International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299

Volume: 3 Issue: 2 March-April 2017 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

SOLAR CUM PEDAL OPERATED HYBRID VEHICLE

A.H.Ingle1, Shubham Zagde2, Umesh Wade3
1
Asso. Prof. and head of Mechanical Engineering Department, S.R.P.C.E., Nagpur,
anil_ingle943@rediffmail.com
2
Student of Mechanical Engg. Department, S.R.P.C.E, Nagpur, shubhzag22@gmail.com
3
Student of Mechanical Engg. Department, S.R.P.C.E, Nagpur umeshwade@gmail.com

Abstract
Now-a-days, dealers of natural resources like fuel, coal etc. are facing a hard time to keep
pace with the increasing demand. Therefore, to carry out this demand it is quite necessary
to make a new exploration of natural resource of energy and power. A Solar cum Pedal
Operated Vehicle system which solves the major problems of fuel and pollution. The solar
powered car is one of the oldest alternative energy vehicles. The solar vehicles are the
future of the automobile industry. They are highly practicable and can be manufactured
easily. The main advantages of a solar vehicle are that they are pollution less and are very
cost-effective. As they cause no pollution they are very eco-friendly and are the only
answer to the increasing pollution levels from automobiles in the present situation.
Keywords: Automotive, Solar Vehicles, Renewable Energy, Natural Resources, Eco
Friendly.
Introduction
Energy is one of the most important needs for human survival on earth. Such form of energy
is the energy from fossil fuels. The fossil fuel like petrol and diesel are very expensive way to
be used. The use of fossil fuel based vehicles is one of the major reasons that have
accelerated the drawing out of these non-renewable resources. The major problem is green
house effect caused due to this burning of fossil fuel where large amount of CO2 will be
released which causes lots of problem.
According to recent surveys the fossil fuels are depleting at a fast rate where in and around 50
years the whole fossil fuel in the world must be completely washed-out. Therefore it is the
need of the time to make a new research of natural resources of energy. Solar vehicles depend
on PV cells to convert sunlight into electricity to drive the motors. There are some advantages
of photovoltaic solar power that make it "one of the most favorable renewable energy sources
in the world."
A solar car is driven by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface of the car. This
vehicle is classified as a green vehicle since zero greenhouse gasses are emitted to
atmosphere. The sunlight makes the PV electrons to be in higher state of energy and thus
creates direct current (DC) electricity. This electricity is absorbed by a PV controller and
stores it into a battery. The battery is used by a DC motor to generate the mechanical energy
for the vehicle to move.
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light
directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical

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 International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299
Volume: 3 Issue: 2 March-April 2017 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical

characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Solar cells
are the building blocks of photovoltaic modules, otherwise known as solar panels.
The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes:
1. The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or exactions.
2. The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
3. The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.

LITERATURE SURVEY:

QINGFENG SU, GENFA ZHANG, JIANMING LAI, SHIJUN FENG, AND WEIMIN
SHI, presents a paper on, GREEN SOLAR ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHANGING THE
FUTURE LIFESTYLE OF HUMAN. Electric vehicle with more advantages of no noise,
no pollution, saving energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions is to power driven vehicle
with a motor drive wheels moving. Solar electric vehicle can make to reduce our greenhouse
gas emissions and other pollution. All advantages of solar electric vehicle make research and
application of solar electric vehicle as a hot spot of automotive industry and the trend of
future cars. Solar electric vehicle is made of PV panels, battery, electric motor, vehicle
controller and vehicle body. Solar electric vehicle drives using dual-mode of PV and battery
hybrid. It can be achieved PVdriven and battery-driven independently. In good sunny
conditions, the full charge endurance of solar electric vehicle can be increased about 35%
substantially compared with no PV panels. Solar electric vehicle can achieve low-carbon,
energy saving, environmental protection and true zero-emissions for the future of human
life.[1]
ARUN MANOHAR GURRAM, P.S.V RAMANA RAO, RAGHUVEER DONTIKURTI,
presents a paper on SOLAR G. POWERED WHEEL CHAIR: MOBILITY FOR
PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED.
Personal mobility means freedom for the physically challenged. One of the best inventions in
the medical field that helped both the elderly and the handicapped is the mobility vehicle. The
fact that they are no longer depending on someone else to perform daily duties is a big step
forward. On the journey to mobility and freedom, motorized scooters and wheelchairs are the
tools to finish that journey. With scooters and wheelchairs, there is a small inconvenience to
mobility independence. The addition of some devices enables persons with physical
disabilities a comfortable travel beyond their own homes. The present work involves in
design and fabrication of solar powered wheel chair. A motorized wheelchair, power chair,
electric wheelchair or electric powered wheelchair (EPW) is propelled by means of an
electric motor rather than manual power.[2]
YOGESH SUNIL WAMBORIKAR, ABHAY SINHA, Presents a paper on SOLAR
POWERED VEHICLE.
The renewable energy is vital for todays world as in near future the nonrenewable sources
that we are using are going to get exhausted. The solar vehicle is a step in saving these
nonrenewable sources of energy. The basic principle of solar car is to use energy that is
stored in a battery during and after charging it from a solar panel. The charged batteries are
used to drive the motor which serves here as an engine and moves the vehicle in reverse or
forward direction. The electrical tapping rheostat is provided so as to control the motor speed.

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 International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299
Volume: 3 Issue: 2 March-April 2017 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

This avoids excess flow of current when the vehicle is supposed to be stopped suddenly as it
is in normal cars with regards to fuel. This idea, in future, may help protect our fuels from
getting extinguished.[3]
T.BALAMURUGAN, DR.S.MANOHARAN, Presents a paper on DESIGN OF
SOLAR/ELECTRIC POWERED HYBRID VEHICLE (SEPHV) SYSTEM WITH
CHARGE PATTERN OPTIMIZATION FOR ENERGY COST.
A Solar Electric Powered Hybrid Vehicle (SEPHV) system which solves the major problems
of fuel and pollution. An electric vehicle usually uses a battery which has been charged by
external electrical power supply. All recent electric vehicles present a drive on AC power
supplied motor. An inverter set is required to be connected with the battery through which
AC power is converted to DC power.[4]

V V PRATHIBHA BHARATHI, V PANDURANGADU AND V V NAGA DEEPTHI,

Presents a paper on CAR RUNS BY SOLAR ENERGY, INT. J. MECH. ENG. & ROB.
RES. 2015, ISSN 2278 0149 WWW.IJMERR.COM VOL. 4, NO. 1, JANUARY 2015-
2015 IJMERR.
In Todays world global warming is being increased day by day. There are many reasons like
pollution, deforestation, water contamination, etc. In coming years the major problem is
depletion of ozone layer which is caused by release of CFCs from vehicles. So the
implementation of solar energy cars should be progressed. This project deals with features
involved in a solar energy car which plays a vital role for the upcoming energy crisis. [5]

ABHINYA CHATURVEDI, KIRTI KUSHWAHA,PARUL KASHYAP,DR. J. P.

NAVANI, Presents paper on SOLAR POWERED VEHICLE, INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS RESEARCH ISSN 2348-6988
(ONLINE) VOL. 3, ISSUE 2, PP: (270-273), MONTH: APRIL - JUNE 2015,
AVAILABLE AT: www.researchpublish.com
The face of the automotive industry is being re-shaped by concerns over oil supplies,
international policy and fuel costs. A wide variety of hybrid technologies are now available
including discussion of hydrogen possibilities. The solar powered car, one of the oldest
alternative energy vehicles, has many applications to the emerging electric vehicle market.
The development of a telemetry system for a solar powered race car aids in a better
understanding of the energy usage of a vehicle and the aspects applicable to electric vehicles
as a whole. This paper surveys the history and future of solar and electric vehicles and
provides an overview of a typical solar car. [6]

ZAHARI TAHA, ROSSI PASSARELLA, JAMALI MD SAH, Presents paper on A

REVIEW ON ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SOLAR CAR.
In 1987, the first world solar challenge (WSC) was organized in Australia to trigger the
development of solar powered vehicle by all researchers around the world. Since then,
various technologies have emerged to make the vehicle capable to perform similar to
conventional type of fuel powered vehicle. However there are still limitations on the vehicle
development process especially in terms of the energy management technology which
includes the photovoltaic (PV) technology and battery technology. [8]
SUMMARY:

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 International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299
Volume: 3 Issue: 2 March-April 2017 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

Electric vehicle with more advantages of no noise, no pollution, saving energy and reduce
carbon dioxide emissions is to power-driven vehicle with a motor drive wheels moving. Solar
electric vehicle can make to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions and other pollution. Air
pollutants from an automobile throw in to not only regional environmental problems such as
human-health effects but global environmental issues such as climate change due to CO2
emissions [1]. The solar vehicles are the future of the automobile industry. They are highly
practicable and can be manufactured easily. The solar panel mounted on the top of car is used
to charge the batteries via charge controller. A 140 WP solar panel is used with output
ranging from 24V to 25V at STC. The batteries are primarily fully charged and then they are
connected to solar module for charging. This helps to keep the battery charged always[3].
The output power from the solar panel is varied depending upon the light irradiation on the
atmosphere conditions. Discrete power from the solar panel is connected to the charge
controller circuit and fed to the battery bank circuit [4].
Solar cars depend on PV cells to convert sunlight into electricity. The batteries store energy
from the power tracker and make them available for the motor use [5]. Solar powered vehicle
is a three wheel drive and has been used for shorter distances. The main attention was made
on improving the design and making them cost effective. The shaft of the motor is connected
to the rear wheel of the vehicle through chain sprocket. The batteries are initially fully
charged and thereafter they are charged by panels [6]. It sounds like a simple system but in
reality the energy management system is quite complicated especially when the vehicle is
required to move continuously for a long period or distance where the sun is not always
shining. Theoretically, the charging rate of the battery must be more or equal to the current
consumption rate used by the motor [8].
Generally the energy management system of a solar car includes the requirement to ensure
that electrical power flow from the PV to the loads will be monitored and optimized. Load
behavior significantly affects the utility planning and strategies for driving the solar cars.
Hence, proper load management strategy is important to draw maximum power from the PV
module. A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) device must be used between the PV
module and battery to boost the battery charging rate. Some back-up batteries are needed in
the system to eliminate unexpected system shutdown[6].

CONCLUSION:
The solar vehicle solves many problems associated to the environment and is the best
pollution free method. We need to make use of them so that we can decrease our dependence
on fossil fuels. Solar vehicles do have some disadvantages like small speed range; initial cost
is high, continuous running depending upon the climatic conditions. The designing of the
whole system depends on the purpose for which it shall be used, and accordingly the
components are been selected starting from the motor to the solar modules. The solar
automobiles have a huge prospective market and we should start using them in our day to day
life.

REFERENCE:
[1] Qingfeng Su, Genefa Zhang, Jianming Lai, Shijun Feng, Weimin Shi, Green Solar
Electric Vehicle Changing the Future Lifestyle of Human. World Electric Vehicle
Journal Vol 4-ISSN 2032-6653-2010WEVA

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 International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299
Volume: 3 Issue: 2 March-April 2017 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

[2] Arun Manohar Gurram, P.S.V Ramana Rao, Raghuveer Dontikurti SOLAR POWERED
WHEEL CHAIR: MOBILITY FOR PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED International Journal of Current
Engineering and Technology Volume 2, No.1 (March 2012) ISSN 2277 4106 (Page No.
211-214) www.inpressco.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Paper11211-214.pdf

[3] Yogesh Sunil Wamborikar, Abhay Sinha, Solar Powered Vehicle, Proceedings of
the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2010 Vol II WCECS 2010,
October 20-22, 2010, San Francisco, USA
[4] T.Balamurugan, Dr.S.Manoharan, Design of Solar/Electric Powered Hybrid Vehicle
(SEPHV) System with Charge Pattern Optimization for Energy Cost, T.Balamurugan
et.al / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
[5] V V Prathibha Bharathi, V Pandurangadu and V.V. Naga Deepthi, CAR RUNS BY
SOLAR ENERGY, ISSN 2278 0149 www.ijmerr.com Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2015
2015 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved
[6] Abhinya Chaturvedi, Kirti Kushwaha, Parul Kashyap, Dr. J. P. Navani, Solar
Powered Vehicle, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN
2348-6988 (online) Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp: (270-273), Month: April - June 2015, Available
at: www.researchpublish.com

[7] Askari Mohammad Bagher1, Mirzaei Mahmoud Abadi Vahid2, Mirhabibi Mohsen1,
Types of Solar Cells and Application, American Journal of Optics and Photonics 2015;
3(5): 94-113 Published online August 21, 2015
(http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajop) doi:10.11648/j.ajop.20150305.17 ISSN:
2330-8486 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8494 (Online)

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