KECELAKAAN KERJA

HENDRA

(DASAR-DASAR K3)
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 Incident vs Accident
An Incident with high potential for harm (HIPO)
should be investigated as thoroughly as an accident

An Incident is an undesired event which under

slightly different circumstances, could have
resulted in harm to people, damage to property or
loss to process.

An Incident is an undesired event which could or

does result in a loss

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 Incident vs Accident
Accident result from contact with a substance or
source of energy above the threshold limit of the
body or structure

An ACCIDENT may be defined as an undesired

event that results in harm to people, damage to
property or loss to process

It is usually the result of contact with a substance or a source of

energy (chemical, thermal, acoustical, mechanical, electrical, etc)

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 Incident vs Accident
There are three important aspects of accident
definition :
• It doesn’t limit the human result to injury, but says harm to people.
This Include both injury and illness.

• This definition does not confuse “injury” with “accident”. They are not
the same. Injuries and illnesses result from accidents. But not all
accidents result in injuries and illnesses.

• If the event results in property damage or process loss alone, and no

injury, it is still an accident. Often accidents result in harm to people,
property and process.

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 THE ACCIDENT

AN UNPLANNED AND UNWELCOMED EVENT

WHICH INTERRUPTS NORMAL ACTIVITY.

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 THE ACCIDENT

THREE BASIC TYPES OF ACCIDENTS

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 THE ACCIDENT
MINOR ACCIDENTS:

SUCH AS PAPER CUTS TO FINGERS OR

DROPPING A BOX OF MATERIALS

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 THE ACCIDENT
MORE SERIOUS ACCIDENTS THAT
CAUSE INJURY OR DAMAGE TO
EQUIPMENT OR PROPERTY:

SUCH AS A FORKLIFT DROPPING A LOAD

OR SOMEONE FALLING OFF A LADDER

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 THE ACCIDENT
ACCIDENTS THAT OCCUR OVER AN
EXTENDED TIME FRAME:

SUCH AS HEARING LOSS OR AN ILLNESS

RESULTING FROM EXPOSURE TO
CHEMICALS

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 Injuries Caused By Delivery Of Energy In Excess Of Local Or Whole Body Injury Threshold
Type of energy
Primary injury produced Examples and comment
delivered
Injuries resulting from the impact of moving objects such as
Displacement, tearing, breaking, and crushing,
bullets, hypodermic, needles, knives, and falling objects; and
Mechanical predominantly at tissue and organ levels of body
from the impact of the moving body with relatively stationery
organization
structures

Inflammation, coagulation, charring, and First, second, third degree burns. The specific result depends
Thermal
incineration at all levels of body organization on the location and manner in which the energy is dissipated.

Interference with neuro-muscular function and Electrocution, burns, interference, with neural function as in
Electrical coagulation, charring, and incineration at all levels electroshock therapy. The specific result depends on the
of body organization location and manner in which the energy is dissipated.

Reactor accidents, therapeutic and diagnostic irradiation,

Disruption of cellular and sub cellular components misuse of isotopes, effects of fallouts. The specific result
Ionizing radiation
and function depends on the location and manner in which the energy is
dissipated.
Includes injuries due to animal and plant toxins, chemical
burns, as from KOH, Br2, F2, and H2SO4, and the less gross
Chemical Generally specific for each substance or group
and highly varied injuries produced by most elements and
compounds when given in sufficient dose.
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 Leading Causes of Workplace Deaths

Miscellaneous
11%
Caught Between
Object/Equipment
5% Motor Vehicles
32%

Airplanes
5%
Gunshot Wounds
8%

Slips and Falls

8% Struck by Moving,
Falling or Stationary
Objects
Heart Attacks/Strokes 18%
13%

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 Accident ratio study
SERIOUS OR MAJOR INJURY
Includes disabling and Serious injuries
MINOR INJURY
Any reported injury less than serious
PROPERTY DAMAGE ACCIDENTS
All types
INCIDENTS WITH NO
VISUABLE INJURY OR
DAMAGE
(Near-accidents)

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 Accident Theory
SINGLE FACTOR THEORIES
This theory stems from the assumption that an
accident is the result of a single cause. Further,
if that single cause can be identified and eliminated
the accident will not be repeated.

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 Accident Theory
SINGLE FACTOR THEORIES
Example: A person in a hurry walks through a poorly lit area
and trips over a piece of wood.
Single Factor Theory Solution: Remove the offending
piece of wood to solve the problem.

The reality is that accidents always have more

than one contributing factor.

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 ENERGY THEORY
states that accidents are more likely to happen at or
during a transfer of energy.

The rate of energy release is important because

the greater the rate of release the greater the
potential for damage.

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 ENERGY THEORY
It should be noted that this concept of identifying hazards
is very limited and not dissimilar to the Single Factor
theory.

Factors other than energy release are important.

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 MULTIPLE FACTOR THEORY
says that an accident occurs when a number of
factors act together to cause an accident

This and similar ideas are favored by most

experienced safety and health practitioners.

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 MULTIPLE FACTOR THEORY
Example: A person in a hurry walks through a poorly lit
area and trips over a piece of wood.

require answers to such questions as:

 Was there a necessity for that person to walk in that area
or was there a safer route?
 If the person was not in a hurry would they have been
more aware and avoided the wood?
 If the area was better lit would the person have avoided
the wood. Could the wood have been removed?

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 ACCIDENT THEORIES
 The Domino Theory of Accident Causation
 The Human Factors Theory of Accident Causation
 The Accident/Incident Theory of Accident
Causation
 The Epidemiological Theory of Accident Causation
 The System Theory of Accident Causation
 The Combination Theory of Accident Causation

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 ACCIDENT THEORIES
 The Domino Theory of Accident Causation
 An early pioneer  Herbert W. Heinrich
 In the late 1920s  Reports of 75.000 industrial
accidents
 Accident caused by:
 88 % unsafe acts
 10 % unsafe conditions
 2 % unavoidable (act of God)

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The Domino Theory of Accident Causation

Intermediate Causes
Lack of Control

Basic Causes

Incident

Loss
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 ACCIDENT THEORIES
 The Human Factors Theory of Accident
Causation
 Focus to HUMAN ERROR
 Three broad factors that lead to human error :
 Overload  imbalance workload and person’s capacity
 Inappropriate Response/Incompatibility
 Inappropriate Activities

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 ACCIDENT THEORIES
 The Human Factors Theory of Accident Causation
Human Factors Theory

Overload Inapp. Response Inapp. Activities

• Environmental Factors • Detecting a hazard but • Performing task
(noise, distraction) not correcting it without the requisite
training
• Internal Factors • Removing safeguards
(personal problems, from machines and • Misjudging the degree
emotional stress) equipment of risk involved with a
given task
• Situational Factors • Ignoring safety
(unclear instruction, risk
level)
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 ACCIDENT THEORIES
 The Accident/Incident Theory of Accident
Causation
 Extension of the human factors theory
 By Dan Petersen
 Elements of this theory :
 Overload
 Ergonomic Traps
 Decision of Error
 Systems Failure

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 ACCIDENT THEORIES
 The Epidemiological Theory of Accident
Causation
 Study causal relationship between environmental factors
and accidents or diseases
 The key components :
 Predisposition Characteristics
 Susceptibility of people
 Perceptions
 Environmental factors
 Situational Characteristics
 Risk assessment by individuals
 Peer pressure
 Priorities of the supervisor
 Attitude

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 ACCIDENT THEORIES
 The Systems Theory of Accident Causation
 System is a group of regularly interacting and
interrelated components that together form a
unified whole.
 The following components :
 Person (host)
 Machine (agency)
 Environment

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 ACCIDENT THEORIES
 The Combination Theory of Accident
Causation
 Combine parts of several models to minimize gap
between actual event and theory.

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Causes of
accidents

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 Perilaku Tidak Aman

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 Perilaku Tidak Aman

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 Unsafe condition

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 Unsafe condition

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 Statistik kecelakaan (OSHA)
 INCIDENT RATE (IR)
 Is a measure of recordable occupational injuries. It expressed
as the ratio of the number of recordable injuries to the total
man-hours worked, multiplied by 200,000 man-hours (100
employees, 40 hours, 50 weeks a year)

 IR = I (200,000)
H

 IR = Incident rate
 I = Number of injuries
 H = man-hours for the number of injuries, I

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 Statistik kecelakaan (OSHA)
 SEVERITY RATE (S)
 The accident severity rate is defined as the number of lost
days due to occupational injuries per specific number of
annual worker-hours. The standard for accident severity rate
is also 200,000 man-hours worked.

 S = (LD)(200,000)
H

 S = Accident severity rate

 LD = Number of lost days due to injuries
 H = Total man-hours worked

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 ACCIDENT COST
 Direct Cost
 Indirect Cost

(Fenomena gunung es)

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