Turbo machines
Configuration of a basic turbine
Configuration of a basic turbine
Relative motion 1D
U
No wind
W=-U
U
Tail wind
V
W=0
V Head wind
W = V + ( U) (vectorial addition)
W=U
Note : Absolute velocity is the vector sum of the frame velocity and the relative velocity. V = U + W
Graphical addition and subtraction of vectors
1 x
1 2 3
Stator
Velocity triangle at 2
Velocity triangle at 3
Energy transfer in turbomachines
According to Newtons second law of motion, the sum of all the
forces acting on a control volume in a particular direction is equal to
the rate of change of linear momentum of the fluid across the
control volume.
That is,
m V2 V1
F m V2 V1
dt
or,
F dt m V2 V1
Impulse acting on the
body Change in momentum of the
body in the time period dt
Where,
m = mass of the body (kg)
V1 = initial velocity of the fluid (m/s)
V2 = final velocity of the fluid (m/s)
This equation is a modified form of Newtons second law of motion
and is known as Impulse Momentum Equation
Energy transfer in turbomachines
The impulse momentum equation is used to study the impact of
fluid jet striking a stationary or moving plate and also to study
general fluid flow characteristics.
When the flowing fluid with initial velocity V1 is obstructed by a
surface such as vane, blade etc., the fluid undergoes a change in
momentum. The impulsive force acting on the fluid by the surface
is:
F m V2 V1
According to Newtons third law of motion for every action there is
equal and opposite reaction. Therefore, the fluid reacts to this and
exerts equal and opposite force on the obstructing surface, given by
F m V1 V2
Similarly, the sum of all torques acting on the system is equal to the
rate of change of angular momentum.
Energy transfer components
Fig. shows rotor of a generalized turbomachine. o-o is the
axis of the shaft which rotates with an angular velocity .
The fluid enters the rotor at 1 and leaves at 2 after passing
through the rotor by any path. The angle of entry and exit
may be arbitrary.
Energy transfer components
Let V be the absolute velocity of the fluid entering the rotor
at 1 at any angle. This velocity vector may be resolved into
three mutually perpendicular components:
Axial component Va
Radial component Vr
Tangential component Vw
Axial component : This is parallel to the axis of rotation.
Axial force is produced due to change in magnitude of this
component. This axial force is taken by the thrust bearing
of the machine which is finally transferred to the housing.
Radial component : This is parallel to the radius of the
rotor. Radial force is produced due to change in the
magnitude of this component. Radial forces are taken by
journal bearings.
It should be noted that no torque is exerted on the rotor by
these two forces, i.e., axial and radial.
Energy transfer components
Tangential component : The torque is exerted on the rotor
only due to the change in the angular momentum of the
tangential component.
Assumptions:
Fluid enters and leaves the vane in a direction tangential to the
vane tip at inlet and outlet.
There is no frictional resistance as the fluid flows over the vane.
Let
V = absolute velocity of fluid (m/s)
N = speed pf rotation of the rotor (rpm)
r = radius of the rotor (m)
= angular velocity of the rotor (rad/s) = 2N/60
u = linear velocity of vane tip (peripheral velocity) (m/s) = dN/60
= mass flow rate of fluid (kg/s)
m
d = rotor diameter (m)
Euler turbine equation
Tangential momentum of fluid at entry = Vw1 m
Angular momentum (moment of momentum) at entry = Vw1 m r1
Angular momentum at outlet = Vw 2 m r2
T = torque on the rotor = change of angular momentum
Vw1r1 Vw 2 r2 m
Work done = rate of energy transferred = T x
Vw1r1 Vw 2 r2 m
But we know that 1r1 = u1 and 2r2 = u2. Therefore,
W .D. Vw1u1 Vw2u2 m ----- (1)
Work done per unit mass flow rate Vw1u1 Vw 2u2 ----- (2)
Euler turbine equation
Equations (1) and (2) are two forms of Euler turbine equation or
Euler equation.
Euler equation applies to all turbomachines pumps, fans,
blowers, compressors and turbines (steam, gas, water).
If Vw1u1 > Vw2u2, the RHS of equation (2) is positive and then the
machine is called turbine.
If Vw2u2 > Vw1u1, the RHS of equation (2) is negative and then
the machine is called pump, fan, blower or compressor.
If Vw1u1 > Vw2u2 and Vw2 is negative, i.e., Vw2 is opposite to that
of Vw1, then equation (2) can be written as:
Work done / unit mass flow rate vw1u1 vw 2u2 vw1u1 vw2u2
Alternate form of Euler turbine equation
v2 w2
vr2
2 2
vw2
u2
v1 w1 vr1
1 1
vw1
u1
u1vw1
v 2
1 u12 w12
2
Similarly,
u 2 vw 2
v 2
2 u 22 w22
2
Substituting these values in the Eulers equation
Work done
v12 u12 w12
v22 u22 w22
Mass flowrate 2 2
Alternate form of Euler turbine equation
Work done
v12 v22 u12 u22 w22 w12
Mass flowrate 2
This is an alternate form of Euler turbine equation
Work done
v12 v22 w22 w12
Mass flowrate 2
Conventions in drawing velocity triangles
Vf or Vr or Cm
V or C W or Vr
Vw or Cu
u or U
V12 V22
Q m h1 Z1 W .D. m h2 Z2
2 2
where,
Q = rate of heat transfer
W.D. = Work output
V2/2 = kinetic energy
Z = potential energy
Suffixes 1 and 2 refer to inlet and outlet values respectively
Steady flow equation 1st law of thermodynamics
If h0 = stagnation or total enthalpy and h0 = change in total
enthalpy, then 2
V
h0 h Z or,
2
Q W .D.
h02 h01 h0
m m
that is,
q w h0
For isentropic process, q = 0 and hence h0 = -w or in
differential form, -dh0 = w. Therefore,
dh0 w
v2
1
v22 u12 u22 w22 w12
2
Steady flow equation 1st law of thermodynamics
u
Static energy
u22 w22 w12
2
R 2
1
v1 v u12 u22 w22 w12
2
2 Total energy
or,
Static enthalpy change h1 h2
R
Total enthalpy change ho1 h02
For axial flow machines, u1 = u2 and hence,
R
w w 2 2
v v w w
2 1
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1
Degree of Reaction
In an impulse type machine, if the fluid enters and leaves the rotor
at different radii, a change of static pressure occurs in one
direction. An equal amount of change in static pressure occurs in
the opposite direction to render p=0.
In an impulse type machine (i.e., zero degree of reaction), the rotor
can be of open type, i.e., an open jet of fluid with no connection with
the rotor.
A machine with any degree of reaction (R = 0) must have the rotor
enclosed in order avoid expansion of fluid in all directions. Such
machines are called reaction type machines.
General analysis of a turbomachine
Effect of blade outlet angle 2 on energy transfer
The blade outlet angle 2 in a radial machine significantly affects the
work done and the degree of reaction
Its effect can be studied by making the following assumptions:
Centrifugal effect at outlet = 2 x centrifugal effect at inlet (u2 = 2 u1)
Radial velocity (flow velocity) is constant (Vf1 = Vf2 = Vf )
No tangential component at inlet (Vw1= 0; 1= 90; Vf1= V1)
Inlet blade angle (and hence fluid angle) is 45 (u1= V1= Vf)
Outlet blade angle 2 is variable
From equation for work done,
H u 2 V f 2 Cot 2
u2 Vw
g u
Q
Q2 Q A2V f 2 ; or V f 2
A2
Q Cot 2
Considering rotor operating at
u2
H u 2 a given speed and putting
g A2 u 22
K1
u 22 u 2 Cot 2 g
H Q u Cot 2
K2 2
g gA2 gA2
H K1 K 2 Q
Effect of blade outlet angle 2 on energy transfer
For a given pump or a compressor u, A and 2 are fixed and the
only variables are H and Q. Centrifugal pumps and compressors can
be classified as under:
Backward curved blades 2 < 90
Radial blades 2 = 90
Forward curved blades 2 > 90
For backward curved blades:
2 < 90 (and 1 = 90, Vw1 = 0, Vf1 = V1 as assumed)
Hence,
K2 is positive
H-Q line has negative slope
Outlet tip of the blade is in the direction opposite to that of
rotation.
Flow and wheel rotation are in the same direction.
Effect of blade outlet angle 2 on energy transfer
< 90 = 90 > 90
Backward curved blade Straight radial blade Forward curved blade
Radial
for pressure recovery.
Practically 2 > 90 is not
Backward
preferred
Radial blade with 2 = 90 is used
for applications requiring high
Flow, Q
pressures.
General analysis power absorbing centrifugal machines
Vw2
W .D. u2Vw2 u 2
2
h0 This is also known as stage work
u2
For constant flow velocity,
V1 V f 1 V f 2 u1 tan 1
Vf 2 Vw
Tan 2 u
Vw2
General analysis power absorbing centrifugal machines
Vw2 2 Tan 2
W .D. u2Vw2 u
2
u2
Tan 2 Tan 2
2
u2
The power absorbed therefore, will be
P m W .D. m h0 m C p T0 m u 2Vw 2
Tan 2
P m u
2
Tan 2 Tan 2
2
General analysis power absorbing centrifugal machines
Degree of reaction
W .D static
u 2
2
u12
w12 w22
2 2
W .D.total
u 22 u12
w12 w22
V22 V12
2 2 2
or , W .D.total W .D.static
V22 V12
2
pressure rise in the rotor p static
R
pressure rise in the stage p total
W1
Vf1=V1
1 1
From inlet velocity triangle, u1
We know that the static pressure rise (p)static through the impeller
is due to the change in centrifugal energy and the diffusion of the
relative flow.
u22 u12 w12 w22
p static W .D.static
2 2
Similarly, the total pressure rise through the impeller is,
p total W .D.total
u22 u12
w12 w22
V22 V12 or,
2 2 2
p total p static
V22 V12
2
General analysis power absorbing centrifugal machines
For the assumption of 1 = 90 and V1 = Vf1 = Vf2 we have, from inlet
velocity triangle,
w12 u12 V12 ..(a)
2 2
w V Vw2 u2
2 2 2
u2
2 f2 VW2
General analysis power absorbing centrifugal machines
Simplifying, we get
u22 w22 V f22 2u2Vw2 Vw22
Substituting in the equation (b) of the previous slide,
p static
2u V 2 w2 V 2
w2
2
Substituting in the equation for degree of reaction, R
R
2u V 2 w2 V 2
w2
1
Vw 2 2u2 Vw 2
, or,
2 u2Vw2 Vw 2 2u2
Vw 2
R 1
2u2
General analysis power absorbing centrifugal machines
Vw 2
1 therefore, R is always less than 1
u2
Impulse type turbines have only the kinetic energy available at inlet
of the machine for the production of power or energy
transformation. That means, the static pressure at inlet and outlet of
the machine remains the same. Hence, W1= W2. E.g., Pelton wheel.
Reaction turbines are those in which in addition to the kinetic
energy of the fluid at inlet, pressure energy is also available in
course of energy transformation. This implies that there is a change
of static pressure during the flow over each rotor stage. E.g., Lawn
sprinkler or Parsons turbine.
Turbines run on compressible fluids (e.g., steam / gas turbines) and
incompressible fluids (e.g., hydraulic turbines).
Turbines must have a residual exit velocity to maintain flow. Even if
we have idealized frictionless flow, it is not possible to transfer all
the energy in the fluid due to the need to have a minimum exit
velocity.
General analysis Turbines
Impulse Turbine
Reaction Turbine
General analysis of Turbines Utilization factor
Wactual
V12 V22 u12 u22 W12 W22
Wmax
V12 u12 u22 W12 W22
V22
Wm ax Wactual
2
General analysis of Turbines Utilization factor
Substituting we get,
Vw1u1 Vw2u2
V22
Vw1u1 Vw2u2
2
Similarly, can also be expressed in terms of degree of reaction, R
R H d H s H s
H static
R therefore, RH d RH s H s
H static H dyn
RH d H s (1 R )
RH d
Hs
(1 R )
General analysis of Turbines Utilization factor
Hdyn Hstatic
Wactual
V12 V22 u12 u 22 W12 W22
Wm ax
u1 u 2 W1 W2
2 2 2 2 V12
2
Hstatic
Substituting for Hstatic,
RHdyn
H dyn
(1 R) RHdyn H dyn RHdyn H dyn
2
2
RHdyn V12
V 1
RHdyn
V
1 R
1
RHdyn 1 R
(1 R) 2 2 2
General analysis of Turbines Utilization factor
V12 V22
H dyn
2
V12 V12 V22 V12
RHdyn 1 R R 1 R
2 2 2
V1 V22
This expression holds good for 0 < R < 1 but
V V 2 2
1 2 not for R=1 because then the utilization factor
V RV22
1
2 =1 indicating 100% utilization with the result
that the exit velocity V2 becomes zero.
Axial flow Turbines
In axial flow machines, the fluid enters and leaves the rotor at the
same radius and hence u1= u2.
The axial flow velocity Vf is assumed to be constant from inlet to
outlet.
With u1= u2 the equation for degree of reaction becomes:
R 2
W
W12 2
W22 W12
2
V1 V W2 W1
2
2
2 2
Wactual
From this equation, the different values of R can be obtained
depending on the magnitude of velocity components.
Axial flow Turbines
V1
V2 W2
W1
1 1 2 2 Velocity triangle for R < 0
u u
V1 W2
W1 Velocity triangle for R = 0
V2
1 1 2 2
u u
Axial flow Turbines
When R = 0.5 (50% reaction)
If R is 0.5, V12- V22 = Vr22-Vr12 and hence V1= Vr2 and V2= Vr1. In this
case, 50% energy transformation occurs in the rotor and the other
50% in the stator.
V1 W2
W1 V2
W2
V1
W1 V2
When R > 1
If R is > 1, V2 > V1. In this case, the energy transformation can be
negative or positive.
W2
V1
W1
V2
V1 W2
W1 V2
m ax
V
V12 sin 2 1
2
1
V RV12 sin 2 1
1
2
m ax 2
V12 1 sin 2 1
cos2 1
V1 1 R sin 12
1 R sin 2 1
1 1 2 2
m ax
V V
2 2
V V sin 1
2
2 2
u u
1 2 1 1
V RV2 V R V12 sin 2 1
1
2 2
1
2
1 sin 2 1 cos2 1
m ax
1 R sin 1 1 R sin 2 1
2
V1 W2 V1 W2
V2 W1 V2
W1
2 2 1 1 2 2
1 1
ui ur ur
ui
Velocity triangle for max Impulse Turbine Velocity triangle for max 50% Reaction Turbine
Vw1 u u 2u
cos1 V1
W2
V1 V1 V1 W1 V2
u cos1 1 1 2 2
opt A u B C u D
V1 2
W .D.m ax u1Vw1 u1V1 cos1 u1.2u1 2u12
Vf 1 V1 sin 1 1
tan 1
Vw1 u V1 cos1 u V1 cos1 u
V1 sin 1 V1 sin 1
1
tan 1 2 tan 1
cot1
cot1
2
Optimum blade speed ratio (opt) for different types of
turbines for max. energy transfer (W.D.)max
Vw1 u1
cos1 opt 1
ur
1 2
ur
2
V1 V1
W .D. u1Vw1 u 2Vw 2
W .D. u1Vw1 u1V1 u 2