Applied Thermodynamics Software Solutions Vapor

DR. M.
THIRUMALESHWAR
APPLIED
THERMODYNAMICS:
SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS
VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE +
PROBLEMS (MATHCAD)
Download free eBooks at bookboon.com

2
Applied Thermodynamics: Software Solutions:
Vapor compression Refrigeration cycle + Problems (Mathcad)
1st edition
2016 Dr. M. Thirumaleshwar & bookboon.com
ISBN 978-87-403-1392-5
Peer review: Dr. Thirumaleshwara Bhat, Principal, Shri Madhwa Vadiraja
Institute of Technology & Management
Bantakal 574115, Karnataka, India

3
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS: SOFTWARE
SOLUTIONS: VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Contents
CONTENTS
Dedication 6
Preface 7
About the Author 9
About the Software used 11
Vapor compression Refrigeration Cycle 12
1 Introduction 13
2 Definitions, Statements and Formulas used [1-8] 14

2.1 Ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle [8] 14
2.2 Actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle [8] 16

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REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Contents
3 Problems solved with Mathcad 18

3.1 For refrigerant R134a 19
3.2 For refrigerant R12 83
3.3 For refrigerant R22 132
3.4 For refrigerant NH3 166
4 References 206

5
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Dedication
DEDICATION
This work is lovingly dedicated at the lotus feet of:
Bhagavan Sri Sathya Sai Baba
There is only one religion, the religion of Love;

There is only one language, the language of the Heart;
There is only one caste, the caste of Humanity;
There is only one law, the law of Karma;
There is only one God, He is Omnipresent.
Bhagavan Sri Sathya Sai Baba

6
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Preface
PREFACE
This book, viz. Applied Thermodynamics: Software solutions Vapor compression
refrigeration cycles is a supplement to the Part-III of the popular, free ebook series on
Applied Thermodynamics: Software Solutions by the same author, published by Bookboon.
In this book, as with other books of this series, the focus is on the solutions of problems
using computer software. Only the essential theory and summary of equations required for
calculations are given at the beginning of the chapter.
Here, we have particularly focused on solving problems with the very useful software,
Mathcad. Since Mathcad does not have built-in functions to determine the properties of
refrigerants, we have first written useful functions for properties of refrigerants such as
R134a, R12, R22 and Ammonia (NH3) using data from NIST. Then, we demonstrate the
ease with which one can do calculations, produce tables and graphs of results, and perform
what-if analysis with Mathcad, by solving a few problems.
Advantages of using computer software to solve problems are reiterated:
i) It helps in solving the problems fast and accurately

ii) Parametric analysis (what-if analysis) and graphical visualization is done very
easily. This helps in an in-depth analysis of the problem.
iii) Once a particular type of problem is solved, it can be used as a template and
solving similar problems later becomes extremely easy.
iv) In addition, one can plot the data, curve fit, write functions for various
properties or calculations and re-use them.
v) These possibilities create interest, curiosity and wonder in the minds of students
and enthuse them to know more and work more.
Useful data for R134a, R12, R22 and NH3 are generated from NIST website, i.e.
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
And, using the NIST data, Mathcad Functions are written for both saturation properties
and superheated gas properties of these refrigerants. These Functions are then used in
solving problems, illustrating the ease of using Mathcad in calculations and graphing. Further,
the Mathcad programs are given clearly and transparently, so that the students, teachers,
researchers and professionals can reproduce them for fluids of their choice.

7
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Preface
Several Functions are written in Mathcad to simplify the standard and most required
calculations, which, the students, teachers and researchers may find very useful.
S.I. Units are used throughout this book. Wide variety of worked examples presented
in the book should be useful for those appearing for University, AMIE and Engineering
Services examinations.
Acknowledgements: Firstly, I would like to thank all my students, who have been an
inspiration to me in all my academic efforts.
Sincere thanks are due to Rev. Fr. Joseph Lobo, Director, St. Joseph Engineering College,
Mangalore, for his kindness, regard and words of encouragement.
I am also thankful to Dr. Thirumaleshwara Bhat, Principal, Sri Madhwa Vadiraja

Institute of Technology and Management, Bantakal, Udupi, for giving me support in my
academic activities.
My special thanks to Bookboon.com for publishing this free ebook. Ms Karin Jakobsen
and Ms Sophie Tergeist and their editorial staff have been most patient and helpful.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my wife, Kala, who,
as usual, has given me continuous support, help and encouragement in all my academic
activities, making many silent sacrifices.
M. Thirumaleshwar
April 2016

8
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) About the Author
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. M. Thirumaleshwar graduated in Mechanical Engineering from Karnataka Regional
Engineering College, Surathkal, Karnataka, India, in the year 1965. He obtained M.Sc
(cryogenics) from University of Southampton, U.K. and Ph.D. (cryogenics) from Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
He is a Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India), Life Member, Indian Society for Technical
Education, and a Foundation Fellow of Indian Cryogenics Council.
He has worked in India and abroad on large projects in the areas involving heat transfer,
fluid flow, vacuum system design, cryo-pumping etc.
He worked as Head of Cryogenics Section in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC),

Bombay and Centre for Advanced Technology (CAT), Indore, from 1966 to 1992.
He worked as Guest Collaborator with Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory of

Universities Research Association, in Dallas, USA from 1990 to 1993.
He also worked at the Institute of Cryogenics, Southampton, U.K. as a Visiting Research

Fellow from 1993 to 1994.
He was Head of the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute
of Technology, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India for eight years.
He also worked as Head of Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering, and
then as Principal, Vivekananda College of Engineering and Technology, Puttur (D.K.), India.
He was Professor and coordinator of Post-graduate program in the Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering in St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
A book entitled Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer authored by him and published
by Ms Pearson Education, India (2006) has been adopted as a Text book for third year
engineering students by the Visweswaraya Technological University (V.T.U.), Belgaum, India.

9
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) About the Author
He has authored a free e-book series entitled Software Solutions to Problems on Heat
Transfer wherein problems are solved using 4 software viz. Mathcad, EES, FEHT and
EXCEL. This book, containing about 2750 pages, is presented in 9 parts and all the 9 parts
can be downloaded for free from www.bookboon.com
He has also authored free e-books on Thermodynamics entitled Basic Thermodynamics:

Software Solutions and Applied Thermodynamics: Software Solutions wherein problems
are solved using 3 software viz. Mathcad, EES, and TEST. Each of these titles is presented
in 5 parts and all the books can be downloaded for free from www.bookboon.com
His recent free ebooks, published by Bookboon, are: Cryogenic Engineering: Software
Solutions Part-I dealing with Properties of Cryogenic fluids and Properties of materials
at low temperatures, and Cryogenic Engineering: Software Solutions Vol.-II A and
Vol.-II B, dealing with Cryogenic liquefaction systems.
He has also authored three motivational, free ebooks, published by www.bookboon.com,

entitled as follows:
1. Towards Excellence How to Study (A Guide book to Students)

2. Towards Excellence How to teach (A guide book to Teachers)
3. Towards Excellence Seminars, GDs and Personal Interviews
Dr. M. Thirumaleshwar has attended several National and International conferences and
has more than 50 publications to his credit.

10
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) About the Software used
ABOUT THE SOFTWARE USED

Following software is used while solving problems in this book:
Mathcad 7 and Mathcad 15 (Ref: www.ptc.com)
For a brief introduction to Mathcad, EES and EXCEL see the chapter 1 of the following
free ebook by the author:
Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer CONDUCTION-Part-I:

http://bookboon.com/en/software-solutions-to-problems-on-heat-transfer-ebook

11
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Vapor compression Refrigeration Cycle
VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
Learning objectives:
1. In this chapter, Vapor compression Refrigeration cycle is analyzed.
2. Ideal and actual vapor compression cycle are dealt with.
3. Since Mathcad does not have built-in functions for properties of refrigerants,
several useful Mathcad Functions are written for properties of following
refrigerants: R134a, R12, R22 and NH3, in the two-phase and superheated
regions, and these functions are used in solving problems.
4. Also, useful Mathcad Functions are written to facilitate easy calculations for
these standard cycles.
5. Problems from University question papers and standard Text books are solved
with Mathcad, and these should be useful to students, teachers and professionals.
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REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION
Mathcad does not have built-in functions for properties of refrigerants.
So, we have written Mathcad Functions for properties that are essential for problem solving,
for important refrigerants, viz. R134a, R12, R22 and NH3.
Refrigerant properties for fluids are taken from NIST website [28], i.e.
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
Procedure to use the above NIST website to get both the saturation properties and
superheat gas properties for different fluids is explained in detail in the earlier free ebook
by this author (See pp. 4048 and pp. 6066 of that book), published by Bookboon:
Cryogenic Engineering: Software Solutions: Part-I

http://bookboon.com/en/cryogenic-engineering-software-solutions-part-i-ebook

13
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Definitions, Statements and Formulas used [1-8]
2 DEFINITIONS, STATEMENTS AND

FORMULAS USED [1-8]
2.1 IDEAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE [8]
Schematic diagram and the T-s diagram of the ideal vapor compression cycle are shown above.
Most of the block diagrams for the cycles in this book are from Ref.[8]
1-2: Isentropic compression of sat. refrigerant vapor from the evaporator in compressor
2-3: Cooling and condensing in condenser
3-4: expansion in the expansion valve; this occurs at constant enthalpy.
4-1: supply of refrigeration in evaporator

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Note the following:
Mass flow rate of refrigerant per Ton of Refrigeration (TR):
Sp. volume, v1, of refrigerant at state point 1, i.e. at entry to compressor:
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With the above information, compressor bore and stroke can be calculated when the RPM
and the stroke to bore ratio (i.e. L/D ratio) is known.
Compressor discharge temp, T2:

T2 is easily calculated with the Mathcad Functions written, when the pressure P2 and
enthalpy or entropy at state point 2 are known. For example, for R134a, discharge temp
T2 in deg. C, when pressure P and enthalpy h are known, is given by:
2.2 ACTUAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE [8]

This takes in to account the isentropic efficiency of the compressor.
Schematic diagram of the system and the T-s diagram are shown below:

16
Compressor work:
Refrig. Effect:
COP:
Heat rejected in condenser:
Adiabatic efficiency of compressor:
Note: In an actual cycle, there may be liquid sub-cooling before expansion in the expansion
valve, and vapor superheating before entry to compressor. Also, pressure drops in the condenser
and the evaporator may be included. See an example worked out later under R134a.

17
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Problems solved with Mathcad
3 PROBLEMS SOLVED
WITH MATHCAD
Note:
Generally, while solving problems on vapor compression refrigeration cycles which use
refrigerants such as R134a, R12, R22, and NH3 as working substance, we have to refer to
tables often to get properties of refrigerant at various state points.
Instead of using property tables, here, we shall first develop few simple Mathcad
Functions for these refrigerants based on NIST data:
Ref: http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/, and then use them in solving problems.

These Functions use the built-in linear interpolation function linterp in Mathcad to get
interpolated properties.
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3.1 FOR REFRIGERANT R134A

Prob. 3.1.1 Write Mathcad programs/Functions for properties of refrigerant R134a:
Mathcad Solution:
Our Mathcad Functions are based on data from NIST website, i.e. http://webbook.nist.
gov/chemistry/fluid/
First, Tables are generated for Saturated and Superheated R134a.
Next, we write Functions for sat. properties of R134a and also in the two-phase region:
Here, the Sat. pressure Table is used from NIST data, and is copied as a Matrix in to
Mathcad:

19

20
To write the Functions, we extract each column from the Table as a vector:
Now, use these data vectors to get interpolated values, in conjunction with the interpolation
function linterp in Mathcad.
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Plot the P-T curve (vapor pressure curve). Note that here spline interpolation is
used:
Further, following additional functions for finding out the quality, entropy and enthalpy
in the two-phase region are written. They are very useful in calculations related to vapor
compression refrigeration cycle, using R134a.
In the following programs: psat = sat. pr.(kPa), tsat = sat. temp (C), s = entropy (kJ/
kg.C),
h = enthalpy (kJ/kg), x = quality:

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25

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Next, for Superheated R134a:

For each pressure, the Table is copied as a matrix in Mathcad, where the columns give data
on P (kPa), T (deg.C), v (m^3/kg), u (kJ/kg), h (kJ/kg) and s (kJ/kg.C). Linear interpolation
is done to get intermediate values.
Data Matrices are written for the following pressures: 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500,
600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2500 kPa.
A sample set of data written for a pressure of 50 kPa are shown below:

27
Then, all the data matrices written for the different pressures are combined into a single
program with linear interpolation applied for any desired pressure and temperature:
This Function returns enthalpy (h, kJ/kg) and entropy (s, kJ/kg.C) when pressure (P, in
kPa) and temp (T, in C) are input.
First, a data vector is created for all the pressures for which we have collected data:
Explanation of the Function:

In the Function below, P and T are the inputs, and h and s are the outputs.
If the input P value exactly matches with one of the values in the Pressures_R134A data
vector, that particular Matrix is accessed and the h and s are found out by linear interpolation.

28
However, if the input P does not exactly match with any of the values in the Pressures_R134A
data vector, then the pressures PL and PH which bracket P are found out, and the h and s
are first calculated for pressures corresponding to PL and PH, and then the h and s values
at the required P are found out by linear interpolation:
Now, write the function:

29
Further, for convenience and uniformity, we write the following programs to get enthalpy
and entropy of R134a when P and T are given in kPa and deg.C respectively:

30

31

32
Now, write the Function to get s:
Now, let us work out some problems using the above written Mathcad Functions
for R134a:
Prob. 3.1.2 A refrigerator using refrigerant 134a as the working fluid works on an ideal
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between a condensing temp of 27 C and evaporator
temp of -20 C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Determine (a) the
refrigeration effect and the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of heat rejection to
the environment from the condenser, and (c) the coefficient of performance. [2]

33
First, write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for an

ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R134a:
Explanation for the above Function:

First line is actually the LHS of the Function, and defines the Function. Quantities inside
brackets are the inputs, where temperatures Tcond and Tevap are in deg.C. Outputs are
presented compactly in a Matrix in the last step on the RHS.
The line structure is the RHS of the Function.
Each step therein is explained below in the same order:
Evaporation pressure, P1 is calculated, knowing the Tevap

h1, the enthalpy at point 1, i.e. at entry to compressor is calculated
v1, the sp. volume at entry to compressor is calculated
s1, the entropy at entry to compressor is calculated

34
s2 = s1 is the entropy at the end of isentropic compression

P2 is the pressure in the condenser, calculated knowing the condenser temp Tcond
Now, h2 = enthalpy at the end of compression, is calculated
T2, temp after compression is calculated
h3, the enthalpy before entry to expansion valve is calculated
h4 = h3, for isenthalpic expansion in the expansion valve
q_R, the refrig. effect per kg of refrigerant is calculated
Mass flow of refrigerant required for 1 Ton of refrigeration ( = 211 kJ/min) is calculated
Compressor work, W_comp (kJ/kg) is calculated
q_cond, the heat rejected in condenser is calculated
COP_Carnot is calculated, knowing Tcond and Tevap
COP of cycle is calculated as: q_R/W_comp
Finally, in the last step, results are presented in a [2 8] matrix; Note that we have
put sp. vol v1, Dicharge temp T2, Refrig. effect, q_R, heat rejected in condenser,
q_cond, Compressor work, W_comp, Refrig. flow rate per TR, COP_Carnot and
COP_cycle as outputs.
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Now, solve the problem, simply by using this Function:
Thus:
Sp. vol. v1 at the entry to compressor = 0.147 m^3/kgAns.
Disch. Temp at compressor exit = 34.68 CAns.
Refrig. Effect = q_R = 149.227 kJ/kgAns.
Compr. Work = W_comp = 34.648 kJ/kgAns.
Mass flow rate of refrigerant = 1.414 kg/min/TRAns.
COP of cycle = 4.307Ans.
Now, to plot the results for various values of Tcond and Tevap, let us write the
different quantities as functions of Tcond and Tevap:

36
Now, for this problem:

37
Now, plot q_R, W_comp and COP as Tevap varies from -30 C to 0 C:
Tevap define a range variable
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We get:
Now, plot the results:

Refrig. Effect:

39
Compressor Work, W_comp:
And, COP:

40
Now, plot q_R, W_comp and COP as Tcond varies from 15 C to 30 C:
Now, vary Tcond from 15 C to 31 C, keeping Tevap constant at -20 C:
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We get:

42
Prob. 3.1.3 A refrigerator using refrigerant-134a as the working fluid works on an ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle between a condensing pressure of 120 kPa and evaporator
pressure of 700 kPa. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Determine (a) the
refrigeration effect and the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of heat rejection to
the environment from the condenser, and (c) the coefficient of performance. [2]

43
Repeat the above problem for a condenser pressure of 900 kPa.
Solution:
First, write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for an ideal vapor
compression refrigeration cycle using R134a, with Pcond and Pevap as input parameters:
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brackets are the inputs, where pressures P_cond and P_evap are in kPa. Outputs are presented
compactly in a Matrix in the last step on the RHS.
Condenser temp, T_cond, is calculated, knowing P_cond

Evaporator temp, T_evap, is calculated, knowing P_evap
h1, the enthalpy at point 1, i.e. at entry to compressor is calculated
v1, the sp. volume at entry to compressor is calculated
s2 = s1 is the entropy at the end of isentropic compression.
Now, h2 = enthalpy at the end of compression, is calculated
T2, temp after compression is calculated

45

COP_Carnot is calculated, knowing Tcond and Tevap
Finally, in the last step, results are presented in a [2 8] matrix; Note that
we have put sp. vol v1, Dicharge temp T2, Refrig. effect, q_R, heat rejected
in condenser, q_cond, Compressor work, W_comp, Refrig. flow rate per TR,
COP_Carnot and COP_cycle as outputs.
Using the above Function for the given example:

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Therefore:
(b) Now, if P_cond = 900 kPa:
Using the Function again:
Then, the changes are:

48
Prob. 3.1.4 Consider a 300 kJ/min refrigeration system that operates on an ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant
enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 140 kPa and is compressed to 800 kPa.
Determine: (a) the quality of the refrigerant at the end of the throttling process, (b) the
coefficient of performance, and (c) the power input to the compressor.
Also: Investigate the effect of evaporator pressure on the COP and the power input. Let
the evaporator pressure vary from 100 to 400 kPa. Plot the COP and the power input as
functions of evaporator pressure. [2]
Solution:

49
Using the Mathcad Function written above:
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Plot the effect of change in P_evp on COP and W_comp.:
We get:

51
Prob.3.1.5. In an ideal vapor compression refrigeration system, R134a is the refrigerant.

Cold space is at -10 C. Condenser pressure is 9 bar. Find, for a flow rate of 1 kg/s:
(i) the compressor power in kW, (ii) refrigeration capacity in tons, and (iii) the coeff. of
performance (COP).
(b) Plot COP and refrigeration capacity vs evaporator temp (T1) as evaporator temp varies
from -30 C to -10 C.

52
Solution:
Now, apply the Mathcad Function written earlier:

53
i.e. Refrig. Capacity in TR = QR x 60 / 211 = 40.637 TR Ans. (since 1 TR = 211

kJ/min)

54
(b) Plot COP and refrigeration effect (kJ/kg) vs evaporator temp (T_evap) as evaporator
temp varies from -30 C to -10 C:
Now, from the Function above, we get:

55
Prob. 3.1.6 In the above problem, if the adiabatic efficiency of compressor is 80%, determine
the values for compressor work, refrigeration capacity, heat exchange in condenser and the
COP. Find out the entropy generated in the compressor and the expansion valve.
(b) Plot compressor work, heat transfer in condenser and the COP as compressor efficiency
varies from 60% to 100%.

56
(c) Also, plot the variation of these quantities as condenser pressure varies from 4 bar to
13 bar, for compressor efficiencies of 0.8, 0.9 and 1, other parameters remaining constant.
Fig. above is the T-s diagram for actual vapor compression cycle.
Mathcad Solution:
This problem is solved very easily with the Mathcad Functions written above.

57
Now, apply the Mathcad Function for Ideal Vapor compression cycle, written earlier:

58
Entropy generated:
Entropy generated in compressor:
Entropy generated in expansion valve:

59
To plot the results:

Let us write the relevant quantities as functions of eta_comp and P_cond, so that we
can easily plot the results later:
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60
(b) Now, plot compressor work, heat transfer in condenser and the COP as compressor
efficiency varies from 60% to 100%.
We get:

61
(c) Also, plot the variation of these quantities as condenser pressure varies from 4 bar
(= 400 kPa) to 13 bar (= 1300 kPa), for compressor efficiencies of 0.8, 0.9 and 1, other
parameters remaining constant.
Recollect, that we have:

62
Therefore:
We get:
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63
And, plot:

64
And, for heat transfer in condenser:
And, plot:

65
And, for COP:
And, plot:
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66
Note the ease with which these calculations are done and the graphs drawn, by starting
with the Mathcad Function for Ideal vapor compression cycle.
Prob. 3.1.7 Write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for
an actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R134a, including T_superheat,
T_subcool , P_cond, P_evap and eta_adiab of compressor.
i.e. we take into account: superheating in evaporator (before entry to compressor), sub-cooling
in condenser (before expansion in expansion valve), pressure drop in condenser, pressure
drop in evaporator, and the adiabatic efficiency of compressor.

67
Following is the Function:

68

brackets are the inputs, where pressures are in kPa, temperatures in deg.C. Outputs are
Condensing temp, T_cond is calculated, knowing the P_cond

Evaporator temp, T_evap is calculated, knowing the P_evap
T1, the temp at entry to compressor is calculated
T3, the temp at entry to expansion valve is calculated
h1, the enthalpy at entry to compressor is calculated
s2s is the entropy at the end of isentropic compression. = s1
h2s is the enthalpy at the end of isentropic compression
Now, h2 = enthalpy at the end of real compression, i.e. taking in to account
the adiabatic effcy of compressor, is calculated

69
s2, entropy after real compression is calculated

T2, the temp after compression is calculated
Q_cond, the heat rejected in condenser is calculated
COP is calculated as: q_R/W_comp
Finally, in the last step, results are presented in a [2 8] matrix; Note that we
have put T_cond, T_evap, Dicharge temp T2, Refrig. effect, q_R, heat rejected
in condenser, q_cond, Compressor work, W_comp, Refrig. flow rate per TR, and
COP as outputs.
Prob.3.1.8 In an actual vapor compression refrigeration system, R134a is the refrigerant.

Evaporator pressure is 120 kPa, and condenser pressure is 800 kPa. Superheat and sub-cooling
are 5 deg. C each, and pressure drop in condenser = 80 kPa and that in evaporator is 10 kPa.
Adiab. effcy of compressor = 65%. Find, for a flow rate of 1 kg/s: (i) the compressor power
in kW, (ii) refrigeration capacity, and (iii) the Coeff. of performance (COP).
(b) Plot COP and compressor power vs adiabatic efficiency of compressor as adiab. efficiency
varies from 60% to 100%, other factors remaining unchanged:

70
Solution:
Since we have to plot graphs later, we write:
For this problem:

71
To plot Compressor power and COP as adiab. effcy. of compressor varies from 0.6 to
1, other quantities remaining the same:
We get:
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72

73
Prob. 3.1.9 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on the
ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. The refrigerant enters the evaporator at 120 kPa
with a quality of 30 percent and leaves the compressor at 60C. If the compressor consumes
450 W of power, determine:
(a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the condenser pressure, and (c) the COP of
the refrigerator. [2]

74
Now, determine the enthalpies at salient points of cycle:
To find condenser pressure, P_cond:
Use the Solve block of Mathcad:
To find Refrig. effect and compressor work:

75
Therefore: mass flow of refrigerant:
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76
Note: Try to work out the above problem by hand, using the Refrigerant properties Table
for R134a. You will find that it is quite laborious. However, using the Mathcad Functions
as shown above, makes the calculations very easy, and accurate.
Prob. 3.1.10 Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator at 140 kPa and -10C
at a rate of 0.3 m^3/min and leaves at 1 MPa. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor
is 78 percent. The refrigerant enters the throttling valve at 0.95 MPa and 30C and leaves
the evaporator as saturated vapor at -18.5C. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect
to saturation lines, and determine (a) the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of
heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the pressure drop and rate of heat gain in
the line between the evaporator and the compressor. [2]

77
Therefore:

78


79
Plot Comp_power and COP as eta_isentr varies from 0.6 to 1, for Vol 1 = 0.1, 0.5
and 1 m^3/min:
First, write the relevant quantities as functions of eta_isentr and Vol1:
We get:

80
And:
Remember: COP depends only on eta_isentr, i.e.
We get:

81
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82
3.2 FOR REFRIGERANT R12

Prob. 3.2.1 Write Mathcad programs/Functions for properties of refrigerant R12:
Mathcad Solution:
Our Mathcad Functions are based on data from NIST website,
i.e. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
First, Tables are generated for Saturated and Superheated R12.
Next, we write Functions for sat. properties of R12 and also in the two-phase region:
Mathcad:

83

84
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85
Plot the P-T curve (vapor pressure curve). Note that here spline interpolation is used:
compression refrigeration cycle, using R12.

86
kg.C),

87

88

89
Next, for Superheated R12:

For each pressure, the Table is copied as a matrix in Mathcad, where the columns from left
give data on P (kPa), T (deg.C), v (m^3/kg), u (kJ/kg), h (kJ/kg) and s (kJ/kg.C). Linear
interpolation is done to get intermediate values.

90
700, 1000, 1200, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000 kPa.

91

In the Function below, P and T are the Inputs, and h and s are the outputs.
If the input P value exactly matches with one of the values in the Pressures_R12 data vector,
that particular Matrix is accessed and the h and s are found out by linear interpolation.

92
However, if the input P does not exactly match with any of the values in the Pressures_R12

93
and entropy of R12 when P and T are given in kPa and deg.C respectively:

94

95
Now, let us work out some problems using the above written Mathcad Functions
for R12:
Prob. 3.2.2 A refrigerator using refrigerant R12 as the working fluid works on an ideal
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between a condensing temp of 40 C and evaporator
temp of -5 C. It develops 15 TR of refrigeration. Determine: (a) mass flow rate of refrigerant
(b) theoretical piston displacement per TR (c) theoretical power input to the compressor,
(d) the refrig. effect and the rate of heat rejection to the environment from the condenser,
and (e) the Carnot and the actual coefficient of performance.

96
First, write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for an ideal
vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R12:
This program is similar to the Function written for R134a.
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We have:
Then, we get:

98
We write the various quantities in output as functions of Tcond and Tevap, for
convenience in graphing later:
Thus, we get:
If the capacity of Refrign. Unit is 15 TR:

99
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100
Plot the effect of variation of condenser temp and evaporator temp on Refrig. effect,
heat rejected, compressor work and COP:
Effect of varying the condenser temp:
We get for Refrig. effect:

101
Plot:
We get for heat rejected in condenser:

102
Plot:
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103
We get for Compressor work:
Plot:

104
We get for COP:
Plot:

105
Effect of varying the evaporator temp:
Refrig. Effect:
We get:



106
Plot:
Heat rejected in condenser:

We get:

107
Plot:
Compressor work:
We get:

108
Plot:



109
COP:
We get:
Plot:

110
Prob. 3.2.3 A refrigerator using refrigerant R12 as the working fluid works on an ideal
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. It has a min. temp of -10 C and a max. pressure of
1 MPa. Find: (a) the refrig. effect (b) the rate of heat rejection to the environment from
the condenser, and (c) the COP. [3]
Then, from the Function for Ideal vapor compression cycle:

111
Prob. 3.2.4 If in the above example, the compressor exit temp at 1 MPA is 60 C, the
evaporator temp being -10 C, find the refrig. effect, heat transfer in condenser, the COP,
and the isentropic efficiency of the compressor.[3] Also, find the entropy generation in the
compressor and expansion valve, if the mass flow rate of refrigerant is 0.08 kg/s.

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112
Solution:
We have seen above that for ideal cycle:
Now, for a real compressor: W_comp_actual = (h2 h1)
Then:

113
Note the ease with which quality, entropy, enthalpy etc are calculated above, using the
Mathcad Functions written earlier.

114
Plot the effect of variation of adiabatic effcy. of compressor (i.e. eta_ad) on compressor
work, heat rejected in condenser, and COP:
Note that refrig. effect q_R does not depend on eta_ad.
Write the W_comp_actual, q_cond and COP_actual as functions of eta_ad, so that we can
draw graphs easily:
We have, by data:
From the Mathcad Function:

115

116
We get:
Plot the results:

117

118
Prob. 3.2.5 A refrigerator in a meat warehouse must keep a low temperature of -15C and
the outside temperature is 20C. It uses R-12 as the refrigerant which must remove 5 kW
from the cold space. Find the flow rate of the R-12 needed assuming a standard vapor
compression refrigeration cycle with a condenser at 20C.
Solution:

119
Then, from the Function for Ideal vapor compression cycle:
Prob. 3.2.6 Write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for an
actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R12, including T_superheat, T_subcool
,and eta_adiab of compressor. Neglect the pressure losses in condenser and evaporator.
Here, pressures are in kPa, Temps in deg.C

120
Mathcad Function:
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121

brackets are the inputs, where pressures are in kPa, temperatures in deg.C. Outputs are
Condensing temp, T_cond is calculated, knowing the P_cond

Evaporator temp, T_evap is calculated, knowing the P_evap
T1, the temp at entry to compressor is calculated
T3, the temp at entry to expansion valve is calculated
h1, the enthalpy at entry to compressor is calculated
s2s is the entropy at the end of isentropic compression. = s1
h2s is the enthalpy at the end of isentropic compression
Now, h2 = enthalpy at the end of real compression, i.e. taking in to account
the adiabatic effcy of compressor, is calculated
s2, entropy after real compression is calculated, knowing P and h at state 2
T2, the temp at the end of compression, is calculated
vg, the sp. vol of sat. vapor at the evaporator temp is calculated
v1, the sp. vol at state 1, i.e. at entry to compressor, is calculated, using the
Ideal gas Law

122

Finally, in the last step, results are presented in a [2 8] matrix; Note that we
have put T_cond, T_evap, Dicharge temp T2, Refrig. effect, q_R, heat rejected in
condenser, q_cond, Compressor work, W_comp, sp. volume v1, and COP as outputs.
Prob. 3.2.7 In an actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R12 for a food storage
locker, capacity required is 2400 kJ/min at an evaporator temp of -10 C and a condenser
temp of 30 C. Refrigerant is sub-cooled by 6 C before entering the expansion valve and is
superheated by 7 C before leaving the evaporator coil. Compression is reversible, adiabatic,
i.e. eta_adiab of compressor = 1. Neglect the pressure losses in condenser and evaporator.
Refrigeration compressor is two cylinder, single acting with stroke to bore ratio (L / D ratio)
of 1.25, and operates at 1000 rpm. Find: (a) refrigeration effect per kg (b) mass of refrigerant
to be circulated per min. (c) theoretical piston displacement per min (d) theoretical power
required to run the compressor (e) heat removed in condenser per min, and (f ) theoretical
bore and stroke of compressor.[6]
Solution:

123
Using the Function written above:
So, we have:

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124

125
Plot W_comp, q_cond and COP as the compressor adiabatic effcy, eta_ad varies
from 0.6 to 1:
First, express the desired quantities as functions of eta_ad:
Now, define eta_ad as a range variable:
We get:

126
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Prob.3.2.8 If in the above problem, adiabatic effcy of compressor is 0.7 and all other data
remain the same, find the compressor power and exergy destruction in the compressor and
the expansion valve.
We have:

128
And, using the Function already written:
So, we have:
Thus, we get:
This compressor power is the exergy supplied.

129
Now, find the exergy destroyed in compressor and expansion valve:

130
Note: Exergy destroyed in compressor is (2.796 / 9.949) * 100 = 28.103% of the exergy
supplied to compressorAns.
To find entropy at state 4: se the Solve block of Mathcad:
Alternatively:
And:

131
And:
Note: Exergy destroyed in Expansion Valve is (0.795 / 9.949) * 100 = 7.991% of the
exergy supplied to compressorAns.
3.3 FOR REFRIGERANT R22

Prob. 3.3.1 Write Mathcad programs/Functions for properties of refrigerant R22.
Mathcad Solution:
First, Tables are generated for Saturated and Superheated R22.
Next, we write Functions for sat. properties of R22 and also in the two-phase region:
Mathcad:

132

133
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134

135
Plot the T-P curve (vapor pressure curve). Note that here spline interpolation is used:
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136
compression refrigeration cycle, using R22.
kg.C),

137

138


139
Next, for Superheated R22:

500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000,
5000, 6000 kPa.

140
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141

If the input P value exactly matches with one of the values in the Pressures_R22 data vector,
However, if the input P does not exactly match with any of the values in the Pressures_R22

142
and entropy of R22 when P and T are given in kPa and deg.C respectively:

143
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144

145
To find entropy when P and h are known:
ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R22.
This program is similar to the Function written for R134A and R12:

146
We have:

147
Prob. 3.3.3 A condensing unit using R22 gives 40 TR capacity for air conditioning under
operating conditions of 40 C condensing and 5 C evaporating temperatures. Find out the
mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power and the COP.
Solution:
From the Function for Ideal cycle, we get:
We see that:
Given: Capacity of the Unit = 40 TR, and remember that 1 TR = 211 kJ/min

148
Prob. 3.3.4 In a food freezer unit using R22, condensing temp is 40 C and evaporator temp
is -30 C. Find out the refrigeration effect, compressor work and heat transfer in condenser
per kg of refrigerant. Also, find the COP.
(b) Plot these quantities as the evaporator temp varies from -35 C to 5 C, condenser temp
remaining constant at 40 C.

149
We write the various quantities as functions of Tevap since we have to plot the
results later:

150
To plot Refrig. effect, compressor work, condenser heat transfer and COP of cycle as
the evaporator temp varies from -35 C to 5 C:
We get:

151

152
Prob. 3.3.5 Refrigerant 22 enters the compressor of an ideal vapor compression refrigeration
system as saturated vapor at -40 C with a volumetric flow rate of 15 m^3/min. The refrigerant
leaves the condenser at 32 C. Determine: the compressor power, in kW, the refrigerating
capacity, in tons, and the coefficient of performance.

153
Using the Function for Ideal vapor compression refrig. cycle:
We see that:

154
Plot the effect of changing evaporator temp on refrig. capacity in Tons, and the COP.
Let the evaporator temp vary from -40 C to 0 C. All other conditions remain the same:
First, write the relevant quantities as functions of Tevap:
Now, to plot the results:
We get:

155
And, the plots:
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actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R22, including T_superheat, T_subcool,
and eta_adiab of compressor. Neglect the pressure losses in condenser and evaporator.
Here, pressures are in kPa, Temps in deg.C

157
Above Function is identical to the one written for R12. See there for an explanation about
the Function.
Prob. 3.3.7 A food freezer of 20 TR capacity works with R22 and has a condenser temp
of 23 C and evaporator temp of -28 C. The refrigerant is sub-cooled by 3 C before entry
to expansion valve and is superheated by 8 C before entry in to the compressor. Adiabatic
efficiency of compressor is 0.7. Determine: (a) refrig. effect per kg (b) mass of refrigerant
circulated per min (c) theoretical piston displacement per min (d) theoretical compressor
power (e) COP (f ) heat removed in condenser, (g) entropy generated in compressor and
expansion valve, and (h) plot the compressor work per kg of refrigerant, COP, heat removed
in condenser per kg, and the entropy generation in compressor and expansion valve, as
adiabatic effcy. of compressor varies from 0.6 to 1.

158
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159
Solution:
Using the Mathcad Function written above, we get:
Since we have to plot graphs later as the adiabatic efficiency of compressor (eta_ad) varies,
let us write the relevant quantities as functions of eta_ad:
Therefore:

160
kJ/kg.K

161
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162
To plot the compressor work per kg of refrigerant, COP, heat removed in condenser
per kg, and entropy gen. in compressor and expansion valve as adiabatic efficiency of
compressor varies from 0.6 to 1:
Note that entropy gen. in expansion valve does not depend on compressor adiab. effcy.

163

164



165
3.4 FOR REFRIGERANT NH3

Prob. 3.4.1 Write Mathcad programs/Functions for properties of refrigerant NH3.
Mathcad Solution:
First, Tables are generated for Saturated and Superheated NH3.
Next, we write Functions for sat. properties of NH3 and also in the two-phase region:
Mathcad:

166

167



168
Plot the T-P curve (vapor pressure curve). Note that here spline interpolation is used:
compression refrigeration cycle, using NH3.

169
kg.C),

170

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171

172

173
Next, for Superheated NH3:

300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 5000,
10000, 20000 kPa.

174

175

If the input P value exactly matches with one of the values in the Pressures_NH3 data vector,
However, if the input P does not exactly match with any of the values in the Pressures_NH3

176

177
and entropy of NH3 when P and T are given in kPa and deg.C respectively:

178
ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle using NH3.
Solution:
This program is similar to that written for R134a, R12 and R22, earlier.

179
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180
Prob.3.4.2 An ammonia ice plant operates between a condenser temp of 35 C and an

evaporator temp of -15 C. It produces 10 Tons of ice per day from water at 30 C to ice at
-5 C. Assuming simple saturation cycle, determine: (a) capacity of refrigerating plant (b)
mass rate of flow of refrigerant, (c) the discharge temp, (d) the compressor cylinder dia and
stroke if its volumetric efficiency eta_v = 0.65, rpm N = 1200 and stroke/bore ratio L/D
= 1.2, (e) Horse Power of the compressor motor if the adiabatic efficiency of compressor
= eta_adiab = 0.85 and mechanical efficiency = eta_m = 0.95, and (f ) the theoretical and
actual COP.
Solution:
We will use the Mathcad Function written above for the ideal cycle, to get some of the
required quantities:

181
Then, using the Function written above:

182

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183
Plot compressor power and actual COP as the adiabatic efficiency of compressor varies
from 0.6 to 1, other conditions remaining the same:
Write the relevant quantities as functions of eta_adiab:

184
Now, to plot the graphs:
We get:
Plots:

185
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Prob.3.4.3 Consider an ammonia plant which operates between a condenser temp of

35 C and an evaporator temp of -15 C. There is wet compression in compressor, and the
refrigerant at the end of compression, is just saturated vapor. Assuming simple saturation
cycle, determine: (a) refrigerating effect per kg (b) mass rate of flow of refrigerant per Ton
of Refrigeration, (c) compressor power per TR, (d) theoretical piston displacement per min,
(e) the COP, and (f ) Plot refrig. effect in kJ/kg, compressor power per TR and COP as the
evaporator temp varies from 0 C to -40 C, other conditions remaining the same:

187

188
Note: Try to work out this problem by hand, using the Refrigerant properties Table for
NH3. You will find that it is quite laborious. However, using the Mathcad Functions as
shown above, makes the calculations (and graphing too) very easy, and accurate.
Plot refrig. effect in kJ/kg, compressor power per TR and COP as the evaporator temp
varies from 0 C to -40 C, other conditions remaining the same:
Express the relevant quantities as functions of Tevap:

189
To plot the graphs:
We get:
Plots:

190
Prob. 3.4.4 In a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, ammonia exits the evaporator as

saturated vapor at -22 C. The refrigerant enters the condenser at 16 bar and 160 C, and
saturated liquid exits at 16 bar. There is no significant heat transfer between the compressor
and its surroundings, and the refrigerant passes through the evaporator with a negligible
change in pressure. If the refrigerating capacity is 150 kW, determine: (a) the mass flow
rate of refrigerant, in kg/s. (b) the power input to the compressor, in kW. (c) the coefficient
of performance, (d) the isentropic compressor efficiency, and (e) entropy generation (Sgen)
in compressor.

191
Plot the variation of compressor power, COP and Sgen as the isentropic efficiency of
compressor varies from 0.6 to 1.
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192
Solution:
First, find properties at various State points:
Therefore:

193
Plot the variation of compressor power, COP and Sgen as the isentropic efficiency of
compressor varies from 0.6 to 1:
First, write the relevant quantities as functions of eta_isentr.
Note that refrig. effect q_R, and enthalpies h1 and h3 do not vary with eta_isentr.

194
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195
We get:
Plots:

196
Prob. 3.4.5 In a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, ammonia is the refrigerant and has
10.5 TR capacity. Condenser temp is 27 C and evaporator temp is -12 C. NH3 is sub-cooled
by 6 C before entering the expansion valve. The vapor is 0.95 dry as it leaves the evaporator.
Compression is adiabatic. Find: (a) condition of vapor after compression (b) condition of
vapor at entrance to evaporator (c) the coefficient of performance, (d) Power required in kW.

197


198
Condition of vapor after compression:
Condition of vapor at entrance to evaporator:

199
Prob. 3.4.5 Consider an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with condenser and
evaporator temps of 30 C and -15 C respectively. Tabulate condenser pressure, evaporator
pressure, sp. volume v1, discharge temp T2, refrig. effect q_R, condenser heat transfer q_
cond, compressor work W_comp, refrigerant flow rate per TR, COP_Carnot, COP_cycle,
for each of the following refrigerants: (a) R134a, (b) R12, (c) R22, and (d) NH3.
Solution:
We have already written Mathcad Functions for Ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle
for each of these refrigerants. Now, let us apply these Functions:
We get:
For R134a:

200
For R12:
For R22:
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201
For NH3:
Compiling the results in a tabular form, we get:

202
It is instructive to compare them graphically using MS EXCEL:

203
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204

205
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) References
4 REFERENCES
1. NIST website: http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
2. Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics, An Engineering
Approach, 7th Ed. McGraw Hill, 2011.
3. Sonntag, Borgnakke & Van Wylen, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed.
John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
4. Michel J. Moran & Howard N. Shapiro, Fundamentals of Engineering
Thermodynamics, 4th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
5. P.K. Nag, Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd Ed. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co., 1995.
6. R.K. Rajput, A Text Book of Engineering Thermodynamics, Laxmi Publications,
New Delhi, 1998
7. Domkunndwar et al, A course in Thermal Engineering, Dhanpat Rai & Co.,
New Delhi, 2000
8. TEST Software www.thermofluids.net

206

Applied Thermodynamics Software Solutions Vapor

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Applied Thermodynamics Software Solutions Vapor

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DR. M.

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About the Author 9

About the Software used 11

Vapor compression Refrigeration Cycle 12

2 Definitions, Statements and Formulas used [1-8] 14

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3 Problems solved with Mathcad 18

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Bhagavan Sri Sathya Sai Baba

There is only one religion, the religion of Love;

Bhagavan Sri Sathya Sai Baba

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Advantages of using computer software to solve problems are reiterated:

i) It helps in solving the problems fast and accurately

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I am also thankful to Dr. Thirumaleshwara Bhat, Principal, Sri Madhwa Vadiraja

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

He worked as Head of Cryogenics Section in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC),

He worked as Guest Collaborator with Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory of

He also worked at the Institute of Cryogenics, Southampton, U.K. as a Visiting Research

He was Professor and coordinator of Post-graduate program in the Dept. of Mechanical

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He has also authored free e-books on Thermodynamics entitled Basic Thermodynamics:

He has also authored three motivational, free ebooks, published by www.bookboon.com,

1. Towards Excellence How to Study (A Guide book to Students)

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ABOUT THE SOFTWARE USED

Mathcad 7 and Mathcad 15 (Ref: www.ptc.com)

Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer CONDUCTION-Part-I:

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Masters in Management Stand out from the crowd

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Cryogenic Engineering: Software Solutions: Part-I

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2 DEFINITIONS, STATEMENTS AND

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Note the following:

Mass flow rate of refrigerant per Ton of Refrigeration (TR):

Sp. volume, v1, of refrigerant at state point 1, i.e. at entry to compressor:

In the past four years we have drilled

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Compressor discharge temp, T2:

2.2 ACTUAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE [8]

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Heat rejected in condenser:

Adiabatic efficiency of compressor:

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Ref: http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/, and then use them in solving problems.

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3.1 FOR REFRIGERANT R134A

First, Tables are generated for Saturated and Superheated R134a.

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h = enthalpy (kJ/kg), x = quality:

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2 Definitions, Statements and Formulas used [1-8] 14

3 Problems solved with Mathcad 18

2 DEFINITIONS, STATEMENTS AND

Tevap define a range variable