Geometrical Accuracy Measurement

In partial fulfilment of the course

Production Techniques-II
At

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI

By
Section 1 Group 3
Krishna Zanwar 2014B3A4479P
Sangeet Sourav 2014B5A4564P
Nishant Arora 2014B4A4795P
 Experiment: 1
Geometrical Accuracy Measurement

Objective:
To familiarize with geometrical tolerances
Measurement of straightness, flatness, circularity, cylindricity.

Apparatus:
Workpiece made of mild steel, lathe machine, single point cutting tool, dial
indicator

Theory:

Straightness: The standard form of straightness is a 2-Dimensional tolerance that

is used to ensure that a part is uniform across a surface or feature. Straightness
can apply to either a flat feature such as the surface of a block, or it can apply to
the surface of a cylinder along the axial direction. It is defined as the variance of
the surface within a specified line on that surface.

Symbol:

Flatness: Many part designs contain surfaces that need to be uniform. In GD&T
flatness tolerance defines a zone between two parallel planes within which a
surface must lie. Since flatness is applied to an individual surface, this tolerance
does not need to be related to a datum. Flatness is usually used on a surface
associated with a size dimension, acting as a refinement to the size requirement
to ensure proper function of a part. Flatness tolerance applies in all drawing
views, not just the view showing the tolerance callout.

Symbol:

Circularity: Circularity tolerance is used to control the roundness of circular parts

or features. Some examples of circular features include cylinders, spheres, and
cones. Sometimes circular surfaces are used for moving parts such as ball
bearings or spools, in which case circularity helps ensure these parts move
smoothly and wear evenly. Because circularity is applied to an individual surface,
this tolerance does not need to be related to a datum.
Symbol:
.
Cylindricity: Cylindricity tolerance is used when cylindrical part features must
have good circularity and straightness, like pins or camshafts. While circularity
applies only to cross sections, cylindricity applies simultaneously to the entire
surface. Since cylindricity is applied to an individual surface, this tolerance does
not need to be related to a datum.

Symbol:

Procedure:

1. Fix the workpiece in the three-jaw chuck and ensure that it is properly
centered.
2. To measure straightness, mount a dial indicator on the cross slide.
3. Touch the plunger to the plane surface of the cylindrical workpiece and
set the dial to zero.
4. Move the plunger along a line on the surface and note down minimum
and maximum deflection. This will give you the straightness.
5. To find flatness, repeat the above process for multiple lines and note down
the maximum and minimum deflection for all readings.
6. To find circularity make the plunger touch any point on the curved surface
area of the workpiece and set the dial gauge to zero.
7. Rotate the workpiece and note down minimum and maximum deflections.
8. To find cylindricity perform the steps 6&7 for multiple points along the
axis.
Observations:
Least count of Dial Indicator = 0.01 mm

BEFORE MACHINING
Straightness:
S. No. Maximum Deflection Minimum Deflection Difference L.C. * Difference
(Divisions) (Divisions) (Divisions) (mm)
1 9) -1 10 (mm)
.1

Flatness:
1 3 -2 5 .05

Circularity:
S. No. Maximum Deflection Minimum Deflection Difference L.C. *
(Divisions) (Divisions) (Divisions) Difference
1 11 -32 43 (mm)
.43
2 6 -40 46 .46
3 5 -38 43 .43
4 4 -35 39 .39

Cylindricity:
1 11 -40 51 .51

AFTER MACHINING
Straightness:
S. No. Maximum Deflection Minimum Deflection Difference L.C. * Difference
(Divisions) (Divisions) (Divisions) (mm)
1 0) -8 8 (mm)
.08

Flatness:
1 11 -1 12 .12

Circularity:
S. No. Maximum Deflection Minimum Difference L.C. *
(Divisions) Deflection (Divisions) Difference
1 11 (Division
-2 13 (m
.13
2 10 -5s) 15 m)
.15
3 11 -6 6
17 6
.17
4 8 -2 10 .10
 Cylindricity:
1 11 -6 17 .17

Conclusions & Remarks:

For the given mild steel workpiece, after machining:
Flatness: .12 mm
Cylindricity: .17 mm

Straightness: .08 mm