2013 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT-2013]

Investigation on Shunt Active Filter with P-Q Theory

Sudhakar kothuru Appala Naidu.k Suresh. Y Asst.Prof J Kotturu
School 01Electrical School 01Electrical School 01Electrical Dept. o{Electrical
Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering
VIT University VIT University VIT University IIT Roorkee
Vellore, India Vellore, India Vellore, India Roorkee, India
sudasJays@yahoo.com appalanaidu.k20II@vit.a ysuresh.ee@gmail.com jnrao.k@gmail.com
c.in

Abstract- By using a bulky amount of non-linear loads,
power electronic equipments, commercial and even residential
electrical equipments are causing deterioration of the quality of
the electric supply through distortion of supply voltage. This will
lead to development of more stringent requirements regarding
harmonie current generation, whieh are found in IEEE519 and
IEC61000. The active filters have been used to frontier the flow
of harmonie currents in both transmission and distribution
systems. But the presentation of the active power filter seems
with various control strategies. This article gives the in depth
analysis to evaluate the performance of shunt active filter for
always leading. The present paper principally concentrates on
the instantaneous active and reactive power (P-Q) control
strategy through PI controller. To validated current
observations, wide-ranging simulations are carried out by
means of PI controller for P-Q theory for different voltage
situations like balanced and unbalanced environment and
satisfactory results were obtainable.
11. CONTROL STRATEGY

!
extracting the current references under steady and transient for A. Instantaneous real active and reactive power method:
both balanced and unbalanced conditions by using PI controller.
The instantaneous real active and reactive power control strategy
- :GJ
M -tu,
- --+-
---. .-
-+- ----'"
whieh is widely used in shunt active filter. The wide-ranging
simulations are carried out with PI controller for p q control
strategy for various voltage conditions. I 'I>d>r
Keywordss-Compensation 0/ harmonics, shunt active power
filter ,circuit breaker, P-Q control theory, PI- controller.

I. INTRODUCTION

In advanced years, the usage of non-linear loads is

increased by the improvement of power electronic devices and
semiconductor technology. The extensive use of non-linear
loads deteriorates the quality of the power in both transmission
and distribution systems. The power quality generally
expressed as quality of voltage or/and quality of current and
defines as "the measure, analysis and improvement of the bus
voltage with sinusoidal waveform at rated voltage and constant
frequency" [1]. The non-linear loads such as arc furnaces,
converters, static VAR compensators, adjustable speed drives
and pwm modulated drives etc; those equipments will generate
the current harmonics. The utility will be damaged as a result Fig: 1. the basic block diagram of three phase three wire shunt active
of the current harmonics produced via non-linear loads. To power filter.
overcome this problem, we have to use power filters. The
passive power filters are having some fixed compensation The analysis of active power filter and its operating
principle were introduced by H.Sasaki and T.machida in 1970
characters. Because of those limitations the active power filters
are used instead of passive power filters. It is well-known that [5]. The current source converter type based active power
in three phase three wire system, the zero sequence power is filters were implemented GTO thyristors for first time in the
zero because of absence of neural conductor. Consequently the world in 1982 [6-7], then after MOSFETs and GTOs were
unnecessary current harmonics are going through the ground. utilized. Now a day the IGBTs are using for the real
Such a just right compensator is essential to remove such improvement in active power filter technology.
consequences caused by harmonics [3]. However a lot of The basic operation principle of active power filter is
controls strategies have been developed although at rest the canceling the distorting harmonic currents by measuring them
instantaneous real active and reactive power theory, the and generating a harmonic current spectrum in phase
instantaneous active and reactive currents theory [2-4] are opposition to the measured current. As shown in Fig: I , the

978-1-4673-4922-2/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE 445

 2013 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT-2013]

shunt active power filter act as a current source to injecting the

current harmonics into ac major system with the equal
amplitude and in phase opposition to the harmonic current
[p] [ a Vs ][ ]Iza
_---t(3)
developed by non-linear load to obtain an undistorted source q - -a I'
current. Here we are using a bridge rectifier as non-linear load.

Re arranging equation (3)

REFERENCE IreCO
CURRENT reCa
,-------.1 CALCULATIONS
reC
P
p=p+p _------I (5)

INST. POWER
q=q+q _------I (6)
CALCULATION ______--+-_---1

sa
IsO Isa Is
Fig: 2.Active filter controller block diagram.
Earlier days the power flow calculations were derived from
the average powers or rms values of voltages and currents.
H.Akagi defined a new concept in 1982, called the
instantaneous real active and reactive power theory in the
journal transaction of IEEE Japan. The P-Q theory is founded
on the instantaneous active and reactive powers in time domain
analysis by using instantaneous voltages and current
components on aO coordinates. So the P-Q theory first uses
the Clarke transformation. It is used to map three phase
instantaneous voltages and line currents into aO coordinates.
The transformation matrices C and C-' for Clarke
transformation and inverse Clarke transformation are given
respectively in equations.
Vs
From equations (5) and (6), p is the instantaneous real
power and q is the instantaneous imaginary power. The real
power and imaginary power are having only constant values.
However if load is non linear load, the current vector will
contain not only the fundamental frequency component but
also the harmonic components depending on the order. Then
the instantaneous real and imaginary powers will contains dc
(average) element and oscillating element as decomposed in
equations (5) and (6). The oscillating parts of real and
imaginary powers should be selected as power references, if
the shunt active power filter is constructed for compensation of
current harmonic. From the active power filter controller block
diagram , the high - pass filter (HPF) is used to take away the
average (dc) element and extracting the oscillating elements in
equations (5) and (6) and inverse Clarke transformation
respectively yields the desired compensation current references
e:",i:",i;,) in abc coordinates in Fig: 3.

.r.----
1/F2
-1/2 Fig: 3. Calculation of current reference based on P-Q theory

J3/2 -J3/2 (1)

[V:. ] [V:V :. [
=C'
1/J2 I
=J2/3 1/J2 -1/2 2)
B. Signifieanee of de eapaeitor
The dc capacitor voltage possibly controlled through a dc
voltage regulator. A high -pass filter is used, it insensible to the
fundamental (50 Hz) frequency voltage tluctuations. The
v'p 1IJ2 -1/2 filtered voltage variation develops regulation of voltage (E)
according to the subsequent equations
The above equations are given for voltage vectors but they
are also valid for current vectors. The "0" indicates for zero E=-I; Vdc < -0.05Vref de
sequence components either in voltage or current. In three
phase three wire system, no zero sequence components can
flow. So the zero sequence components in above equations are
eliminated and to show the a axes mapping of a three phase E=---=---
Vde
balanced linear system. - 0.05Vref de

E= 1;

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If Vdc < VreCdc; the pwm inverter should be take up the sec. For Fig: I, the simulations are carried out for 3-1 voltage
energy from ac main to the dc capacitor. If Vdc>VreCdc; the source, phase A source current (la), load current (11) and filter

pwm inverter should be transport the energy from dc capacitor current (It). Finally the THD of source current (Ia) is reduced
to ac main. to 3.48% offundamental source current.

111. CONSTRUCTION OF PI CONTROLLER

Q) 500
gate signal

5 g,
0_
0
(/)"0
>

-500 '----'----'----'-----'----'------'
0.39 0 .4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.4 5

Vdc
li::: Uc=:J 0.39 0.4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45

: l!\!Vl
Fig: 4. Contral Scheme of shunt active filter :::- 0
The above fig: 4 control scheme of shunt active power filter j
-20
contains PI - controller, limiter, reference current generator
O L
--
----
---- --L-
---- L-
---- J-
---- ---
----
and hysteresis controller. The crest values of current references 0 .4 1 0.42 0 .43 0.44 0.45
0.39 0.4
are obtained as a result of regulating the dc link voltage. The

(:] :: 1
error signal is getting by comparing the actual dc link voltage
with voltage reference. Then the slip-up signal proceeded
during the PI controller and magnitude of supply current
provided with the controller is thus made accessible at zero
crossing only. The output result of the PI controller is crest o 39 04 0 41 0 42 0 43 0 44 0 45
value of supply current (Imax) that is the combination of two Time (sec)
components. Those are (l).Fundamental active load current ... --'. - --

component and (2). Loss of active power filter component. The

F unda menta l (50Hz) '" 59_57 , THD'" 3.48%
Imax is multiply with the entity sine vector in phase with the 4
relevant source voltage to get compensating reference currents. =-
These compensating reference currents and actual sensed CI)
C
currents are compared by hysteresis band, which will give the <I> 3
slip-up signal to the modulation technique. Then this slip-up CI)
"l:)
signal will choose the action of voltage source inverter c:
'"
switches. II.L 2
.
0

*
0)
(1J
IV. PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEM
0 I I I
The analysis of 3- I three wire shunt active power filter
given in Fig: 1 has been done in SIMULINKJMATLAB 0 10 20 30 40 50
software. The act of the three phase three wire shunt active H a rm onie ord e r
power filter is observed under steady and transient for both
Fig: 6. Simulation results of 3-1 three wire balanced voltage for steady
balanced and unbalanced conditions with the help of three and transient conditions of both with and without shunt active power filter.
phase circuit breaker and the simulations are acquired for PI
controller with instantaneous real and reactive power (P-Q) The below Fig:6 gives the simulation results of 3-1 three
theory. wire unbalanced voltage under steady and transient conditions
for both with and without shunt active filter. The system has
The below Fig:6 gives the simulation results of 3- I three three phase 220*sqrt (2) volts ac voltage source at 50 Hz
wire balanced voltage under steady and transient conditions for frequency feeding a bridge rectifier with RL - load (R=34
both with and without shunt active filter. The system has three ohms and L=f68 henrys). The circuit breaker will be on for 0.4
phase 220*sqrt (2) volts ac voltage source at 50 Hz frequency to 0.44 sec. For Fig: 1, the simulations are carried out for 3-L
feeding a bridge rectifier with RL - load (R=34 ohms and voltage source, phase A source current (Ja), load current (11)
L=f68 henrys). The circuit breaker will be on for 0.4 to 0.44

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 2013 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT-2013]

-2:00 I m : 1
and filter current (J1). Finally the THD of source current (Ja) is
reduced to 10.50% offundamental source current.
<> Ol

cn=
-200
0

0 400

3'00 Ai 'l?9V\ZSJ
S 0 .24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.3
(f) g
0.43
-408.39 0.4 0 .41 0.42 0.44 0.45

200

40lf\lVl hfVW
- 100
0_24 0.25 0_26 0.27 0.28 0_29 0_3 0_31 0.32
ij 0
0
o .3
L9---0.'-
4--0--'4 .4
. c...:':::"'O=O--' Z-----:0=-'.4:-:
:-: 3:=-::=-:.44:-:--70.45
0=-' :'!.
-g 0
3-
Z 20 -50
-g -:: 0 5
.3 0.24 0.25 0_26 0_27 0_28 0_29 0.3 0.31 0.32

. 1 i':
-20

-48.39 0_4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0_45

<f 300
Ci;:: 200
1 10 t---
-50
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 O. 3'
Time (sec )

0.39 0_4 0.4' 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 -_ . . __ . -- -

Time (sec)
F ll rl .r1 m.l> lnt 1 (50Hz } = 42_ 55 , THD= 2.81%
4
, undamental ( 50Hz) = 58.6 , THO= 10.50% =-
Cl!

10 C
ca (I)
"E
3
E
Q) m
E 8: oe
ta c
"C :::J
I::
6 'LL 2
:::I "-
LL CO
.....
0 4 1
CI)
0) 2 (I!
ca :2
:
0- 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Harmonie o rder Harmonie order
Fig.:7 Simulation results of 3-1 three wire unbalanced voltage of steady Fig: 8 the simulation results of 3-I three wire shunt active power filter
and transient conditions for both with and without shunt active power filter. with balanced voltage under both steady and transient conditions of load.

The below Fig:8 gives the simulation results of 3-L three
wire shunt active filter with balanced voltage under steady and
transient conditions of load . The system has three phase
220*sqrt (2) volts ac voltage source at 50 Hz frequency feeding
to the parallel two bridge rectifiers with RL - load (R=15 ohms
and L=60 milli henrys) at point of common coupling. The
parallel combination of bridge rectifier is connected with the
help of circuit breaker. The circuit breaker will be on for 0.25
to 0.29 sec.
For Fig: I, the simulations are carried out for 3-1 voltage
source, phase A source current (la), load current (11) and filter
current (J1). Finally the THD of source current (Ja) is reduced
to 2.81% offundamental source current.
The below Fig:9 gives the simulation results of 3-.J three
wire shunt active filter with balanced voltage under steady and
transient conditions for load . The system has three phase
unbalanced ac voItage source at 50 Hz frequency feeding to the
parallel two bridge rectifiers with RL - load (R=15 ohms and
L=60 milli henrys) at point of common coupling. The parallel
combination of bridge rectifier is connected with the help of
circuit breaker. The circuit breaker will be on for 0.25 to 0.29
sec.
For Fig: 1, the simulations are carried out for 3-.J voltage
source, phase A source current (Ja), load current (11) and filter

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 2013 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT-2013]

current (Jt). Finally the THD of source current (Ja) is reduced REFERENCES
to 10.59% offundamental source current.
,---,.------.-----,-----..----.-----r-----.-
---.----, , [1] IEEE Std. 519-1992, "IEEE Reeommended Praetiees and Reequirements
j 20 for Harmonie Control in Eletrie Power Systems".

[2] Mikkili. S, Panda AK., Patnaik. S.S., Suresh Y., "Comparison of two
eompensation eontrol strategies for SHAF in 3ph 4wire system by using
g -200 PI controller", in Proe. lICPE, 2011, pp. 1-7.
[3] IEEE Ste. 519-1981 "Guide for Harmonie Control and Reaetive Power
0 . 24 0.25 0. 26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.3L Compensation of Statie Power Converter".
1 0 [4] Z. Peng, G.W Ott, and D.J. Adams, "Harmonie and Reaetive Power

0'24

Compensation Based on the Generalized reaetive Power Theory for
.,g:
Three Phase Four Wire System", IEEE TransL Power Eeetronies.,
f::!"E 0
5 vol.l3, nO.5, pp. 1174-1181, Nov.1998.
<f)
u
L.Gyugyi and E>C Stryeula, "Aetive Ac Power Filters", IEEE lIAS
-1 O -------------------" Annu. Meeting, 1976,p.529.
..., 5 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 [6] H. Sasaki , T. Maehida, "A New Method To Eliminate AC Harmonie
Currents By Magnetie Flux Compensation - Consideration Basic
0 Design", IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., VoL,90, NO.5, pp.2009-2019
Sep./Oet. 1971.
g 'E 0
::J
m H. Kawahira, T. Nakamura, S. Nakazawa, " Aetive Power Filters" IEEJ
u -50 IPEC - Tokyo, pp.981-992, 1983.
[8] H.Akagi, H. Fujita, "A New Power Line Conditioner For Harmonie
0 . 24 0.25 0. 26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32

i::
Compensation In Power Systems", IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery,
vol.lO, No.3, pp.l570 - 1575, July 1995.

0 . 24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0 . 3L

Time (sec)

damental {49 . 5Hz) = 4 0.14 THD= 10.59%

Q
10
1'1:1
'E
Q.I 8
E
I'\J
"C
I:: 6
::J
LL
-
0 4


DI .2
1'1:1
:2:
0
() 1() 20 30 40 50
H arm on ie order
Fig: 9 the simulation results of 3- I three wire shunt aetive filter with
unbalaneed voltage under steady and transient eonditions of load.

CONCLUSION

In this paper the three phase three wire shunt active filter
based on the instantaneous real and reactive power control
strategy with PI controller have been analyzed and studied for
steady and transient conditions of different voltage conditions
of balanced and unbalanced conditions in SIMULINK /
MATLAB environment. In three phase three wire system, no
zero sequence power exists because of absence of neutral wire.
The voltage source shunt active filter has been investigated for
the compensation of harmonics, reactive power, power factor
improvement and input current balancing for three phase three
wire system.

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