THERMODYNAMICS

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

1.The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a
multifluid manometer as shown in Fig. The tank is located on amountain at an
altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is 85.6kPa. Determine the
air pressure in the tank if h1 _ 0.1 m, h2 _ 0.2 m, andh3 _ 0.35 m.
Take the densities of water, oil, and mercury to be 1000kg/m3, 850 kg/m3, and
13,600 kg/m3, respectively.

2.Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where the barometric reading is 740 mm
Hg and the gravitational acceleration is g _ 9.81 m/s2. Assume the temperature of mercury to
be 10_C, at which its density is
13,570 kg/m3.
3. The piston of a vertical pistoncylinder device containing a gas has a mass
of 60 kg and a cross-sectional area of 0.04 m2, as shown in Fig. The
local atmospheric pressure is 0.97 bar, and the gravitational acceleration is
9.81 m/s2. (a) Determine the pressure inside the cylinder. (b) If some heat is
transferred to the gas and its volume is doubled, do you expect the pressure
inside the cylinder to change?

4. Consider two closed systems A and B. System A contains 3000 kJ of thermal energy at
20C, whereas system B contains 200 kJ of thermal energy at 50C. Now the systems are
brought into contact with each other. Determine the directionof any heat transfer between the
two systems

5. The gage pressure in a liquid at a depth of 3 m is read to be 28 kPa. Determine the gage
pressure in the same liquidat a depth of 9 m.
6. Consider a 70-kg woman who has a total foot imprint area of 400 cm2. She wishes to walk
on the snow, but the snow cannot withstand pressures greater than 0.5 kPa. Determine the
minimum size of the snowshoes needed (imprint area per shoe) to enable her to walk on the
snow without sinking.

7. The barometer of a mountain hiker reads 930 mbars at the beginning of a hiking trip and
780 mbars at the end. Neglecting the effect of altitude on local gravitational acceleration,
determine the vertical distance climbed. Assume an average air density of 1.20 kg/m3.

8. A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless pistoncylinder device.

The piston has a mass of 4 kg and a cross-sectional area of 35 cm2.
 A compressed spring above the piston exerts a force of 60 N on the piston. If the
atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa, determine the pressure inside the cylinder.
9. A vertical pistoncylinder device contains a gas at a pressure of 100 kPa.
The piston has a mass of 5 kg and a diameter of 12 cm. Pressure of the gas
is to be increased by placing some weights on the piston. Determine the local
atmospheric pressure and the mass of the weights that will double the pressure
of the gas inside the cylinder.

10. A hydraulic lift is to be used to lift a 2500 kg weight by putting a weight of 25 kg on a

piston with a diameter of 10 cm. Determine the diameter of the piston on which the weight is
to be placed.

11. The gage pressure of the air in the tank shown in Fig. is measured to be 80 kPa.
Determine the differential height h of the mercury column.
Btu (British thermal unit), which is defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lbm of
water at68F by 1F.
In the metric system, the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water at 14.5C by
1C is defined as 1 calorie