Tissues (Ch.

4)

4.1 study of tissues = _______________

I. Epithelial Tissue = Epithelium "covering"

- covers body ________
or boundaries
- lines body cavities

A. 2 TYPES
___________ or lining epithelium
___________ epithelium

B. FUNCTIONS
-protection,___________, filtration, excretion, secretion
(glands), sensory reception

C. CHARACTERISTICS
i) specialized cell junctions ----__________________
__________________
ii) polarity
apical surface
- exposed to exterior of body or __________
- may have microvilli or _________
basal surface
iii) supported by ___________ tissue
iv) has a basement membrane
- extracellular material lining cells
v) avascular but innervated

no _____ supply has _____ supply

vi) able to regenerate
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D. CLASSIFICATION
# of layers:
- simple - _ layer
4-2 - stratified - _ or > layers
- pseudostratified - _ layer but cells vary in length
cell shape:
- squamous = ____________
- cuboidal
- columnar

4-3 e.g., stratified squamous superficial part of skin

- apical cells ________, basal cells
cuboidal
- basal cells active in ________
transitional - basal - cuboidal or columnar
- apical - _____ depending on amount of
stretch
- ureters, bladder, part of urethra

E. GLANDULAR EPITHELIA

gland = 1 or > cells that make & __________ a product = secretion

- may be unicellular or multicellular

drawing scattered within may have ducts

on board epith. sheet

1. Endocrine Glands
- ductless
- produce ____________, secrete into _______
- secrete by ______________ (mostly)
- may be unicellular or multicellular
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2. Exocrine Glands
- have ducts _______ or body cavities
- include mucous, sweat, oil, & salivary glands; liver, pancreas
4-4 - unicellular mucous cells & goblet cells - secrete _____
- in columnar epith. that lines
the resp. and digestive tracts
- multicellular:
- mode of secretion:
4-6 - merocrine - secrete products by
_______________ as they are
produced
- e.g., pancrease, most sweat
glands, salivary glands
- holocrine - accumulate products & ______to
secrete
- only example is sebaceous (oil)
glands of skin
II. Connective Tissue (c.t.) "support"
Table 4.1 4 classes & subclasses:
c. t. proper
- loose c.t.
- areolar
- ______
- reticular
- dense c.t. (also called fibrous c.t.)
- regular
- irregular
- _______
___________
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic cartilage
bone tissue (osseous c.t.)
_________
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functions: binds & supports, protects, insulates, ______________

A. CHARACTERISTICS
***1. extracellular matrix (ECM)
- _____ cells, mostly nonliving material
2. common origin from mesenchyme (a type of
__________ tissue)
(3) varying degrees of vascularity
B. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
4-7 1. ground substance
- unstructured material; "_____" & holds fluid
- consists of ___________fluid (IF) +
glycoproteins
- the glycoproteins help anchor cells

ECM 2. fibres
- proteins, provide support:
a. collagen fibers provide ___________ strength
b. elastic fibers - elasticity
- protein = elastin
- skin, lungs, blood vessel walls
c. reticular fibers
"reticulum" = "net"
- ______ collagenous fibers
3. cells
"blasts" = undifferentiated, _______cells - secrete
matrix
"cyte" = mature cell
e.g., _________blasts (c.t. proper); _______cytes
_________blasts (cartilage); _______cytes
_________blasts (bone); ________cytes
hematopoietic stem cell (blood); various blood cytes
- macrophages (macro = big, phage = eat)
- cells of ______ system that phagocytize
debris and invaders; often found in c.t.
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C. TYPES
4-8 1. Connective Tissue Proper
a. loose c.t.
areolar c.t. - under epith., "________material"
- widely distributed
adipose tissue = _____; adipocyte = ____ cell
reticular c.t. has only _____________fibers
- found in lymph nodes, spleen,
bone marrow
b. dense c.t. (also called fibrous c.t.)
dense regular tendons, ligaments
dense irregular - _________ capsules, dermis
(elastic)
2. Cartilage
- tough, but ________
- avascular, not innervated
- 80% H2O resilience
- ______blasts - growing cartilage
- divide until adolescence
- ______cyte - in lacunae (= _______)
6-1
a. hyaline cartilage
- ends of ________ bones
- __________ skeleton,
- epiphyseal plates (= growth plates)
- nose, trachea, larynx
b. elastic cartilage
- external ear & epiglottis
- lots of ________ fibers
8-2b c. fibrocartilage
- intermediate between dense regular c.t. & ______
- compressible, resists __________
- intervertebral discs, menisci (discs) of knee, pubic
symphysis
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3. Bone
-________cytes in lacunae
- matrix - harder than cartilage due to inorganic ___ salts
4. Blood
- fluid matrix = ___________
III. Nervous Tissue "control"
- brain, _______ ______, nerves 4-10
- neurons = ________cells
- conduct nerve impulses (= _________ potentials)
- supporting cells (_______ cells)

IV. Muscle Tissue "movement" 4-9

- skeletal muscle - body __________
- cardiac muscle - __________
- smooth muscle - walls of _______ organs (incl. blood vessel walls)

? Voluntary ? Striated ? shape Drawing

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

V. COVERING AND LINING MEMBRANES

Note this is a different use of the word membrane. These are NOT phospholipid bilayer
membranes.
- include epith. and underlying loose connective tissue
4-11 cutaneous membrane = _______
mucous membrane - absorption & ___________
- line body cavities open to exterior
1-10a serous membrane in closed _________ body cavities
- secrete serous fluid (__________)
= peritoneum, pleura (lungs), pericardium