Chapter 4

Syafruddin Hasan
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 Chapter Objectives
2

Upon the learning the material presented in this chapter,

you should be able to :
1. Calculate the magnetic force and torque on a current
carrying wire.
2. Apply the Biot-Savarts law
3. Aplply the Amperes law
4. Calculate the inductance of a solenoid, a coaxial
transmission and other configurations
5. Evaluate the magnetic energy
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 Chapter Outlines
3

Magnetic forces and torques

The Biot-Savart law

Magnetic force between two parallel conductors

Maxwells magnetostatic Equations

Vector magnetic potential

Magnetic properties of materials

Magnetic Boundary Conditions

Inductances

Magnetic Energy

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Magnetism and electricity were considered distinct
phenomena until 1820 when Hans Christian Oersted
introduced an experiment that showed a compass
needle deflecting when in proximity to current carrying
wire.
He used compass to show that current produces
magnetic fields that loop around the conductor. The field
grows weaker as it moves away from the source of
current.

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INTRODUCTION (Contd)
A
represents current coming
out of paper.
A represents current heading
into the paper.

Magnetic fields can be easily visualized by

sprinkling iron filings on a piece of paper
suspended over a bar magnet.

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INTRODUCTION (Contd)
The principle of magnetism is widely used in many
applications:
 Motors and generators
 Magnetic memory
 Microphones and speakers
 Magnetically levitated high-speed vehicle.

The field lines are in terms of the magnetic field intensity,

H in units of amps per meter.
This is analogous to the volts per meter units for electric
field intensity, E.
Magnetic field will be introduced in a manner paralleling
our treatment to electric fields.

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 Maxwells equations for magnetostatic:

where J is the current density

The magnetic flux density B and the magnetic field intensity

H are related by

where is medium magnetic permeability

o = free space permeability = 4 10-7 H/m

r = relative permeability of medium
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MAGNETIC FORCES AND TORQUES
 The electric field E at a point in space is defined as the electric
force Fe per unit charge acting on a test charge when placed
at that point.
or Fe = q E (N)

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 When charged particle moving with a velocity u,
magnetic force Fm is produced.
Fm = q u x B (N)
where B = magnetic flux density (N/C-m/s or Tesla T)

 When charged particle has E and B, total

electromagnetic force is
F = Fe + Fm = qE + qu B = q(E + u B)
8
This force is known as Lorentz force
Drill 9.1

The point charge Q = 18 nC has a velocity of 5x10-6 m/s in the

direction av = 0.60 ax + 0.75 ay + 0.30az. Calculate the magnitude
of force exerted on the charge by the field :
a) B = - 3ax + 4ay + 6az mT; 660 N
b) E = - 3ax + 4ay + 6az kV/m 140 N
c) B and E acting together. 670 N

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Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
To find a force on a current element, consider a line
conducting current in the presence of magnetic field with
differential segment dQ of charge moving with velocity u:
dF = dQu B
dL
But, u= dQ
dt so d Fm = dL B
dt
Since dQ/dt corresponds to the current I in the line,
dFm = IdL B
We can find the force from a collection of current elements

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 For a surface current

For a volume current

One simple result is obtained to a straight conductor in a uniform

magnetic field,

F=ILxB

D 9.2
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MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
 For closed circuit of contour C carrying I , total magnetic
force Fm is
Fm = I dl B (N )
C
 Fm is zero for a closed circuit.

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Fm = I ( dl ) B = 0
C

Curved wire in a uniform B field

12
EXAMPLE : FORCE ON A SEMICIRCULAR
CONDUCTOR
The semicircular conductor shown lies in the xy plane
and carries a current I . The closed circuit is exposed to
a uniform magnetic field B = yB0 . Determine (a) the
magnetic force F1 on the straight section of the wire

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and (b) the force F2 on the curved section.
Solution

a) F1 = x (2 Ir ) y B0 = z 2 IrB0 (N )

b) F2 = I dl B = zI rB0 sin d = z 2 IrB0 (N )
=0 =0

We note that F1 = - F2 net Force on the closed loop is zero

13
 EXAMPLE
The magnetic flux density in a region of free space
is given by B = 3x ax + 5y ay 2z az T. Find the
total force on the rectangular loop shown which
lies in the plane z = 0 and is bounded by x = 1, x =
3, y = 2, and y = 5, all dimensions in cm.

Try to sketch this!

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE

The figure is as
shown.

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1 (Contd)

First, note that in the plane z = 0, the z

component of the given field is zero, so will
not contribute to the force. We use:
F = loop IdL x B
Which in our case becomes
with,
I = 30 A and B = 3 xa x + 5 ya y 2 za z

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1 (Contd)

So,
( )
0.03
F= 30dxa
0.01
x 3xa x + 5 y y =0.02 a y +

0.05

30dya ( 3x
0.02
y x = 0.03
a x + 5 ya y + )
( )
0.01

30dxa
0.03
x 3xa x + 5 y y =0.05 a y +

0.02

30dya ( 3x
0.05
y x = 0.01
a x + 5 ya y )

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1 (Contd)

Simplifying these becomes:

0.03 0.05
F= 30(5)(0.02)a z dx + 30(3)(0.03)( a z )dy
0.01 0.02
0.01 0.02
+ 30(5)(0.05)a z dx + 30(3)(0.01)( a z )dy
0.03 0.05
= (0.06 + 0.081 0.150 0.027 ) a z N
F = 36a z mN
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 Torque
19

d = moment arm
F = force
T = torque

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 Magnetic Torque on Current Loop
20

No forces on arms 2 and 4 ( because I

and B are parallel, or anti-parallel)
Magnetic torque:

Area of Loop
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 Inclined Loop
21

For a loop with N turns and whose surface

normal is at angle theta relative to B direction:

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Syaf Hasan 22
 Biot-Savarts Law State:

At any point P, the magnitude of the magnetic field

intensity produced by the differential element is
proportional to the product of the current, the
magnitude of the differential length, and the sine
of the angle lying between the filament and a line
connecting the filament to the point P at which the
field is desired; also the magnitude of the
magnetic field intensity is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance from the differential
element to the point P.

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BIOT-SAVARTS LAW
Jean Baptiste Biot and Felix Savart arrived a mathematical
relation between the field and current.
I1dL1 a12
dH 2 = 2
4 R12
Analogous to Coulombs law
dQ 1 a12
dE 2 =
4 R12
2

I dl R
dH = (A/m)
4 R 2
where dH = differential magnetic field
dl = differential length
To determine the total H we have

I dl R
H= l R 2 (A/m)
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 Magnetic Field due to Current Densities
25

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DERIVATION

Lets apply

IdL a R
H=
4R 2
to determine the magnetic field, H
everywhere due to straight current
carrying filamentary conductor of a
finite length AB .

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DERIVATION (Contd)

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DERIVATION (Contd)

We assume that the conductor is along

the z-axis with its upper and lower ends
respectively subtending angles 1 and 2
at point P where H is to be determined.

The field will be independent of z and

and only depend on .

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DERIVATION (Contd)

The term dL is simply dz az and the

vector from the source to the test point P

is: R = Ra R = za z + a
Where the magnitude
is:
R = z +
2 2

za z + a
And the unit vector: a R =
z2 + 2

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DERIVATION (Contd)

Combining these terms to have:

IdL a R IdL R
H= =
4R 2
4R 3

B Idza ( za + a )
z z
=
A (
4 z +
2 2 32
)

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DERIVATION (Contd)

Cross product of dza z ( za z + a ) :

a a az

dL R = 0 0 dz = dza
0 z
This yields to:
B
dz
H= a
A 4 (z 2
+ )
2 32

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DERIVATION (Contd)

Trigonometry from figure,

tan = So, z = cot
z
Differentiate to get: dz = sec2 d
2
I sec d 2 2
H = a
1 (
4 2 + 2 cot 2 3 2
)

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DERIVATION (Contd)

Simplify the equation to become:

I 2
2 sec 2 d
H =
4 ( sec )
3 3
a
1

2
I
=
4 sin d a
1

I
= (cos 2 cos 1 )a
4

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DERIVATION 1

Therefore,

I
H= (cos 2 cos1 )a
4

This expression generally applicable for

any straight filamentary conductor of
finite length.

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DERIVATION 2

As a special case, when the conductor is

semifinite with respect to P,
A at (0,0,0)
B at (0,0, ) or (0,0, )
The angle become: 1 = 90 , 2 = 0
0 0

So that, I
H= a
4
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DERIVATION 3

Another special case, when the conductor

is infinite with respect to P,
A at (0,0, )
B at (0,0, )
The angle become: 1 = 180 , 2 = 0
0 0

So that, I
H= a
2
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 Magnetic Field of Long Conductor
37

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EXAMPLE 4.3 MAGNETIC FIELD OF A PIE-
SHAPED LOOP

Determine the magnetic field at the apex O of the pie-

shaped loop as shown. Ignore the contributions to the
field due to the current in the small arcs near O.

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Solution

For segment AC,

dl R = zdl = zad

Consequently,
1 zad 1
H=
4 a 2 = z 4a where is in radians
38
Magnetic Field of a Magnetic Dipole
To find H in a spherical coordinate system, we have

H=
m
4R'3
R (
2 cos ' + sin '
) (A/m)
where R >> a

Because a circular loop exhibits a magnetic field pattern similar to the

electric field of an electric dipole, it is called a magnetic dipole
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MAGNETIC FORCE BETWEEN DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT
ELEMENTS
The magnetic field at point 2 due to a current element at point 1

The differential force on a differential current element is

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dF = I dL x B
The differential force on element 2 as d(dF2):
d(dF2) = I2dL2 x dB2
since dB2 = o dH2

40
D9.4 Hayt
 Forces on Parallel Conductors
41

Magnetic forces on parallel current

carrying conductors ons

Parallel wires attract if their currents are in the same

direction, and repel if currents are in opposite directions
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4-4 MAXWELLS MAGNETOSTATIC EQUATION
 There are 2 important properties: Gausss and Amperes
Law.

4-4.1 Gausss Law for Magnetism

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 Gausss law for magnetism states that

B = 0 (differential form) Bds = 0 (integral form)
 Net electric magnetic flux S
through a closed surface
is zero.

42
Syaf Hasan 43
4-4.2 AMPERES LAW

In magnetostatic problems with sufficient symmetry,

we can employ Amperes Circuital Law more easily
that the law of Biot-Savart.

The law says that the integration of H around any

closed path is equal to the net current enclosed by
that path. i.e.

H dL = I enc
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 for a and b paths: H .dL = I
for c path: H.dL < I
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Steps to Apply Amperes Circuital Law
 Step 1 : Consider a closed path preferrably symmetrical such
that it encloses the direct current I once. This is
Amperian path

 Step 2 : Consider differential length dL depending upon

coordinate system used
 Step 3 : Identify the symmetry and find in which direction H
exist according to the coordinate system used

 Step 4 : Find the dot product H.dL . Make sure that dL and H
in same direction

 Step 5 : Find the integral of H.dL around the closed path

assumed. And Equate it to current I enclosed by the
path.
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AMPERES LAW (Contd)

The line integral of H around the path is termed

the circulation of H.

To solve for H in given symmetrical current

distribution, it is important to make a careful
selection of an Amperian Path (analogous to
gaussian surface) that is everywhere either
tangential or normal to H.

The direction of the circulation is chosen such

that the right hand rule is satisfied.

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DERIVATION 3
Find the magnetic field intensity everywhere resulting from
an infinite length line of current situated on the z-axis
using Amperes Law.
Solution
Select the best Amperian path,
where here are two possible
Amperian paths around an
infinite length line of current.
Choose path b which has a
constant value of H
around the circle specified
by the radius

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Using Amperes circuital law:
H dL = I enc
We could find: H = H a
dL = da
So, 2
H d L = I enc = H a d a =I
=0
Solving for H: I
H =
2
Where we find that the field resulting from an infinite
length line of current is the expected result:
I Same as applying
H= a Biot-Savarts Law !
2
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DERIVATION 4
Use Amperes Circuital Law to find the magnetic field
intensity resulting from an infinite extent sheet of current
with current sheet K = Kx ax in the x-y plane.
solution

Rectangular amperian path of height

h and width w. According to right
hand rule, perform the circulation in
order of a  b  c  d  a

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We have:
b c d a
H d L = I enc = H dL + H dL + H dL + H dL
a b c d

From symmetry argument, theres only Hy component

exists. So, Hz will be zero and thus the expression reduces
to: b d
H dL = I enc = H d L + H d L
a c
So, we have:
b d
H dL = H dL + H dL
a c
0 w
= H y ( a y ) dy a y + H ya y dy a y
w 0
= 2H yw

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The current enclosed by the path,
w
I = KdS = K x dy = K x w
0
This will give:
H dL = I enc
2 H y w = K x w
Kx
Hy =
2
or generally,
1
H = K aN
2
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EXAMPLE 3
An infinite sheet of current with K = 6 az A/m exist on
the x-z plane at y = 0. Find H at P (3,2,5).
solution
Use previous expression, that is:
1
H = K a N
2
aN is a normal vector from the sheet
to the test point P (3,4,5), where:
aN = ay and K = 6az
so,
1
H = 6a z a y = 3a x A
2 m

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1. Planes z = 0 and z = 4 carry current K = - 10ax A/m
and K = 10 ax A/m, respectively. Determine H at
(a) (1,1,1)
(b) (0, -3, 10)

2. Plane y =1 carries current K = 50 az mA/m. Find H

at
(a) (0,0,0)
(b) (1,5,-3)

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EXAMPLE 4

Consider the infinite length

cylindrical conductor
carrying a radially
dependent current J = J 0 a z
Find H everywhere.

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 4
What components of H will be present?

Finding the field at some

point P, the field has both a
and a components.

The field from the second

line current results in a
cancellation of the a
components

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To calculate H everywhere, two amperian paths are
required:

Path #1 is for a

Path #2 is for >a

Evaluating the left side of Amperes law:

2
H dL = H a d a = 2 H
0

This is true for both amperian path.

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The current enclosed for the path #1:
w
I = J dS = J0a z dda z
0
2
2 J 0 3
= J 0 dd = 2

=0 =0 3

Solving to get H:
J0 2 J0 2
H = or H = a for a
3 3
The current enclosed for the path #2:
2
a
2J a 3
I = J dS = J 0 dd =
2 0

=0 =0 3
Solving to get H:
J 0a3
H= a for > a
3
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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 4 (Contd)

Solving to get H:
J0 2 J0 2
H =
3
Or H = 3 a for a
The current enclosed for the path #2:
2
a
2J a 3
I = J dS = J 0 2dd = 0

=0 =0 3

Solving to get H: J 0a3

H= a for > a
3

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EXAMPLE 5

Find H everywhere
for coaxial cable as
shown.

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 5

Even current
distributions are
assumed in the
inner and outer
conductor.

Consider four
amperian paths.

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It will be four amperian paths:
 a
 a< b
 b< c
 c>
Therefore, the magnetic field intensity, H will be
determined for each amperian paths.
As previous example, only H component is present,
and we have the left side of amperes circuital law:
2
H d L = H a d a = 2H
0

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 For the path #1:

I enc = J dS
We need to find current density, J for inner conductor
because the problem assumes an event current
distribution ( < a is a solid volume where current
distributed uniformly).
I
J = az
dS
2 a
Where,
dS = dd , S = dd = a 2

=0 =0
So, I I
J= az = 2 az
dS a
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We therefore have:
2
I I 2
I enc = J dS = a dda z = 2
= 0 = 0 a
2 z
a
Equating both sides to get:

I 2 I
H = 2 = for a
a 2 2a 2

 For the path #2:

The current enclosed is just I, Ienc = I , therefore:

H dL = 2 H = I enc = I

I
H = for a< b
2
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 NOTES

The radius of Amperian Path#1 is

smaller than the radius of conductor
(wire)

The current Ienc flowing through the area enclosed by <a

is equal to the total current multiplied by the ratio of the area
enclosed by the to the total cross section area on the wire
( = a)
2
2
I enc = 2 I = I
a a

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 For the path #3:
For total current enclosed by path 3, we need to find the
current density, J in the outer conductor because the
problem assumes an event current distribution (a<<b is
a solid volume where current distributed uniformly) given
by: I I
J= ( a z ) = ( a z )
dS (
c b
2 2
)
We therefore have:
2
I 2 b2
J dS = =0 =b c 2 b 2 ( a z ) dda z = I c 2 b 2
( )
But, the total current enclosed is:
2 b2 c2 2
I enc = I + J dS = I + I 2 2 = I 2 2
c b c b

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So we can solve for path #3:
c2 2
H dL = 2 H = I enc =I 2
c b2
I c 2 2
H = b< c
2 c 2 b 2 for

 For the path #4:

the total current is zero. So,
H = 0 for >c
This shows the shielding
ability by coaxial cable!!

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 5 (Contd)

Summarize the results to have:

I
a a
2a 2
I
a a< b
H= 2
I c2 2
a b< c
2 c2 b2

0 >c
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AMPERES CIRCUITAL LAW (Contd)

Expression for curl by applying Amperes

Circuital Law might be too lengthy to
derive, but it can be described as:
H = J
The expression is also called the point
form of Amperes Circuital Law, since it
occurs at some particular point.

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 Find J at (2m, 1m, 3m) if H = 2xy2
az A/m.

Find J at (3m, 90o, 0) if H = r2 sin

a A/m.

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AMPERES CIRCUITAL LAW (Contd)

The Amperes Circuital Law can be

rewritten in terms of a current density, as:

H dL = J dS
Use the point form of Amperes Circuital
Law to replace J, yielding:

H dL = ( H ) dS
This is known as Stokes Theorem.

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 The point or differential form of Amperes circuital
Law is:

H = J
A closed line integral is related to surface integral by
Stokes Theorem:

H dL = ( H ) dS

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 Infinitely long ideal solenoid of radius a and uniform
current density Ka a
H = Ka az ( < a)
H = 0 ( > a)
If the solenoid has a finite length d and consists of N closely
wound turns of a filament that carries a current I,

An ideal toroid carrying a surface current K

(inside toroid) H =0 (outside)

For N-turn toroid: (inside toroid) o-a < < o+a

H =0 (outside)
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EXAMPLE 4.6 MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE A TOROIDAL
COIL
A toroidal coil (also called a torus or toroid) is a
doughnut-shaped structure (called its core) with closely
spaced turns of wire wrapped around it as shown. For a
toroid with N turns carrying a current I , determine the

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magnetic field H in each of the following three regions:
r < a, a < r < b, andr > b, all in the azimuthal plane of
the toroid.

74
SOLUTION 4.6 MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE A
TOROIDAL COIL
H = 0 for r < a as no current is flowing through the surface
of the contour
H = 0 for r > b, as equal number of current coils cross the
surface in both directions.

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Application of Amperes law then gives
2

H .dl = ( H )rd = 2rH = NI

C 0
Hence
H = NI/(2r)

and For a< r < b

(inside toroid)
75
A toroid of circular cross section whose center is at origin and
axis the same as the z-axis has 1000 turns with = 10 cm, a
= 1cm. If the toroid carries a 100 mA current, find H at
(a) (3cm, -4 cm, 0)
(b) (6 cm, 9 cm, 0)

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SCALAR AND VECTOR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL
Scalar magnetic potential

For any vector of vector magnetic potential A (Wb/m),

( A ) = 0
Relation A and B
(Wb/m2)

where and and

Vector Poissons equation is given as

77
3.3 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
In electrostatics, it is convenient to think in terms of
electric flux intensity and electric flux density. So too in
magnetostatics, where magnetic flux density, B is related to
magnetic field intensity by:
B=H
and
= o r
Where: B = magnetic flux density (Wb/m2) or tesla T
H = magnetic field intensity (A/m)
= permeability of medium with:

0 = 4 107 H m
r = relative permeability of medium

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MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (Contd)
The amount of magnetic flux, in Webers from
magnetic field passing through a surface is
found in a manner analogous to finding electric
flux:
= B dS

Gauss Law for electrostatics:

The net electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the
total charge enclosed by that surface

D.dS = Q enc

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(a)Find B for an infinite length line of 3.0 A current
going in the +az direction along the z-axis in free
space.
(b)Find the magnetic flux through a surface defined
by 1.0 m < 4.0 m, 0 < z < 3.0 m, = 90o

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EXAMPLE 6

Find the flux crossing the portion of the

plane = /4 defined by 0.01m < r < 0.05m
and 0 < z < 2m in free space. A current
filament of 2.5A is along the z axis in the az
direction.

Try to sketch this!

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Syaf Hasan 82
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 6

The relation between B and H is:

I
B = 0 H = 0 a
2
To find flux crossing the portion, we need to use:

= B dS
where dS is in the a direction.

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 6 (Contd)

So, dS = ddza
Therefore,
= B d
dS
S
2 0.05
0 I
= a ddza
z = 0 = 0.01 2
20 I 0.05 6
= ln = 1.61 10 Wb
2 0.01

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 Syaf Hasan
4-6 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
 Magnetic behavior is due to the interaction of
dipole and field.
 6 types of magnetic materials:
 Diamagnetic,
 Paramagnetic,
 Ferromagnetic.
 Antiferromagnetic
 Ferrimagnetic
 Superparamagnetic

85
4-6.1 Orbital and Spin Magnetic Moments
 Electron generates around the nucleus and spins about
its own axis.

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Orbiting electron Spinning electron

86
4-6.2 MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY
Magnetization vector M is defined as

where m = magnetic susceptibility (dimensionless)

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Magnetic permeability is defined as
= 0 (1 + m ) (H/m)
and relative permeability is defined as

r = = 1 + m
0
87
TYPES OF MAGNETIC MATERIAL

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88
4-6.3 MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS OF FERROMAGNETIC
MATERIALS

 Ferromagnetic materials is described by magnetized

domains.
 Properties of magnetic materials are shown below.

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4-6.3 MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS OF FERROMAGNETIC
MATERIALS

 Comparison of hysteresis curves for (a) a hard and (b) a

soft ferromagnetic material is shown.

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90
4-7 MAGNETIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

 For 2 different media when applying Gausss law, we

have

D1n D2 n = s

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B1n = B2 n
 Boundary condition for H is .

H1n =is 2 H 2 n
Vector defined by the right-hand 1rule


n2 (Hmedia
At interface between
1 H 2 )
with
= J s
finite conductivities, Js
= 0 and .

H1t = H 2t
91
EXAMPLE 9

The magnetic field intensity is given as:

H1 = 6a x + 2a y + 3a x A m
In a medium with r1=6000 that exist for z <
0. Find H2 in a medium with r2=3000 for
z>0.

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First to break H1 into normal component (step1) and
tangential component (step 2).

With no current at the interface, the tangential component is

the same as both sides of the boundary (step 3).

Next we find Bn1 by multiplying Hn1 by the permeability in

medium 1 (step 4). This normal component B is the same
on both sides of the boundary (step 5), and then we can
find Hn2 by dividing Bn2 by the permeability of medium 2
(step 6).

The last step is to sum the fields (step 7).

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 9

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4-8 INDUCTANCE
 An inductor is the magnetic analogue to electrical
capacitor
 An inductor can store magnetic energy in the volume
comprising the inductors

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 An example is a solenoid as shown below.

95
4-8.1 MAGNETIC FIELD IN A SOLENOID
For a cross section of solenoid
nI
B = z (sin 2 sin 1 )
2
When length l is much larger than its radius a, 190 and

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90

(Long solenoid with (l/a) >> 1)

96
4-8.2 SELF-INDUCTANCE

 Magnetic flux
is given by

= Bds (Wb)
S

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 To compute the inductance we need area S.

97
4-8.2 SELF-INDUCTANCE
The self-inductance L of conducting structure is defined as

(H )

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L=
I
where = total magnetic flux (magnetic flux linkage)
2
N
For For S (solenoid)
a solenoid configurations
two-conductor L=
l

1
L = = = Bds 98

I I I S
4-8.2 SELF-INDUCTANCE

 The self-inductance L of conducting structure is

defined as

L= (H )

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I
where = total magnetic flux (magnetic flux linkage)


For a solenoid,

N2
L= S (solenoid)
 For two-conductor configurations,
l

1
L = = = Bds 99
I I I S
4-8.3 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

 Magnetic field lines are generated by I1 and S2 of loop 2.

 The mutual inductance is

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12 N 2
L12 = = B1ds (H )
 TransformerI1 uses
I1 torodial
s2 coil with 2 windings.

100
4-9 MAGNETIC ENERGY

 Total energy (Joules) expended in building up the

current in inductor is
l
1 2
Wm = pdt = ivdt = L idi = LI

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0
2
 Some of the energy is stored in the inductor, called
magnetic energy, Wm.
 The magnetic energy density wm is defined as

wm =
Wm 1
v
= H 2
2
(J/m )
3

101
 EXAMPLE 4.9 MAGNETIC ENERGY IN A
COAXIAL CABLE
Derive an expression for the magnetic energy stored in
a coaxial cable of length l and inner and outer radii a
and b. The insulation material has permeability .

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Solution
B
1
The magnitude of the magnetic field is H= =
2r
Magnetic energy stored in the coaxial cable is given by
1 I 2
1
Wm = H 2 dv = 2 2 dv
2V 8 V r
I 2 1 I 2 b
= 2 2 (2rldr ) = 2 ln (J ) 102
8 V r 8 a