ANSI/I EEE C57.

104-1978

guide for the detection and determina-

tion of generated gases in oil-immersed
transformers and their relation to the
serviceability of the equipment

October 2 5 . 1978 SH07054

 An American National Standard
IEEE Guide for the
Detection and Determination of Generated
Gases in Oil-Immersed Transformers and their
Relation to the Serviceability of the Equipment
1. Scope and Introduction
The detection of certain gases generated in an
oil-filled transformer in service is frequently
the first available indication of a possible
malfunction that may eventually lead to
failure if not corrected. Arcing, corona dis-
charge, low-energy sparking, severe overloading,
and overheating in the insulation system are
some of the mechanisms that can result in
chemical decomposition of the insulating
materials and the formation of various com-
bustible and noncombustible gases. Normal
-.
operation may also result in the formation of
some gases.
In a transformer, generated gases will be
found dissolved in the insulating oil. They may
also be found in the gas blanket above the oil
or in gas-collecting devices. The detection of an
incipient fault, if present, involves an evalua-
tion of the amount of generated gas present
and the continuing rate of generation. An
indication of the source of the gases and the
kind of insulation involved can sometimes be
gained by determining the composition of the
generated gases.
The purpose of this guide is to describe the
details and procedure for the gas analysis of
gas from gas spaces or gas-collecting devices
and for gas dissolved in the oil. Experience
with the guide will assist the operator in
determining which procedure, or combination
of procedures, best suits his needs. Several
factors are involved, such as the type of oil
preservation system; the type and frequency of
his sampling program; and the analytical
facilities at his disposal. However, whether
used separately or as complements to one
another, the procedures disclosed in this guide
a l l provide the operator with positive and
useful information concerning the service-
ability of the equipment.
7
This guide covers:
(1) The calibration and use of field instru-
ments for detecting and estimating the amount
of combustible gases present in gas blankets
above oil, or in gas detector relays.
(2) The use of fixed instruments for the
detection and determination of the quantity
of combustible gases present in gas blanketed
equipment.
(3) Procedures for obtaining samples of gas
and oil from the transformer for laboratory
analysis.
(4) Laboratory methods for analyzing the
gas blanket and the gases extrated from the
Oil.
( 5 ) Interpretation of results in terms of
transformer serviceability.
( 6 ) A bibliography.
2. The Calibration and Use of Field Instru-
ments for Detecting and Estimating the
Amount of Combustible Gases Present
in Gas Blankets Above Oil,or in Gas
Detector Relays
Many of the gases generated by a possible
malfunction in an oil-filled transformer are
combustible, The on-site detection and estima-
tion of combustible gases in the transformer in
the field using a portable combustible gas
meter can be the first and the easiest indication
of a possible malfunction, and may form the
basis for further testing or an operating
decision.
2.1 Scope.
2.1.1 This method covers the detection and
estimation of combustible gases in the gas
blanket above the oil or in gas detector relays
in transformers using portable field instru-
ANSI/IEEE
C57.104-1978 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE DETECTION AND DETERMINATION
ments. It is only applicable to transformers
using mineral oil as the dielectric fluid. Gases
dissolved in the oil and noncombustible gases
are not determined. A method of calibrating
the instruments with a known gas mixture is
included.
2.1.2 This method affords an estimate of the
total combustible gases present in a gas mixture.
If a more accurate determination of the total
amount of combustible gases or a quantitative
determination of the individual components
is desired, a laboratory analytical method
using a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer
should be used.
2.2 Summary of Method.
2.2.1 A sample of gas is diluted with a fixed
ratio of air and introduced into the meter at a
pressure of approximately one atmosphere.
Any combustible gases present are catalytically
oxidized on the surface of an incandescent
platinum alloy wire which is an element of a
Wheatstone bridge. When combustible gases
oxidize on the surface they increase the tem-
perature of the element which changes its
resistance and upsets the balance of the bridge.
The change in the resistance of the indicating
elements in the bridge circuit is indicated on a
meter which is usually calibrated to read in
percent total combustible gas.
2.3 Apparatus.
2.3.1 Portable combustible gas meter' con-
sisting of the following components:
(1) Platinum alloy catalytic oxidizing ele-
ments incorporated in a Wheatstone bridge
circuit complete with a suitable battery and
controls for balancing and voltage adjustment.
(2) A milliampere meter preferably cali-
brated to read directly in percent total
combustible gases.
(3) Gas mixing device for mixing air and
sample gas at fixed ratios.
2.3.2 Standard reference gas.
2.3.2.1 The standard reference gas shall be
a mixture of methane and nitrogen, with the
'The following commercial instruments have been
found to be satisfactory: Davis Vapotester Model
MS-1, available from Scott Aviation-Davis Products,
225 Erie Street, Lancaster, NY 14086. J. W. Portable
Indicator Model SS-P, available from Johnson-Williams
Division of Bacharach Industrial Instrument Company,
2300 Leghorn St., Mountain View, CA, Portable
Fault-Gas Detector Model A, available from McGraw-
Edison, Power Systems Division, Canonsburg, PA.
8
methane content usually between 2 and 3
percent. The methane content should be
known to the nearest 0.1 percent.
2.4 Safety Precautions.
2.4.1 Gases generated in transformers can be
explosive. The combustible gas meter should,
therefore, be equipped with a flame arrester.
Air should be used to dilute the sample gas to
avoid the possibility of an explosion. Never use
pure oxygen for this purpose. Strict precautions
should be observed when sampling the gases
from the transformer.
2.5 General Considerations.
2.5.1 In this method it is essential that
sufficient oxygen be present in the gas mixture
to oxidize the combustible gases. Since the gas
blanket in a transformer is usually an inert gas,
it is necessary to dilute the sample gas with a
known amount of air. This is usually accom-
plished by either introducing air and the sample
gas into the instrument in known ratios through
fixed orifices, or by mixing known quantities
of air and sample gas externally by displace-
ment over water before introduction into the
i n s b e n t . The working range of these instru-
ments is between the low limit of sensitivity
and about the lower explosive limit. They
generally read off scale at the high end between
the lower explosive limit and the upper explo-
sive limit, and may indicate zero when the
combustible gas content is above the upper
explosive limit.
2.5.2 Contamination on the surface of the
platinum alloy elements can seriously impair
the sensitivity and response of the meter. This
loss of response does not affect the normal
balancing of the bridge circuit and is not
detected by an electrical check of the instru-
ment. It is, therefore, essential to check and
calibrate the instrument frequently against a
standard combustible gas mixture.
2.5.3 Since each combustible gas has its own
individual instrument response, the values
determined by an instrument are dependent
upon the kind of combustible gas used for
calibration. In order to permit interlaboratory
comparisons of results, a mixture of methane
in nitrogen has been selected as the standard
calibrating gas mixture.
NOTE: Detector element fouling generally impairs
the instrument's response to hydrocarbon gases, includ-
ing methane, but has little effect on response to
hydrogen. A comparison of the results of analyses of
known mixtures of methane in nitrogen and hydrogen

OF GENERATED GASES IN OIL-IMMERSEDTRANSFORMERS
in nitrogen can, therefore, be employed to indicate
the degree of detector element fouling.
2.6 Calibration.
2.6.1 Prepare the instrument for operation
and make zero balance and voltage adjustments
in accordance with the instructions of the instru-
ment manufacturer and the procedure, 2.7.
2.6.2 Mix the standard reference gas with air
and introduce it into the meter in exactly the
same manner as used for the sample gas from
the transformer.
2.6.3 Turn the calibration adjustment so the
meter indicates the known methane content of
the reference standard when the air and
reference gas mixture is being tested. Purge the
meter with air to remove traces of reference gas
and proceed as in 2.7.
2.7 Procedure.
2.7.1 Prepare the instrument for operation
in accordance with the instrument manu-
facturer’s instructions. This should normally
include a warmup period to allow the battery
voltage to stabilize, a voltage adjustment, and
an instrument balance or zero adjustment.
2.7.2 Calibrate the instrument against the
standard methane mixture following the
procedure in 2.6.The frequency of calibration
required for individual instruments can be
determined by experience. Low readings
because of contamination on the platinum
elements can only be detected by a check with
a gas of known composition. In any case of
doubt, the instrument should be recalibrated.
2.7.3 If the instrument has a range switch
or more than one dilution orifice, set for
maximum range or dilution to avoid damage to
the instrument. Purge the instrument so it is
free of gas from previous tests.
2.7.4 Introduce the mixture of air and
sample in accordance with instructions of the
instrument manufacturer. The flow rate
should be moderate and reproducible. The
pressure of gas in the oxidation chamber
should be atmospheric and the temperature
should be above the dew point of the gas being
tested to prevent condensation of moisture on
the oxidizing elements.
2.7.5 Read the percent combustible gas
indicated on the meter. If the reading is low,
change to a lower range or change the orifice
to one admitting less dilution air. If the instru-
ment goes momentarily off scale on the high
side and then returns to zero, the combustible
9
ANSI/IEEE
C57.104-1978
gas content is probably above the upper explo-
sive limit. This can be verified by additional
dilution of the sample gas with air to bring the
combustible gas content within the range
of the instrument.
2.7.6 Recheck the instrument’s zero balance
and voltage adjustments.
2.7.7 Report reading in percent to the
nearest small-scale division.
2.7.8 After use, purge the instrument to
remove sample gas in order to minimize cor-
rosion and eliminate contamination.
3. The Use of Fixed Instruments for the
Detection and Determination of the
Quantity of Combustible Gases
Present in Gas-Blanketed
Equipment
The reliability of sealed transformers with a
gas space over the oil can be enhanced by
monitoring the gas space using self-contained,
fixed mounted instruments. These instruments
detect and determine the quantity of com-
bustible gases as well as sound an alarm when
the combustible gases exceed a predetermined
level. Optional recorders can also be used to
provide a daily record of the combustible gases
present.
3.1 Scope.
3.1.1 This method covers the detection and
determination of combustible gases in the gas
space above the oil in transformers using fixed
instruments and sounding an alarm when the
combustible gases exceed a predetermined
level that is considered to be indicative of
pending trouble.
3.1.2 This method affords a quantitative
measurement of the total combustible gases
present in the transformer gases. If the amount
of the individual gas components is desired, a
laboratory analytical method using a gas
chromatograph or mass spectrometer should
be used.
3.2 Summary of Method.
3.2.1 At least two somewhat related methods
are employed.
3.2.1.1 The first type of gas monitor
continually compares the thermal conductivity
of the transformer gas with that of pure
ANSI/IEEE
(257.104-1978 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE DETECTION AND DETERMINATION
nitrogen and is suitable for any transformer of
the closed type with a gas space above the
transformer oil.
3.2.1.1.1 The transformer gas is con-
tinually circulated through one section of a
Wheatstone bridge and returned to the trans-
former. The other section of the bridge contains
pure nitrogen and is balanced against the
transformer gas.
3.2.1.1.2 When combustible gases are
produced in the transformer, they mix with the
transformer gas and increase the thermal
conductivity of the transformer gas. The
increase in the thermal conductivity of the
transformer gas unbalances the Wheatstone
bridge and is proportional to combustible
gases as indicated on a meter.
3.2.1.2 The second type of gas monitor
continuously samples the transformer gas at
fixed intervals and bums any combustible
gases present to provide a measure of the
combustible gases. This type of monitor is
used only on transformers with a positive
pressure of nitrogen over the oil.
3.2.1.2.1 At a fixed interval (usually
24 h) a sample of the transformer gas is pumped
from the unit, mixed with air, and passed
over a heated platinum sensor of a Wheatstone
bridge. Any combustible gas in the sample is
burned. This raises the temperature of the sensor
and unbalances the bridge which was balanced
against a second platinum sensor in air. The
degree of unbalance is proportional to the
amount of combustible gases present in the
transformer gas as indicated on a meter.
3.2.1.3 A relay is operated in conjunction
with the percent gas meter so that when the
combustible gases exceed a preset value (usually
1percent) the relay sounds an alarm.
3.2.1.3.1 The alarm relay can be reset at
a higher combustible gas level once the initial
1 percent level has been reached. The time to
reach this new level will give a measure of the
rate of gas formation.
3.2.1.32 All units that have sounded an
alarm should be checked with a portable gas
meter to verify the combustible gas level, or
the gas should be sampled for complete analy-
sis by a gas chromatograph or mass spec-
trometer.
3.3 Significance.
3.3.1 The combustible gas monitor provides
a means for the continuous detection of com-
bustible gas and the determination of the rate
lo
of its formation over the oil resulting from 1
incipient internal fault in transformers. If the
level of combustible gases reaches a preset limit
an alarm is actuated, this warning of pending
trouble.
3.4 Apparatus.
3.4.1 Fixed Combustible gas apparatus’
consisting generally of the following com-
ponents.
(1) A Wheatstone bridge circuit capable of
accurately determining changes in thermal
conductivity of gases, with controls for bal-
ancing and voltage adjustment.
(2) A milliampere meter calibrated to read
directly in percent total combustible gases.
3.4.2 The standard reference gas shall be
made in accordance with manufacturers’ rec-
ommendations.
3.4.3 Optional Recorder. Provision is made
on the fixed combustible gas apparatus to
install a recorder to give a permanent daily
record of changes in combustible gas
concentration.
3.5 Safety Precautions. Gases generated in
transformers can be explosive. Strict precau-
tions should be observed when sampling the
_-
gases from transformers.
3.6 Calibration. The instruments shall be
calibrated in accordance with the manufac-
turers’ instruction guide.
3.7 Maintenance.
3.7.1 At the time of installation and each
year thereafter, the equipment should be
standardized to be sure the monitor is operat-
ing properly.
3.7.2 For restandardization and repairs, the
operator should follow the manufacturers’
instruction guide.
4. Procedures for Obtaining Samples of
Gas and Oil from the Transformer for
Laboratory Analysis
4.1 Gas Samples for Laboratory Analyds.
4.1.1 Gas Blanket. It has become common
practice to extract samples of gas from the
2 A commercial instrument found to be satisfactory
is TCG Fault-Gas Monitor, available from McGraw-
Edison CO, Power Systems Division, Canonsburg, PA.

OF GENERATED GASES IN OILIMMERSED TRANSFORMERS
STEEL CYLINDER
TUBING
ADAPTER
HOKE OR
w CAP WITH
SIMILAR
VALVE
AND FITTINGS
-STEEL
CYLINDER
CAPACITY
UP TO 1000 rnL
Fig 1
Metal Sample Containers
gas blanket above the oil in sealed transformers,
for submission to the laboratory for quantita-
- tive analysis. This may be conveniently
performed in accordance with ASTM D2759,
Standard Method for Sampling Gas from a
Transformer under Positive Pressure, being
careful to obtain a representative sample.
4.1.2 Gas Collection Device. Transformers
not having a gas space may be equipped with a
gas collector relay which is connected to the
highest point of the transformer in order to
collect the gases which may form in the unit.
A gas sample may be taken from such a device
by connecting a gas-tight (or precision ground)
glass syringe through a short length of plastic
tubing and a three-way stopcock t o the device.
To do so, flush the tubing, stopcock, and
syringe by valving the gas from the relay to the
syringe. (See ASTM D923, Tentative Method
for Sampling Gas from a Transformer by
Syringe.)
4.1.3 Gas Dissolved in Oil. Gas decomposi-
tion products of electric insulating oil and
solids are soluble in oil to varying degrees
depending on composition.
In the case of oil-filled (diaphragm or con-
servator) transformers, until sufficient gas has
accumulated to operate a gas detector relay,
there is no gas in the transformer tank above
the oil; hence, the only gas available for analysis
is that dissolved in the oil.
11
ANSIIIEEE
C57.104-1978
METAL CAN
SEALING GASKET
CAN CAPACITY
OVER 1000mL
Sample size requirements are a function of
the sensitivity of the apparatus in use and the
amount of dissolved gas present. Samples as
small as 1 ml or as large as 1000 ml have
proven to be satisfactory with current
technology.
4.1.4 Transport and Direct Sampling Con-
tainers. It is essential that the oil sample be
representative of oil within the equipment.
Following are recommendations for the accep-
tance criteria for transport and direct sampling
containers.
4.1.4.1 Transport Containers. Transport
containers should meet the leak criterion
in 4.1.4.2. They should be suitable for ship-
ment by mail and by any freight carrier. It
cannot be overemphasized that the results of
the analysis by this method may dictate
judgments on the serviceability of power
equipment; therefore, all precautions should be
taken to ensure the safe delivery of good
uncontaminated samples.
Several types of containers are presently
used. They are listed below.
(a) calibrated stainless steel cylinders (Fig 1)
(b) flexible metal cans (Fig 1 - one sug-
gested type)
(c) syringes (see ASTM D923)
(d) glass bottles.
The optimum method of filling the can and
ANSI/IEEE
C57.104-1978 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE DETECTION AND DETERMINATION
sampling the contents of the can are still under
development.
4.1.4.2 Leak Acceptance Criterion for
Transport Containers. The introduction or loss
of gases to or from the sample during sampling,
transport to the analytical laboratory, and
transfer to the extraction process should not
exceed 0.35 percent of the hydrogen or helium
content of a standard sample per day -in lieu
of other procedures meeting this criterion,
ASTM D923 is recommended, but subject to
the above leak criterion.
4.1.4.3 Direct Sampling or Transfer Con-
tainers. Glass syringes are the direct sampling
containers of choice where the oil is taken
directly from the equipment and introduced
into the extraction device. They are also
recommended for transferring oil or gas samples
from transport containers (4.1.4.1) as shown
Fig 2
Oil Sampling with a Metal Bottle
12
in Fig 1. Syringes must also conform to the
leak criterion in 4.1.4.2 and be used in accor-
dance with ASTM D923.
4.1.4.4 Oil Sampling Using Metal Bottles -
Oil Sampling Procedure. Tubing adaptors are
attached to each end of the threaded ends of
the shutoff valves of the stainless steel sampling
bottle. Two lengths of flexible polyvinyl
chloride tubing are attached to the tubing
adaptors. Before attaching the polyvinyl
chloride tubing to the main sample valve,
flush the valve into a scrap-oil container. One
end of the tubing is attached to the oil sampling
valve of the transformer and the open end of
the other piece of tubing is placed in a scrap-
oil container. Both valves of the sample bottle
are opened and then the main valve of the
transformer is opened. The sample bottle
must be held in the vertical position (Fig 2).

OF GENERATED GASES IN OILIMMERSED TRANSFORMERS
- The oil will gradually fill the oil container from
the bottom and overflow through the top
into the scrap-oil container. Continue over-
flowing the oil until no more bubbles can be
seen through the plastic tubing and until two
quarts of oil have been collected in the scrap-
oil container. Close the top valve of the sample
bottle and allow oil pressure to build up, then
close the bottom valve of the sample bottle
and finally the main transformer valve.
NOTE: Oils having a high degree of gas saturation
may account for bubbles if there is a significant change
in the temperature in the sample in or during transit.
(See 5.1.2.4.4.)
5. LaboratoryMethods for Analyzing the
Gas Blanket and the Gases Extracted
from the Oil
5.1 Gas Extraction and Analysis.
5.1.1 Gas Blanket Sample. The sample of
the gas blanket may be submitted directly to
analysis as described in 5.2.3 except that the
results will be reported as percentages.
- 5.1.2 Gas Extraction from Oil Sample by
Expansion in an Evacuated Flask.
5.1.2.1 Scope. This method covers the
extraction and measurement of gases dissolved
in electrical insulating oil having a viscosity of
20 centistokes (100 Saybolt Universal Seconds)
or less at 4OoC (104'F) and their containment
for quantitative analysis. Any noncondensable
gas may be determined.
5.1.2.2 Summary of Method. Dissolved
gases are extracted from a sample of oil by
introduction of the oil into a pre-evacuated
known volume. The evolved gases are com-
pressed to atmospheric pressure and the total
volume measured.
5.1.2.3 Description of Terms. Gas content
of oil by volume is the total volume of gases,
corrected to 760 torr and zero degrees Celsius,
contained in a given volume of oil, expressed
as a percentage.
5.1 2.4 Appamtus.
5.1.2.4.1 Method A: A method suitable
for determining the total amount of dissolved
gas and the amounts of the individual dissolved
gases using samples of 1 ml to 50 ml in size.
- (See Figs 3 and 4). Flexible polyvinylchloride
tubing terminated with a Luer fitting to accept
a glass syringe and leading t o a solid plug, three-
13
ANSI/IEEE
(357.104-1978
way high-vacuum stopcock lubricated with the
minimum amount of high-vacuum silicone
grease.
A degassing flask with a fritted glass gas
dispersion inlet tube, of sufficient volume to
contain up to 50 ml of oil below the inlet
tube, capable of being evacuated, containing
a ptfe coated magnetic spin bar, and mounted
on a magnetic stirrer.
A means of measuring absolute pressure
within the apparatus.
A vacuum pumping system capable of evacu-
ating the glassware to an absolute pressure of
1 X 10-3 torr or lower.
Vacuum glassware sufficiently large com-
pared to the volume of the oil sample, so that
virtually complete degassing is obtained and
the volumetric collection ratio is as large as
possible. A 500 ml gas collecting flask has been
found suitable.
High-vacuum valves or stopcocks employing
the minimum necessary amounts of high-
vacuum stopcock grease are used throughout
the apparatus.
A gas collection tube calibrated in 0.01 ml
divisions capable of containing up to 5 ml of
gas, terminated with a silicone rubber retaining
septum. A suitable arrangement is shown in
Fig 5.
A reservoir of mercury3 sufficient to fill the
collection flask and collection tube.
5.1.2.4.2 Determination of apparatus
collection ratio. The apparatus shall be care-
fully checked for vacuum tightness of all
joints and stopcocks.
The volume of the total extraction space
V T , and the volume of the collection space
V c , shall be measured, and the ratio
VC
where V, is the volume of
(VT -k vcyl)-v,
oil sample, VT is the total internal volume of
extraction space, and Vcyr is the volume of
calibrated stainless steel cylinder (if a syringe
is used this number is zero) shall be calculated
as the volumetric ratio.
The degassing efficiencies for each individual
component gas shall be calculated using the
formula
1
~~
Suitable handling precautions shall be observed.
ANSI/IEEE
C57.104-1978 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE DETECTION AND DETERMINATION

STAINLESS
STEEL
CYL IN DER
PROCEDURE
5. I .2.4.4
EXTRACT GAS SAMPLE
WITH SYRINGE
I

Fig 3
Apparatus for Extraction of Gas from Insulating Oil
Method A Type I

Solubility coefficients of fixed gases may be

determined by ASTM Method D2780,Standard
degassing coefficient of compo- Method of Test for Solubility of Fixed Gases
nent i in Liquids.
volume of oil sample Solubility coefficients that have been deter-
total internal volume of extrac- mined for a number of gases in one specific
tion space electrical insulating oil at 25OC are shown in
Ostwald solubility coefficient of Table 1. Values for gases in other oils may be
component i estimated by reference to ASTM D2779,
volume of calibrated stainless steel Standard Method for Estimation of Solubility
cylinder. of Gases in Petroleum Liquids.

14

OF GENERATED GASES IN OILIMMERSED TRANSFORMERS
-. Table 1
Ostwald Solvbility Coefficients for One Oil
Ostwald Solubility(3)
Component Gas(') Coefficient Ki 25OC
Hydrogen 0.0558
Nitrogen 0.0968
Carbon monoxide 0.133
Oxygen 0.179
Methane 0.438
Carbon dioxide 1.17
Acetylene 1.22
Ethylene 1.76
Ethane 2.59
Propane 11.0
Butane(*) 20.0
NOTES:
(1) DIND, J. E., DAOUST, R., REGIS, J., and
MORGAN, J. Analysis of Gasses Dissolved in Trans-
former Oils. Doble Conference Index o f Minutes,
Sec 6-1101,1971.
(2) Value reported in a private communication
from M. Frydman, American Electric Power Service
Corporation.
(3) The Ostwald coefficient values shown in this
table are correct only for the specific mineral oil
having a density a t 15.5OC of 0.855 g/cm3 used in the
original determination. Ostwald coefficients for mineral
oils of different densities may be calculated as follows:
0.980 -density
Ki (corrected) =
0.1 255
where density is the density of the oil of interest in
grams per cubic centimeter at 15.5OC.
This equation is derived from the equation in para-
n a p h 4.5 of ASTM Method D2779. Note especially
that all of the Ostwald coeffieients are changed by the
same factor, meaning that though the absolute
solubilities of each of the gases will change if a dif-
ferent oil is used, the ratio of the solubility of one
gas to that of another gas will remain constant.
5.1.2.4.3 Syringe procedure. Lower the
mercury level from the collection flask.
Evacuate the system of collection flask and
degassing flask to an absolute pressure of
1X torr or less. (In Fig 3 the space above
the mercury in the reservoir must also be
evacuated. )
Connect the oil sample syringe by the poly-
vinyl chloride tubing to the three-way stopcock
leading to the degassing flask.
Flush a small quantity of oil from the syringe
through the tubing and stopcock to waste
making sure that all the air in the connecting
tube is displaced by oil (see Note 1).
Close stopcocks to the vacuum pumps and
then slowly open the three-way stopcock to
allow oil and any gas bubbles that may be
- present in the sample syringe to enter the
degassing flask.
Allow the desired amount of oil to enter the
15
ANSI/IEEE
C57.104-1978
degassing flask and operate the magnetic
stirrer vigorously for approximately 10 min
(see Note 2).
Close the stopcock isolating the collection
flask, and allow mercury to flow into the
collection flask.
Open the stopcock to the reference column
and by means of the hand pump (Fig 3) or
leveling bottle (Fig 4) bring the level of the
mercury in the reference column even with the
level in the collection tube.
Measure the volume of extracted gas in the
collection tube and correct for collection
efficiency by dividing it by the volumetric
collection ratio (see 5.1.2.4.2). Correct t o
760 torr and OOC. Determine the volume of
oil degassed in the degassing flask. Record as a
percentage the gas content of oil by volume.
NOTES:
(1) Any gas bubbles present in the syringe should
be retained during this flushing operation.
(2) If gas bubbles are present in the syringe, it is
essential that the total contents of the syringe be used
in the analysis.
5.1.2.4.4 Stainless steel bottle procedure
(up to 50 ml capacity). Connect the bottom
valve of the vertically mounted, precalibrated,
stainless-steel cylinder to the extraction appa-
ratus using thick-walled, flexible, polyvinyl
chloride tubing. Evacuate the extraction sys-
tem to the bottom valve of the cylinder. Close
stopcock to vacuum pump. Slowly open the
lower cylinder valve and admit the entire
contents t o the extraction chamber (see Figs 3
and 4).
Operate the magnetic stirrer vigorously for
approximately 10 min.
Close the stopcock isolating the collection
flask, and allow mercury to flow into the
collection flask.
Open the stopcock to the reference column
and by means of the hand pump (Fig 3) or
leveling bottle (Fig 4) bring the level of the
mercury in the reference column even with the
level in the collection tube.
Measure the volume of extracted gas in the
collection tube and correct for collection
efficiency by dividing it by the volumetric
collection ratio (see 5.1.2.4.2). Correct to
760 torr and OOC. Determine the volume of
oil degassed in the degassing flask. Record as a
percentage the gas content of oil by volume.
For larger containers, an Aliquot sample is
ANSI/IEEE
C57.104-1978 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE DETECTION AND DETERMINATION

.
,x.,
.U

i \
STEEL CYLN
STAINLESSI- i
PROCEDURE
5.1.2.4.4

Fig 4
Apparatus for Extraction of Gas from Insulating Oil
Method A Type I1

transferred to the extraction apparatus in

accordance with 4.1.4.3. OPENING
NO LARGER THAN
I D OF COLLECTION
NOTE: Oils having a high degree of gas saturation TUBE
may produce bubbles if there is a significant change
in the temperature in the sample during transit. This
may alter the ratio of gases present in the transferred ---RUBBER SEPTUM
oil sample.

5.1.2.4.5 Method B: A method suitable

for determining the relative concentrations o f
the individual dissolved gases using samples
up to 1000 ml. This method does not deter-
Er- THREADED COLLAR
TOP CEMENTED
FLUSH WITH TOPOF
COLLECTION TUBE

COLLECTION TUBE
mine total dissolved gas. That value must be
determined by an independent method. The
limitation of this method is being investigated
(see Fig 6).
Fig 5
Retaining Rubber Septum for Gas
Collection Tube

16
 ANSI/IEEE
OF GENERATED GASES IN OIL-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS C57.104-1978

GAS COLLECTION
TUBE

TO SAMPLING

POSITION OF THE STOPCOCK

POSITION I

VEgsEL VESSEL
C" "A"
500 CC 500 CC

POSITION 2

I I
TO VACUUM

VESSEL '8" 250 cc

Fig 6
Apparatus for Extraction of Gas from Insulating Oil
Method B
5.1.2.4.6 Procedure. Set stopcock A in
position 3, and open stopcocks B, C, D, E, F,
and G. Close stopcock H.
Connect sampling bottle to stopcock A.
Evacuate the system to an absolute pressure
of 10-2 torr or lower.
Close stopcocks B and C.
-. Turn stopcock A to position 2, open the
valves on the sampling bottle and allow the
oil to fill the tubing between stopcocks A
and B.
Partially open stopcock B to allow the oil
to flow into vessel A. 3
When vessel A is approximately 4 full close
stopcock A by turning it to a position half
way between position 1and position 2.
Close stopcocks D and E. Turn stopcock A
to position 1.
Open stopcock C.
When vessel B is full of oil,close stopcock F.

17
~

ANSI/IEEE
C57.104-1978 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE DETECTION AND DETERMINATION

Turn stopcock A to position 3, and partially Table 2 .

open stopcock F to allow oil to fill the entire Sensitivity Levels for Gases
system.
The extracted gas in the upper part of vessel
A and the gas collection tube will now be at Minimum Detectable Limits for
Gases Dissolved in Oil
atmospheric pressure. Component Gas (PPm)
5.1.3 Gas Analysis. Hydrogen 5
5.1.3.1 Scope. This method covers the Hydrocarbons 1
identification and determination of the follow- Carbon oxides 25
ing individual component gases in the gas Atmospheric gases 50
sample.
NOTE: It is recommended that ASTM Standard
hydrogen H2 Recommended Practice for General Gas Chroma-
tography Procedures, Designation E260, be used as a
oxygen 0 2
reference.
nitrogen N2
carbon monoxide CO
carbon dioxide CO2 standard shall agree within +1 percent with
methane CH4 respect to area under the peaks for hydrocarbon
ethane c2 H6
and carbon oxide components.
ethylene c2 H4 5.1.3.5 Reagents and Materials. Any suit-
acetylene c2 H2
able adsorbent materials may be used. Several
propane c3 H8
combinations have been found to be suitable
propylene c3 H6
including molecular sieve, porapak Q,
butane c4 10
porapak S, hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA),
diisodecyl phthallate, silica gel, chromosorb
5.1.3.2 Summary of Method. A portion of 102, and carbosieve B.
the gas sample is introduced into a gas chro- Helium, argon, or nitrogen carrier gas, having
matograph equipped with suitable adsorption a minimum purity of 99.95 mole percent.
columns. The composition of the specimen is Reference standard gas mixture containing
determined from its chromatogram by com- known percentages of the gases listed
paring the area of the peak of each component in 5.1.3.1. Propane, propylene, and butane
with the area of the peak of the same compo- may be omitted if desired.
nent on a reference chromatogram made on a Fixed needle gas-tight syringes of suitable
standard mixture of known composition. size.4
5.1.3.3 Description of Terms. Parts per 5.1.3.6 Calibration. Prepare the gas chro-
million (ppm) by volume of (specific gas) in matograph for use as directed by the manu-
oil, is the volume of that gas corrected to facturer, and establish a set of operating
760 torr and OOC, contained in lo6 volumes of conditions capable of separation of the indicated
oil. component gases.
5.1.3.4 Apparatus. A gas chromatograph Inject a preestablished volume of the refer-
consisting essentially of a carrier gas source, a ence standard gas mixture into the chromat-
pressure regulator, a sample injection port and ograph and establish a pattern of elution
adsorption column, a flowmeter, a detector, times for the gas components known to be in
and a recorder. the mixture, a t an established set of operating
Means must be provided to measure and con- conditions and sample size. Repeat the analysis
trol the temperatures of the adsorption until consistent operating conditions provide
columns, the inlet port, and the detector, to consistent chromatograms. Calibration should
within kO.5OC. be repeated daily when analyses are being
The apparatus must be capable of sufficiently conducted.
separating the component gases, at the
sensitivity levels shown in Table 2, ta ensure
quantitative measurement of the respective 4Syringes available from the Hamilton Company.
peak areas. P.O. Box 17500, Reno, Nevada 89510; and Pressure-
Lok Syringes made by Precision Sampling Corpora-
The apparatus shall provide sufficient re- tion, P.O. Box 1519, Baton Rouge, LA 70815, have
producibility that successive runs of a reference been found suitable.

18

OF GENERATED GASES IN OIGIMMERSED TRANSFORMERS
5.1.3.7 Procedure. Increase the pressure
on the gas sample contained in the collection
tube described in 5.1.2.4.1 slightly above
atmospheric pressure by raising the level of
mercury in the reference column slightly above
the level of the mercury in the gas collection
tube.
Insert the needle of the gas-tight injection
syringe through the septum of the gas collec-
tion tube, and withdraw a suitable volume into
the syringe. Adjust the gas pressure as indicated
by the reference column precisely to
atmospheric before closing the syringe or
withdrawing the needle from the septum.
When the apparatus conditions are equal t o
those established during the calibration
procedure, quickly inject the known volume of
gas into the chromatograph through the
injection port.
Repeat the procedure until consistent chro-
matograms are obtained.
5.1.3.8 Calculation. Determine the inte-
grated area of each peak of the chromatogram.
For routine comparative analyses when reduced
accuracy may be tolerated, peak heights may
be used, instead of integrated areas.
Identify the gases represented by each peak
by comparison of elution times with those
obtained for the reference standard gas mixture
in the calibration procedure.
Determine the amount of each identified gas
component by comparing respective peak
areas with those obtained for the reference
standard gas mixture in the calibration
procedure.
Calculate the volume concentration of each
specific gas with respect to the volume of oil
degassed in the degassing flask.
Correct to 760 torr and O°C and express
as parts per million (ppm) by volume of
(specific gas) in oil.
Correct each experimental value for the
incomplete degassing by dividing it by its
respective degassing efficiency derived above,
and normalize the corrected values.
5.1.3.9 Report. The report shall include:
identification of oil sample
temperature of oil at time of sampling
total gas content of oil by volume ex-
pressed as a percentage
volume concentration in the oil, for
each component gas, expressed in parts
per million.
19
ANSI/IEEE
C57.104-1978
6. Interpretation of Gas Analysis in
Terms of Transformer Serviceability
6.1 General. When a fault occurs in a trans-
former, the newly formed gases partly dis-
solve in the oil. An exchange in concentration
of the gases in the gas space and the oil volume
proceeds until a new state of equilibrium is
attained, this being determined by the partial
pressures of the individual gases and their
solubilities. Thus the gases in the gas space are
high in the low oil-soluble gases and the gases
in the oil are high in the more oil-soluble
gases. Likewise, some changes in the gas com-
position in transformers can take place due to
the chemical reaction of the gases with the oil
or with each other.
It is important to understand in the use of
the procedures recommended in this guide that
the observed percentages of the gas compo-
nents will differ widely depending upon
whether the sample is taken from the gas space,
a gas detector relay, or from the oil itself,
even though the gas components are formed at
the same source. This is basically due to
differences in the solubility of the various
gases in transformer oil, the various trans-
former oil types, the type of preservation, the
degree of circulation, the materials of construc-
tion in contact with the oil, the stage of
development of the fault, and the degree of
saturation of both the oil and gas space at the
time of sampling. The following values indicate
the oil solubility of different gases in one
specific insulating oil at 760 mm Hg and
25°C.
Percent by Volume at 26'C
Hydrogen (HZ1 5.6
Nitrogen (Nz) 9.7
Carbon monixode (CO) 13.3
Air 10.3
Arson (AR) 15
Oxygen ( 0 2 ) 17.9
Methane (C& ) 43.8
Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) 117
Ethane (c2 H6 ) 259
Ethylene (C2 H4 ) 176
Acetylene (C2 H2 ) 122
Propylene (C3H6 ) 1200
Propane (C3Ha) 1100
Butane ( C4Hlo ) 2000
ANSI/IEEE
C57.104-1978 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE DETECTION AND DETERMINATION
Oils of differing chemical composition will
result in different gas solubility values.
The solubility of air in oil, allowing for the
different partial pressures and solubilities of
the individual components, nitrogen, oxygen,
argon, and carbon dioxide, is approximately
10.3 percent. The composition of the con-
stituents in oil by analysis is approximately
70 percent nitrogen, 30 percent oxygen and
argon, and 0.03 percent carbon dioxide by
volume.
Gas samples used to determine the service-
ability of transformers in this guide are obtained
by any of the following three (3) methods.
(1) A sample from the gas space above the
oil in the transformer.
(2) A sample of the gas extracted from a
representative portion of the oil in the trans-
former.
(3) A sample of the gas collected in a gas
relay such as a Buchholz relay.
6.2 Conditions Causing Gas Formation in
Transformers. At present, the art of deter-
mining fault types from the analysis of gaseous
byproducts is relatively new. Investigators have
been limited by equipment, analytical methods,
and the natural complexity of the problem; but
the principal obstacle in the development of
fault interpretation as an exact science has
been the very small number of cases where
both the type and quantity of gases and the
precise location and identification of the fault
are all known. The following list represents a
summary of the present state of the art. Its
purpose in this guide is to provide a basis for
the accumulation of further data on fault
type correlation with gas analysis.
6.2.1 High-Energy Arcing Under Oil with or
without Cellulose. The gases produced contain
large percentages of hydrogen and acetylene
with lesser amounts of methane and ethylene.
If the arc is associated with cellulose, significant
amounts of carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide are formed in addition. If the fault
is not a cellulose area, the carbon oxides are
barely detectable. The total volume of gas
generated is very high. It should be recognized
that acetylene is very soluble and reactive, and
in a relatively short-time disappears due to
combination with other gases and absorp-
tion. Formvar enamels and other polymeric
insulations usually produce significant
20
quantities of hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
methane, and ethylene.
6.2.2 Low-Energy Spark Discharges Under
Oil with or without Cellulose. The gases
produced as the result of low-energy discharge
breakdown of oil alone consist primarily of
hydrogen and some methane. Acetylene is
usually not present. Carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide are present when cellulose is
involved. This type of fault usually produces
small amounts of gases which can continue
over an extended period before failure of the
transformer. In fact, these type faults often
correct themselves and do not progress any
further.
6.2.3 Severe Local Overheating with or
without Cellulose. This type of fault is usually
caused by a turn-to-turn failure or a poor
connection with thermal breakdown of oil
resulting in significant amounts of hydrogen,
methane, and ethylene. In some cases, small
amounts of acetylene can be detected. Large
quantities of carbon dioxide and lesser
quantities of carbon monoxide are found
where cellulose is present.
6.2.4 Corona Discharge in Oil. Corona dis-
charges can cause oil breakdown and may
occur in voids and other gas pockets. It is
characterized by the formation of predominant
amounts of hydrogen and significant amounts
of methane with only traces of ethane and
ethylene.
6.2.5 Thermal Decomposition of Cellulose.
This results from overheating of transformer
insulation by overloading equipment or in
cases where normal oil circulation is impaired
and high temperatures result in the trans-
formers. Normal operating temperatures also
cause decomposition. The gases produced are
primarily carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
with some hydrogen, occasionally. In extreme
cases, the low molecular weight hydrocarbons
can result from thermal breakdown of the
associated oil.
6.2.6 Rusting and Dissociation of Water. In
some cases, significant quantities of hydrogen
are formed from excessive moisture in critical
areas of the transformers. The moisture can
result in rusting of the core and dissociation
to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Other com-
bustible gases are not found.
6.3 Suggested Operating Procedures Upon
Detection of Combustible Gas. Planning con-
 ANSI/IEEE
OF GENERATED GASES IN OIL-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS C57.104-1978

0.5 2.1
to to
G0.49 2.0 5.0 >5.0

<O.Ol Procedure A Procedure B Caution Extreme Caution

Procedure C Plan Outage
D and E Procedure C, D, E

0.01 Procedure B Caution Extreme Caution Reduce Load

to Procedure C Plan Outage Plan Outage
0.03 Procedure C, D, E

>0.03 Caution Extreme Caution Extreme Caution Extreme Caution

Procedure Procedure C, D, E Reduce Load Hazardous to
c , D, E Plan Outage Continuous
Procedure C, D, E Operation

The initial level of total combustible gas and the rate of increase of generation are calculated. The appropriate
testing and surveillance procedures recommended in Table 3 are:
Procedure A: Analyze weekly. If rate remains the same or decreased, analyze monthly and then bi-monthly. If
gassing then stops check 4-6 months.
Procedure B: Analyze every 3 days. If rate is constant, check for load dependency. If load dependent, reduce
load if possible and monitor weekly.
Procedure C: Analyze daily. Check load dependence, audible internal corona. If rate drops use Procedure B and
A.
Procedure D: Take gas space sample for analysis.
Procedure E: Take oil sample for analysis.

venient system outages for replacing faulty
equipment necessitates early detection and
immediate information on the generation rate
or sensitivity of the generation rate to changes
in load. When combustible gases are first
detected in the gas space, relay, or dissolved
in the oil it is recommended that the equip-
ment manufacturer or service representative be
notified immediately. Then depending on the
type of gas detection used, TCG or dissolved
gas, the following procedures recommended in
this guide can be utilized t o assess the operat-
ing condition of the equipment.
6.3.1 Determination o f the Operating Condi-
tion o f Transformers Using Total Combustible
Gas (TCG) Analysis (Sections 2 and 3). When
either portable devices or fixed devices indi-
cate combustible gas:
- (1) Remove a sample of the gas from the
gas space (or relay) or obtain an oil sample, or
both. Analyze per Section 5 of this guide and
evaluate the results of the analyses per 6.3.2.
(2) Determine the total combustible gas
generation rate by periodic sampling or by
recording results from continuous monitor.
(3) Determine equipment serviceability and
the appropriate action by utilizing the informa-
tion on TCG levels from gas space samples only
and generation rates as described in Table 3.
6.3.2 Determination of the Operating Condi-
tion of Transformers by Analysis of the
Separate Gases Extracted from the Oil or
Removed from Relay or Gas Space. Again it
is recommended that the equipment manu-
facturer or his service representative should be
notified when fault gases are first detected.
While a number of methods are known to be
in use for the interpretation of the gas analysis,
two of the most commonly used methods are
qualitative interpretation (6.3.2.1) and ratio
and rate analysis interpretation (6.3.2.2).

21
ANSI/IEEE
C57.104-1978
These methods used in conjunction with TCG
methods (6.3.1) provide the equipment
operator with valuable insight into the loca-
tions and the types of faults generating the
gases. They also provide further guidance
concerning the gravity of the fault and a better
estimate of the progress of the fault and the
relative urgency of a planned outage. Accurate
fault type analysis by these procedures
expedites repair.
6.3.2.1 Qualitative Interpretation. While
some investigators attach more or less impor-
tance to the detection of certain gases, a
generally accepted list of gases and the condi-
tion or type of fault generally associated with
them can be found in Table 4.
It is recognized that there are many variables
that prevent clear-cut interpretation of faults
found in transformers and the steps that must
be taken to eliminate the gassing problem.
However, in many cases, the technique of
continuous monitoring and analyses of dis-
solved and free gases generated in transformers
has become a valuable tool in the diagnosis of
the transformer fault and how best t o correct
it. There is little doubt that improvements in
Types ofProbable Faults
Detected Gases
(a) nitrogen plus 5 percent or less oxygen
(b) nitrogen plus more than 5 percent oxygen
(c) nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or carbon monoxide,
or all
(d) nitrogen and hydrogen
(e) nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon
monoxide
(f) nitrogen, hydrogen, methane with small amounts
of ethane, and ethylene
(8) nitrogen, hydrogen, methane with carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and small amounts of other
hydrocarbons; acetylene is usually not present
(h) nitrogen with high hydrogen and other hydro-
carbons including acetylene
(i) nitrogen with high hydrogen, methane, high
ethylene, and some acetylene
(j) same as (i) except carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide present
IEEE GUIDE FOR THE DETECTION AND DETERMINATION
testing procedures will provide new informa-
tion to permit better maintenance techniques
for transformers.
6.3.23 Ratio and Rate Analysis Znterpre-
tation. Two most useful ratio methods
attributed to Domenberg (6.3.2.2.1) and
Rogers (6.3.2.2.2) utilize the ratios of key
component gases obtained from gas space,
relay or extracted from the oil to diagnose the
fault type. The literature (7.2)contains con-
siderable documentation of actual cases which
provide the basis for the assignment of fault
types to these ratios.
6.3.2.2.1 Dornenberg mtio method (re-
vised 1972). The gases considered sufficient
to describe types of faults are: H 2 , CH4, C2H4,
C2H6, CO, and C O 2 . Units of moles/liter or
ppm v/v can be used for calculating the ratio.
Three techniques are applied: key components,
norms, and ratios.
Key Components:
(a) thermal decomposition (hot spots) :
mainly C2H4, CH4; less C2H6, H 2 ;
sometimes C2H2
(b) electrical discharges (except corona)
mainly H 2 , CH4 (H CH,); C2 gases in
Table 4
Interpretations
normal operation of sealed transformer
check for tightness of sealed transformer
transformer overloaded or operating hot, causing some
cellulose breakdown. Check operating conditions
corona discharge, electrolysis of water, or rusting
corona discharge involving cellulose or severe over-
loading of transformer
sparking or other minor fault causing some breakdown
of oil
sparking or other minor fault in presence of cellulose
high energy arc causing rapid deterioration of oil
high temperature arcing of oil but in a confined area;
poor connections or turn-to-turn shorts are examples
same as (i) except arcing in combination with cellulose
.
22
 ANSI/IEEE
OF GENERATED GASES IN OIL-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS C57.104-1978

Table 5
Dissolved Gases (GasExtracted from Oil)
Domenberg Method

-
CZHZ -
CZH6 -
CZHZ
CZH4 CZH2 cb
Thermal
decomposition
(hot spots)
1 1
>l.o
<0.75
1 1
>0.4 <0.3
Thermal
decomposition
(hot spots) >0.1 <l.O x.2 <O.l

Electrical Electrical
discharges discharges >O.Ol
(except corona) <0.1 >l.o <0.2 X.1

Corona
significant
Corona I
I
<O.OI I
I
not
significant
1 1
I
>O.Z
II
<O.I
I I I I

Table 7
Suggested Diagnosis from Gas Ratios-Rogers Ratio Method
7

-
CH, CZ H4 cz Hz
H2 cH4 cz Hci c2 H4 Suggested Diagnosis

m.1
<1

(0.1
.o I <1 .o
<1

<1.o
.o
I <0.5
I Normal

Partial discharge - Corona

I I I I
I

<O.l

>0.1
II <l.O
<l.O

23.0
I 2:;
23.0
or 23.0
I Partial discharge - Corona
with tracking

Continuous discharge
<l.O

I 7
>0.1

'
<l.O
2::; or 23.0
I
20.5 or 23.0
<3.0
I
Arc -With power follow
through

I
I I
Arc - No power follow
<1.o
I <1.o 20.5
<3.0 through

2::: or 23.0
I I I I Slight overheating - t o
15OoC

213; or >3 .O
I >1 .o I <l.O I <0.5
I Overheating 150-200°C

>0.1 21.0 <1.o <0.5 Overheating 200-300°C

<1.0

>O.l
<1.0 I 21.o
<3 .O I <Oa5 I General conductor over-
heating

>1.o <l.O 21.0 <0.5 Circulating currents in

<3.0 <3.0 windings

21.0 <1.0 2 3 .O <0.5 Circulating currents core

-- <3.0 and tank ;overloaded
joints

23
ANSIIIEEE
C57.104-1978 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE DETECTION AND DETERMINATION

Order C2 H2, C2 H4, C2 H6 7. Bibliography

(c) corona - mainly H 2 ; smaller amounts
CH4 ,c2 H6
(d) cellulosic insulation decomposition - Technical Publications Related to
CO, CO?. Detection and Determination of
Norms: The rate of gas evolution is impor- Generated Gases in Oil-Immersed
tant. If the concentration of dissolved gases in Transformers and their Relation to the
generating equipment and transformer equip- Serviceability of Equipment
ment exceed the 90 percent probability norms
listed below, the equipment merits further
investigation. 7.1 Scope. The titles are grouped as follows:
I - Gas evolution (7.2).
I1 -Detection and Interpretation (7.3).
ppm vlv
Generating Transmission (A) Gas Detector Relay (7.3.1).
Equipment Equipment (B) Gas Cushion in Sealed Transformers
(7.3.2).
H2 240 100 (C) Dissolved Gas in Transformer Oil
CH4 160 120
c2 H2 11 35 (7.3.3).
c2 H4 190 30
c2 H6 115 65 The sources used are :
CO 580 350
AZEE and ZEEE Transactions 1939 through 1975
o n Power Apparatus and
Systems (PA)
Doble Indices of Minutes of 1935 through 1975
Ratios: The ratios of CH4/H2 - (methane: Annual International Con-
hydrogen); C2H2IC2H4 -(acetylene/ethylene), ferences of Doble Clients
C2H6/C2H2 - (ethane: acetylene); and C2H2/ ZEE Proceedings 1949 through 1972
CH4 - (acetylene: methane); are determined. Electrical World 1949 through 1969
Different values for these ratios are given in
Science Citation Index 1960 through 1969
Tables 5 and 6 depending on whether the
analysis is for dissolved gases or free gases (for Bulletin Analytique e t Sig- 1950 through 1972
example, relay or gas cushion). nale'tique de France
6.3.2.2.2 Rogers mtio method' This . Information supplied by Mem-
bers of the IEEE Trans-
method also utilizes the ratios of the measured former Committee (in
quantities of five key gases, hydrogen (H2), particular a comprehensive
methane (CH,), ethane (C2H6), ethylene list by T. K. Sloat).
(C2H4), and acetylene (C2H2) listed in order Chemical Abstracts 1969 through 1971
of increasing decomposition temperature. The Electrical and Electronics A b - 1973 through 1975
individual gas measurements are reported in a stracts
convenient form. Comparing the numerical
value of the ratios with the limits or ranges
shown in Table 7 provides the appropriate 7.2 Gas Evolution.
suggested diagnosis of the source. [l] CLARK, F. M. The Role of Dissolved
Several simultaneously occurring faults can Gases in Determining the Behavior of
cause ambiguity in analysis. Mineral Insulating Oils. Journal of
Franklin Institute, vol 215, p 39,Janu-
ary 1933.
'ROGERS, R. R. U.K. Experience in the Interpreta- [2] BERBERICH, L. J. Influence of
tion of Incipient Faults in Power Transformers By
Dissolved Gas-in-Oil. Chromatographic Analysis, Doble Gaseous Electric Discharge of Hydro-
Conference Index of Minutes, Sec 10-201,1975. carbon Oils. Industrial and Engineering
.

24

OF GENERATED GASES IN OIL-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS
Chemistry, vol 30, pp 280-28, 1938.
MURPHY, E. J. Gases Evolved by the
Thermal Decomposition of Paper.
Transactions of Electrochemical
Society, vol83, p 161,1943.
VOGEL, F. J., PETERSON, C. C., and
MATSCH, L. M. Deterioration of
Transformer Oil and Paper Insulation
by Temperature. AIEE Transactions,
vol 78, no 1, pp 18-21, tables, 1951.
WORNER, T. Behavior of Insulating
Oil Under Dielectric Stress with Re-
spect to Gas Evolution and/or Absorp-
tion (in German). Elektrotech. 2.
Dtsch. (Nuremberg), vol 72, no 22,
pp 656458,1951.
BRUCE, C. E. R. and WHITNEY, W. B.
Note on the Quantity and Constitution
of Gas Liberated During Arcing in Oil
Circuit Breakers. British Electrical and
Allied Industries, Research Association
Technical Reports: G/XT35 and
G/XT66(1951)and G/T260(1954).
SZELCHELY, V. G. Relation Between
Gas Evolution and the Physical
Properties of Liquids. Applied Physics,
vol22, p 627,1951.
BASSECHES, H. and MCLEAN, D. A.
Gassing of Liquid Dielectrics Under
Electrical Stress. Industrial and Engi-
neering Chemistry, vol 47, no 9, part I,
pp 1782-1794,1955.
PAUL, Information on Hydrogen
Generation by Heat Decomposition of
Paper. AIEE, C. P. 57-21,1957.
MEADOR, J. R. and DILLON, N. E.
Transformer Oil Preservation. AIEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, 33, pp 1208-1211,1957.
HARRISON, D. Field Method Finds
Arc-Formed Gas in Oil Filled Trans-
formers. Electrical World, p 94, August
4,1958.
KAUFMAN, R. B., PIERCE, J. L., and
UHLIG, E. R. The Effect of Trans-
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