(S-2)
Fundamentals of Active-Matrix
Liquid-Crystal Displays
(Sunday, June 3, 2001)
C N
Tm Tc Temperature
(Melting Point) (Clearing Point)
n
n
n
move
n
Chiral Dopant
n
Nematic Cholesteric
n n
move
Smetic A Smetic C
(SmA) (SmC)
L/C Molecule
Alignment Layer
Glass Substrate
D~ 5m
2 2
Gooch-Tarrys Law: T = sin 1 + u / (1 + u 2 )
2
Normal Black Mode n d
w ith u=
T /2
3rd minimum
u
3 15 35
n=0.09~0.10 5m 14.7m
NW-Mode
Transmittance(%)
100
90% Trans.
STN
50
TN
Vth Vsat
TN-Mode STN-Mode
10% Trans.
(V10/V90 ~ 1.6) (V10/V90 ~ 1.06)
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Polarizer(1)
Backlight Backlight
Polarizer(1)
Backlight Backlight
TN (Twisted Nematic)
STN(Super TN)
DSTN(Double STN)
FLC(Ferroelectric LC)
GH(Guest-Host)
DS(Dynamic Scattering)
PDLC(Polymer Dispersed LC)
VA(Vertical Alignment)
IPS(In-plane Switching)
Segment & Dot-Matrix Driving
Signal Electrodes
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
y1 y1
y2 y2
y3 y3
Scanning y4 y4
Electrodes
y5 y5
y6 y6
y7 y7
LCD(2)
I I I
R G B
Mirror
LCD(3)
Dichroic
Mirror
Composed
3I Color Image
Figure 14. LCD Projector using three black and white LCDs
LCD Projection TV (Single-Panel System)
Mirror
Screen
B(I/3)
G(I/3) Lamp
R (I/3)
Lens System
Spatially divided LCD Panel
Color Image
(Color)
Mirror
Mirror
Diffuser
Backlight Lamp Reflector BEF
LGP Chassis Unit
MIM-LCD
Diode-LCD
TFT-LCD
a-Si TFT-LCD
poly Si-LCD
Lamp LGP
Chassis
? Backlight & Chassis Unit
? Backlight Unit
? Backlight & Chassis ? Chassis Assembly
Unit
Common Electrode
Black Matrix (ITO) Spacer Polarizer
Gate PCB
LCD panel
LDI Chip
(Gate)
FPC
Source PCB LDI Chip Connector
LCD Control Interface
(Source)
ASIC Connector
CCFL
Reflector (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp)
Edge-light Diffuser
Light
Reflector CCFL
LGP
Bent TCP
CCFL
Driving Circuit (d<2.0mm)
Unit Tapered LGP
(t<2.5mm)
Prism Effect
Prism Sheets
CCFL (BEF)
Diffuser
(m x n) Resolution
Color-Filter
(3m x n) active matrix Substrate
R G B
n
(600) Unit Dot
(R,G,B sub-pixels)
SVGA: 800 x RGB x 600
(2400 x 600) Matrix
Pixel Electrode
(ITO)
Storage Capacitor
Gate Bus-Line (Cs)
Common
Electrode (ITO) Data Bus-Line
Black Matrix Color-Filter Common
Electrode (ITO)
Black
Display
-
Vd (+2V) Refresh -
Vd (+2V)
+2V
Ion -3V
-3V
Vcom(+5V) Vcom(+5V)
? TFT Off :16.7msec(even frame) ? TFT On : 27sec(even-frame)
t V 1 + V 2- V 3+
Storage
Gate Capacitor (Cs)
Selection
t Pixel Electrode
(ITO)
Off Off Off
-5V Gn-1
On V 1+ On V 2- On V 3+
20V Gn
Line-by-Line
Off Off Off Addressing
-5V Gn +1
DC/DC
Converter
Source Driver ICs
Inverter
Backlight Lamp
multiplexing
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Cds
Source Cs Clc
W
L Gate Bus-Line
Drain
Cgs Cgd
Drain Source
Pixel ITO
Data Line Gate Bus-Line
Gate
L L Overlap (not avoidable)
Vlc <Vcom
Vp(t) Voffset
Vcom
V
Figure 33. Driving a pixel and the effect of the parasitic capacitance
Polarity Inversion Driving & Flickering
Driving Method 1st frame 2nd frame 3rd frame
Frame
Inversion
H-Line
Inversion
Dot
Inversion
(Flicker free)
8 Gray-scale T1
T2
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
White Black
V8
V7
V6
V5
V4
V3
V2
V1 T7
L/C Voltage T8
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 V1 V2 ... V7 V8
D2
L/C Voltage (V)
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 Digital Data
D1
(3-bit)
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
D0 23 = 8 gray scales
n n n 3n
# of Color = 2 (R) x 2 (G) x 2 (B) = 2
n= # of data bits of LDI chip
R G B
3 bit = 8-gray/RGB = 512 colors
4 bit = 16-gray/RGB = 4,096 colors
26=64
6 bit = 64-gray/RGB = 262,144 colors
218=262,144
8 bit = 256-gray/RGB = 16,777,216 colors
Analog IC = Continuous gray-scale = full color
(2x2)
Unit Pixel
Dithering 6 5 3/4 5 2/4 5 1/4 5
Reduced
Resolution
5 + + + = 5
Frame Rate
Control + + + = 5 1/4
(FRC) + + + = 5 2/4
+ + + = 5 3/4
6 + + + = 6
V8 100
100
V7
V6
50
50 V5
V4
V3
V2 V1
0
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T = T max x ( gray # /Max. Gray)
Trans. (%)
100
= 1.0
Light Sensitivity of Human Eye
50
= 2.2
= 3.0
0
16 32 48 64
Gray Scale
Color-Filter B G R
RG B Spectra
TFT-Array Color-Filter
Transmitted 400 500 600 700
Lights
R
G
B
400 600 700
Backlight 500 600 700
400 500 600 700
~30cm ~0.3mm
Sub-Pixel
RG B
Figure 42. Color mix of RGB sub-pixel in the LCD panel
Arrangement of RGB
R G B
B R G
RGB G B R R G B
R G B R
R G B R G B R R G B R G B R
B R G B
R G B R G B R B R G B R G B R G B R
B R G B
R G B R G B R G B R G B R G
R G B R
Color Coordinates
B
A color = rR + gG + bB Y
(r, g, b)
r = R /(R + G + B) b
(x, y)
g = G /(R + G + B) g
G
b = B /(R + G + B) r
X
with r + g + b = 1
R
Figure 44. The color coordinates
CIE Color Coordinates
Color Balance
(0.21, 0.71) Color Reproducibility
G NTSC
or Color Saturation
(a) Color Temperature
(b)
W
(0.67, 0.33)
R Color Reproducibility of
Display (a) =
B (0.14, 0.08)
Area of (a)
X 100%
Area of (NTSC)