Second Greek colonisation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Second Greek colonisation was an organized colonial
expansion by the Archaic Greeks into the Mediterranean
Sea and Pontus in the period of the 8th6th centuries B.C. This
colonisation differed from the First Greek colonisation in that it
consisted of organized direction by the
originating metropolis instead of the simple movement of tribes
which characterized the first colonisation. Many colonies that
were founded in this period evolved into strong city-states and
became independent of their metropoles.
Contents
[hide]
1The reason for colonisation
2Characteristics of the colonisations
3Timing
4Colonies in Macedonia and Thrace
5Colonies in the Ionian Sea and Illyria
6Magna Graecia: colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily
7Colonies on the Black Sea and Propontis
8Colonies in the rest of the Mediterranean
9Maps of the colonies
10Notes
11References
12Further reading
13External links
The reason for colonisation[edit]
Illustration of an Archaic Greek ship on pottery
The reason for the second colonisation had to do with the
demographic explosion of this period, the development of
the emporium, the need for a secure supply of raw materials, but
also with the emerging politics of the period which drove sections
of the population into exile. The increase in population created a
scarcity of farms and a restriction of the ability of smallholders to
farm them, which was similar in every city-state, something which
strengthened in places with surplus population the desire for
other regions in which to reside. The location of the establishment
was dictated by the supply of unexploited resources which would
provision the metropolis, as well as the finished goods it would
produce. The development of the emporium was among the more
important motivations for the founding of a colony. Their colonies
would create new markets, would supply the metropoles with
significant raw materials and would constitute important way
stations on the long-distance trade journeys of the era. Finally the
troubled political situation in many cities, along with the
establishment of tyrannical government drove the political
opposition into exile aind into a search for new places of
residence.
Characteristics of the colonisations[edit]
 The first founders of colonies were the Euboeans, who founded
colonies at the beginning of the 8th century B.C. in Southern Italy
and Chalcidice. The two most powerful states on Euboea, Chalcis
and Eretria founded numerous colonies in Chalcidice, the most
important of which was Olynthus, and they were the first to found
colonies in Southern Italy. The first colony that they founded there
was Pithecusae on the isle of Ischia. Subsequently, they founded
the colonies of Cumae, Zancle, Rhegium and Naxos.[1] At the end
of the 8th century Euboea fell into decline with the outbreak of
the Lelantine War and the baton of colonial foundation was
passed to other Greek cities. In the 7th century were founded
many colonies in Ionia, in Southern Italy, in Thrace and on
the Black Sea. Other Greek colonies were founded on the coast
of Gaul, on the Cyrenaica peninsula in Africa and also in Egypt. In
this burst of colonial expansion cities such
as Corinth, Miletus, Megara and Phocaea took the lead.

Colonies in Macedonia and Thrace[edit]

The Argonautica. The myth is thought to pertain to the bold nautical

expeditions of this period.

The founding of the colonies was consistently an organized

enterprise. The launch was organized by the metropolis, although
in many cases they collaborated with other cities. The place to be
colonized was selected in advance with the goal of offering
business advantages, but also security from raiders. In order to
create a feeling of security and confidence in relation to the new
colony, the choice of place was decided according to its
usefulness.[1] The mission always included a leader nominated by Abdera in Thrace
the colonists. In the new cities, the colonists parcelled out the
land, including farms. The system of governance usually took a Numerous colonies were founded in Northern Greece, chielfy in
form reminiscent of that which prevailed in the metropolis. the region of Chalcidice but also in the region of Thrace.
Chalcidice was settled by Euboeans, chiefly from Chalcis, who
Timing[edit] lent their name to the these colonies. The most important
settlements of the Euboeans in Chalcidice were Olynthos (which
colony was settled in collaboration with
the Athenians), Torone, Mende, Sermyle, Aphytis and Cleonaein
the peninsula of Athos. Other important colonies in Chalcidice
were Acanthus , a colony which was founded by colonists
from Andros[2] and Potidaea, a colony of Corinth.
Numerous other colonies were founded in the region of Thrace by
the Ionians from the coast of Asia Minor. Important colonies
were Maroneia, and Abdera. The Milesians also
founded Abydos and Cardia on
the Hellespont and Rhaedestus in Propontis.
The Samianscolonised the island of Samothrace, becoming the
source of its name. Finally, the Parians colonised Thasos under
the leadership of the oecist and father of the poet Archilochus,
Telesicles.
Colonies in the Ionian Sea and Illyria[edit]
The region of the Ionian Sea and that of Illyria were colonized
strictly by Corinth. The Corinthians founded important overseas
colonies on the sea lanes to Southern Italy and the west which
succeeded in making them the foremost emporia of the western
side of the Mediterranean. Important colonies of Corinth
included Leucada, Astacus, Anactoreum, Actium, Ambracia,
and Corcyra. The Corinthians also founded important colonies
in Illyria, which evolved into important
cities, Apollonia and Epidamnus.
Nymphaeum, was also a Greek colony in Illyria.
Magna Graecia: colonies in Southern Italy
and Sicily[edit]
Main article: Magna Graecia
The theatre at Syracuse
The first to colonise Southern Italy were the Euboeans, who with
the move to Pithecusae (on the isle of Ischia), founded a series of
cities in that region. The second city that they founded
was Cumae, nearly opposite Ischia. The colonists from Cumae
founded Zancle in on Sicily, and nearby on the opposite
coast, Rhegium. Further, the Euboeans founded Naxos, which
became the base for the founding of the cities
of Leontini, Tauromenion and Catania. In this effort they were
accompanied by small numbers of Dorians and Ionians; the
Athenians had notably refused to take part in the colonisation.[quotes
1]
The strongest of the Sicilian colonies was Syracuse, an 8th-
century B.C. colony of the Corinthians. Colonists of that same
period from Achaea founded the cityes of Sybaris and Croton in
the Gulf of Taranto but also in the Metapontum in the same
district. In the same area refugees
from Sparta founded Taranto which evolved into one of the most
powerful cities in the area. Other Greek states that founded cities
in Southern Italy were Megara, which founded Megara Hyblaea,
and Selinous; Phocaea, which founded Elea; Rhodes, which
founded Gela together with the Cretans and Lipari together
with Cnidus, even as the Locrians founded Epizephyrean Locris.[1]
Many cities in the region became in turn metropoles for new
colonies such as the Syracusans, who founded the city
of Camarina in the south of Sicily; or the Zancleans, who led the
founding of the colony of Himera. Likewise Naxos, which we see
taking further part in the founding of many colonies while the city
of Sybaris founded the colony of Poseidonia to its north. The city
of Gela which was a colony of Rhodes and Crete founded its own
colony, Acragas.[quotes 2]
The areas of settlement in Southern Italy became so
thoroughly Hellenized that Roman writers such as Ovid referred
to the region as Magna Graecia ("Great Greece"). To this day,
some of the Griko people in Southern Italy still
speak Griko and Calabrian Greek, Doric Greek-influenced
dialects with a substantial Latin adstrate, and worship in
the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church instead of the Latin
rite more usual among other Italians. In Modern Greek, Southern
Italy is referred to as Kato Italia (lit. "Lower Italy") and the relict
Greek dialects there as Katoitalika.
Colonies on the Black Sea and
Propontis[edit]
See also: Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea, Pontic Greeks,
and Greek colonies in Thrace and Dacia
The Greek colonies of the Black Sea
The colonisation of the Black Sea was led by the Megarans and
some of the Ionian cities such as Miletus, Phocaea and Teos.
The majority of colonies in the region of the Black Sea
and Propontis were founded in the 7th century B.C. In the area of
Propontis, the Megarans founded the cities of Astacus in
Bithynia, Chalcedonia and Byzantium in which they occupied a
privileged position. Miletus founded Cyzicus and the
Phocaeans Lampsacus.[5]
On the western shore of the Black Sea region the Megarans
founded the cities of Selymbria and a little later, Nesebar. A little
farther north in the region of today's Romania the Milesians
founded the cities of Istria and Orgame. And Miletus also founded
a city on the western shore of the Black Sea, Apollonia. In the
south of the Black Sea the most important colony
was Sinope which according to prevailing opinion was founded by
Miletus. The precise chronology of its foundation is not known at
present but it appears that it was founded some time around the
middle of the 7th century B.C.[5] Sinope was founded with a series
of other colonies in the Pontic
region: Trebizond, Cerasus, Cytorus, Cotyora,
Cromne, Pteria, Tium, et al. The most important colony founded
on the southern shore of the Black Sea was likewise a Megaran
foundation: Heraclea Pontica, which was founded in the 6th
century B.C.
On the north shore of the Black Sea Miletus was the first to start.
The colonies of Miletus in this region of the Black Sea
were Pontic Olbia and Panticapaeum (modern Kerch.) Later in
the 6th century B.C. the Milesians founded Odessa in the region
of modern Ukraine.[5] Further north from the Danube delta the
Greeks colonised an islet, modern Berezan(probably then a
peninsula). That location is found at the confluence of
the Bug estuary (the River Hypanis to the Ancient Greeks) and
the river Dneiper (anciently called the Barysthenes). The islet or
peninsula itself was called by the ancients Barythmenis; across
from this, they found the site that would be settled later as Olbia.
Next to Olbia was another Greek colony which had Istria as its
mother city.
On the Crimean peninsula (the Greeks then called it Tauric
Chersonese or "Peninsula of the Bulls") they founded likewise the
cities of Sympheropolis , and Nymphaeum and Hermonassa. On
the Sea of Azov (Lake Maiotis to the ancients) they
founded Tanais (in Rostov), Tyritace, Myrmeceum, Cecrine
and Phanagoriathe last being a colony of the Teians.
On the eastern shor which was known in ancient times
as Colchis and in which today for the greater part is
in Georgia and the autonomous region of Abkhazia, the Greeks
founded the cities of Phasis and Dioscouris. The latter was
called Sebastopolis by the Romans and Byzantines and is known
today as Sukhumithe ruins of the ancient and Byzantine
foundations are now found principally below the waterline.

Colonies in the rest of the

Mediterranean[edit]
See also: Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul

Odysseus on the island of the Sirens. The Odyssey typifies the

particulars of the age.

The Iberian peninsula in 300 BC. Phoenician cities in blue, Greek cities
in red.

The Greek colonies expanded as far as the Iberian

Peninsula and North Africa. In North Africa, on the peninsula
of Cyrenaica, colonists from Thera founded Cyrene, which
evolved into a very powerful city in the region.[1] Other colonies in
Cyrenaica later included with Cyrene in
the Cyrenaica were Barca, Euesperides (modern Benghazi, Tauc
heira, and Apollonia.
On the north side of the Mediterranean the Phocaeans
founded Massalia on the coast of Gaul. Massalia became the
base for a series of further foundations farther away in the region
of Spain. Phocaea also Modern Italy
founded Alalia in Corsica and Olbia in Sardinia. The Phocaeans
I1. Olbia I2. Adria I3. Ancona I4. Parthenope I5. Cumae I6. Procid
arrived next on the coast of the Iberian peninsula. As related by
a I7. Dicaearchia I8. NeapolisI9. Poseidonia I10. Metapontum I11.
Herodotus, a local king summoned the Phocaeans to found a
Sybaris I12. Thurii I13. Taras I14. Siris I15. Crotona I16. Gallipoli
colony in the region and rendered meaningful aid in the
I17. Elea I18. Messina I19. Kale
fortification of the city. The Phocaeans founded Empuries in this
Akte I20. Strongyle I21. Syracuse I22. Didyme I23. Hycesia I24. P
region and later the even more distant Hemeroscopeum.
hoenicusa I25. Camarina I26. Therassa I27. Lipara/Meligounis I2
By the middle of the 7th century the lone Greek colony 8. Epizepherean
in Egypt had been Locris I29. Rhegium I30. Lentini I31. Selinountas I32. Megara
founded, Naucratis.[6] The pharaoh Psammitecus I gave a trade Hyblaea I33. Naxos I34. Tauromenion I35. Acagras I36. Himera I
concession to Milesian merchants for one establishment on the 37. Gela I38. Catania I39. Leontini I40. Ereikousa I41. Euonymos
banks of the Nile, founding a trading post which evolved into a
prosperous city by the time of the Persian expedition to Egypt in
Modern Croatia
525 B.C.
C1. Salona C2. Tragyrion C3. Asplathos C4. Epidaurus C5. Issa
Maps of the colonies[edit] C6. Dimos C7. Pharos C8. Krkyra Mlaina C9. Epidaurum

Modern Egypt Modern Montenegro

E1. Naucratis M1. Bouthoe

Modern Libya Modern Albania

L1. Barce L2. Cyrene L3. Balagrae L4. Taucheira L5. Ptolemais L
AL1. Lissos AL2. Nymphaeum AL3. Epidamnos AL4. Apollonia A
6. Euesperides L7. Antipyrgus
L5. Aulon AL6. Chrysondion AL7. Antipatreia AL8. Chimara AL9.
Amantia AL10. Bouthroton AL11. Pelion AL12. Dimale AL13. Bylli
Modern Spain s AL14. Oricum
S1. Portus Illicitanus S2. Akra
Leuke S3. Alonis S4. Hemeroscopeum S5. Zakynthos S6. Salauri Modern Republic of Macedonia or Serbia * Some historians
s S7. Rhode S8. Emporion S9. Kalathousa S10. Mainake S11. M believe that it was near the modern Resen (Republic of
enestheus's Limin Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the
modern Vranje (Serbia).
MA1. Damastion
Modern France
F1. Agde F2. Massalia F3. Tauroention F4. Olbia F5. Nicaea F6. Modern Greece
Monoikos F7. Antipolis F8. Alalia
GR1. Potidaea GR2. Stageira GR3. Acanthus GR4. Mende GR5.
Ambracia GR6. Corcyra GR7. Maroneia GR8. Krinides GR9. Olyn
thus GR10. Abdera
Modern Bulgaria
BUL1. Mesembria BUL2. Odyssos BUL3. Apollonia BUL4. Callati
s BUL5. Agathopolis BUL6. Kavarna BUL7. Pomorie BUL8. Naulo
chos BUL9. Krounoi
Modern Romania
RO1. Tomis RO2. Histria/Istros RO3. Aegyssus RO4. Stratonis R
O5. Axiopolis
Modern Ukraine
U1. Borysthenes U2. Tyras U3. Olbia U4. Nikonion U5. Odessa
Modern Crimea * Russia annexed Crimea at 2014 and it is no
longer part of Ukraine.
CR1. Panticapaeum CR2. Nymphaion CR3. Tyritake CR4. Theod
osia CR5. Chersonesus CR6. Charax CR7. Myrmekion CR8. Her
monassa CR9. Kerkinitis CR10. Gorgippia CR11. Kimmerikon CR
12. Kalos Limen
CY1. Kyrenia CY2. Soloi CY3. Paphos CY4. Kition CY5. Salamis
Modern Turkey
TR1. Selybria TR2. Heraclea
Pontica TR3. Cius TR4. Ephesus TR5. Dios
Hieron TR6. Iasos TR7. Myndus TR8. Selge TR9. Priene TR10.
Halicarnassus TR11. Miletus TR12. TrallesTR13. Phaselis TR14.
Aspendos TR15. Side TR16. Sillyon TR17. Zephyrion TR18. Kele
nderis TR19. Mallus TR20. Amos TR21. Byzantium TR22. Amase
ia TR23. Amastris TR24. Ainos TR25. Berge TR26. Perinthos TR
27. Cardia TR28. Chalcedon TR29. Nicomedia TR30. Abydos TR
31. Sestos TR32. Lampsacus TR33. Panormos TR34. Cyzicus T
R35. IlionTR36. Sigeion TR37. Sinope TR38. Tirebolu TR39. Ami
sos TR40. Tripolis TR41. Cotyora TR42. Polemonion TR43. Phar
nakia TR44. Kerasous TR45. Trapezous TR46. ThemiscyraTR47.
Astacus in
Bithynia TR48. Assos TR49. Pitane TR50. Phocaea TR51. Smyrn
a TR52. Pergamon TR53. Teos TR54. Sardis TR55. Colophon

Modern Russia
RU1. Tanais RU2. Kepoi RU3. Phanagoria

Modern Georgia/ Abkhazia * Abkhazia is recognised only by

Russia and a small number of other countries.
G1. Bathys G2. Triglite G3. Pityus G4. Dioscurias G5. Phasis G6.
Poti

Modern Cyprus
 S9
S10
S11
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
I7
I8
I9
I10
I11
I12
I13
I14
I15
I16
I17
I18
E1
I19
L1
I20
L2
I21
L3
I22
L4
I23
L5
I24
L6
I25
L7
I26
S1
I27
S2
I28
S3
I29
S4
I30
S5
I31
S6
I32
S7
I33
S8
I34
 I35 RO4
I36 RO5
I37 BUL1
I38 BUL2
I39 BUL3
I40 BUL4
I41 BUL5
C1 BUL6
C2 BUL7
C3 BUL8
C4 BUL9
C5 U1
C6 U2
C7 U3
C8 U4
C9 U5
M1 CR1
AL1 CR2
AL2 CR3
AL3 CR4
AL4 CR5
AL5 CR6
AL6 CR7
AL7 CR8
AL8 CR9
AL9 CR10
AL10 CR11
AL11 CR12
AL12 RU1
AL13 RU2
AL14 RU3
MA1 G1
GR1 G2
GR2 G3
GR3 G4
GR4 G5
GR5 G6
GR6 CY1
GR7 CY2
GR8 CY3
GR9 CY4
GR10 CY5
RO1 TR1
RO2 TR2
RO3 TR3
TR4 TR49
TR5 TR50
TR6 TR51
TR7 TR52
TR8 TR53
TR9 TR54
TR10 TR55
TR11
TR12 Some of the Greek colonies
TR13
TR14
TR15
TR16
TR17
TR18
TR19
TR20
TR21
TR22
TR23
TR24
TR25
TR26
TR27
TR28
TR29
TR30
TR31
TR32
TR33
TR34
TR35
TR36
TR37
TR38
TR39
TR40
TR41
TR42
TR43
TR44
TR45
TR46
TR 47 Some Greek colonies and metropolitan cities (red).
TR48
Notes[edit]
1. Jump up^
...and on this coast are the outlets of the Symaethus and all
rivers that flow down from Aetna and have good harbors at
their mouths; and here too is the promontory of Xiphonia.
According to Ephorus these were the earliest Greek cities to be
founded in Sicily, that is, in the tenth generation after the Trojan
war; for before that time men were so afraid of the bands
of Tyrrhenian pirates and the savagery of the barbarians in this
region that they would not so much as sail thither for trafficking;
but though Theocles, the Athenian, borne out of his course by
the winds to Sicily, clearly perceived both the weakness of the
peoples and the excellence of the soil, yet, when he went back,
he could not persuade the Athenians, and hence took as
partners a considerable number of Euboean Chalcidians and
some Ionians and also some Dorians (most of whom were
Megarians) and made the voyage; so the Chalcidians founded
Naxus, whereas the Dorians founded Megara, which in earlier
times had been called Hybla. The cities no longer exist, it is
true, but the name of Hybla still endures, because of the
excellence of the Hyblaean honey.[3]
2. Jump up^
But the rest of the settlements as well as most of the interior
have come into the possession of shepherds; for I do not know
of any settled population still living in either Himera, or Gela,
or Callipolis or Selinus or Euboea or several other places. Of
these cities Himera was founded by the Zanclaeans of Mylae,
Callipolis by the Naxians, Selinus by the Megarians of the
Sicilian Megara, and Euboea by the Leontines. Many of the
barbarian cities, also, have been wiped out; for example
Camici, the royal residence of Cocalus at which Minos is said
to have been murdered by treachery.[4]
References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Nikolaos Papahatzis; et al. (1971).
[History of the Greek Nation]. 2. Ekdotike
Athenon.
2. Jump up^ Eleni Triakoupoulou-Salakidou (June
1997). "--" [Acanthus-Erissus-
Hierissus] (PDF). (Archaeology &
Art) (in Greek). Vol. 63.
3. Jump up^ Strabo (1903). "6.2.2". Geographica. Translated
by W. Falconer. in Perseus Project 6.2
4. Jump up^ Strabo (1903). "6.2.6". Geographica. Translated
by W. Falconer. in Perseus Project 6.2
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c *Demetriadou, Daphne (May 9,
2003). " " ["The Colonisation of
the Black Sea"]. Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia
Minor. Translated by Kalogeropoulou, Georgia.
6. Jump up^ Strabo, Geographia 17.1.18, cited in "The Archaic
Period:Economy:Trade Station". Hellenic History on the Web.
The Foundation for the Hellenic World.
Further reading[edit]
Bosher, Kathryn (2016). Theater outside Athens: Drama in
Greek Sicily and South Italy. Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-1107527508.
Irad, Malkin (2013). A Small Greek World: Networks in the
Ancient Mediterranean. Oxford University Press; Reprint
edition. ISBN 978-0199315727.
Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2011). The Black Sea, Greece,
Anatolia and Europe in the First Millennium BC. Peeters
Publishers. ISBN 978-9042923249.
Rhodes, P. J. (2010). A History of the Classical Greek World:
478 - 323 BC. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405192866.
Dietler, Michael; Lpez-Ruiz, Carolina (2009). Colonial
Encounters in Ancient Iberia: Phoenician, Greek, and
 Indigenous Relations. University Of Chicago
Press. ISBN 978-0226148472.
Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2008). Greek Colonisation: An Account
Of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas: Volume
2. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-9004155763.
Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2006). Greek Colonisation: An Account
Of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas: Volume
1. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-9004122048.
Kirigin, Branko (2006). Pharos. The Parian Settlement in
Dalmatia: A study of a Greek colony in the Adriatic. British
Archaeological Reports. ISBN 978-1841719917.
Dominguez, Adolfo; Sanchez, Carmen (2001). Greek Pottery
from the Iberian Peninsula: Archaic and Classical Periods.
Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-9004116047.
Boardman, John; Solovyov, Sergei; Tsetskhladze, Gocha
(2001). Northern Pontic Antiquities in the State Hermitage
Museum. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-9004121461.
Boardman, John (1999). The Greeks Overseas: Their Early
Colonies and Trade. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-
0500281093.
Irad, Malkin (1987). Religion and Colonization in Ancient
Greece. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-9004071193.

Hall, Jonathan M. (2006). A History of the Archaic Greek Sealey, Raphl (1976). A History of the Greek City States,
World: ca. 1200-479 BCE. Wiley-Blackwel. ISBN 978- 700-338 B. C. University of California Press. ISBN 978-
0631226680. 0520031777.

Cerchiai, Luca; Janelli, Lorena; Longo, Fausto; Edward External links[edit]

Smith, Mark (2004). The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and
Sicily. J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 978-0892367511.
Greek colonies to 500 BCE
Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on
Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2004). The Archaeology of Greek
Greek Art-The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Colonisation: Essays Dedicated to Sir John Boardman.
Oxford University School of Archaeology; 2nd Revised edition
edition. ISBN 978-0947816612.

Tsetskhladze, Gocha; Snodgrass, A. M. (2002). Greek

Settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
British Archaeological Reports. ISBN 978-1841714424.

Graham (2001). Collected Papers on Greek Colonization.

Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-9004116344.