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Austin Baker

Instructor: Malcolm Campbell

UWRT 1104

November 1st, 2017

How was our universe really created? We may be smaller than you think.

There is a theory some scientists believe in: its that our universe exists inside of a black

hole. The same applies to black holes within our universe and also, what would be our parent

universe. There is a lot of information that can back this theory up and a lot of scientists that

support it. This theory actually supports The Big Bang theory. This theory suggest that our

universe began at an infinitely small point called a singularity, that contains a high

concentration of matter, which exploded and expands outwards into what we see today

(Poplawski). This is also how black holes are created. As our universe expands, scientists

suggest that this is our black hole that we reside in, sucking in more matter. Before anyone is

able to grasp why some scientist believe so strongly in this theory, we have to understand what

black holes really are.

What are black holes?

Black holes are incredibly dense, compacted with matter. They have such a strong

gravitational force that they can warp space and time. Not even light can escape from a black

hole and light is the fastest moving thing that is known in our universe, traveling at 299,792,458

m/s. When a star dies, approximately 10 times the mass of our sun or more, it runs out of gasses

to burn. It leaves behind a small dense core, if the core is a little more than about 3 times denser
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than our sun it will collapse and produce a black hole (Nasa Science). It can be theoretically

proven that there is nothing that can keep a star like this from collapsing into a black hole. As a

star is collapsing, there is something called an event horizon. This is an imaginary surface that

the collapsing star will reach during the process. As it collapses, if you were to observe it, it

would appear to be collapsing slower and slower until it looks like it freezes. This is the event

horizon. The star cannot collapse any further than this. Gravity, at this point, has become so

strong that time is altered, and it appears that the object is frozen in time infinitely collapsing.

However, scientists cant directly observe a black hole just by looking at it with a high

powered telescope its black, you cant see it. No light, radiation, or any other form of

wavelength is emitted. The only way scientists observe black holes, is by studying the way that

matter is effected around them. If a star were to pass close by a black hole, the star would break

down and be torn apart by the black hole. The particles of the star would accelerate and heat up,

emitting x-rays into space. Powerful gamma ray bursts from events like this could create new

stars in some areas as well as suffocate them. As far as observing black holes go, black holes can

vary tremendously in size as well. Stellar mass black holes are the typical ones that that come

about from a dying star, more than 10 times the mass of our sun. There are a projected ten

million to a billion black holes of this kind, in the Milky Way alone. On the other hand, black

holes can be as large as millions if not billions of times the size of our sun. These are called

supermassive black holes. Scientists believe that at the center of our galaxy, The Milky Way,

there is a supermassive black hole. This has been named Sagittarius A*. It is currently

extremely difficult to view what is actually at the center of our galaxy because of all the stars and

gasses that block the view. If you were to look directly at a black hole, you would see nothing.

However, if a ring of gas was circling the black hole, you would be able to see the gas behind the
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black hole. Since black holes can warp space and time, it would bend the light of the burning

gasses around the black hole, but only the light that was not consumed by the black hole. It

would appear as if the black hole was contained within a circle of light, but what you are really

seeing is the burning gas behind it.

Is our universe inside a black hole?

Theres a lot of unanswered questions about how our universe was formed with The Big

Bang theory, which would suggest that our universe began as a singularity. The Big Bang theory

is the theory of inflation where everything expanded incredibly fast into existence. However,

what ended inflation? Also, what caused the universe to expedite its expansion? These questions Commented [1]: I want to edit this.

are answered with the theory that our universe exists inside a black hole. It also references two

very important theories in physics: general relativity and quantum mechanics.

General relativity is what describes everything that happens at a point in

spacetime. A large object in the universe like our sun, or a black hole, curves and bends

spacetime. This curve in spacetime is what we call gravity. Quantum mechanics is what

describes the motion and interaction of subatomic particles. Scientists want to combine these two

theories, in order to study the subatomic particles within black holes. There is a variation of

general relativity that was adapted in the 1960s called the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory

of gravity. This variation has the quantum property known as spin. Spin exists in all things.

Atoms have spin, even with their respective protons and electrons. The spin in a particle interacts

with spacetime and allows for a property called torsion. Torsion is the ability for something to be

twisted. If you were to twist spacetime, it would be extremely significant. Torsion in spacetime

would reverse the gravitational pull in the spacetime curve. In the early stages in our universe,

the extreme gravitational pull from the spacetime curvature would overpower torsion, and
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collapse matter into small regions in space. Eventually, torsion would become so strong that it

would prevent matter compressing into a point of infinite density (Poplawski). The incredibly

high gravitational energy of all this mass in one space, would cause a fierce production of

particles that would greatly increase the mass of the black hole. The released particles spin adds

to the existing torsion and enhances it greatly. This would cause the collapsing to stop and

reverse the process. The black hole would expand greatly like an emergency inflatable raft. This

type of expansion directly mimics the shape of our own universe. This theory of torsion suggests

that every black hole may contain its own universe. This would also mean that the matter in our

universe came from somewhere else. It could be an infinite stack of black holes, from below

ours, to plenty up the chain. As light cant escape a black hole, neither can our eyesight. We

cant see whats going on outside our universe just like no one could see inside. Everything that

is proven true, like the continuous string of time, is all inherited from the parent universe. This is

how torsion provides theoretical evidence that the inside of a black hole contains a new universe

(Poplawski). Poplawski proposed some questions to ask, including How can we test that our

universe exists inside a black hole? He answered this question himself, by stating that all stars

and black holes have an axis of rotation. Its also been reported that over 15,000 galaxies in one

hemisphere of our universe, rotate clockwise. Meanwhile, in the other hemisphere, the majority

are rotating counter-clockwise. Nikodem Poplawski believes that adding torsion in geometry of

spacetime is the right step into figuring out where we are exactly, and understanding how our

universe was created. Commented [2]: This is only my first draft with all the
hard facts. I have a lot still that I have in mind to
elaborate on, but didn't get the time to add in. I can
easily expand this discussion with my own questions
and do research for them. Please leave a lot of
comments.
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Works Cited

Black Holes. NASA Science Beta, NASA Science, n.d.,

science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes Accessed October 3, 2017.

Intense 5. Space Documentary 2016 - A Look Inside Black Holes. NASA, YouTube, 20

Nov. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HB3oW-p-qo&t=2410s. Accessed October 3,

2017.
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Poplawski, Nikodem. Every Black Hole Contains a New Universe. Inside Science,

American Institute of Physics, 23 Aug. 2016, www.insidescience.org/news/every-black-

hole-contains-new-universe. Accessed October 3, 2017.

Smith, Heather R., Edited by Flint Wild What Is a Black Hole? NASA, Brian Dunbar, 4

Aug. 2017, www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-black-

hole-k4.html Accessed October 3, 2017