E = hf (photon energy)
NORMAL
Plane Mirror
Suppose we had a flat , plane mirror mounted vertically. A candle is
placed 10 cm in front of the mirror. WHERE IS THE IMAGE OF
THE CANDLE LOCATED?
mirror
Object Distance, Do = 10 cm
For MIRRORS they always appear on the SAME SIDE of the mirror as the object.
Concave Mirrors
n Curves inward
n May be real or virtual image
Convex Mirrors
n Curves outward
n Reduces images
n Virtual images
object C f
Principal axis
Rule One: Draw a ray, starting from the top of the object, parallel to the
principal axis and then through f after reflection.
Ray Diagrams
object C f
Principal axis
Rule Two: Draw a ray, starting from the top of the object, through the focal
point, then parallel to the principal axis after reflection.
Ray Diagrams
object C f
Principal axis
Rule Three: Draw a ray, starting from the top of the object, through C, then
back upon itself.
object C f
Principal axis
After getting the intersection, draw an arrow down from the principal axis to
the point of intersection. Then ask yourself these questions:
1) Is the image on the SAME or OPPOSITE side of the mirror as the object?
Same, therefore it is a REAL IMAGE.
2) Is the image ENLARGED or REDUCED?
3) Is the image INVERTED or RIGHT SIDE UP?
For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual
image is formed behind the mirror. The image is
upright and larger than the object.
For a real object between C and f, a real image
is formed outside of C. The image is inverted
and larger than the object.
For a real object at C, the real image is
formed at C. The image is inverted and the
same size as the object.
For a real object close to the mirror but outside
of the center of curvature, the real image is
formed between C and f. The image is inverted
and smaller than the object.
What size image is formed if the
real object is placed at the focal
point f?
1 1 1
= +
f do di
Mirror/Lens Equation
Assume that a certain concave spherical mirror has a
focal length of 10.0 cm. Locate the image for an
object distance of 25 cm and describe the images
characteristics.
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
f do di 10 25 d i
di = 16.67 cm
What does this tell us? First we know the image is BETWEEN C & f. Since the
image distance is POSITIVE the image is a REAL IMAGE.
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
f do di 10 5 d i
d i = -10 cm
Characteristics?
n1 = 1.0
n2 = 1.5
B
Index of Refraction, n
The index of refraction of a substance is the ratio of the speed in light
in a vacuum to the speed of light in that substance:
c
n =
v
Medium n
n = Index of Refraction Vacuum 1
c = Speed of light in vacuum Air (STP) 1.00029
v = Speed of light in medium Water (20 C) 1.33
Ethanol 1.36
Glass ~1.5
Note that a large index of refraction
corresponds to a relatively slow
Diamond 2.42
light speed in that medium.
Problem: What is the index of
refraction of a medium if the light
passes through that medium slows
down by half of its speed in vacuum?
Snells Law i ni
nr
Snells law states that a ray of light bends in
such a way that the ratio of the sine of the r
angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant. Mathematically,
ni sin i = nr sinr
Here ni is the index of refraction in the original
medium and nr is the index in the medium the
light enters. i and r are the angles of
incidence and refraction, respectively.
Willebrord
Snell
Refraction Problem
Goal: Find the angular displacement of the ray after having passed
through the prism. Hints: Find the angle of refraction using
Snells law. 19.4712
Air, n1 = 1
30
Glass, n2 = 1.5
Critical Angle
nr
The critical angle is the angle of
incidence that produces an angle ni
c
of refraction of 90. If the angle
of incidence exceeds the critical
angle, the ray is completely From Snell,
reflected and does not enter the
n1 sinc = n2 sin 90
new medium. A critical angle
only exists when light is Since sin 90 = 1, we
attempting to penetrate a have n1 sinc = n2 and
medium of higher optical density
the critical angle is
than it is currently traveling in.
-1
n r
c = sin
ni
Critical Angle Sample Problem
n1 n2 > n1
n2 > c