A
= B
= D 25 1 ) 77 1/8 (
= E 25 1 ) 77 1/8 (
.
2-10 ) ( :
B A
= 100
B +D E
3-10 2-10 2/0 ) T275
( .
18 AASHTO T166
2007
) (
) C (
11
1-11
. .
2-11 6 9 .
) (A .
3-11 .
110 5 ) 230 9 ( .
1
6/4 ) (
4
. 110 ) 230
( .
4-11 25 5 ) 77 9 ( .
) (A .
12
1-12 1-7 1-10 .
13
1-13 :
1-1-13 ) B, A .(C
2-1-13 .
3-1-13 .
14
1-14
0/02.
19 AASHTO T166
2007
) (

)AASHTO T168-03 (2007
ASTM Designation: D97901 (2006)1
1
1-1
. .
2-1 SI .
.
3-1 .
.
2
1-2 AASHTO
T248 . 1-1-2
2-2 ASTM
D2234 . 1-2-2
D3665 2-2-2 .
E105 3-2-2 .
E122 4-2-2
1 .
E141 5-2-2 .
2
3
:
1-3 ) :(Field sample
.
1- Lot
2- Terms and definitions
20 AASHTO T168
2007
) (
2-3 ) :(Increment .
3-3 ) :(Lot 1
) (.
4-3 ) :(Test portion
. .
5-3 ) :(Unit )
(.
4
1-4
1-1-4
.
2-1-4 .
.
3-1-4 .

.
.
5
1-5 .
.
2-5 D3665.
1-2-5
.
.
1- Sizable
2- Batch
21 AASHTO T168
2007
) (
2-3-5 .
.
2-2-5
. . .

2-3-5 .
.
3-2-5

2-3-5 .
1-3-2-5
.
2-3-5.
2-3-2-5 .
.
.
.
.
3-3-2-5 ) ( 150
. 0/3 ) 1(
.
4-3-2-5
150 .
5-3-2-5 )(
.
2-3-5.
22 AASHTO T168
2007
) (
4-2-5
.
. 150 ) 6( .
.
2-3-5.
5-2-5
.

.
2-3-5.
6-2-5
. .
.
.
.
7-2-5 -
. 100
.
.
2-3-5 .
1-7-2-5 1-3-2-5.
3-5 :
1-3-5 ) 2-5 (
.
.
.
23 AASHTO T168
2007
) (
-1
E105 D2234 E122 E141.
-2
.
.
-3
. .
.
15 20
.
-4 .
.
2-3-5 .

. ASTM
.
.
T248
.
24 AASHTO T168
2007
) (
-1

*
)(
)2(4 2/36 ) (8
)2(4 4/75 ) (4
3
)4(8 ( 9/5 )
8
1
)5(12 ( 12/5 )
2
3
)7(16 ( 19/0 )
4
)9(20 25/0 ) 1(
1
)11(25 37/5 ) 1(
2
)16 (35 50 ) 2(
*
.
6
1-6 .
2-6 .
:
1-2-6

2-2-6

3-2-6 :

4-2-6
5-2-6
6-2-6
25 AASHTO T168
2007
) (
7-2-6
8-2-6
9-2-6
10-2-6
11-2-6 .
7
1-7 .
26 AASHTO T168
2007
) (

)AASHTO T245-97(2004
1
1-1
.
25/4
) ( .
2
1-2 ) (Specimen Mold Assembly 101/6 ) 4(
76/2 ) 3( 1
. .
-1
27 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
2-2 ) (Specimen Extractor )( 100

1
) 3/95( 12/7 ) (
2
.
.
3-2 ) (Compaction Hammer ) (2
)( 4536 9 ) 10 0/02( ) (
457/2 1/524 ) 180/06( .
-1 2 .
-2 4-2 3-2 5-2

.
-2
28 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
4-2 ) (Compaction Pedestal

203/2203/2457/2 ) 8818(
304/8304/525/4 ) 12121( )( .
0/67 0/77 ) 42 48
( . .
.
.
5-2 ) (Specimen Mold Holder
.
.
6-2 )) (Breaking Head (3
50/8 ) 2( .
.
)
( .
7-2 ) (Loading Jack ) (4 )(
50/8 ) 2( .
.
29 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
-3
30 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
-1 1 3

11 5 1
0/11 005/0 5/17 7/58 2 8/104 4
16 16 8
1 3 1 9
0/8 0/19 5/63 2 7/108 4
32 4 2 32
1 7 3 19
1/6 2/22 8/69 2 1/109 4
16 8 4 64
1 15 7 1
2/3 8/23 0/73 2 3/114 4
8 16 8 2
3 5
8/4 4/25 1 2/76 3 5/117 4
16 8
1 1 1 3
4/6 6/28 1 6/82 3 6/120 4
4 8 4 4
9 1 7 1
1/7 8/31 1 3/87 3 6/128 5
32 4 16 16
3 3 7 1
5/9 9/34 1 4/98 3 2/130 5
8 8 8 8
1 63 3
6/12 496/0 1/38 1 2/101 3 0/146 5
2 64 4
5
67/12 499/0 3/41 1 35/101 990/3 4/152 6
8
1 3 1
7/12 4/44 1 47/101 995/3 8/158 6
2 4 4
9 5
3/14 8/50 2 6/101 4 7/193 7
16 8
5 1
9/15 2/57 2 73/101 005/4 8/685 27
8 4
31 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
-3
50/8 ) 2( .
8-2 ) (Ring Dynamometer Assembly ) (4

22/2 ) 5000 ( 4/45 ) 1000( 44/5
) 10( 4/45 22/2 ) 1000 5000( 111/2 )25
( . . 0/0025 ) 0/0001(
.
.
-4
9-2 ) (Flowmeter )( )( .
)( .
.
. 0/25 ) 0/01(
.
-5 0/25
) 0/01( .
10-2 ) (Ovens or Hot Plates

.
2/8 ) 5 ( .

.
32 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
-4
11-2 ) (Heating Device

.

.
12-2 .

.
.
13-2 152/4 ) 6(
60 1 ) 140 2 ( ) (37/8 1
) 100 2 ( .
50/8 ) 2( .
33 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
14-2
(25 )1 ) 77 2 ( .
15-2
1-15-2 .
2-15-2
.
3-15-2 - ) ( .
4-15-2 - .
. 9/9 204 ) 50 400
( 2/8 ) 5 ( .
5-15-2 0/2 ) 0/4 (
.
6-15-2 2 0/1 .
7-15-2 5 1/0 .
8-15-2 - .
9-15-2 - .
10-15-2 - .
11-15-2 - .
12-15-2 - .
3
1-3 - .
2-3 105 110 ) 221 230
(
.
34 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
:
3
1( 19/0 25/0 )
4
3 3
9/5 19 ) (
4 8
3
( 4/75 9/5 ) 4
8
2/36 4/75 ) 8 (4
2/36 ) (8
3-3
1-3-3 170 20
.
2-3-3 280 30
.
3-3-3 60
) 140 ( . 60 ) 140
( 50 .
- 50 280 30
.
4-3-3 ) (Engler 25 3 40 5
.
4-3
1-4-3 .
.

.
2-4-3
63/5 1/27 ) 2/5 0/05( ) 1200( .
35 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (

3-3 28 ) 50 (
14 ) 25 ( .
.
.
.

. .
3-3 .
.
11-2 .
3-4-3
11/1 ) 20 ( .
50 .
.
. 15
50 10 .
5-3
1-5-3
93/3 148/9 ) 200 300 ( .
.
15 10
. .
3-3 .
2-5-3

. 457/2 ) 18( 50 75
36 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
. .
.
.
.

. .
-6 2-5-3 .
.

.
4
1-4 30 40
2 .
60 1 ) 140 1/8 (
) (37/8 1 ) 100 1/8 ( .
.
25 1 ) 77 1/8 ( .

. 21/1 37/8 ) 70 100 (
.
.
.
.
.
2-4 50/8 )
( .
.
37 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
.
)
( .
30 .
-7 63/5 ) 2/5(
2 .
5
1-5 :
1-1-5 ) (.
-8 )( .
2-1-5 ) (.
3-1-5 ) (.
4-1-5 .
38 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
a
-2

)( )(b ) (
5/56 25/4 1 200 213

1
5/00 27/0 1 214 225
16
1
4/55 28/6 1 226 237
8
3
4/17 30/2 1 238 250
16
1
3/85 31/8 1 251 264
4
5
3/57 33/3 1 265 276
16
3
3/33 34/9 1 277 289
8
7
3/03 36/5 1 290 301
16
1
2/78 38/1 1 302 316
2
9
2/50 39/7 1 317 328
16
5
2/27 41/3 1 329 340
8
11
2/08 42/9 1 341 353
16
3
1/92 44/4 1 354 367
4
13
1/79 46/0 1 368 379
16
7
1/67 47/6 1 380 392
8
15
1/56 49/2 1 393 405
16
1/47 50/8 2 406 420
1
1/39 52/4 2 421 431
16
1
1/32 54/0 2 432 443
8
3
1/25 55/6 2 444 456
16
1
1/19 57/2 2 457 470
4
39 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (
a
2

)( )(b ) (
5
1/14 58/7 2 471 482
16
3
1/09 60/3 2 483 495
8
7
1/04 61/9 2 496 508
16
1
1/00 63/5 2 509 522
2
9
0/96 65/1 2 523 535
16
5
0/93 66/7 2 536 546
8
11
0/89 68/3 2 547 559
16
3
0/86 69/9 2 560 573
4
13
0/83 71/4 2 574 585
16
7
0/81 73/0 2 586 598
8
15
0/78 74/6 2 599 610
16
0/76 76/2 3 611 625
1
( . - a 63/5 ) 2
2
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-1 (ASTM E11) AASHTO M92 .
40 AASHTO T 245
2007
) (

) (HMA

1
1-1 .
2-1
1-2-1 - )
(
:
x y
:
= x
= y
3-1 T166
2/0 .
4-1 .
2
1-2 AASHTO
M231 .
T166 ) (HMA
.
3
1-3
.
.
41 AASHTO T257
2007
) (
2-3 - :
-1
-2 .
3-3 .
4-3
. .
5-3 ) ( ) (
)( )( .
6-3 .
4
1-4
0/1 M231
.
.
2-4
.
.
3-4

. 25 0/5
) 77 0/9 ( .
42 AASHTO T257
2007
) (
5
1-5 :
. A .
52 3 ) 125 5 (
0/05 . 523 ) 125 5 (
2-5 :
.
25 5 ) 77 9 (
30 . D .
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( 30 ) 5/5 10
( .
3-5 :
251 )771/8 ( .
E .
4-5 :
251 ) 771/8 (
F .
6
- 3
.
43 AASHTO T257
2007
) (
A
=
D A
D E
F
:
= A
= D
= E
= F 251 ) 772 (.
7
1-7 0/1
M231 .
2-7 - 25 0/5 )0/9

77 ( .
3-7 ) ASTM 17C (17F . 19 27 ) 66 80
( 0/1 ) 0/2 ( .
4-7 1 1200
. .
8
1-8 ) 1-5 ( . 255
) 77 9 ( C .
2-8
. 250/5 ) 77 0/9 (
-1 .
44 AASHTO T257
2007
) (
30 ) 1 .(2 C
.
3-8 25 1 ) 77 1/8 (
. D .
4-8
.
. E .
5-8 25 1 ) 77 1/8 (
F .
9
-
.
A
=
C A
( D [E C + ])
F
:
= A
= C
= D 251 ) 771/8 (
= E 251 ) 771/8 (

= F 25 1 ) 77 1/8 (.
10
1-10
0/02.
45 AASHTO T257
2007

)Resistance of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA
to Moisture-Induced Damage
AASHTO: T283-07
-1
-1-1
.

.
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-3-1 .

.
-2
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T166
T167
T168
T209
T245
1
T247
T269
2
T312
T328
-2-2 ASTM
D979
D2041
1
D3387
1
California Kneading Compactor
2
Superpave Gyratory Compactor
AASHTO: T283-07

1

D3549
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.
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)( .
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.
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.
. .

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.
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(350 5 F) 176 3 C
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Gyratory Testing Machine
AASHTO: T283-07

2

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AASHTO: T283-07

3

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T247
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1
Core
AASHTO: T283-07

4

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Va )( 1
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AASHTO: T283-07

5

J'=B'-A )( 2
:
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11 .
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F
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AASHTO: T283-07

6

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S1
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AASHTO: T283-07

7

: S2
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AASHTO: T283-07

8

Standard Test Method for Indirect Tension Test for
Resilient Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures
ASTM: D4123-82
-1
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in 2
ERI = P( RI + 0.27 ) / t HI )(1
ERT = P(RT + 0.27) / t HT )(2
RI = 3.59 HI / VI 0.27 )(3
RT = 3.59 HT / VT 0.27 )(4
:ERI (MPa) psi
:ERT (MPa) psi
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:P (N) lbf
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: Pult (N) lbf
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77 41 104 ) 5 25 40 (
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-3 A.C.S

.
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577 -4-2-7-2 ) 1/27( 1/89 .
2050 59
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) (gluteric dialdehyde (UCARCIDE) 250 50
.
2 - Stock

)(AASHTO-T176
6

-3-7-2 )CG/ICP (kathon

-1-3-7-2 577 ) 1/27( .A.C.S
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577 -4-3-7-2 ) 1/27( 1/89
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3/8 .
.

. 30 .
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.
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) . (B
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( .
.
.

)(AASHTO-T176
7

.

.
-4 :
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4/75 mm 4/75
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85 .
) .(5
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.
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.

)(AASHTO-T176
8

.

.
.

. )-4
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15
.
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.
.
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) . 1-3-4 (2-3-4 1105
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.
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)(AASHTO-T176
9

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.
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.
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.
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.

)(AASHTO-T176
10

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.
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381 .
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)(AASHTO-T176
11

. 30
. .
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.
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. 254 ) 10(
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.
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. 7/95 8/0
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-8

.
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= SE
100

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. :
3/3
= SE 100 = 41/ 25
8
42 .

)(AASHTO-T176
12

-3-6 )
(
. :
40/9 43/8 = 41/2 SE
:
41 44 = 42 SE
:
42 + 44 + 41
= = 42 / 3
3
-1-3-6
. 43 .
-7:
-1-7
.
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-3-7 :
.
3
.
) (Sodium hypochlorite .

. .
.
. .
.
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)(AASHTO-T176
13

-4-7 .

. .
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.
.
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4
.
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:

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14

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.
. 180
.
.
4
.
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.
.
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.
.

)(AASHTO-T176
15

-
4/54) 10( 457) 18(
)AASHTO-T180-01(2004
-1:
-1-1
(10Lb)4/54kg (18in)457mm
. :
: A 4 ) 101/60mm ( ) 4/75mm ( 4
4 .5
: B 6 ) 152/40mm ( ) 4/75mm ( 4
6 .7
3
( . 8 :C 4 ) 101/60mm ( in) 19mm
4
9 .
3
: D 6 ) 152/40mm ( ( in) 19mm
4
10 .11
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A .
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3
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4
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T224 .
.

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
5
.
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.
1
.
.
-6-1
R11
.
-7-1 SI .
-2:
-1-2 :AASHTO
M231
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-T224
-T265
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D2168
-3 :
-1-3 :
3
1-1-3 2-1-3 . ( 2 in ) 60mm
8
.
) . (2
)( (0/005in)0/13mm . 1 2 .

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
-2

. .
:1-1-3 4 ) 101/6 mm ( 0/000943 0/000008 ) 0/03330/0003

( ( 4/000+0/016 in ) 101/6+0/41mm 116/43+0/13mm
) (4/584+0/005 in ) (1
0/002124 0/000021 :2-1-3 6 ) 152/4 mm (
)(0/075+0/00075ft3 (6/000+0/026in) 152/4+0/66mm
(4/584+0/005in) 116/43+0/13mm ) .(2
:3-1-3 : )(
)(
50
) AASHTO-T19/T19M ( .

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
: 1 ) 101/60(

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
: 2 ) 152/40(

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
:1 1
:2 2
-2-3
-1-2-3 : ) (10+0/02Lb)4/536+0/009kg (3
(2/000in) 50/08mm )( (+0/01in)+0/25mm
(1/985in)50/42mm .
(18/00+0/06in)457+2mm .
3
) (9/5mm 4 in
8
19mm 90 .
.
-2-2-3 :
(18/00+0/06in)457+2mm .
) . ( 3

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
(10+0/02Lb)4/536+0/009kg) (2 (2/000in)50/80mm
)( (+0/01in)+0/25mm
(1/958in)50/42mm . ASTM D2168
.
-3 -
.

(18in)457mm .
. 457mm .

457mm .
ASTM D2168 .
-3-2-3 :
.
(2in)50/8mm . .
-3-3 ) : ( :
.
-4-3 : G20 AASHTO-M231
G2 M231 .
-4 (6in)152/40mm
11/5kg . (4in)101/60mm
11/5kg 5gr .
-5-3 ) ( : 110+5oc
.
-6-3 : (10in)250mm
) ( .
0/1 ) ( .

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
- 5 0/25
250 .
.
.
3
( ) 4/75mm ( 4 -7-3 - (2in)50mm in) 19mm
4
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.
.
.
: A
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60OC .
.
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.
-3-4 1-4 2-4 3kg
.
-6

.

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
-5 :
-1-5 4
.
-2-5 (4in)101/6mm
(5in)125mm .
.
(2in)50mm
.

. 25
. (18in)457mm
457
.
) (7
-7
: 90 ) 200(

.
-1-2-5
5) 0/01( .
1-1-3
1060 w1
1-1-3
30
)(w1 . 50
) ( 3-1-3 ) AASHTO-T19/T19M
( .
. ) .(7

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
-3-5 .
)AASHTO- T265
( .
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4/75 ) ( 4 ) (
. 1 2 ) .
2/5 ) (
4
. .
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() (8
-8

.
2
.
.
12 )
(.
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.
: B
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( .

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
-7
-1-7 A 5
(6in) 152/4mm .
(5in) 125mm . 56
.
2-1-3
471 ) (w1
2-1-3

13/33 ) (w1 .
50 ) ( 3-1-3
) AASHTO-T19/T19M ( .
: C
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. 60C
. .
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) (9
-9

.
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.

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
-9
-1-9 4
.
-2-9 (4in)101/6mm
. (5in)125mm .
.
(2in)50mm
.

. 25
. (18in)457mm
457
.
,
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-1-2-9
. .
5) 0/01( .
1-1-3
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1-1-3

30 w1 . 50
) ( 3-1-3 ) AASHTO-T19/T19M
( .
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) T265 (
.

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
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( . 1 2 .
.
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: D
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(
-11
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(6in)152/4mm
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.
2-1-3
471 ) (w1
2-1-3
13/33
) (w1 .
50 ) ( 3-1-3 AASHTO-T19/T19M
) ( .

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
-12
-1-12 .
W1 AB
= W 100 = 100
+ 100 B C
:
=
= A .
=B .
= C .
= W .
= w1 .
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-1-13 1-12
.
.
-2-13 : 1-13
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.
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.

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004
-14 :
-1-14
-1-1-14 ) C B A (D
-2-1-14 .
-3-1-14 ) 10 (
) ( .
-4-1-14 C D 19 .
-5-1-14 (2in)50/8mm.

- )AASHTO-T180-01(2004

)AASHTO Designation: T 191-02(2006
-1:
-1-1 .
50
) 2( .
-2-1
) R11
(
.
-2:
-1-2 :AASHTO
M231
-R11
-T19M/T19 ) (
T99 2/5) 5/5(
12
T265
-2-2 ASTM
D4959
-D4643

)(AASHTO T191

-3
-1-3 : 4)
( 12/7
1
) (
2
.
.
1.
.
.
.
in mm in mm
1 12/7 1 165/1
6
2 2
3 19/1 3 171/5
6
4 4
1 28/6 304/8
1 12
8
3 136 /5
5
8

)(AASHTO T191

)(AASHTO T191

-2-3 : .
.
T19M/T19 .
:1 .
-3-3 : ) ( 0/075
2

. .
-4-3 : M231 G20

M231 .G2
-5-3 : .
-6-3 : 10

.
-4 :
-1-4
-1-1-4
.

)(AASHTO T191

-2-1-4
.
:2
.

.
-3-1-4 m1 .
-2-4 ) (.
-1-2-4 .
.
-2-2-4 ) (2
-3-2-4
m2 .
-4-2-4 m1
m2 .
) .(3
c c = m1 m2
:3
.

.
-3-4 DB
-1-3-4 1-4
m3 .
-2-3-4
) (1
.

)(AASHTO T191

-3-3-4 .
-4-3-4
m4 .
-5-3-4
. ) (4-3-4 ) (1-3-4 .
-6-3-4 4-2-4 5-3-4
.
-7-3-4 ) ( .
) (6-3-4
T19M/T19 .
DB = ( m3 m4 CC ) VC
-8-3-4 .
-5 :
-1-5 .
-1-1-5 1-4 m5 .
-2-1-5 .
-3-1-5
. .
. .
.
-4-1-5 .
) (2
-5-1-5 m6 .
-6-1-5 .
-7-1-5
.
-8-1-5 T265
ASTM D 4959 T217 ASTM D 4643 .

)(AASHTO T191

T265
. 0/1 .
-9-1-5 1
.
.
-1 .

gr ft 3 cm 3 mm
100 0/025 710 4 4 /75
250 0/050 1415 1 12/5

2
500 0/075 2125 1 25
1000 0/100 2830 2 50
-6:
-1-6 .
VH = (m5 m6 C c ) / DB
:
= VH
= m5
= m6
= CC
= DB
-1-1-6 ) 0/0001 ( .

)(AASHTO T191

-2-6 :

M DS = MWS 1 +

100
= M DS
= MWS
=
-1-2-6 ) 0/01( .
-3-6 .
M DS
= DD
VH
= DD
= M DS ) (2-5
= VH )(1-5
Ib kg
0/1 . 3
-1-3-6 1 3
ft m
gr kg
0/001 3
= 1 3 - 4
cm m
-5 )
(T99
100 .

)(AASHTO T191

AASHTO T224
-1
-1-1
3
) 4/75 mm (4 ( in) 19 mm
4
.
.
T99
T180 .
-2-1 :
. 1-4
. 2-4
.
-3-1 A B T99 T180

) 4/75 mm (4 40 .
C D T99 T180
3
( in) 19 mm 30 .
4
-4-1 3-1
.

.

5 .

)(AASHTO-T224
1

-5-1 .

(1 lb/ft3) 10 kg/m3 R11 .
-6-1 SI .
-2
-1-2 :AASHTO
R11
.
T85
T99 (5/5 lb) 2/5 kg
(12 in) 305 mm
T180 (10 lb) 4/54 kg
(18 in) 457 mm
T217 .
T255
T265
T272
-3
-1-3 A B T99 T180
) 4/75 mm (4 .
-2-3 C D T99 T180

3
( . in) 19 mm
4
-3-3 :

)(AASHTO-T224
2

-1-3-3 A B 4/75 mm
3
( ) (Df 1 kg/m3 ) (4 C D in) 19 mm
4
).(0/1 lb/ft3
-2-3-3 ) 4/75 mm (4 A B
3
( C (Gm) D 0/01 in) 19 mm
4
-3-3-3 A B ) 4/75 mm (4
3
( )(Pc C D in) 19 mm
4
) (Pf 0/1
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-4
-1-4
T99 T180 -1-1-4
) 4/75 mm (4 A B
3
( C D . in) 19 mm
4

. A 40 B
) 4/75 mm (4 C 30 D mm
19
3
( . )in
4
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. T217 T265 T255 .
2 .
.

)(AASHTO-T224
3

.
T265 .
-3-1-4 :
MM
= MD
1 M C
:
= MD ) (
= MM ) (
= MC
-4-1-4 :
= Pf 100 M DF
) ( M DF M DC

= Pc 100 M DC
) ( M DF M DC
:
= Pf ) (
= Pc ) (
= MDF
= MDC
-5-1-4 )
( :
) MCT = ( MC f P f MC C PC
100
:
= Pf ) (
= Pc ) (
= MCT

)(AASHTO-T224
4

= MCf
= MCc

100 D f k
D
d
( Df P C
) k Pf
:
= Dd ) ( kg/m3
lb/ft3
kg/m3
lb/ft3 = Df
= Pc ) (
= Pf ) (
1000 = k ) (Gm kg/m3 62/4
) (Gm lb/ft3
-1 .
T85 .
2/60 .
-2-4
mm -1-2-4
3
( . ) 4/75 (4 in) 19 mm
4
T99 T180 .
-2-2-4
. T265
T217 T255 .
.
2 .
.

)(AASHTO-T224
5

.
T265 .
-3-2-4 :
= MCf ) ( 100 MC T MC C PC
P f
:
= MCf
= MCT ) (
= MCc
= Pc ) (
= Pf ) (
-4-2-4 :
D
Dd ) ( 1 MC
T
:
lb/ft3 = Dd ) ( kg/m3
= D kg/m3 lb/ft3
= MCT
-5-2-4 :

DP d f
D f

100 ( Dd PC )

k
:
= Df
= Dd
= Pc ) (
= Pf ) (

)(AASHTO-T224
6

1000 = k ) (Gm kg/m3 62/4

) (Gm lb/ft3
-5
-1-5

.

X1
X1.1 .
T99 T180
.
X1.2 T272
.
X1-2-1 ) (T272
3 .

T99 T180 .

)(AASHTO-T224
7

)AASHTO - T248-02(2006
ASTM - C702
-1
-1-1

.
-2-1 SI .
-3-1
.
.
-2
-1-2 :AASHTO
T2
T84
-2-2 :ASTM
C125
-3
-1-3 ASTM-C125
.
-4

)(AASHTO-T248

-1-4 .
.

.
.
-2-4 .

.
.

.
.
.
-3-4
.
-5
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) B ( ) C
( .
-1-1-5 B C

.

)(AASHTO-T248

-1 T-84 .

.
-2-1-5 A

.

(1 1 in) 38 mm
2
5000 .
A .
-2-5
) A ( ) B ( . C
) (
.
-6
-1-6 T2 .

T2 .
.
.
A
-7
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8 12 .
50

)(AASHTO-T248

) .(2 ( 3 in) 9/5 mm

8
50
( 3 in) 19 mm .
4
.
.
.

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-1
) (b ) (a
-1
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(1 1 in) 37/5 mm .
2
-8
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.
.

.
.

)(AASHTO-T248

B
-9
-1-9
(68 ft) 22/5 m.
-10
-1-10 1-1-10 2-1-10 .
-1-1-10
.
. .
.
.
. .

.
) .(2
-2-1-10
1-1-10

. 1-1-10

. 90
.
. .
) .(3

)(AASHTO-T248

-2
-3

)(AASHTO-T248

C )
(
-11
-1-11
.
-12
-1-12
.
.
.

.
1-11
.

)(AASHTO-T248

) (
:
:

12400 ) 600 (
ASTM : D698

1384

ASTM D698 .
1384

) 12400 ) 600 (
ASTM : D698
-1 :
-1-1
) ( 4 6
) 101/6 152/4( 5/5 12 ) 305(
12400 )(600 KN m/m3
-1 .. ) .
(1933 :
12
15000 25000 ) 700 1200
( . .
-2
-2-1
3
) 19/0( 30 .
4
ASTM D
1
2003

-3 30
3
) 19(
4
3
) 19( D4718 .
4
-3-1 .
-1-3-1 : A
-1-1-3-1 4 ) 101/6(
-2-1-3-1 4/75) 4(
-3-1-3-1
-4-1-3-1 25 -
-5-1-3-1 %20 4/75) 4(
-6-1-3-1
B C .
-2-3-1 : B
-1-2-3-1 4 ) 101/6(
3
) 9/5( -2-2-3-1
8
-3-2-3-1
-4-2-3-1 25
ASTM D
2
2003

-5-2-3-1 %20 4
3
) 9/5( . ) 4/75( %20
8
-6-2-3-1
C .
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3
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4
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-4-3-3-1 56
3
-5-3-3-1 %20
8
3
) 19/0( . ) 9/5( %30
4
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-4
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D4718 .
-5-1 -
D4253.
ASTM D
3
2003

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SI .
-1-6-1
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. -
) ( ) (lbf .
) (lbm .
SI IEEE/ASTM.SI 10 .
) (lbm lbm/ft3 .
-7-1 .
-2
-1-2 : ASTM
C127
C136
D422 ) (
D653
D854
ASTM D
4
2003

D1557
)) 56000 ft-lbf/(ft3(2700 KN-m/m3
D2168
D2216
D2487 ) (
D2488 ) (
D4220
D4253
D4718
D4753
D4914
D5030
D6026
E1 ASTM
E11
E177 ASTM
E319
E691
ASTM D
5
2003

IEEE/ASTM SI10 ) : (SI
-3
-1-3 D653 .
-2-3 :
-1-2-3 ) ( Pc -
. . 4/75) 4
3 3
) 19( . ( ) 9/5(
4 8
-2-2-3 - 12400 ft-lbf/ft3
) (600 KN- m/m3 .
-3-2-3 d max )
-4-2-3 w -
-5-2-3 ) ( PF -
. 4/75) 4( A
3 3
) 19/0( C. ) 9/5( B
4 8
-4
-1-4 .
25 56 5/5 ) 24/4( 12 ) 305(
ASTM D
6
2003

12400
) 600 ( . .
-5
-1-5 ) (
-2-5
. ) (w o
) ( d max .
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ASTM D
7
2003

-3-5 2-5
1-5
. 1-3-5 3-3-5
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%30 ) 19
3
( . ASTM
4
)(
) . USDI .(MS
D4914 D5030
-1-1-3-5
-5
-2-1-3-5 USDI
50 %70 .
ASTM D
8
2003

. USDI (D -V alue ) D
) (I e .
-3-1-3-5 ) D698-78 (D
-2-3-5
-1-2-3-5
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) (
) (
-6
. D3749
ASTM D
9
2003

D3749 .
D3740
-6
-1-6
1-1-6 2-1-6 1 2 . 1
. . " "
. ""
0/200 ) 16/7 ( .
2 ) 50/8(
0/75 ) 19(
. .
-1-1-6 4 4/000 0/016 )101/6 0/4
( 4/5840/018 ) 116/40/5( 0/0333+0/0005
) 94414 ( . 1
ASTM D
10
2003

-1 4
-2-1-6 6 : 6/0000/026 ) 152/40/7(
4/5840/018 ) 116/40/5( 0/0750/0009
) 212425 ( . 2
-2 6
ASTM D
11
2003

-1 1 2

0/41 0/016
0/66 0/026
0/81 0/032
0/71 0/028
12/70 0/5
63/50 2/5
66/70 2/625
101/60 4
114/30 4/5
116/43 4/584
120/60 4/75
152/40 6
165/10 6/5
168/30 6/833
171/40 6/75
209/60 8/25

943 0/0333
14 0/0005
2124 0/0750
31 0/0011
-2-6 -1-2-6
2-2-6 . 120/05
) 304/81/3( . 5/50/02 lbm
) 2/50/01( D2168
) 7 ( .
1-2-2-6 2/0000/005 )50/800/13
( .
2/0000/01 ) 50/800/25( .
ASTM D
12
2003

-7
1 1 0/4536
1 0/2248 0/1020 .
-1-2-6
. 4
3 1
) 191/6( ) 8(
4 16
3
) 9/5( 90 .
8
. .
-2-2-6
0/10/03 ) 2/50/8( .
D2168 .
-1-2-2-6
6 )152/4(
2/90 + 0/02 ) 73/7 0/5( .
-3-6 )( -
-4-6 GP5 D4753
ASTM D
13
2003

-5-6
) (forced draft 2309 ) 1105
( .
-6-6 10 )254
( . 0/005 )0/1(
1
) 3( . .
8
3 3
-7-6 ) 19/0( ) 9/5( 4/75) 4(
8 4
E11.
-8-6
-7
-1-7
1000
-1-1-7 D4753 .
-2-1-7 1 .
-3-1-7 2-6 .
1-2-6 .
-4-1-7 D2168 .
2-2-6 .
ASTM D
14
2003

-8
-1-8 A B 35 ) 16( C 65
) 29( . 50
) 23( 100 ) 45( .
3 3
-2-8 4/75) 4( ) 9/5(
4 8
) 19/0( B A C .
D422 C136 .
-9
-1-9 ) B A (C .
. .
-2-9
. .
-10
-1-10:
-1-1-10 .
ASTM D
15
2003

-2-1-10
) 2-10
(.
-3-1-10 2-10 3-10
-2-10 ) (
3
) 9/5( B A C 4/75) 4(
8
3
) 19/0( . .
4
-1-2-10
8 ( .
%2 .
) 5-10 ( .
- . %4.
-8
ASTM D
16
2003

-2-2-10 A B 5 ) 2/3(
13 C ) 5/9( .
1-2-10
140 ) 60 ( .
2 .
D2487 D2488
D2487 .
-3-10
140 ) 60 ( .
3
)9/5 . - 4/75) 4(
8
3 3
( ) 19/0( - .
4 4
ASTM D
17
2003

3
.
8
-1-3-10 1-2-10 .
-2
)(
SP, SW, GP, GW

3 SM, GM
16
-2-3-10 A B 5 ) 2/3(
13 C ) 5/9( .
1-3-10 .
2-2-10
-4-10 :
-1-4-10 .
-2-4-10 .
200 ) 91(
. .
ASTM D
18
2003

-3-4-10 . .
2 ) 50( .
. .
1

4
) 6( .
-4-4-10 25 4 ) 101/6( 56 6
) 152/4( .
-9
-5-4-10
. 5 .
25
ASTM D
19
2003

-6-4-10
7-4-10 .
-7-4-10
A1 A1-4
-8-4-10 .
-9-4-10 . ) (
500 .
D2216 .
-5-10
ASTM D
20
2003

-11
-1-11 3-11 4-11
) 3 ( . 0/1
) 0/2 ( %0/1 .
. %5
D4718
-2-11 %100 . %100
5-11 ) 3 (.
ASTM D
21
2003

-3
-10 %100 .
%10
%92 %95 .
%100 .
-11 %100
-3-11 ) - (w D2216 .
-4-11 ) (1 ) (2
) (3 :
) (M t - M md
= )(1
m
1000 V
ASTM D
22
2003

= m ) (
= Mt )(
= Mmd )(
= V )( ) 1 (.

= m
)(2
d
w
) (1 +
100
:
= d
= w ) (
d = 62/43 d lbf/ft3 )(3
d = 9/807 d KN/m3
= d
-5-11 %100
%100 :
Gs
w =
100 d
)(4
sat
Gs d
ASTM D
23
2003

= w sat ) (
= 20 C 62/32 ) 9/789 (
= d
= G s
-12
) D854C126 ( .
-12
-1-12 :
-1-1-12 ) B A (C
-2-1-12 ) (
-3-1-12
-4-1-12 %0/1
-5-1-12 0/1
-6-1-12 ) (
-7-1-12 ) BA (C
-8-1-12 D2488
D2487
ASTM D
24
2003

-9-1-12
-10-1-12
-11-1-12 %100
-12-1-12 ) ( PC
-13
-1-13
3 4 .
" "ASTM
. A .
) (
( . 4-1-13 .
) B A C (
-1-1-13 3
4 3
E691 3
ASTM D
25
2003

d2s
5 3 . d2s D 1
d2s 5 3
-2-1-13 ASTM
. .
d2s
5 4 . 3 4
-3-1-13 3 E691
. 4
) ( .
-4-1-13
D2487 . .
CH %99 CH PI = 39 LL=60
. :
ASTM D
26
2003

: CL %89 CL PI = 13 LL = 33
. :
: ML %99 L PI = 4 LL = 27
-2-13 : .
-14 :
ASTM D
27
2003

3 )
4 )
ASTM D
28
2003

) (
-A1
-1-A1
-1-1- A1 .
-2-1-A1
-2- A1
-1-2- A1 6 :
-1-1-2 A1 6 ) 0 150
( 0/001 ) 0/02(
-2-1-2-A1 2 12 ) 50 300(
0/001 ) 0/02(
-3-1-2- A1 8
1
) 200 200 6(
4
-4-1-2 A1 50 0/5
E1
-5-1-2 A1
-6-1-2-A1
ASTM D
29
2003

-3-A1
-1-3 A1 .
-4-A1
-1-4-A1
-1-1-4-A1
. .
. 7-4-10
-2-1-4-A1 0/01
) 1( .
0/01 ) 1( .
-3-1-4-A1
-4-1-4-A1
. .
-5-1-4-A1 .
-6-1-4-A1 0/01 ) 1( .
-7-1-4-A1 1 .
1- A1 .
-8-1-4-A1 2-1-4-A1
6-1-4-A1 .
ASTM D
30
2003

-9-1-4-A1 0/0001
) ( .
-10-1-4-A1
3-1-4-A1 9-1-4-A1 .
-2-4-A1 :
-1-2-4-A1 6 6
. 0/001 ) 0/02( .
-2-2-4-A1
. 0/001 ) 0/02( .
-3-2-4-A1 .
-4-2-4-A1 0/0001 ) (
) ( )(h )(d t + d b
= V ) (
16 1728
) ( )(h )(d t + d b
= V )(SI
1613
:
= V (cm3)ft3
= h (mm)in
= dt (mm)in
= db (mm)in
1
= ft 3 in 3
1728
ASTM D
31
2003

3 3 1
= mm cm
1000
-5-A1
-1-5-A1
1-1-6 2-1-6.
-2-5-A1 %0/5 .
-3-5-A1 .
-4-5-A1
-5-5-A1
A1-1

ASTM D
32
2003

ASTM-D2216
-1:
-1-1
)
5-1 4-1 .(7-1
1 .
-2-1
.
-3-1 1-2-3 .
-4-1 2
. )
( .
) 110
( )
(
) 110 (
) (
.
) (
60
.
.
material -
solid material -

ASTM-D2216

-1 D2974 .
-5-1 ) (
.

.
-6-1 D4643
.
-7-1

.
-8-1 .

.
-2 : ASTM
: D653
: D2974
: D4220
: D4318
: D4643 )(
: D4753
: D6026
: E145

ASTM-D2216

-3 :
-1-3 D653 .
-2-3 :
-1-2-3 :
. 1105
.
-4 :
-1-4 )( 1105

.
-5 :
-1-5
.
-2-5
.
-3-5 .
D 4318 .
-6 :
-1-6 forced-draft
E145 1105 .

ASTM-D2216

-2-6 : D4753 GP1

200 ) ( 0/01 GP2
200 0/1
) 1-2-8 2-1-12 (.
-3-6 :
PH
. 200
200 ) 7
( .
-2
.
-4-6 :

.
-3 Drieite .
-5-6 -
.
-6-6 ......
-7 :
-1-7 ) D 4220 ( D,C,B .
3 30
.

ASTM-D2216

-2-7
) (
.
-8 :
-1-8 ASTM
.
.
-2-8
:

)100
(
0/1 1
2 10 20 20
4/75 4 100 20
3
9/5 500 50
8
3
19 2/5 250
4
1
37/5 1 10 1
2
75 3 50 5

ASTM-D2216

-1-2-8 0/1 2-1-12

.
-3-8 2-8
.
.
-4-8 ) 200( .
.
.
-5-8 500

.
200 .
-9 :
-1-9
.
)
( .
-2-9
) ( :
-1-2-9

2-8 .

ASTM-D2216

-2-2-9 ) (

5
.
-3-2-9

.
-3-9
:
-1-3-9

3-3-9 .
-2-3-9 2-8
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 ) (
.
-3-3-9 ) (
.
.

ASTM-D2216

-10 :
-1-10 ) ( .
-2-10 9 .
-3-10 ) (

). (2-6
5
.
.
-6
) ( .
-4-10 ) (
1105
. ) 4-1 (
.

.
-7 12 16

) ( ) 0/1( .
forced-draft 4
.

ASTM-D2216

-8
.
16
.
-5-10 )
( .

. .
3-10
.
.
.
-9

.
-11:
-1-11 :
= W = [(M cws M cds ) /(M cds M c )] 100 M w

100
M s
:
= W
= M cws
= M cds
= M c
= M w ) ( M w = M cws M cds
= M s ) ( M s = M cds M c

ASTM-D2216

-12:
-1-12 :
-1-1-12 )(

-2-1-12 1 0/1 .

. D6026
.....
. 0/1
0/02

. D6026
4 .
-3-1-12 2-8 .
-4-1-12 ) . (
-5-1-12 1105 .
-6-1-12 ) ( .
-2-12

.

ASTM-D2216

-13 :
-1-13 :

.
-2-13 :
-1-2-13 ) ( : 2/7
2 1

7/8 .
-2-2-13 ) ( : 3 5

14
.
repeatability -
) -/ (=
reproducibility -

ASTM-D2216

-
ASTM:D2664-86

-1
(1-1
. :
) ( .
.
.
(1-2 - .
(3-1 .
. .
-2
(2-1 ASTM:
: D 4543 .
: E4
: E122 .
-3
.
-4
-4-1 :
7-2 .
E4 .
-4-2 -
) ( 3 .
: 1 Leonard Obert 6332 U.S.Bureau
ASTM 2664-86

-
-4-3 :
. 58HRC
(0/0127mm) 0/0005 in (0/025mm) 0/001in
-4-4 : 0/0001
) 0/0025( (0/0025mm) 0/0001in (0/025mm) 0/0010in
(0/005mm) 0/0002in 0/0100in .
-4-4-1 .
)(
-4-5 :
.
1
) 1/588( 40 60 A :2 in
16
.
-5
-5-1 .
-6
ASTM 2664-86

-
-6-1 : D4543 .
-6-2 .
9-1-6 .
-7
-7-1 .
. .
O-ring .
(110N)25lbf .
. .
-7-2
. .
%10 .
2 15 .
) . (3
ASTM 2664-86

-
: 3
-7-3
. .
-8
-8-1 :
-8-1-1 ) .(5
) ( 1 ) ( 3 . ) ( 3 .
:4
.
:5
.

.
.
-8-1-2 - .

.
: 6
9
.
.
-8-1-3 ) ( 1

.
ASTM 2664-86

-
:7 ) (
) (C . ) (
) ( tg
.
-9
-9-1 .
-9-1-1 :
.
-9-1-2
.
-9-1-3
-9-1-4 .
-9-1-5 .
-9-1-6 :
.
.
ASTM 2664-86

-
-9-1-7 . .
:8 1 3 .
. 1 3
-10
.
.
.
-11
.
ASTM 2664-86

-
-7-2-4-7 - .
-8-2-4-7
. 2-2-4-7
-9-2-4-7 .
) (7
. .
-10-2-4-7 -
) (1 ) 6(
. .
ASTM-D 4719
2003

-
-11
-1-6-9 .
) (PL .
-15 .
6-9 .
. .
-16 1-3-7 .
. .
-10
-1-10 :
-1-1-10 ) A (B .
-2-1-10
-3-1-10
-4-1-10 .
-5-1-10 .
-6-1-10 .
ASTM-D 4719
2003
-
-7-1-10 30 60 A 30
60 B
-8-1-10
-9-1-10 .
-10-1-10
-2-10 :
-1-2-10
-2-2-10
-3-2-10
-4-2-10
-5-2-10
-6-2-10
-7-2-10 ) N (S.P.T
-8-2-10
-9-2-10
-11
-1-11
. .
-2-11
ASTM-D 4719
2003

ASTM-D5821-2001
-1
-1-1
.
-2-1 SI .
.
-3-1
.
.
-2
ASTM -1-2
C136
C702
D8
D75
E11
-3
-1-3:
-1-1-3 :
) . D8 (.
-1-1-1-3 :
)

)(ASTM-D5821
1

( . ) . 1
(.
-2-1-3 :
)" (.
Af 0.25Xmax
-1
-4
-1-4 .

) ( .

.
.

)(ASTM-D5821
2

-2-4 .

.
.
-5:
-1-5 : 0/1
.
E11 -2-5 :
-3-5 ) ( :
C702
-4-5 :
-6
-1-6 D75 .
-7
-1-7
. ) 4/75 mm (4
C136 .
C702
.
-2-7 %1 .
. .

)(ASTM-D5821
3

g
) ( )mm (in
3
)200 (0/5 ) ( 9/5
8
1
)500 (1 ) ( 12/5
2
3
)1500 (3 ) ( 19
4
)3000 (6/5 )25 (1
1
)7500 (16/5 ) 37/5 (1
2
)15000 (33 )50 (2
1
)30000 (66 ) 63 (2
2
)60000 (132 )75 (3
1
)90000 (198 ) 90 (3
2
3
-3-7 19 ) (
4
4/75 ) (4
3 3
( 9/5) ( . 9/5)
8 8
C702 200 ) 0/5( .
.

.

)(ASTM-D5821
4

-8
-1-8
.
0/1 .
-2-8
. .
.
.
-3-8 :
-1 .
-2 .
2 7 .
2 4 .

.
-4-8
.
.
-5-8 ) (
) 70 40 (
.
-9
-1-9 1
F
[=P ]100 :
) (F N

)(ASTM-D5821
5

:
= P .
= F .
= N .
-2-9 .
-3-9 .
-4-9 .
-5-9
.
-10
-1-10 : 34
) 76 (
5/2 .
14/7 .
-1 7/6 .
-2-10 :
.
-11
-1-11
.

)(ASTM-D5821
6

-2 ) (
-3 ) (
-4 ) (

)(ASTM-D5821
7

-5 ) (
-6 ) (
-7 ) (

)(ASTM-D5821
8

) (
BS 812 : SECTION 105.1:1989
-1:
BS ) (
.
-2:
812 BS812:part 101,102 .
-3 :
) ( 0/6
.

.

.
6/3 63
.
-4 :
) ( 5 :
BS812:part102:1989 .
-5:
-1-5
) (
.

)( BS 812 section 105.1

-2-5
1055 .
-3-5 :
0/1 .
: 5 1 500
0/1 . 28
50 10 .
-4-5 .
BS 410
.
: 1 .
-1
)

300 400(
)(mm
63
50
37/5
28
20
14
10
6/3
-5-5 ) (.

)( BS 812 section 105.1

-6-5 :
2-5
.
-7-5 1
.
1 .
3.
1/5 .
-6 :
6 BS812 102 1989
2 63
6/3 .
1055
0/1 . .
-2

)(mm )(Kg
50 35
40 15
28 5
20 2
14 1
10 0/5

)( BS 812 section 105.1

-7 :
-1-7 3-7 BS812 103/1 1985
1 .
:
2-7 BS812 103/1 1985
. 63 6/3 .
-3

) ( 100 100
50 33/9 / 50 63
35 26/3 / 37/5 50
15 19/7 / 28 37/5
5 14/4 / 20 28
2 10/2 / 14 20
1 7/2 / 10 14
0/5 4/9 / 6/3 10
-2-7 63
.

)( BS 812 section 105.1

:
) 6 BS812 102 (1989
) ( 3 .

.
-3-7 ) ( M1
. 5%
) ( M1 . ) .( M2
-4-7 1-4-7 2-4-7 .

-1-4-7 7-5 .

. .
-2-4-7 7-5
.
-5-7 ) .( M3
:

.
- :
:
M3
= 100
M2
* .
: ) (5-7
) M2 M3 ( .

)( BS 812 section 105.1

-1
-9
4 .
:
4 . BS 812
101 ) . r r1 R R1 R2 VS (
-4
VS R2 R1 R r1 r
- - 9/1 - 4/9 - 14 17
: 1982 8
. :
-a - b 14
.

)( BS 812 section 105.1

-10 :
BS 812
.
.
:
(
(
(
) ( BS 812 part 101
-1 (repeatability) :

.
- : r

)
( 95 .
- : r1

)
( 95
.

)( BS 812 section 105.1

-2 (reproducibility) :

.
- : R
R

)
( 95 .
- : R1

)
( 95
.
- : R2

)( )
( 95
.
:Vs

)( BS 812 section 105.1

BS 812 : Section 105.2 : 1990
-1:
BS 812 .
-2:
BS 812 101 102
.
-3 :
) ( 1/8
.
.

.
6/3 50
.
-4 :
) ( 5 :
BS 812 : part 102:1989.
-5:
-1-5
) (
.
-2-5 :
105 5 C .

)( BS 812 section 105.2

-3-5 :
0/1
: 5 1 500
0/1 .
28 50
10 .
-4-5 :
.
BS 410 .
: 1
.
-1
)

300 450(
)(mm
50
37/5
28
20
14
10
6/3
-5-5 ) (.

)( BS 812 section 105.2

-6-5 :
2-5
.
-7-5 :
1.
:
.
-6 :
6 BS 812 102 1989
2 . 50
6/3 .
105 5
0/1 . .
-2

)(mm )(Kg
40 15
28 5
20 2
14 1
10 0/5

)( BS 812 section 105.2

-7 :
-1-7 3
7 BS 812 103/1 1985 .
50 6/3
.
-2-7 ) 50(
.
: ) ( 3
BS 812 6
102 1989
3 .

) ( .
-1

)( BS 812 section 105.2

-3-7 ) = M1 (
. 5 ) ( M1
. ) .( M2
-4-7 .
) (3
.
.
-5-7 ) .( M3
: .

.
-3

1

100 100
35 78/7 / 37/5 50
15 59/0 / 28 37/5
5 43/2 / 20 28
2 30/6 / 14 20
1 21/6 / 10 14
0/5 14/7 / 6/3 10

-1 1/8 .

)( BS 812 section 105.2

-8 :
:
M3
= 100
M2
:
=M2 ) 5
(.
=M3
.
-9 :
BS 812
.
.
:
(
(
(

)( BS 812 section 105.2

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AASHTO T30 6 .................................................................................

AASHTO T164 9 ...............................................................................

336 ........................................................................................................................ ASTM C31

712 ............................................................................................... AASHTO T2

4-6 ) (3 .ASTM D4080

149 163 ) 300 325 ( 2 2/5

2-9 ) W2 (1-12 ) (1-9

-11 1105 ) 230 9 (

)W4= G (W1/100 )(1

(Sharples 100 150

)M3 = k(M 2 - G3V1 )(3

-26 1s d2s ASTM C670.

2-2 ) (Specimen Extractor )( 100

-2 4-2 3-2 5-2

4-2 ) (Compaction Pedestal

8-2 ) (Ring Dynamometer Assembly ) (4

10-2 ) (Ovens or Hot Plates

11-2 ) (Heating Device

5/56 25/4 1 200 213

0/76 76/2 3 611 625

2-7 - 25 0/5 )0/9

-3-9 ) (D 2-7 2-6 1-8 .

-4-3-7 2-3-7 1-3-7

-2-4-7 1:8d ] [1:0,3d

-1-9-7 ) ( L 1/75 9-7

-2-10-7 [2 mm] 0/1 in

-3-10-7 [0/2 mm] 0/01 in

) 100 (Vts 0.5Vt

-4-3 2 .BS 3388

-3-4 : BS 1881 : part 114 .

)3 1 (90 )385 (175

-7-7 ) 75 m (200 T11

1- AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory Proficiency Sample Program

-7-3 - M231 - class G1 .

-7-3 : M231- Class G1.

-1-4 20 T87 T146

-5-5 1-5 4-5 8

1 - Sand Equivalent Test

-2-2 ) 855( 57 ) 2/25(.

-3-2 100 ) 4(.

-5-2 203/21 )80/04

-7-2 :2 2-7-2 1-7-2 3-7-2

-2-2-7-2 2050 USP ) 1640 (.

-3-7-2 )CG/ICP (kathon

-3-3-7-2 563 CG/ICP ) 53 (.

-10-2 1105 ) 2309 ( .

101/62/5 -2-5 ) 40/1(

-8-5 20 . " "

-9-5 " " :

-10-5 2/5 ) 0/1(

:1-1-3 4 ) 101/6 mm ( 0/000943 0/000008 ) 0/03330/0003

-4-3 : M231 G20

-3-1 A B T99 T180

-2-3 C D T99 T180

-4-3-3 ) (D (0/1 lb/ft3) 1 kg/m3

1000 = k ) (Gm kg/m3 62/4

) .(2 ( 3 in) 9/5 mm

) 101/6 152/4( 5/5 12 ) 305(

12400 )(600 KN m/m3

15000 25000 ) 700 1200

-5-1-3-1 %20 4/75) 4(

)) 56000 ft-lbf/(ft3(2700 KN-m/m3

IEEE/ASTM SI10 ) : (SI