AD NUMBER
AD-377 335
CLASSIFICATION CHANGES
TO UNCLASSIFIED
FROM CONFIDENTIAL
AUTHORITY
USABERL; Mar 29, 1973
AD NUMBER
AD-377 335
LIMITATION CODE: 1
LIMITATION CODE: 4
AUTHORITY
USABRL; Mar 29, 1973
MEMORANDUM
REPORT No. 593
(05
\J
K DONALD L HALL
' XAki
SECURITY
MARKING
Donald Le Hall
Isecum It
PMTI P=1 US MAlE, TH~WQ WAS IV IDT
rr= .
DLHaUl/bts
Aberdeen Proving Ground, FA.
March 1952
ABSTRACT
A study of the probability of hitting and of wounding for a
family of rifles is made. The rifles are compared on the basis
of the single shot probability and the expected number of kille
for a given total weight of rifle and ammunition.
rflTRODUCTION
IRTHOV
6
For Dr. OdellI . ti.ates the folIouzig assumptions were arbitrarily
(1) That the target was itanding, facing the gun with a uniform
probability density o' possible impact points. (Al points
of impact equally likel: on the target.)
(2) The soldier had good motiiting powers and there'fre had will
to fight and would not stop unless he was severely wounded.
(3) The wounded soldier was near a first aid station so that if
he were severely wounded and relized that his life would pro-
bably be saved if be went back tc the first aid station, he
would do so rather than continue fighting.
(4) Areas such as hands, feet, and skin curface not near impor-
tant blood vessels were excluded from the total target areas,
since, should wounds be inflicted in these areas, a severe A
wound would not be produced regardless of the mass or the
velocity of the bullet. This excluded area is equivalent to
15% of the total body area.
(5) It was assumed that upon impact none of the bullets would
tumble, deform or break up. Actually for the smaller cali-
ber bullets, this is a pessimistic assumption for they tend
to tumble more readily than bullets of larger caliber due to
the reduced transverse moment of inertia.
Figures 10, 11, and 12 show the relative single shot probabilities
of hitting and incapacitating of the various guns using Dr. Sterne's
wound criteria for 5 sec., 5 min., and "B" kills. Figures 1L., 14, and
15 show the overall expected number of kills where the number of rowifd
carried is considered.
USULTS
There is little difference between the results obtained from Odell's
crit~rion and Sterns's criterion. Although Odell's shows a. mch higher-
S+
single-shot wounding probability, when the rifles are all compared to
the M-1 as a standard, there Is very little difference. According to
Sterno's curves, the effectiveness for quick incapacitation of the lower-
powered, smaller caliber rifles drops off considerably at the longer
ranges. However, the effectiveness for lower rates of incapacitation
or "8 kills is still high and it may be argued that a high rate of
incapacitation is in general not required at long ranges.
In generall it can be stated that -if the combined weight of rifle
and ammunition is fixed at 15 lbs., a man carrying the Cal. .21 rifle
would have an expectation of killing about 2-1/2 times as many targets
as with the M-I rifle. The range at which this occurs depends on th-
amount of charge. The 0.6 charge rifle is most effective at the sL,%t
ranges because of the lighter ammunition. The 1.0 charge is most effec-
tive at the longer ranges because of its flatter trajectory,*
* Due to the fact that wound ballistic data are lacking on the caliber
.30 carbine, this gun was not shown in the curves of this report.
However, estimates on the wound ballistics by the author show that
at 300 yds. the single shot effectiveness is approximately one-half
that of the standard M-1 rifle. This is due to the low muzzle velo-
city (1970 fps)* Since the carbine is quite light it would take 240
rounds to bring the total weight of gun and ammuniticn to 15 lbs.
Therefore the overall effectiveness is high at very close ranges but
falls off rapidly for increasing ranges so that it is the least effec-
tive for all the guns for ranges greater tVan 300 yds.
S..
. ... .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . .
TAL DATA OM A .220 RIFIXCZ
f1AIU
During the course of this study a number of conclusions were qies-
tioned because of the fact that the popular commercial .220 Swift rifle
is generally felt to be less effective as a hunting rifle than a 30-06
rifle. Actually the .220 Swift cannot be reasonably compared with any
of the rounds in tne present study, because these rounds all involved
scaled-down versions of the excellent Cal. .30 Ball M-2 bullet, and
therefore have considerably better ballistic characteristics than the
inferior .220 Swift. The .220 Swift has a h8 grain, soft nose bullet
in contrast to the 60 grain Cal. .22 bullet, of the present study, that
would be homologous to the Cal. .30 Ball 4-2.
The results of these tests show that if the Cal.*.22 bullet is made
i th a weight of 60 grains and a 6.0 cal. tangent ogive, it will have
good accuracy and ballistic characteristics. If tho bullet can be designed
with a 7.0 Cal. tangent ogive, its ballistic characteristics Will be
considerably improved, and its effective range increased about 25%.
10
An interesting comparison is made in the ability to penetrate 10
gauge (.137") cold r-.1-led sheet steel. The experimental Cal.e.220 round
gave complete penetration at 500 yds. (or 1800 ft/sec velocity) and
partial penetration at 600 yds. (or 1600 ft/sec). A Cal.*.30 Ball M1-2
round will completely penetrate the same 10 gauge steel at 625 yds. (or
1i00 ft/sec) and partially penetrate at 725 yds. If, however, the Cal.
.22 was made with a 7.0 Cal. tangent ogive (so as to give it the same
form factor as the Cal. .30), the range at which the velocity would drop
below 1800 ft/sec would be 700 yds. or approximately equal to the Cal.
.30. This is not unreasonable when it is considered that the value of
MV4/ 3 /A, where M is the bullet mass, V the striking velocity, and A the
maximum diametrical area, is practically the same at these velocities
for both the Cal. .30 and .22.
SUMNAX
The theoretical consideration of a family of rifles indicates that
smaller caliber rifles than the .30 have a greater single-shot kill proba-
bility than the Cal.e.30 1-1. This is obtained by increasing the mussle
velocity and therebr obtaining a flatter trajectory, so that the adverse
effect of range estimation errors is reduced. When the combined weight
of gun and ammunition is held constant at 15 lb.. the overall expected
number of kills for the Cal. .21 rifle is approximately 2.5 times that
of the present standard Cal. .30 rifle. If the number of rounds is fixed
..
at 96,, the total load carried by a soldier with a Cal* .21. rifle and.
aimiuition with 6/10 the charge in the M-2 cartridge will be 3.6 lbs.
less than that carried by a'soldier with a Cal. .30 M-1 rA--flew This is-2
a 25% reduction in load.
Furthermore, if it were necessary for a sol~dier with the Mi-1 to
carry the rounds required for the same expected number of kills at 500
yda, as a soldier with 15 lbs. of Cal. .21 6/10 charge rifle and ammuni-
tion, it would be necessary for him to carry 10 lbs. wsre ammunition
or a total load of 25 lbs.
The author would be grateful for comments from the using services,
from arms designers, and from arms manufacturers,
*The effect of barrel erosion at high msmile velocities has bbeen acn
sidered. It is not expected to be important with the improved pordmo,
becuse accuracy life in expected to exceed service requxeaments#
3.1
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133
TANZ II
Hatio of Charge
Weight to Weight Rifle Weight Weight Reduction
of Charge for Reduction From No. Rounds for Rifle and
.30 Bll 1M-2 Caliber
Cal.Ammunition (inches) YO-1
(lbs.) for Total Weight
of 15 lbe. Only 96 Rounds
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'>.
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ACCURACT
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