THREE DIMENSIONAL DYNANIC RESPONSE AND BARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF ROCK FILL DAM AGAINST INPUT EARTHQUAKE IN DIRECTION OF DAM AXIS by . Masao HAYASHI”, Hiroya KOMADA™ and Yoshikazu FUJIWARA sioPsis Past damages of fill type dems have often occured at the abutment during earthquake. The earthquake resistant design in contact sone with side spillway or rock sbutment is interested in three dimensional response analysis, Dynamic Young's modulus and coefficient of viscosity of granular rock material are determined by tri-axial dynamic test in laboratory. According to some results in numerical response analysis, destructive tensile stress is apt to occure at slope near the crest and in contact zone with the rock abutment. It is desired that cuch the stress should be resisted ty well compacted soil core or cohesively improved rock fill material. INTRODUCTION The behavier of rock 111 dam in earthquake may be two dimensional as usual analysis but is more or less three dimensional. For example, the sbutments of soze dams were danaged in past Tokachi-oki earthuake (1968). Shear stress and normal stress at the abutment of dam have not been by conventional response analysis. Accordingly the earthduske resistant design of the abutment has not been established. Then this paper describes the problems. 1, Characteristics of rock fill material under dynamic repeated deformation Dynamic tri-axial test was carried out for large specimen of granuler materiel which contains 100am maxisun grain. Distribution of the grain size was similar as actual rock fill dam. The specimen has 50cn in diameter and 50cm in height. Level of static axial stres chosen less than 10 *8/cn®. Amplitude of axial dynamic etrens was applied to 40.5 K&/em? and ite frequencies was 0.01 to 6 hz. Lnteral pressure wes keeped static. Dynamio elasticity $4 (fig. 1) and dynami viscosity 1 (fig. 3) during assumed heavy earthquake were obtained from dynamic hysterisis loop (fig. 2). Static Young's modulus Es for repeated loading was nearly in proportion to deviator stress (fig. 4). Deformability D for static virgin loading was 0.05 to 0.15 tines of E (tig. 5). Besides, the ratio of Ed to Es at the frequency of 1 to 6 ha was about 1.2 to 8.0 and decreased with static deviator stress (fig. 6). The values of E and 7 were calculated es dynamic viscous properties by the Voigt model (fig. 2). The test results were applied to three * Central Research Institute of Blectoric Power Industry, Abiko City, Chiba Pref., Japan — 1826 —dimensional dynamic response analysis. Viscosity in s finite element Coefficient of viscosity 7 is introduced in each finite elezent as follows. The dynamic viscous properties can be represented by the Voigt model. o= Bet gh = BE as +1 db = E+ oa in which a+v) (1-2) B(1-v) " By means of the principle of virtual work, the equation of motion is reduced among nodal force f®, nodal displacenent 6° and nodal displece- nent velocity 4é°/4t, Damping matrix of a finite element therefore can equate to c®=Ak® and can be estimated fron 7. Dynamic modal analysis by means of three dimensional finite element method Six tetrahedron finite elements were made up to a hexahedron element (fig. 7). It was investigated that Givens-Householder method was most suitable in various methods for solving eigen velue equation with 200 or more dimensions. Then natural periods and modes of several low orders were calculated by the method. ‘The damping constant hn of n-th vibration node is obtained from the equation hn = Cn/2Wnlim, in which Cn = (gJ'n [C][#}n . Wm is natural engular frequency and (jn is n-th mode vector. 4. Three dimensions! seismic analysis of rock fill dem (table 1) Numerical analysis was carried out for three dams (fig. 8). dedam is constructed on the V-shape valley end B-dan is relatively high and C-dan is low but is situated on the U valley with plain vottom and has asphalt-facing steep slope. Distribution of dynamic Young's modulus in dams (fig. 10) was estimated considering the void ratio (fig. 9) after elasto-plastic analysis of banking. And coefficient of viscosity 7 was estimated according to static deviator stress. Dan ody was divided into the assenblage of hexshedron elements having 138 to 170 nodal points within the memory limit of computer. 5. Input acceleration at three dimensional boundary (table 2) Al is sinusoidal input acceleration. The amplitude is 100 gal and the frequency is gradually changed fron 1 to 10 hz. £2, BL, 32, CL and C2 are based on observed ranton accelerations with power spectra (ig. 12). 2, B2 and C2 have characteristics of dominant frequency nearly equal to first natural frequency of the dam, Values of maximum acceleration of inputs at the boundary are equal 100 gal. = 1827 —6. Vibration mode (fig. 11) The lst mode presents shear vibration perpendicular to dam axis and the 2nd mode shows shear vibration parallel to dam axis. Modes are different with the shape of the valley, At A-dan and B-dam situated on the V-shape valley, the 3rd mode presents vertical vibration. On the other hand, et C-dam on the U-shape the 3rd mode is higher order of vibration perpendicular to dam axis. 7. Natural period (table 2) High B dam has et natural period of 0.64 sec which is the longest of three dams. Secondary, U-shape and steeper C dam has 0.56 sec in spite of low dam. Then A dem with middle height has the shortest 1st natural period, From this, the natural period of 2 dam is not only affected by height but also by shsve of the valley. 8. Damping (table 2 and table 3) Damping depends not only on but on 8. The value of hy for the Ist wode is calculated 8 to 13 per-cent, The order of made is the higher, the damping value is larger. 9. Acceleration response Amplitudes of acceleration response egeinst input accelerations perpendicular to dan axis and parallel to dan axis aze respectively shown in fig. 15 and fig. 14. Amplification for sinusoidal input Al grows especially and is etout 2 tines of amplifications for randon input A2 (eig. 14). Tn 52 and C2 random inputs with the excellent period nearly equal to this of the dem, the velues of the acceleration at she top of dane aze anplified to about 390 gal. 10. Dynamic deformation (table 2) Deformations against input acceleration perpendicular to dam exis were calculated 0.7 to 3.3cm and those against one parallel to dam axis were about 80 per-cent of the above value. 11, Conclusion Dynamic tensile stress is apt to occur near the slope surface and it is concluded that upper one-third slope should be carefully compacte: or porously pre-pacted by poor cengnt-mortar in order to give soue cohesion of about 0.5 to 1.0 ke/om?. Comparing between dynamic horizon- tal stresses in tvo dimensional analysis and those in three dimensional anelysis, three dimensional stresses are calculated analler. It is Decause the restraint of deformation at the perimeter of dan can be taken into account in three dimensional enalysis. Distribution of acceleration response during earthqueke parallel to dam axis is presented in fig. 17 and dynamic horizontal tensile stress occures as shown in fig. 18. Dynamic tensile stress, which is careful of seepage flow through the dam, is concentrated near the top of dam. And dynamic earth pressure in direction of dan axis acts to the wall of spillway situated at the side of the dem, It is concluded that such the tensile dynamic stress should be resisted ty well compacted soil core or injected cohesive neterial near the abutment of dam. — 1828 —af : a : cowl . ole : Eo0 7 fe i \2 T 100} — * | . 1,000] { | TTT aaa ie ee eee 2s ; Ta Fig. Dynamic Coefficient of Viscosity ‘static deviator stress (21 ‘against Static Deviator Stress Fig. 1 Dynamic Modulus of Deformability for Repeated Loading Ed against Static Deviator Stress iscolastc made Carrere) Fig. 2 Dynamic Hysterisis Loop of Rock Fill Material — 1923 —000 20) anh rested wrens 0.5h4/en? eral stress 0.15 Ze! 1000 state males for repeated fatng Ea lan? |) tate devator etrss (6)— 0) been! Fig. 4 Static Modulus for Repeated Loading against Deviator Stress 5 ‘eitren]| oe > @_ [sep ‘ @ [slele R @hilele 1 @ [s[sle o[alele 3 © [a}ete za Fig. 7 Hexahedron composed from six Tetrahedrons — 1830 — 1 repented erent £0.5he Zon aes Tt ea w static deviator stress ( 5 Ratio of Static Moduli of Deform- ‘ability for Virgin loading D to Re- peated loading Es depending on Static Deviator Stress (01-03) 14 on os| 0] oa] 02 0s ou oar 0.05 0.03 24 6 8 10 ew static dovator etree (2: Fig.6 Ratio of Dynamic Moduli Ea to ‘Static Modulus for Repeated Loading Es depending on Frequency and Static Deviator StressAN Fig. 8 Three Dams analyzed by Three Dimensional Modal ‘Analysis, 5 i 12mm ots 0 2 Boe ge To Camere este Fig. 9 Calculated Void Ratio after Banking by means of the Successive Elasto-Plastic Analysis Pa we: a es ine Ra nei a sf a 185 CE, Mi EL 20m “Ton _—-ina_Fhoo 01-1 Wooo eng Ta S000 Tae Toor ae a FOO) eH Fig. 10 Dynamic Young's Modulus estimated by Void Ratio and Dynamic Material Test (kg/em?) — 1831 —fy x SS TA A AY to dam axis, 2nd: parallel o dam axis, 3rd and 4th: higher Fig. 11. Vibration Modes (Ist: p modes of Ist mode) : C "82s ase - 04 jons in Several Kinds of Input 10020 13 Amplitudes of Acc ‘Accelerat ccelerations perpendicular to Dam Axis 0.2 0.05 ae it Accelerations Fig. 12 Power Spectra of Input 1532 —ie oA. vt stay ° 100 B00 Sod aba S00 660700 Ba 860 Fig. 14 Amplitudes of Accelerations in Several Kinds of Input Accelera- tions parallel to Dam Axis, Fig. 15 Dynamic Stress (kg/em?) in Several Vertical Section: in Earthquake Al perpendicular to Dam Axis Fig. 16 Comparison of Dynamic Horizontal Stresses (kglem*) in ‘two and three Dimensional Analyses in Earthquake Al perpendicular to Dam Axis — 1833 —= Fig. 17. Horizontal Acceleration (gal) in Up Stream Face during Earthquake C1 parallel co Dam Axis © Chane contacted ith spllvoy! oC f ma : ) 0.40 phen? “ Coore at the eromn in comtal stetion) 1 (oock fll at the cron in contra ecto °s © (mide of slaps central seetion) _ 1 (akotmen of Abt bank 19 Time History of Dynamic Horizontal Stresses (kg/em*) near the Side Spillway in Earthquake A2 parallel to Dam Axis o or posts os ovos02 Lavine Fig, 18 Dynamic Horizontal Stresses (kg/em”) in Upstream Face during Earthquake C1 parallel to Dam Axis ~ 1534 —tabi 1 mynd ame xem Bam T Cam Tamieyeanet RS RTOS amas” [sso Rcemt | codon | cst Roem Grniexemow | ss0dec taia™ | aca" aa ‘coufficient l eis 210 Sec, Kgjem? | 195 See, Kg/em? Dam ] tape te 8) } oo » | mtontpeied a ee) | ae | one | ose omiaat period (ee) WEEEg [034] o25| 049] 02 | 05s sax. acceleration (al) [190 |100} 100 | 190] 100 | 100 mewnal iat ta to a] a [a3 tmax.horizontal dsp. (em) aa [ia | ow 1a |23. Cetera fe | os for | oa | | Me wmtterrmewontenent) | oa fos [ ea] [os fo pearl ] jtural | dampin natural | damping. rae | Sag! | Sait | T Peer [ons [= osm [oats 2 0.565 0.130 | 10 0.367 0.206 | gaso | o1ts |iz | ossr | 0.203 + | 0304 0.204 1s | 0,320 0.244 | | \ | | — 1835 —