6.

1 Relevant safety codes

From the point of view of the design, the warm vessel is considered as a low pressure vessel, i.e. a
pressure lower than 500 mbar. The design of the pressure vessel is based, as main design technique,
on the Finite Elements Analysis Methods, using the commercial ANSYS code. The design approach is
to generate a detailed finite element model of the pressure vessel and to perform a detail stress
analysis of each component. As a consequence, we refer to the ASME code section VIII, division II
and Eurocode III. In any case, the most conservative requirements among the two codes will be
adopted.

Part 5 of ASME sect. VIII, div. II provides the so-called design by analysis requirements: i.e.
requirements for design of vessels and components using finite element analysis methods. The LBNF
vessel structure design is guided by the detailed design procedures provided in Part 5 to determine
protection against the following failure modes: plastic collapse, local failure, buckling and cyclic
loading. This last failure mode is not considered as cyclic loads are not part of the requirements.

The material properties for use in the stress analysis are provided in the certificate from the
manufacturer that guaranty the material performances: minimum tensile and yield stresses. The
maximum allowable stresses for the material are then derived from ASME section II, Part D, which
presents the basis for establishing the maximum allowable stresses values for material related to
ASME sect VIII, div. II methods.

The maximum allowable stress considered is calculated as follows:

For Tensile strength, the maximum allowable stress is ST/2.4

For Yield strength, the maximum stress allowable is SY/1.5

The material maximum allowable stress S is the lowest of the two above values.

The Finite Elements Analysis calculations of the vessel beam structure use the Elastic Stress analysis
method as detailed in ASME sect VIII, div.2 Part 5.

The loading conditions and load cases combinations are compatible with section VIII, div. 2, Part 5,
Elastic analysis Method as shown below:

Design Load combination:

(1) P + D
(2) 0.6 D + 0.7 E
(3) 0.9 P + D + 0.7 E

Where :
P = Hydrostatic pressure from the liquid Argon + nominal vessel overpressure: 75 mbar
or,
P = Hydrostatic pressure from the liquid Argon + accidental vessel overpressure 350 mbar
(Pa)
D = Self-weight of the structure including insulation and membrane
E = Seismic load
The detailed load cases are in section VI.
To evaluate the protection against plastic collapse, the results from the elastic stress analysis of the
vessel beams, under the loading conditions defined above are categorized and compared to
allowable stresses using the assessment procedure for Elastic Stress analysis defined in Sect VIII,
div.2 5.2.2 and summarized below.

The stresses are categorized following the 3 categories below:

Pm - General primary membrane equivalent stress
Average primary stress across solid cross section, excluding discontinuities and
concentrations
Pm is located in the center of the beam
PL Local primary membrane equivalent stress
Average stress across any solid cross section, considers discontinuities but no concentrations
Pb - Primary bending equivalent stress
Component of primary stress proportional to distance from centroid of solid section
excluding discontinuities and concentrations

In centre region of the structural beam, the stress categories considered are Pm and Pb.
At junction region of the structural beam, the stress categories considered are PL and Pb.

The computed stress tensors (6 unique components of stress) resulting of the structural beam FEA
calculations are used to calculate the equivalent membrane and bending stresses using the equation
below:
1
= = [(1 2 )2 + (2 3 )2 + (3 1 )2 ]
2

Where

1, 2, 3 correspond to the 3 direction equivalent stress values.

These computed equivalent stresses are compared to the corresponding material allowable limits:
Pm < S
PL < SPL
PL + Pb < SPL

Where SPL is the allowable limit on local primary membrane plus bending.
SPL = 1.5 S if SY > 0.7 ST
SPL = SY if SY < 0.7 ST

The local failure criteria is verified at each point of the beam structure following:

1 + 2 + 3 4
Where:
1, 2, 3 correspond to the 3 direction equivalent stress value for local primary membrane plus
bending.

The protection against collapse from buckling is verified at each point of the structure via a
numerical Finite Element linear bifurcation buckling analysis. All possible buckling mode shapes are
considered in determining the minimum buckling load for each component. A design factor of 4 is
considered in the calculations, which is higher than the design factor 2 for the shell elements
recommended by ASME code section VIII div.2.

The allowable stresses for the bolted connections are determined from the criteria of ASME section
II, part D for bolting materials for use with part 5 and 5.F of ASME section VIII, division 2.
The basis for establishing design stress intensity values for bolting with strength enhanced by strain
hardening provides a minimum value for design stress intensity of Sy/3.
Where Sy is the minimum yield strength at room temperature

As stated in ASME, sect VIII, div. part 5, supplemental requirements for bolts, actual service stress in
bolts, such as those produced by a combination of preload, pressure and differential expansion can
be higher than the allowable stress defined above.
The maximum allowable service stress (Ss1) in the bolt, averaged across the bolt cross
section and neglecting stress concentrations, shall verify:

Ss1 < 2/3 Sy

The maximum allowable service stress (Ss2) at the periphery of the bolt cross section,
resulting from direct tension plus bending and neglecting stress concentrations, shall verify:

Ss2 < Sy

Note: the bolted connections are also verified using the EUROCODE III methods.

The welded connections are verified using ASME section VIII, div.2 Part 5, which provides the so-
called design by analysis requirements.
The stresses used to verify the welding are extracted from the Finite Element models following the
recommendations of ASME Annex 5-A Linearization of stress results for stress classification.

The figure below (ASME sect VII, div. 2, figure 5-A.5 and 5-A.9) provides the stress classification lines
(CL) used to determine the linearized membrane and bending stresses to be compared with the
material limits.

The stresses are computed following the same categorization method than explained above for the
beam structures and are compared with the material allowable limits.
In addition, all welding will follow full examination procedure and will be fully tested.