Zebras54

English ESL level 1

Hello!
The English language in the world

z
I speak English
My website: zebras54.co.uk
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A dictionary print “English ESL”

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 /z-phonics/ English sounds like
/z-phonics/ English sounds like /b/ b bear

z
/d/ d duck
/a/ varies hat /l/ l london
/m/
/au/ varies house /n/
m
n
man
no
/ay/ varies, i pipe /p/ p panda
/r/ r red
/â/ ar aardvark /t/ t ten
/e/ e bed /y/ y yes
/*/ unstressed vowel elephant /f/ f ,ph fox
/g/ varies gold
/*n/ -ion, -ean ocean /h/ h have
/i/ -ir bird /k/
/sk/
c + broad, ck,k cat
sch school
/i/ -y, ing big /s/ c+ slender, s silver
/š/ sh shampoo
/î/ /varies street /tš/ ch much
/o/ o, or dog /v/ v village
/kw/ qu quality
/ô/ varies ocean /ž/ varies giraffe
/oy/ oy boy /w/
/th1/
w
th+ broad
waggon
that
/u/ varies, book /th2/ th + slender this
/-/ varies Armagh
/û/ varies zoo

Broad vowels: a, o, u
Slender vowels: *, e, i

Busy teacher writes:
English is a complicated language with complicated rules of
spelling andpronunciation. These rules, while generally true, do have exceptions.
What matters most, however, is that these rules give a place to start .
1) CVC vowels
A vowel followed by a single consonant at the end of a word is
pronounced as a short vowel man /man/ pup /p*p/ cup /k*p/
2) CVCC
A vowel followed by two consonants at the end of a word is
pronounced as a short vowel
want /want/
3) -CV.
If a vowel is the final letter in a word, it is pronounced as a long
vowel
3) -CVe or -CVCe
If an e appears at the end of a word, it is silent. the preceding
vowel (separated from the e by one or more consonants) will be
pronounced as a long vowel. For example: True /trû/ rice /rays/
Silent e is so common in English
CVVC
If two vowels appear next to each other in one syllable, the second
vowel is silent and the first vowel is pronounced as a long vowel : .
Beat /bît/, train /trên/, leaf /lîf/, load /lôd/.
.
z
Consonants
1) consonant blends.
A consonant blend is two or more letters that are
pronounced as one sound in English. consonant blends act
as one consonant sound,)
Cr Cl sC, str, sp cross, plan, stay, street, special
2) V-CV or CV-CV
If one consonant follows a vowel in the middle of a word, it
is pronounced as the first sound in the next syllable
a-go, ze-bra
3) CVC-CV
When two consonants follow a vowel in the middle of a
word, one consonant is pronounced at the end of the first
syllable and the other is pronounced at the
beginning of the next vowel .When a consonant is doubled
in the middle of a word, it also follows this rule.
For example: sub-ject, tal-ly, ab-ject, top-ple, and haz-mat
 red The coat is red.
the coats are red.
items: documents (s) I'm wearing a coat
items:clothing
Chapter 01 (one) a passport(s)
underwear (pl)
one o'clock a ticket (s)
night clothes (pl)
It is one o'clock medication(pl)
swimwear
a clock(s) a hotel reservation (s)
a suit
1st the first travel insurance
items: devices (pl) a shoe (s)
money (n)
a phone (s) a slipper(s)
I'm packing my suitcase a bank-card (s)
a book (s) a the sock
I'm taking an (item) a map(s)
a camera (s) trousers
with me. a itinerary (-ies)
a laptop (s) wear a skirt
a suitcase an adapter (s) items- a dress (s)
a charger(s) a coat(s) a blouse (n)
cosmetics (pl)
a usb memory stick(s) a towel (s) a shirt (s)
The suitcase is empty a card (s) sd soap a belt
a cable(s) shampoo a scarf (-ves)
a pencil (pens) toothpaste a hat (s)
a pen (s) a toothbrush (es) a coat (s)
a copybook(s) a comb(s) a raincoat(s)
a music-player(s) a hairbrush(es) a uniform (s)
deodorant a comb(s) a tie (s)
Luggage tag
makeup a bag

z
Name (s) a razor (s)
Surname (s)
a handkerchief
Address (es)
zebra(s)

pack email (s) (handkerchieves)

The suitcase is full

 blue I'm leaving at (time).
I'm leaving at two o'clock..
Chapter 02 (two) leave I'm leaving in (half) an hour..
conjunction - and

travel I'm leaving on March 2nd.

I'm leaving on Monday.
two o'clock die boscal(í)
It is two o'clock

z
2nd the second 1 one box Monday,
and +
I'm travelling (by transport) 1 one box March 2nd
(by coach, by train, by car, equals=
by airplane, by boat) 2 two boxes
It is half past two

wait go to
½ half I'm waiting I'm going to (place)
I'm travelling to (place) This is my passport
I'm on a business trip. This is my ticket
 green I'm arriving at the airport.
The airplane is arriving at the airport.

Chapter 03 (three)

arrive
I'm arriving at the harbour .
The boat is arriving at the harbour.
three o'clock
It is three o'clock

z
3. the third
I'm arriving
I'm arriving at three o'clock .
I'm arriving on March 2nd.
I'm arriving in (town) I'm arriving at the train-station
The car is arriving at the airport. The train is arriving at the train-station
show I'm arriving at the coach-station .
the coach is arriving at the coach-station

This is my passport.

I'm showing my passport

 yellow
bus-stop place of worship recycling
Chapter 04(four)
campsite museum restaurant

picnic petrol station toilets

I'm lost
Where is (place)?

z
car-park shopping centre telephone
four o'clock How do I get to(place)
It is four o'clock This is the address. park hospital. information
Please, can you show me on the map?
4th. the fourth Please, tell me where to get off? castle hotel disabled access
The information is located on the left in front of the bridge.
town library pharmacy
Prepositions
One quarter village, school city centre
Quarter past four street
It is quarter past four cross
Quarter to four in on under by
It is quarter to four bridge

behind in front of between

internet I cross the road
wi-fi We cross the bridge
à
à straight-ahead I would like a taxi, please.
 light-blue shake hands.

Chapter 05 (five)
It is five past five
It is five to five.
To greet I shake Woodstock's hand.
five o'clock Woodstock and I, we shake hands.
It is five o'clock We shake hands.

places

z
identity language
5. the fifth

Turkey turkish Turkish

England English English
I greet my host. Poland Polish Polish
We greet each other. Spain Spanish Spanish
Hello! Germany German German
Welcome! Brazil Brazilian Portuguese
My name is.(name) Italy Italian Italian
This is (name). Russia Russian Russian
You are welcome. USA American English
China Chinese Chinese
I am from (place) Japanese
Japan Japanese
I'm (identity). French French
France
Do you speak(language) ? British English
The United Kingdom
I'm a (job). Eire Irish English, Irish
I am a bookkeeper. I work in an office / in a factory / in a Northern Irish English, Irish
Northern Ireland
. workshop. Scotland Scottish English, Gaelic
I work from home.
 dark-blue

Chapter 06 (six) a key

stay at

I am staying in(the place)

six o'clock
It is six o'clock
the cottage(s)
6. the sixth The small house(s)

z A bedroom with a single bed. -

A single room
the house (s)

A bedroom with a bed and a the hotel(s)

An apartment(s) bathroom. my room(s) is on the
An en-suite room sixth floor. a guest-house(s)
 pink the rose(s)
How much does one rose cost?
Chapter 07 (seven) The price for one rose is eighty-five (85) cents
One rose costs eighty-five (85) cents.

seven o'clock pay

It is seven o'clock
the sales

7. the seventh

z
buy
the shop(s)
I'm shopping
I'm going to the shops / to the market / to the At the till, I'm paying eighty
sell supermarket and I'm buying things . five(85) cents for the rose.

The market sells food, antiques, clothes

coins and banknotes have
The supermarket sells food, household items, clothes. € 1 = (hundred) 100 cents
The pharmacy sells medication, cosmetics
The gift-shop sells toys, souvenirs, ornaments, books,
CDs, DVDs
The box-office sells travel tickets, tickets for shows
Online, I buy travel tickets, tickets for shows, I have the rose
The shop sells mp3, Ebay items the till
fllowers. The post-office sells stamps, envelopes, postcards, paper.
The shoe-shop sells shoes.
10 - ten, 20 - twenty, 50 - fifty
 white

Chapter 08 (eight) cycle

What are you doing?
eight o'clock
It is eight o'clock
take photos
Look at
8. the eighth I'm taking photos

z
I'm cycling

z
walkl
I'm looking at art.
exercise I'm walking
visit run
I'm exercising I'm driving
drive

I'm running
I'm visiting my friend
 fly the mountain(s) the stone(s)
brown
the lake(s
Chapter 9 (nine)
What do you see?
The bird is flying the landscape(s)
I see the flying bird.
nine o'clock There is a flying bird. the field(s the plant(s)
It is nine o'clock the
see beach(es)
9. the ninth humans the hill(s)

z
  tree(s) shrub(s) flower(s)
A man a woman
  the forest(s) -----------------------------------
oak(s) Ivy
a hill beech(es) holly,
grass
men women How is the weather? rose(s)
daisy (ies)
heather
I see a horse. There is a horse. ó. buttercup(s)
The ninth zebra is I see horses. There are horses óó
brown
animal(s)
It is raining . the sky is grey
an
reptile (s) mammal(s)
fish eile
insect
bird (s) cat (s) The bird is singing.
donkey(s) crab (s) It is cloudy. The sun is shining hear sing
robin(s) ant(s) lizard (s) horse (s) spider(s) I hear the singing
trout(s) pigeon(s) fly(s) snake(s) dog (s) bird
salmon(s) seagull(s) zebra (s) There is a
sparrow (s) butterfly human(s)
(ies) There is snow It is windy singing bird
 black
cook
chapter 10 (ten)
ten o'clock
food and drink a pizza
eat
It is ten o'clock
drink feed
10. the tenth
I'm feeding the birds.

z
I'm cooking
a bowl of soup
.
serve
I'm drinking wine I'm eating an apple
l
I'm drinking a glass of wine I'm eating bread
The tenth zebra is
chips
black. a salad
A glass of water
an egg(s) bread a banana(s)
I'm serving a meal
I'm serving breakfast

a cup of coffee an apple(s) pasta a potato(es) a sandwich

a piece of cake and a cup of tea

a carrot (s) a tomato(es) beans (pl) a piece of chocolate cake.
 orange
listen to
use
Chapter 11 (eleven)
sketch.
I'm sketching I'm using the computer.
eleven o'clock
It is eleven o'clock
It is eleven o'clock in the
watch
morning ☼ I'm listening to music. ♪♫
It is eleven o'clock in the
♪♫ play
evening read

z
play
11. the eleventh

We are playing a game.

The eleventh zebra is
I'm watching television sleep
orange I'm watching a programme on TV.
I'm playing the flute,
write speak I'm reading I'm playing music.

I'm sleeping in my bed.

sit
phone I'm speaking.
I'm writing We are watching I'm sitting in a chair
I'm phoning
 purple
brush Yesterday,
I was cleaning;
Chapter 12 (twelve) I was brushing the floor;
clean I was washing the laundry ;
Goodbye! I was hanging the laundry;
Twelve o'clock sweep
It is twelve o'clock I was washing myself.
It is midday .
(12 a.m.)
It is midnight
say I am brushing
my hair. hang the laundry

z
(12 p.m.)
12th. The twelfth
Today, I'm saying: “Goodbye!”.
Today, we are saying: “Goodbye!” . wash oneself
wash the laundry
Today, we are going home.
The twelfth zebra is purple

get into go aller

to work
au travail
Today, I'm getting into the car.
wake up work
Today, we are getting into the car.

Tomorrow,I'll wake up.

Tomorrow, I'll go to work.
Yesterday, it was February 13th. Tomorrow,I'll work.
Today, it is February 14th.
Tomorrow, it will be February 15th.
 Zebras54
apencil(s)
English ESL level 2 glue
scissors

Hello!
The English language in the world

z
I speak English A dictionary
My website: zebras54.co.uk
the copybook (A4
400 pages started in L1
pen (s)

print “English ESL-L2”(different colours):


✏

 
Written by Dominique Hoffman
 Chapter 01 (one)
z Hello!
Welcome!
My name is
What is your name?
How old are you?
an expression is a group of words
that never changes.

I live in (place) a proverb is a sentence about life

Yes. that never; changes.
No.
I don't know.
I understand. a quote is a group of words that
I love you.
I am giving something to someone I am holding something. I would like . someone has said before and you
Thank you! need to put them inside quotation
I am giving grain to you Please?
I am holding a bucket It's fine . marks.
How much?
How many?
Who? an interjection is a single word
Europe
When? expression which ends with an
North America Asia How?
Where? exclamation mark. (!)
What?
Why?
Something when you ask a question, you want
Africa Nothing some information; such sentences
Somebody
South America Nobody end with a question mark. (?)
Oceania a place
a person
Goodbye! A negative answer contains no or not.
No, I am not giving grain to you.
Antarctica
 z
blue A noun
is a word to name a person, a place or a thing.
Chapter 02 (two) Common nouns are the names for things we can see and
touch. For example: zebra
Verbs - TO BE Abstract nouns are names for ideas, ex: verb Other are
To be on its own identifies a subject: derived from adjectives.
It is a zebra clean → cleanliness
This is a zebra. Proper nouns are the special names and they always start
This is not a zebra.
p with a capital letter. My name is Dominique.
The predicate adjective re-identifies the subject noun:. Grammatical gender -Nouns in other languages have
The zebra is blue. The rhino is red.
To be with a location preposition indicates a place for several genders, usually masculine and feminine; the English
something: language only has 1 grammatical gender.
The info-centre is by the bridge Articles singular
Common nouns and abstract nouns are usually preceded by
the article 'a' (it means one) or 'the' (it means this). If the
following word starts with a vowel sound, then 'a' become
'an' and 'the' is pronounced /thi/ → an itinerary.
Articles Plural
We usually add an 's' when we want to form a plural:
1 zebra , 2 zebras
There are some exceptions to the rules, for example, words
ending in -y have a plural -ies.
1 itinerary → 2 itineraries
Words that end in -x, have a plural -xes.
1 box → 2 boxes
 z .�... �
Adjectives are describing words. In
English, the adjective precedes the
Chapter 03 (three) nouns.
The predicate adjective follows
the verb to be. ).
The adjective never changes:
1 green zebra → 3 green zebras
Adjectives can be colours: z zzz
Red, blue, green etc...

Adjectives can be about about a physical

detail:
human, animal, ♂male, ♀female, young, old,
fast, slow, tall, short, rough, smooth, curly
straight, wide, narrow, fat, lean, dirty, clean,
tame, wild, hot, cold.

Adjectives can describe shapes:

A comparative adjective compares 2 or more
a triangle → triangular nouns.
⭐a star → ⭐star-shaped The man on the left is older than the man
a cube → cubical on the right.
a circle → circular 1 syllable: add er old – older
a heart → heart-shaped Sometimes consonnant doubles: fat → fatter
a cross → criss-cross 1 syllable that ends with an e: add r
−−− a line → −−− linear Wide – wider
a square → square 2 syllables that end with y :
change “y” to “i”,add er
▬a rectangle → ▬ rectangular curly → curlier
2 syllables - use more + or less -
Difficult → More difficult. Less difficult.
 z
The English verb 'to go' has different meanings depending
On the preposition that follows it.
Chapter 04(four)
grandfather ♂ grandfather ♂
grandmother
♀ grandmother
♀ leave
♂ ♀ ♂ ♀
♂
come
♂♀ ♂ Man ♂ ♂ ♂♀
♀ Woman ♀ ♀ go out
♂ ♂ son ♂ ♂ ♂ come go in
♀ daughter ♀ ♀ ♀
♀ down
♂ grandson♂ ♂ ♂
♀ granddaughter♀ ♀ ♀
people (a person)
a friend married
come down
a child (children) divorced
a neighbour A child is a young person. deceased
a boyfriend A boy is a male child lgbt
a girlfriend A girl is a female child born
the husband A pet is a companion animal in a relationship go to
the wife go
a group
a crowd up
 z
light-blue living-room
kitchen bedroom
Chapter 05 (five)

bathroom
stairs � � � � �

garden
at home
the wall
the interior wall
hallway the door
the window
the garden
the fence
adverbs of location the floor
on the left the ceiling
on the right the roof
The girl will go outside– she will go outside. Where are you?
in the centre the chimney
The boy will go to the kitchen– he will go there.
I am at in the middle the fireplace
The children will go – they will go.
home. inside the electric wiring
I will go with the children. I will go with them
outside the plumbing
This is my house. This is mine.
at the front the plug
You are washing yourself.
at the back the socket
ahead the key
 z
� � � �� � � �
Chapter 06 (six) touch
The five sensesThe human body emotions
How are you? The emotions hear
see
better
head(s)
arm(s) neck(s) smell
worse hand(s) chest(s) elbow(s)
I am happy
abdomen How do you feel?
interested
vigilant
aggressive
angry

I am sick
leg(s) disgusted
bored
knee(s) sad
pensive
distracted
Foot (feet) surprised
amazed
I am injured
My head is hurting.
afraid The five senses
� �
I am well. happy
serene
optimistic
taste

I am afraid
I am tired.
 z
pink
In English, there is a distinction between making objects and
Chapter 07 (seven) doing things. People make objects in a workshop.

computer. I am making a vase. The girl is doing homework.

A desk.
tools
make Do – done - doing
A printer made
making
A chair
A bin A stool
participles
These are adjectives derived from verbs. If the verb is
regular, then it ends in -ed
The zebra is gone.
The door is closed
Junior has finished work on the computer.
Gerund G
tools
They are derived from verbs and end in -ing. If a verb ends a hammer
with an 'e', take the 'e' away before adding 'ing'. In English, a nail
you can use to be(present) + Gerund to form the present a screwdriver
continuous . a screw
The present continuous describes an action that is a saw
happening now. a paintbrush
The girl is doing homework today.
a pair of scissors
Junior is leaving; Sue making something in the workshop.
If we want to express habits, we use the simple present. string
Every evening, the girl does homework. a machine
a bin
Every day, except at weekends, Junior works at his desk..
 white

z
A conjunction is a word that joins two sentences, two
clauses or two words. Conjunctions are used when you
Chapter 08 (eight) want to make lists, comparisons or explain things with
two sentences.
Infrastructure
But The rails
Emma can use a telescope Either... or The road(s)
Therefore The motorway(s)
However The crossing(s)
Neither nor The path(s)
Because. The tunnel(s)
Emma is using a telescope
because she can use it. The bridge(s)

z
The pavement(s)
If clause. The street-lamp(s)
in conditional clauses with if or The post-box(es)
unless we often use the present The traffic lights
tense forms to talk about the The zebra-crossing(s)
future: The pipeline(s)
The pylon(s)
We will be able to go out if the The traffic sign(s)
sun is shining.
need necessity I need accessible infrastructure Unless you are coming today, I
The platform(s)
The stairs
will go to the shops. The lift(s)
(If you are not coming today, I
will go to the shops)
 z
brown
Chapter 9 (nine)
We use a noun with ’s and a singular
noun to show possession:
The girl's rose costs eighty five cents.
Her rose costs eighty five cents.
The girl has a rose.
The rose belongs to the girl.
We use ’ with a plural noun
ending in -s:
This is my parents’ house.
This is their house.
My parents have a house.
The house belongs to my parents
But we use ’s with other
plural nouns:
The children’s hats are white.
Their hats are white.
The children have white hats.
The white hats belong to the children.
We can use a possessive instead of a noun
phrase to avoid repeating words:
hair.
I am at the doctor's (surgery).
Icona has brown hair.
Icona's hair is brown
Her hair is brown
A florist sells flowers.
I buy flowers at the florist's (shop)
A florist's is a flower-shop
The two words are joined by a
hyphen.
This object opens bottles;
it is a bottle-opener
The two words are joined by a
hyphen. We call this new word a
compound word.
Bottle-opener is a compound
noun;
dark-blue is a compound adjective
Yves Klein's hand is dark-blue.
His hand is dark-blue.
 black
chapter 10 (ten)
utensil board

z
Peter Capaldi's glass is full. box saucepan
Peter Capaldi has a full glass of wine. Peter likes wine. bottle
bowl
Afork
A cup A knife, a spoon

l
We use scales and measuring-tools A teapot A tin A jug
to weigh and measure objects. A glass

The object weighs 1 kilo.

The man is weighing the object. plate
storage-unit
The object measures 10 inches.
The man is measuring the object. fridge
stove dresser
washing-machine sink

A bowl of cherries. Giovanna likes cherries.

Cherries are her favourite food.
 z
orange
Chapter 11 (eleven)
� �
spectacles.

I am wearing a green woolen pullover,

The woman is dressed in black. red denim trousers and black shoes.

I am reading my newspaper.
When I read my newspaper, I need spectacles.

materials
an armchair, a sideboard, a lamp a table

The figurine is made of glasss

This is a glass figurine. The sculpture is made of metal
This is a metal sculpture.
The cushion is made of fabric This is a fabric cushion.

The mask is made of wood

The toy is made of plastic This is a wooden mask
This is a plastic toy
frequency – how often?
with the habitual present

z
always
frequently
usually
sometimes
adverbs
occasionally
Chapter 12 (twelve) Usually, Ata sits
rarely
enough at the computer
too much Adverbs in the evening;
A wardrobe(s)
too little
sometimes Sue
adverbs of time (when?)
yesterday Bedroom tells her to go
today to bed because
tomorrow
now it is late.
later
tonight A mirror(s)
right now Once upon a
basin(s)
last night
this morning time, women
a night-table(s)
next morning wore dresses
next week
already
recently
lately
like this lady.
towel(s)
soon
ago A rug(s) a bed(s)
once upon a time
a carpet(s) Emma is standing on a
adverbs of time (when?)
used with the present
An adverb modifies the verb, like Adverbs of intensity rug by the basin. She is
an adjective it is a helping word (To what extent)
perfect
still and answers how, when and
Hardly washing her hands..
not....yet Enough
where something is done. In Almost
adverb of manner – how? English, adverbs are often Absolutely These two people are
Together
very adjectives with -ly attached to lying down in the bed.
quite
really
them but check out your Adverbs of location They are relaxing and
fast dictionary. (where?)
well Here they are looking at each
hard Tired → tiredly There other. Recently, the girl
quickly Everywhere
slowly Anywhere on the left used a
Away telescope.
carefully nowhere
 Zebras54 L3 advanced level
English ESL level 3
Read our texts
Hello! Learn technical vocabulary
Learn about IPA
Learn to write letters, essays,
synopses, CV, art review,

z
different types of short stories
and simple poems!
I speak English
L3 has been translated into
French, German and Spanish,
to help you if you need help as
a speaker of those languages.

Written by Dominique Hoffman

My website: zebras54.co.uk
 Zebras54
English ESL level 3
A group of French language teachers founded thez
international Teachers Association; later it became
known as the International Phonetic Association (IPA).
Some of its special letters have been accepted as part
of the new spelling for previously unwritten languages
and also in certain parts of Africa, It is important to
know what IPA is because dictionaries use it.

In the UK, the makers of Jolly phonics created a system

with a 42 letter system; each sound is mostly based on
the Latin alphabet. Jolly Phonics have helped
schoolchildren in the UK to read in English.

For the purpose of L1, L2, L3, I have used z-phonics,

which is a variation of Jolly Phonics which borrows
letters from other languages that we are studying.
ö – is a German letter.
Î, ô, û, â are Welsh
Š , ž are Czech

TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) makes

great use of IPA and this is why we have to include it
here. IPA is also the official phonetics for dictionaries.
Make yourself familiar with IPA, and you can use
every dictionary with confidence!
 z
Library code:zebras54 A library is a collection of books, articles, CDs,
Dvs and digital files. When you create a library
Language inventory, you need to list the items alphabetically
A – English by author; if there is no author name, then you
Chapter 01 (one) b) French need to list the item under the first important
c) Spanish word of the title. The listing includes:
Library d) German
e) Irish
1) name of author or editor
2) book title
f) Czech 3) date and place of writing
g) other languages 4) translator, publisher, date of publication. ISBN,
library code
Types of books
A) Non-Fiction In 1916, the Institute of standardizaing
B) Fiction associations (ISA) stated in Prague as a voluntary
C) Poetry organization. Its aim was to facilitate world trade
by suggesting common formats for products. The
1)dictionary ISA did not operate between 1942 and 1947. In
2) encyclopaedia 1949, it was restarted as the Organization of
3) manual International Standards (ISO) . Since then, 20.000
4) biography, diary standards have been set and they cover everything
5) artbook from papersize, manufactured products, electrics,
6) documentary healthcare and of course books. ISO numbers
7) article facilitate business because a productg can be easily
8) novel traced.
9) short stories
10) play In 1966, Professor Gordon Foster from Dublin
11) film Trinity College developped a numbering format
12) audio for books. The format was adopted by ISO and
13) song Foster's system evolved into the ISBN.. Some
14) other books do not carry an ISBN because ISO is a
* more than 1 author voluntary organization.
+ digital
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Chapter 02 (two)
The first objective of a bibliography
is to be practical. Art students focus
on visual materials, language
students gather books in the
languages they are studying.
Primary Sources
They are first-hand accounts such as
biographies, memoirs, diaries,
letters, manuscripts, reports,
statistics, speeches, photographs.
They may have been put together by
someone else but they have not been
interpreted.
Secondary sources
In a secondary source we find
comment to the original material:
gather manuals, translations, encyclopaedia,
forewords, explanation, review,
glossary, bibliography, essays
For example, an anthology of short
stories may contain some secondary
source information such as
foreword, information about the
author, The primary source is the
text itself.
A Short History of Publications
The first cave painting are 35,000 years old.
The first written record dates from the antiquity.
Paper was invented around 100 BC in China.
Paper arrived in Europe in the 11th C.
The first UK public record is the Doomsday Book.
Printed materials have been with us since the Renaissance
Oil painting exist since 1410
Photography was invented in the 19th C
Audio recordings were first made by Thomas Edison in the late
19th C.
The first film was made in 1899
Music LPs date from the 1940s; cassettes from the 1960s, CDs
from from 1983
The internet started in 1990.
Digital files are a 21st century innovation.
Online digital archives are possible thanks to the internet. We
can also access public documents at libraries, news agencies,
museums, government agencies, churches and corporations.
Many places do not lend their material, so you need to do the
research in situ. Sometimes, you can get photocopies.
Once you have made your selection of material, you have your
bibliography and you can use it for your research and studies.
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amount Writing formal letters or emails
average In English, there are a number of conventions that should be used
budget
client
Chapter 03 (three) when writing a formal letter.You also need to type it as simply and
clearly as possible, and do not make the page longer than necessary.
complaint Glossaries and templates. Ideally your letter should have about sixty words in three
credit A glossary is a collection of specialized words (business, paragraphs and the whole document should fit on one A4 page (10
debt animals, plants, minerals, science, philosophy, politics, pt) .The tips are also valid for formal e-mail correspondence.
delivery law, medicine, etc). Every profession has its own
dispatch letter Your address and the client's address:
glossary and new employees receive a manual during
economy Company logo,
employee their training.
name, street,
enquiry country, postcode, email and website.
fiscal year Apart from your travel dictionary and your course material, Date:
free postage the most important language tool is a 'glossary' - an You need to write the month as a word to avoid confusion.
interview alphabetical list of technical terms. These type of words are Greeting:
invitation usually absent from a travel dictionary. In science and If you do not have a particular name use: "Dear Sir or Madam. If you
invoice medicine, the words have been standardized in Latin, and this is know the person's name then address them with their title. Dear Mr
loan how doctors and scientists understand each other at Jones / Dear Ms Jones (use Ms for women), Dear Dr Jones, etc
logistics international level. Animals and plants are listed according to Subject matter:
mailing the Linné classification. The table of chemical elements, the re: indicate a reference number, or what your letter is about. - (re:
newsletter catalogue of ISO standards is used for the import/export of enquiry L3 English – chapter 03) - The subject matter counts as first
order manufactured goods, a firm's product catalogue. paragraph.
offer Ending the letter:
overdraft A template is a guide for writing business letters. yours faithfully
postage Your signature:
purchase Common Abbreviations for Business Letters your full name (handwriting and typing) and job title.
price-list re: subject matter
profit asap: as soon as possible If you are writing on behalf of someone else then you need to use the
quantity cc: carbon copy abbreviation pp plus their name,- and sign your name underneath.
rebate encl: attachments Attachments:
sale pto: please turn If your correspondence is more than one page long or contains
shipment RSVP: please reply . attachments, you need to mention them using the abbreviation
tax PS: postscript "encl." and you need to put it about three lines under your signature
unit price P/P – postage on the left. (encl.: 1 brochure)
VAT pp – signing on behalf of someone else
wage
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Chapter 04(four)
Translation Tips
Automated Translation?
Automated translators are useful for single words. But I do not recommend this method
for a whole text. Often, you will end up with an incomprehensible mush or worse,
mistranslate. If you want to use this method, you need to be able to understand the
original text. Until then, the proven method is decoding the grammar and reproducing
the patterns of the sentence:
Hier, la petite fille m'a donné un manuel scolaire. (petite - small, young or little)
Yesterday, the little girl gave a school manual to me
Adaptation or Translation?
A translation aims at reproducing a text in another language by keeping the exact speech
structures. An adaptation is less formal: Without changing the story, you can leave out
text or arrange speech structures for a better flow. Adaptations can be found with folk
tales, older texts, and children's literature. They are usually based on oral traditions or
older translations/adaptations. We also find adaptations in non-fiction, especially
manuals, as those need to be useful for their target audience. Plays and literature can
sometimes be adapted or abridged. When dealing with poetry, the accepted way is to
translate the words accurately and keep the structure of the poem, especially the line
breaks; rhymes and meters are lost in translation.
Tenses
The French language uses the 'imparfait' and the historic present for narration. Both are
translated with the past tense in English (and in German). We do not need to add 'used
to + verb' every time we translate a habit in the past, but we use adverbs such as
'usually'.
Style
A literary text may present some difficulties and we recommend to read a similar
translated work to get a feel. " 'Ha perdato qualchesa Signora?' 'There was a cat' 'A cat?'
'Si, il gatto.' " - In this quote by Ernest Hemingway from his short story 'Cat in the
Rain', we see how words from a different language are quoted into a conversation.
Ernest Hemingway did not assume that the readers understand Italian but he showed us
that the main character has some knowledge Therefore, we only need to translate the
English words.
geographical names
If you need to translate a geographical place name from a specialised article, it
is important to look it up on a map. An atlas needs to be up-to-date to take
political changes into account . In my novel 'Bohemian Tales', I mention that
Austerlitz is now called 'Slavkov' (and located in the Czech Republic).
However, if we refer to the 'Battle of Austerlitz', we need to find out how it is
translated in the history books. When in doubt, leave the location as it is
followed by' (?)'.
Addresses are never translated. This is for obvious reasons of practicality.
We write the name of the country in the original language and for our own
post-office, we write the name of the country in our language. A region,
county or province is not a valid country name, if we want to add this to the
address, it goes after the town name.
Specialized vocabulary
When in doubt, leave the original word as it is followed by (?)
This year, I translated a 'Petite Lotte' which is set in the world of Parisian
flower traders between 1880 and 1897, this meant that I had to acquaint
myself with the tools, the products and the manufacturing process. My
translation ended up with a few adaptations to make the text accessible to a
modern English-speaking audience.
people names
It is generally agreed that the names of ordinary living people are not
translated. Sometimes they are adapted by leaving out diacritical signs (Vaclav
Havel) or transcribed into phonics (Vladimir Putin). Popes, saints, emperors
and kings also have their own adapted names. If you find 'Carlos I' in a text,
you make to make sure which country he ruled. The Spanish language also
translates Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom as la reina Isabel II de
Inglaterra.
proverbs and quotes by famous people
If you need to translate a quote by an English-speaking writer from a foreign
language back into English, we need to do some research and find the exact
words. Exception to this rule are interviews but check out whether the
person has done interviews in English on the same subject. (promotional
tours) . Proverbs will usually have a standard translation and this is where the
internet can help.
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Chapter 05 (five) Note to Editors -

If you need to edit a text by someone else, then you need
Punctuation to decide on the layout. You should write an introduction
( ) brackets can be used to isolate a word or clarify something. and a postscript. In the introduction, you need to write
(-) hyphen join words to indicate a combined meaning your name, date, etc and tell about your relationship with
(.) a full-stop goes at the end of a sentence where we would pause. this text. In the conclusion, you can write a short
(,) a comma separates ideas within a sentence and items in a list. comment.You are not allowed to change the text. If there
(;) a semi-colon joins sentences or clauses that are closely connected. are mistakes you need to check back with the author and
(:) a colon starts a list, a quote or a new idea. they have to approve it. You can replace single words but
(') an apostrophe shows you who owns something. It also shows you need to put them in brackets like this (like this). If you
where words have been shortened. take some text out, you need to replace it with ellipses
(?) a question mark tells you that a question is being asked. (...) (you can keep the ellipses in the bracket)
(!) an exclamation mark shows surprise, humour or excitement
(//) parallel bars indicate phonetics
(–) en-dash is used to represent a span or range of numbers, dates, or
time, or to pair a word and its translation
(“..”) speech marks tell you what words are spoken.
('..') a single quotation mark or word in italic indicates an unusual
word or a quote within speeches.
(…) Ellipses indicate that something is missing or unfinished
(bold) we often use words written in bold or CAPS or bigger
fonts for headlines.
(Headlines): in a headline, these words start with a capital letter
Nouns (man, bus, book)
Adjectives (angry, lovely, small)
Verbs (run, eat, sleep)and their particles
Adverbs (slowly, quickly, quietly)
Pronouns (he, she, it)
conjunctions (as, because, that)
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Chapter 06 (six)
Taking notes
Taking notes and writing reports is an important skill because you
may have to do that at an evening classes or during a debate, a
speech, a presentation, team discussion, board meeting, a
charity explaining their work, an author presenting his new book.
Sometimes, you can publish the report on your blog. You can
practise this exercise with TV documentaries. The great advantage of
this exercise is that you will learn vocabulary about a subject that
you are working in, or interested in.
preparation.
material spiral notebook, a (propelling) pencil to take your notes.
Take a binder with empty pockets or a file with you. Print out
your email invitation if you have one. At the event, you will receive
documentation or you need to pick up a leaflet with the
information about the lecturers and the title of the event. Also you
will need the hard surface of the file or the binder to write.
If you know in advance which subject will be discussed, look up
articles about it and articles about the lecturer. In case they use
specialised terms, you will be able to write these words down more
easily, use a glossary if necessary. The more you are familiar with the
topics discussed, the easier the note-taking gets.
After taking notes, you need to look up names and specialist
vocabulary mentioned by the protagonists, it is also possible that
they use a foreign language word, and if they quote someone, you
need to find the exact quote.
Taking notes
The reason why we ask you to practise taking notes from documentaries on TV is to
train you to pay attention to all the information and at the same time writing it
down, and also develop your own system of abbreviations. You will soon realise that
you don't need to write everything down, but it is important for you to write
down as much vital information as possible: names, locations, technical terms,
dates and numbers. Write down on one side of the page only (the other side is for
later comments, clarifications and notes) Stay alert all the time. You do not need to
use complete sentences. When the event is finished. Write down the date and
number on each page. tear your pages from your notebook and put them in your
file or binder.
After the event - transcription.
It is your duty to be as accurate as possible - it is better to leave out
something you are unsure of, rather than including a possible error.
1)Title section write: a report then write down the place and the date of the
event, Title of the event. Name of the lecturer,, add written by and your name.
2) Introduction: writes a few lines about the event and why you chose attend.
3) Body of text For practical reasons, the body of the text should fit on 1 or 2
A4 pages. If this is a debate with several people, you need to start a new
paragraph with the name of each person (italics, CAPS or bold). You need to
write in indirect speech because your notes are not the exact words of what the
person said. Look up the spelling of words in a dictionary, check out the name of
the person. If you have any doubts in your notes, leave it out: you do not need
everything that was said during the discussion, however Make sure that your
sentences are grammatically correct.
4) Conclusion: This is the section where you can give your opinion to the
reader. Do you agree with the lecturer? Which points did you find important?
5) Attachment: write: "further information" If the discussion is about a book
promotion, this is where to add the title. Usually you add the website of the
lecturer so what your reader can investigate further. Many websites will offer
podcasts or youtube films after the event, you can also point at those.
6) Sign with your name, your web-address, blog or website. You can illustrate
your report if you want.
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5W1H, “I have six faithful serving men
pink They taught me all I knew
Their names areWhat andWhere andWhen
Chapter 07 (seven) 5W1H AndWhy and How andWho”
Rudyard Kipling
Writing a synopsis 5W1H are questions whose answers are considered basic in
information-gathering or problem-solving. They are often mentioned in
A synopsis is a summary of a longer text (book, report, article) or a journalism, research, and investigations. They constitute a formula for
film. In the first paragraph you introduce the text (or film. If this is a getting the complete story on a subject and they are a useful tool for
story, tell what type of story it is (fable, historical fiction etc) is it and writing a synopsis.
your connection to it. What?
What,objects are important
The second paragraph of the synopsis conveys the narrative arc, an What happens?
explanation of the problem or plot, the characters, and how the book What is the identity of the character? (nationality, profession)
or novel ends. It ensures character actions and motivations are realistic What is missing?
and make sense. It summarizes in a linear form (no flashbacks) what Where?
happens and who changes from beginning to end of the story. Make Where does the action take place?
sure you do not mention too many events. A synopsis should include Where did you see the film?
the main characters’ feelings and emotions but avoid unnecessary Where was the book published?
details, descriptions, examples or explanations; each word counts. When?
There is no direct speech in a synopsis. When, exactly, did it happen..?
When will it start/end?
When was it wrriten and when was it published?
Why?
Why does that happen?
Why did the author write this text?
Why not?
How?
How many?
How much?
How does it work?
Who?
Who are the main characters? (name, language, gender, family)
Who does the action ?
Who wrote the text?
Who published the text?
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EXPRESSING YOUR OPINION

In my opinion, .. / En ce qui me concerne

Chapter 08 (eight) I have the feeling that ... / Il me semble que
It seems to me that ...J'ai l'impression que
At least, that's my opinion. C'est du moins mon opinion.
Writing an Essay I must say / Je dois dire que
I'm sure /Je suis sûr(e) que
In an essay, you are writing about your opinions on a subject matter. The five- I find that / Je trouve que
paragraph essay is a format of essay having five paragraphs: one introductory paragraph, I'm convinced that / Je suis persuadé(e) que
three body paragraphs with support and development, and one concluding paragraph. I can't help thinking /Je ne peux pas m'empêcher de penser que
I don't think that... / Je ne pense pas que
1) think about your subject and write down what it means to you. I believe that / Je crois que.
2) Do some research about your subject, interview people, take notes, According to / D'après (lui/person)
organize a bibliography, visit the library, take photographs etc It is obvious that/ C'est évident que
3) organize your results. For example, you can have one paragraph for each For example / Par exemple
photograph you took. Or one paragraph for each idea you want to develop.The They say / On dit que...

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link between paragraphs is called a transition I heard about / J'ai entendu parler de + noun
I heard that /J'ai entendu dire que
4) Write each paragraph. Your sentences should be up to ten words long, As for... / quant à (moi/ lui etc)
unless you have a list or a quote. Express your opinion because anecdotes, He/ she writes that / il/elle écrit que
photos and quotes are seen as an argument is an esay.
5) Illustrate your paragraphs with additional quotes, anecdotes, examples. EXPRESSING YOUR AGREEMENT
Photos. (The author / the narrator / the protagonist / etc.) is right
6) Now write the introduction and the conclusion. The introduction I have come to the same conclusion
should tell the reader what ideas / what things you are going to tell about, and I share (your/his/her/their) view.
the conclusion is a short summary of your paragraphs.
EXPRESS ING YOUR DISAGREEMENT
Your essay should look like this: I take a different view.
Title - date - location - author - I do not share your/his/her/your view.
Introduction - I disagree because...
paragraph 1 - I have come to a different conclusion
paragraph 2 -
paragraph 3 -
conclusion
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abstract art
Writing a short art review
brown acrylic painting
animation,
ancient art
animal portrait You can make a biography as long or short as you
architecture, want. Start with a basic "essay"-structure, three
Chapter 9 (nine) architectural drawing
artistic design paragraphs, with introduction, conclusion and an
illustration.
CV and biography assemblage,
calligraphy,
ceramics,
writing a CV or résumé charcoal drawing Art review – An art review is a synopsis about a
collage
computer, , piece of art.You need to find as much
CV is short for the Latin term "curriculum vitae" which means "the story Conceptual information as possible about the artwork and
contemporary,
of your life". Usually, it is a document to help you get an interview for a dance
you will need a glossary for some technical
job.You can also use the CV format to gather information about an diagram terms. Include a picture if you can.
engraving
Artist. Introduction: give some details about the artist
Biography: a written history of fresco
folk art and where we can see the artwork. Then you can
a person's life genre
write three paragraphs where you describe what
your name here gouache painting
graffiti you see in the picture (use W51H).
Personal details It is similar to a CV except graphic
Example:
address (incl. e-mail and telephone number) that you write it as an essay . illuminated manuscripts
illustration Introduction: this is a landcape by …. (dates)
date and place of birth You need to put the following impressionism
(place) (museum)
information: the year and place landscape
nationality of birth, the locations where
ink drawing paragraph 1: foreground,
lithography Paragraph 2) ,middle ground
that person was born and has medieval
Education modernism Paragraph 3) background and horizon line.
lived, their profession. Aspects magic realism
schools Conclusion: give your opinion about the
of their lives that you find mosaic
oil painting on board artwork.
college relevant to tell - if you have oil painting on canvas
university / training new research material of your old masters
pencil drawing
passed courses own you can add it there. If the portrait
degrees person published or created print
photography
things you need to finish with a political
list of their works with the realism
Employment publishing date. A short religious
screen printing
(year) name and address of employer, their sector,
biography can be used to sculpture
your job title introduce a text, or a work by scientific illustration
social realism
an artist or to tell a story of stained glass
still life
Skills someone's life. tapestry
You can make a biography as
languages, IT knowledge, hobbies, publications watercolour
woodcarving
long or short as you want
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chapter 10 (ten) Every entry doesn’t have to be brilliant. But every day should have an
entry. Writing every day, even small details, will help you maintain your

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momentum.
Writing a diary
You can start by choosing a photograph. You can also sketch an image. or
stick a newspaper clipping.

A diary always starts with the date and
mentions the place where you are.
We often use adverbs to connect sentences and
paragraphs so that our writing flows better.
Sit down at your desk and think about the places you went, the people
you met, the food you ate, the scents you took notice of, your activities
and the things you learned. As you do take note of what makes you
smile. you’ll want to remember some of the details of the day. where
you stayed if you were away from home, shop names,café, the restaurant
or other places that you find important.

First, ….. As a whole, what did the day mean to you? What did you learn? How did
youl change? What did you read today? What surprised you? State one of
Then,.... these in one sentence or a series of three short sentences. This is the
Next.... beginning of a great journal entry.
Now..... (further reading: Janice Waugh – Solo Traveller)
Finally....

Typically, a connecting
adverb
is followed by a
comma.
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Chapter 11 (eleven)
Writing a story
Typically, a story has a beginning, a plot and an end .
Use 5W1H-method to define your protagonists and your plot.
Use intransitive verbs to describe actions.
connecting adverbs
join the story together
Once upon a time,
After a few weeks,
First, …..
Then,....
Next....
Now.....
Finally....

Many stories feature direct speech.

Direct speech is always introduced by quotation marks : "speech".

We often shorten words to make conversation

more realistic. - this is called 'informal style'
It is raining today becomes it's raining today.
I have written a story becomes I've written a story
She cannot open the door → she can't open the door
She will come tomorrow → she'll come tomorrow.
We also use idioms and proverbs in stories because people use
them informal speeches.
We are all in the same boat means we are all in the same situation
Speeches
Speeches in dialect are rendered in conversational English.. Hesitations
are expressed with"hm...", astonishment with "ah!", laughter with "ha!
ha!" . Build a bibliography with your favourite books and research
material to inspire you.
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Chapter 12 (twelve) epic, ballad
Sonnet, elegy, ode,
Poetry haiku,
Poetry can make us laugh, make us cry, tell a story or make
us think.
Acrostic, Limerick,
Writing poetry is an opportunity to play with words.
shapes
A simile refers to a sentence where the subject is ,
described as being 'like' something else: free verse
The moon shone like a torch.
He felt as strong as an ox.
A limerick is a humorous verse of 5
lines with the rhyming pattern
A metaphor is used when we say that something is
a-a-b-b-a
something else.
Tonight, the moon is a torch.
Sonnet
Personification happens when a writer gives human
characteristics to a non-human thing.
The moon smiled at us.

An onomatopeia is a word that sounds

like the thing it is describing. c

Plop! The stone fell into the water. c

The first letters of each line in an acrostic poem form a word
A palindrome is a word that reads the same backwards
and forwards
Anna, Mum, dad, Hannah