DC MACHINES

Ques: Explain the constructional features of DC Machine.

OR
With a neat diagram, explain the main parts of a DC Machine

Answer: The dc generators and dc motors have the same general construction. In fact,
when the machine is being assembled, the workmen usually do not know whether it
is a dc generator or motor. Any dc generator can be run as a dc motor and vice-
versa.
All dc machines have following principal components
1. Magnetic frame or Yoke
2. Pole Cores and Pole Shoes
3. Pole Coils or Field Coils
4. Armature core
5. Armature winding
6. Commutator
7. Brushes and Bearings
The constructional feature of a DC machine is shown as follows:

Yoke
The outer frame or yoke serves double purpose:
a. It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a protecting cover for the
whole machine
b. It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
In small generators where cheapness rather than weight is the main consideration,
yokes are made of cast iron. But for large machines usually cast steel or rolled steel is
employed.
Pole Cores and Pole Shoes:
The field magnets consist of pole cores and pole shoes. The pole shoes serve two
purposes:
a. They spread out the flux in the air gap and also, being of larger cross-section,
reduce the reluctance of the magnetic path.
b. They support the exciting coils (or field coils).

Field system:
The function of the field system is to produce uniform magnetic field within which the
armature rotates. Field coils are mounted on the poles and carry the dc exciting current.
The field coils are connected in such a way that adjacent poles have opposite polarity.
The m.m.f. developed by the field coils produces a magnetic flux that passes through
the pole pieces, the air gap, the armature and the frame. Since armature and field systems
are composed of materials that have high permeability, most of the m.m.f. of field coils is
required to set up flux in the air gap.
Armature core and Armature Winding:
The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates between the field
poles. The slots of the armature core hold insulated conductors that are connected in a
suitable manner. This is known as armature winding.
This is the winding in which working e.m.f. is induced. The armature conductors
are connected in series-parallel; the conductors being connected in series so as to
increase the voltage and in parallel paths so as to increase the current.
Depending upon the manner in which the armature conductors are connected to the
commutator segments, there are two types of armature winding in a d.c. machine viz.,
(a) Lap winding
(b) Wave winding.
Commutator
 A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating voltage
generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the brushes. The
commutator is made of copper segments insulated from each other by mica sheets and
mounted on the shaft of the machine. The armature conductors are soldered to the
commutator segments in a suitable manner to give rise to the armature winding.
Brushes:
The purpose of brushes in a dc generator is to ensure electrical connections
between the rotating commutator and stationary external load circuit. The brushes are
made of carbon and rest on the commutator. The brush pressure is adjusted by means of
adjustable springs.
Ques: Classify DC Machines.
OR
How the DC Machines are classified?
Answer: Depending on the type of excitation of field winding, there are two basic types of
DC machine:
1. Separately excited machine: In this type of machines the field flux is produced
by connecting the field winding to an external source.
AS GENERATOR

2. Self excited machine: The field flux is produced by connecting the field winding
with the armature in this type. A self excited machine requires residual
magnetism for operation. Depending on the type of field winding connection self
excited DC machines can be further classified as:
a. Shunt machine: The field winding consisting of large number of turns
of thin wire is usually excited in parallel with armature circuit and
hence the name shunt field winding. This winding will be having more
resistance and hence carries less current.
 AS GENERATOR

b. Series machine: The field winding has a few turns of thick wire and is
connected in series with armature.
AS GENERATOR

c. Compound machine: Compound wound machine comprises of both

series and shunt windings and can be either short shunt or long shunt,
cumulative, differential or flat compounded.

Ques: Explain principle of operation of DC Generator.

Answer: The energy conversion process in DC generator is based on the fact or principle that
whenever the magnetic flux linking with the coil or circuit changes, an emf is induced in
that coil or circuit. The direction of such induced emf can be determined by Flemings Right
Hand Rule.
Ques: Explain principle of operation of DC Motor
Answer:
Ques: Explain significance of back emf in DC Motor
Answer:

The voltage equation of DC motor can be expressed as:

Vt Eb I a Ra Brush Drop
Ques: Explain how back emf acts as regulating mechanism.
OR
Explain the role of back emf at starting and during running of DC motor.
Answer: At Starting, the role of BACK EMF

During running, the role of BACK EMF

Ques: Derive from first principles the torque equation of DC Machine or Motor.
OR
Derive the torque equation of DC Motor.
Answer:
Ques: List the applications of DC Motor.
Answer: