21

THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND BEYOND

1945

TEACHING STRATEGIES AND SUGGESTIONS

Because of the press of time, the instructor often must either omit or condense material at the end of the
term. The tendency, therefore, is to rush through the last class lectures without much thought to the
teaching model. Yet, these last lectures sometimes demand the most care in determining teaching
strategies. The instructor should not fall into the trap of simply giving an encyclopedic listing of events
and names just to cover the material in the final chapter. A minimum of three lectures should be
scheduled for the last chapter.
Since the time frame in Chapter 21 is approximately fifty years, the instructor need not begin with the
standard Historical Overview but can open the final set of lectures regarding Late Modernism and Post-
Modernism with either the Spirit of the Age or the Comparison/Contrast approach. The Patterns of
Change model and/or the Diffusion model can then be used effectively with two major topics: first, the
distinctions between Late Modernism and Post-Modernism, and second, the globalization of bad culture,
particularly under Post-Modernism. In the closing lecture, the instructor can use the
Reflections/Connections approach to make some educated guesses about the future of the emerging
global culture. Such remarks must, of necessity, be guarded and can touch on such matters as impending
directions of political, social, and economic trends; the projected influence of such trends on intellectual,
literary, and artistic developments; and finally, the continuing relationship between the world today and
the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt where Western civilization arose almost 5,000 years ago.

LECTURE OUTLINE
I. Characteristics of the Age of Anxiety and Beyond:
Late Modernism and Post-Modernism

II.From a European to a World Civilization

A.The era of the superpowers, 19451970
1.Postwar recovery and the new world order
a)Divisions and alliances in Western Europe
and around the globe
b)The Soviet Union
c)The United States
2.The cold war
a)Division of East and West in Europe
b)Spreads to other parts of world
c)Military conflicts and international tensions
3.Emergence of the Third World
a)The end of colonialism
b)New states and new economic systems

83
 B. Toward a new global order, 19701994
1. National issues and international realignment
a)Economic trends and crises
b)Domestic challenges and changes
in the United States and Soviet Union
2. Problems with a global dimension
a)Exploding populations
b)Growing environmental issues
C. The post-cold war world
1. The emergence of the United States as the only superpower
a)Survey of other global power
b)Resurgence of late-nineteenth-century trends:
nationalism and ethnic violence
c)The global economy and regional economic alliances
2. Post-Modernism and American culture

III. The End of Modernism and the Birth of Post-Modernism

A.Philosophical, political, and social thought
1. Existentialism
2. Structuralism
3. Feminism
4. Black consciousness movement
B. Science and technology
1. Communications, computers, and the Internet
2. Medical discoveries
3. Advances in the biological sciences
C. The literature of Late Modernism: fiction, poetry, and drama
1. Existentialist writings
a)Sartre
b)Camus
2. Black literature
a)Wright
b)Baldwin
3.The novel and other literary forms
a)Mailer
b)Lessing
c)Solzhenitsyn
d)Thomas
e)Ginsberg
f)Beckett
D.The literature of Post-Modernism
1. Latin American writers
a)Borges
b)Garca Mrquez
2. Eastern European writersMilan Kundera
3. African American writers
a)Walker
b)Morrison

84
 4.Chinese-American writerMaxine Hong Kingston
E. Late Modernism and the arts
1. Painting
a)Pollock
b)Rothko
c)Frankenthaler
d)Johns
e)Rauschenberg
f)Warhol
2. Sculpture
a)Smith
b)Nevelson
c)Segal
3. ArchitectureMies van der Rohe
F.Post-Modernism and the arts
1.Painting
a)Pearlstein
b)Kiefer
c)Coe
d)Blake
e)Stella
2.Sculpture
a)De Andrea
b)Whiteread
3.Installation art
a)Definition
b)Hamilton
4.Video art
a)Definition
b)Paik
5.Architecture
a)Venturi
b)Rogers and Piano
c)Johnson
d)Gehry
G.Late Modern and Post-Modern music
1.Stravinsky
2.Penderecki
3.Cage
4.Glass
5.Wilson
6.Adams
H.Performance art
1.Anderson
2.Sherman
I.Mass culture
1.More technology and communication
2.Popular music

85
IV. A Summing Up

86
NON-
WESTERN EVENTS
1945
In Africa, the transformation
of Europes African
colonies into independent
states, ruled by Africans,
19501970; riots in
Johannesburg against
apartheid, 1950;
Organization of African
Unity (OAS), 1963; in
Ghana, Africas best-known
woman writer, Ama Ata
Aidoo, Our Sister Killjoy,
a novel, 1977; in Ivory
Coast, the opening of Our
Lady of Peace, the tallest
church in Christendom,
designed by Pierre
Fakhoury and modeled
after St. Peters in Rome,
1989; in Kenya, A Grain
of Wheat, a novel by
Ngugi wa Thiong, 1967;
in Lagos, Antonio Olinto,
The Water House, 1981; the
woman writer Buchi
Emecheta, The Rape of
Shavi, a novel, 1986; in
Nigeria, People of the City,
a novel by Cyprian
Ekwenski, 1954; Things
Fall Apart, a novel by
Chinua Achebe, 1958;
Tutuola, b. 1920,
storyteller, Palm Wine
Drinkard, 1952; the woman
writer, Zaynab Alkali,
The Stillborn, a novel,
1984; Wole Soyinka, Nobel
Prize for literature, 1986;
in Senegal, Chaka, a
poem by Leopold Sedar
Senghor, 1956; O Pays, Mon
Beau Peuple, and Xala,
novels by Sembene
Ousmane, 1957 and 1976,
respectively; in South
Africa, Sarafina, a stage
musical by Mbongeni
Ngema, 1987; The
Wanderers, a novel by
Eskia Mphahelele, 1971;
Fugard, Kani, Ntshona
write plays on treatment
of blacks; Nadine
Gordimer, Nobel Prize for
literature, 1991; Albert John
Luthuli, Nobel Peace Prize,
1960; Bishop Desmond
Tutu, Nobel Peace Prize,
1984; F. W. de Klerk and
Nelson Mandela, Nobel
Peace Prize, 1993
In Caribbean, in Cuba,
Paradise, a novel by Jos
Lezama Lima, 1966; in
Jamaica, I Shot the
Sheriff, a popular song
by reggae composer-
performer, Robert Nesta
Bob Marley, 1973; in St.
Lucia, Omeros, an epic
poem modeled on Homer,
by Derek Walcatt, 1990;
Derek Walcott, Nobel
Prize for literature, 1992;
in Trinidad, the novelist
V. S. Naipaul, b. 1932,
author of the novel A
House for Mr. Biswas, 1961
In Central America, in Costa
Rica, The President, a novel
by Miguel Asturias, 1946;
Oscar Arias Sanchez,
Nobel Peace Prize, 1987;
in Guatemala, Rigoberta
Menchu, Nobel Peace
Prize, 1992
In China, republic, 19121949;
87
 civil war with Communists
victorious; Nationalists flee
to Taiwan after defeat;
Communist government
led by Mao Zedong, 1949
1976; Great Leap Forward
virtually eliminated
houseflies, mosquitoes,
rats, and bedbugs
over wide areas, 1957;
culturalrevolution
of the 1960s had
disastrous impact on
traditional Chinese culture;
Quotations of Chairman
Mao, 1966; China
exploded a hydrogen
bomb, 1967; rapprochement
with United States, 1971;
ascendancy of Deng
Xiaoping, a pragmatic
leader, 19761989;
economic reform and
political retrenchment
since about 1978;
Beijings Fragrant Hills
Hotel, designed by
Chinese-American I. M.
Pei opens, 1982; Massacre
of Tiananmen Square,
Beijing, 1989; resurgence
of hard-liners, 1989
In Himalaya region, Malla
dynasty, 1768present;
Gurkhali-style architecture,
mixing archaic with French
and Italian influence; in
Tibet, Lamaistic state, about
1450 to 1950s, when
Chinese rule began; the
Dalai Lama, Nobel Peace
Prize, 1989
In Hong Kong, the Bank of
China Building, designed
by the Chinese American
I. M. Pei, 1989; transfer of
Hong Kong to China,
July 1, 1997
88
In India, end of British raj,
1947; partition of India
into modern countries of
India and Pakistan (East
and West); war between
the two Pakistans leads
to a separation into two
states, Pakistan and
Bangladesh, 1971; the age-
old untouchability caste
(15 percent of the
population) outlawed,
though vestiges remain,
1946; The Apu Trilogy,
films by Satyajit Ray,
1954-1958; The Middleman and
Other Stories by Bharati
Mukherjee, 1988; Anita
Desais Fire on the
Mountain, a novel dealing
with the plight of women
in India, 1977; Salman
Rushdies Midnights
Children, a novel about
Hindu-Muslim identity,
1980; U. R. Anantha
Murthys Samskara, a
novel in the Kannada
language that explores the
passing of the Brahman
tradition, 1965; Zubin
Mehta, Indian-born
conductor, chosen to lead
the New York
Philharmonic, 1978; Ravi
Shankar, b. 1920, sitar
player; Mother Teresa of
Calcutta, Nobel Peace
Prize, 1979
In Indochina, in Myanmar
(Burma), Daw Aung San
Suu Kyi, Nobel Peace
Prize, 1991
In Japan, Showa period,
19261989; Western-style
constitution, 1946; women
gain the right to vote,
1946; land reform, tenant
farmers decline from
nearly one-half to one-
tenth the population, 1946;
Prime Minister Yasukiro
Nakasone, the Japanese
Reagan, two terms in the
1980s; the Idiot, a short
story by Ango Sakaguchi,
1946; The Setting Sun, a
novel by Osamu Dazai
about the decline of
aristocratic life, 1947;
Confessions of a Mask, a
semi-autobiographical
novel by Yukio Mishima,
1948; No Consultation
Today, a short story by
Masuji Ibuse, 1949; Junji
Kinoshita, b. 1914, author
of the drama Twilight
Crane, 1949; NHK,
Japanese television, began
broadcasting, 1953; The
Sound of the Mountain,
a novel by Yasunari
Kawabata, 1954; Yasunari
Kawabata, Nobel Prize for
literature, 1968; The
Crucified Lovers, a film by
Kenji Mizoguchi, 1954;
Gate of Hell, a film by
Teinosuke Kinugasa, 1954;
Throne of Blood, a film by
Akira Kurosawa, 1957;
Yuichi Inoue: Fish, a
painting, 1959; Josaku
Maeda, Mystagogie
despace, a painting, 1965;
Tsugouharu Foujita,
painter, 18991968; Kenzo
Tange, b. 1913, architect
and town planner, designer
of Peace Center,
Hiroshima, 1955; The
Waiting Years, by Enchi
Fumiko (19051986) who
continued Japans tradition
of outstanding women
writers; Chushingura, a film
by Hiroshi Imagaki, 1962;
Woman in the Dunes, a film
by Hiroshi Teshigahara,
1964, based on the novel of
the same name by Abe
Kobo, 1962; Japan became
the free worlds second
strongest economic power,
in 1968; Yusunari Kawabata,
18991972, author of the
novel Snow Country, 1948
and recipient of Nobel Prize
for literature, 1968;
Minoru Takeyama,
architect designer of
Tokyo department store;
Tange Kenzo, designer
of the Ehime Convention
Hall and the building
complex at Hiroshima;
Double Suicide,
a film by Masahiro
Shinoda, 1969; Shogun
Assassin, a film by Kenji
Misumi, 1981; Metropolitan
Teien Art Museum opened,
1983; A Taxing Woman, a
film by Juzo Itami, 1988;
Heisei period, 1989
present; Socialist party
headed by a woman,
Takako Doi, 1989; The
Japan That Can Say No,
a political analysis by
Shinaro Ishihara and Sony
founder Akio Morita, 1990;
Tokyos City Hall,
designed by Tange Kenzo,
1990; Eisaku Sata, co-
winner, Nobel Peace Prize,
1974; Kenzaburo Oe, Nobel
Prize for literature, 1994
In Korea, division into two
states, North and South
Korea, 1948; Korean War,
19501953; Sun Myung
Moon founded the
89
 Unification Church, 1954
In Mexico, David Siqueiros,
muralist, 18971974; Carlos
Chvez, composer, 1899
1978; Alfonso Garcia
Robles, co-winner Nobel
Peace Prize, 1982; Octavio
Paz, Nobel Prize for
literature, 1990
In Muslim world, Arab
League founded, 1945; in
Egypt, The Beginning and
the End, a novel by Naquib
Mahfouz, 1949; in
Morocco, The Sacred Night,
a novel by Tahar Ben
Jelloun, 1987; OPEC oil
crisis, 1974; Anwar el-
Sadat, co-winner, Nobel
Peace Prize, 1978; Naquib
Mahfouz, Nobel Prize for
literature, 1988
In New Zealand, Sweetie,
a film by Jane Campion,
1990, and The Piano, 1993
In North Vietnam, Le Duc
Tho, co-winner, Nobel
Peace Prize, 1973
In South America, in
Argentina, the semiabstract
painter, Aquiles Badi, 1893
1976; Hopscotch, a novel by
Julio Cortazar, 1963; The
Kiss of the Spider Woman,
a novel by Manuel Puig
1976; Adolfo Perez
Esquivel, Nobel Peace
Prize, 1980; in Brazil,
Oscar Niemeyer, the
architect, designer of the
city of Brasilia, 19561963;
Brasilia became new
capital, 1960; Pels soccer
career, 19561974; in Chile,
the poet Pablo Neruda
(19041973) won Nobel
Prize for literature, 1971; in
Columbia, Gabriel Garcia
90
Mrquez, Nobel Prize for
literature, 1982; in Peru,
The War at the End of the
World, a novel by Mario
Vargas Llosa, 1984; in
Uruguay, The Short Life,
a novel by Juan Carlos
Onetti, 1950
Worlds population in August
1999 is 6 billion; China
1.24 billion, India
1 billion, the USA 272
million, Indonesia 216
million, Brazil 171
million, Russia 146 million,
Pakistan 138 million,
Bangladesh 127 million,
Japan 126 million, and
Nigeria 113 million;
the largest cities, exclusive
of environs, are Seoul
10.2 million, So Paulo
10 million, Bombay 9.9
million, Jakarta 9.1 million,
Moscow 8.3 million, Istanbul
8.2 million, Mexico City 8.2
million, Shanghai 8.2
million, Tokyo 7.9 million,
and New York City 7.3
million
Worlds most livable countries
as ranked by the U.N., in
descending order were
Canada, Norway,
United States, Japan,
Belgium, Sweden, Australia,
Netherlands, Iceland, and
United Kingdom, in 1999
Worlds least livable countries
as ranked by the U.N., in
ascending order were Sierra
Leone, Niger, Ethiopia,
Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau,
Eritrea, Mali, and Central
African Republic, in 1999
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To learn:
1.The differences between Late Modernism and Post-Modernism
2.The causes and characteristics of the two postwar economic and political systems of the superpowers
and their allies
3.The major economic and political trends among the nations of Western Europe
4.Domestic developments within the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1970
5.Domestic developments within the United States from 1945 to 1970
6.The origins and course of the cold war
7.The causes and results of the emergence of the Third World states
8.The causes of the changes in international relations since 1970
9.The course and results of Soviet-American relations from 1970 to 1994
10.The major global problems confronting the world in 1994
11.The major intellectual and cultural movements and their leaders since 1945
12.The renewal of feminism, its chief advocates and their messages
13.The discoveries and inventions in science and technology and their impact on Western culture from
1945 to 1991
14.The characteristics of existentialism, its major voices, and representative literature
15.The development of the novel and poetry after World War II
16.The rise of black consciousness, its chief advocates and their messages
17.The trends and changes in the theater after World War II
18.The Post-Modern novel and novelists
19.The characteristics, innovations, and themes of Late Modernist painting, examples of these changes,
and the leading artists
20.The major developments, trends, and sculptors of Late Modernism
21.Late Modernist architecture and architects
22.The general characteristics of Post-Modernism and its most important features
23.The Post-Modernist painters, sculptors, installation artists, video artists, and architects and
representative works
24.The key developments, important innovations, and leading composers in Late Modernist and Post-
Modern music
25.The rise and meaning of mass culture
26.The world in 2003, reflecting its heritage from earlier civilizations: making militant nationalism once
again a force for disruptive change around the world, specifically in the former Soviet Union and the
former Yugoslavia; moving away from an international scene dominated by the superpowers to one
governed by a multipolar arrangement; the conflict of the United States with fundamentalist Islamic
terrorism; continuing Classical influences in the Post-Modernist arts and architecture; updating
nineteenth-century Expressionism and Realism as trends in Post-Modernism; reviving and drastically
refurbishing Hellenistic attitudes in Post-Modernist literature and philosophy and in the multiethnic,
multiracial, multicultural states that seem to be emerging, particularly in the United States and Great
Britain; returning to the roots of Western civilization in Mesopotamia and Egypt in the works of Anselm
Kiefer, perhaps the most influential artist working today; restoring harmonious sounds and simple
techniques to the music of Post-Modernism; and making American mass culture the worlds common
denominator

90
SUGGESTIONS FOR FILMS, VIDEOS, AND CD-ROMS
Abstract Expressionism and Pop: Art of the 50s and 60s. Films for the Humanities, 60 min., color.
Africa to America to Paris: The Migration of Black Writers. Films for the Humanities, 53 min., color.
Alice Walker. Films for the Humanities, 33 min., color.
Allen Ginsberg. Films for the Humanities, 52 min., color.
Archbishop Desmond Tutu with Bill Moyers. Films for the Humanities, 57 min., color.
Artful Architecture: The Getty Center and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. Films for the Humanities, 29 min.,
color.
Cutting and Splicing DNA. Films for the Humanities, 24 min., color.
Czechoslovakia 1968: We Dont Want to Live on Our Knees. Films for the Humanities, 20 min., black and
white.
Doris Lessing: A Life Considered. Films for the Humanities, 54 min., color.
Ellsworth Kelly and Jasper Johns: Modern Masters? Films for the Humanities, 14 min., color.
The End of Empires. Films for the Humanities, 49 min., color.
Eyes on the Prize. PBS.org, 14 hrs. on 7 videos, color. (civil rights movement)
French Intellectuals in the 20th Century. Films for the Humanities, 3 hrs. 28 min. on 4 videos, color.
From Zero: John Cage. Films for the Humanities, 51 min., color.
Gabriel Garca Mrquez: Magical Realism. Films for the Humanities, 60 min., color.
The Germans: Portrait of a New Nation. Films for the Humanities, 58 min., color.
Hiroshima: The Legacy. Films for the Humanities, 30 min., color.
I Am Woman. Films for the Humanities, 2 parts, 29 min. each, color. (feminism)
In Remembrance of Martin. PBS.org, 60 min., color. (Martin Luther King, Jr.)
Inside the Cold War. Films for the Humanities, CD-ROM.
Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko: Icons of Abstract Expressionism. Films for the Humanities, 23 min., color.
John Adams: Minimalism and Beyond. Films for the Humanities, 52 min., color.
Madrid: The City Today. Films for the Humanities, 27 min., color.
Malcolm X. Films for the Humanities, 15 min., color.
Paris: A Metropolitan Masterpiece. Films for the Humanities, 29 min., color.
Philip Johnson: Looking Back. Films for the Humanities, 13 min., color.
Postmodernism. Films for the Humanities, 29 min., color.
Post-War Music: After the Wake. Films for the Humanities, 52 min., color. (war and music)
Renzo Piano: Piece by Piece. Films for the Humanities, 54 min., color.
Robert Oppenheimer. Films for the Humanities, 14 min., color.
Sculptors at Storm King: Shaping American Art. Films for the Humanities, 47 min., color.
Toni Morrison. Films for the Humanities, 25 min., color.
Vibrations and Pagan Rites. Films for the Humanities, 60 min., color. (music, from Gregorian chant to Ligeti)

SUGGESTIONS FOR MUSIC

Adams, John. Harmonium (198081). Adams, San Francisco Symphony, San Francisco Symphony Chorus;
Shaker Loops (1978; rev. 1983). Adams, Orchestra of St. Lukes. Nonesuch 79453-2.
. The Chairman Dances (1985). De Waart, San Francisco Symphony; Grand Pianola Music (1982).
Adams, London Sinfonietta; Fearful Symmetries (1988). Adams, Orchestra of St. Lukes. Nonesuch
79453-2.
. Nixon in China. Sylvan, Maddalena, Hammons, Page, Opatz, Friedman, Dry, Craney, Duykers; De
Waart, Orchestra of St. Lukes. Nonesuch 79453-2.

91
. The Death of Klinghoffer (199091). Maddalena, Felty, Hammons, Young, Perry, Sylvan, Friedman,
Nadler; Nagano, Orchestra of the Opera de Lyon; Cooke, The London Opera Chorus. Nonesuch
79453-2.
[All recordings are from The John Adams Earbox collection of 10 CDs on Nonesuch, 1999.]
Cage, John. The Seasons (ballet) (1947). Davies, American Composers Orchestra, CRI S-410.
. Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano (19461948). Fremy. Etcetera ETC-2001; KTC-2001 [CD].
. Song Books III (1970); Empty Words III (1975). For Speaker and Chorus. Cage, Schola Cantorum.
Wergo 60074.
Glass, Philip. Einstein on the Beach. Glass Ensemble. CBS M4-38875; M4K-38875 [CD]; MXT-38875
[cassette].
. Glassworks. Glass Ensemble. CBS FM-37265; MK-37265 [CD]; FMT-37265.
. The Photographer, for Violin, Chorus & Instruments (1982). Kukovsky, Glass Ensemble. CBS FM-
37849; MK-37849 [CD].
. Koyanisqaatsi. Antilles/New Direction 90626-1; 906260-2 [CD]; 90626-4 [cassette].
Stravinsky, Igor. Agon (ballet) (1957). Irving, New York City Ballet Orchestra. Elektra/Nonesuch 79135-1;
79135-2 [CD] 79135-4 [cassette].
. Elegy for J.F.K. (1964). Fischer-Dieskau, Gruber, Adler, Berger. Orfeo S-015821 A.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

Ali, T. and S. Watkins. 1968: Marching in the Streets. New York: Free Press, 1998. Marvellous chronicle that
includes primary sources and plentiful photographs.
Ashton, D. The New York School: A Cultural Reckoning. New York: Viking, 1973. Outstanding discussion of
the generation that founded Abstract Expressionism; superbly illustrated.
Banks, O. Faces of Feminism: A Study of Feminism as a Social Movement. New York: St. Martins Press, 1982.
One of the first histories of feminism as a popular movement, extending from 1840 to 1980.
Crouzet, M. The European Renaissance Since 1945. Translated by S. Baron. London: Thames and Hudson,
1970. Full of relevant paintings, photographs, and examples of popular culture to illustrate Europes
recovery and rebirth.
Fulbrook, M., ed. Europe Since 1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Good overview of the period,
covering it thematically.
Guilbaut, S. How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art: Abstract Expressionism, Freedom and the Cold War .
Translated by A. Goldhammer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. A brilliant interpretation
of the linkage between cold war politics and Late Modernist culture.
Jencks, C. Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture. New York: Rizzoli, 1987. Despite the
narrowly focused title, this authoritative synthesis surveys all the varieties of Post-Modernism.
. The Post-Modern Reader. New York: St. Martins Press, 1992. A collection of essays that together
define Post-Modernism; Jencks introductory essay is a classic of lucidity about this difficult
movement.
Judge, E. and J. Langdon. A Hard and Bitter Peace: A Global History of the Cold War. New York: Prentice-Hall,
1995. Excellent and accessible survey.
_____, eds. The Cold War: A History Through Documents. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1998.

92
Kennedy, P. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Random House, 1987. A provocative analysis
that interprets changes in the fortunes of the great powers in terms of the competing demands of
economic growth and military needs.
Keylor, W. R. The Twentieth-Century World: An International History. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1996. An excellent overview of developments in world history during this century.
Lucie-Smith, E. Movements in Art Since 1945: Issues and Concepts. Revised and expanded 3rd ed. London:
Thames and Hudson, 1995. The best survey available of developments in art since 1945.
McLaren, A. Twentieth-Century Sexuality: A History. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. A lucid and fun analysis of
changing sexual attitudes and state policies. Particularly good on intersections between racial
nationalism and sexuality, moral panics, the sexual revolution, and homosexuality.
Mller, J-W., ed. Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2003. Fascinating essays on the ways in which historical memory
influenced politics after the war.
Rosecrance, R. N. The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World. New York: Basic
Books, 1986. Presents the provocative thesis that a new international order is emerging based on
cooperation among trading states.
Schell, J. The Fate of the Earth. New York: Knopf, 1982. An influential study on what civilization is doing to
the natural environment.
Stokes, G., ed. From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe since 1945. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1996. Excellent collection of writings and speeches. Gives a good feel for
the character of Soviet bloc communism as well for the origins of the 1989 revolutions.

Tismaneanu, V., ed. The Revolutions of 1989. London: Routledge, 1999. Superb collection of essays
examining the economic, political and social nature of modern revolutions, the legacies of dissent,
the extent of the collapse of Leninist regimes in Europe, and the political and ethical tensions of the
post-communist situation.

Von Laue, T. H. The World Revolution of Westernization: The Twentieth Century in Global Perspective. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1987. A useful survey of world history in the twentieth century; uses
an impressionistic approach.

KEY CULTURAL TERMS

Late Modernism
Post-Modernism
structuralism
theater of the absurd
magic realism
Abstract Expressionism
assemblage art
Pop Art
Neorealism
Neoexpressionism
Neoclassicism

93
installation art
high tech
glissando
synthesizer
Performance Art
videoart

PERSPECTIVE BACKGROUND

Yo-Yo Ma, A Journey of Discovery.

The Silk Road linked East and West, facilitating trade between Europe and Asia in the early modern
period. The cultural connections found in the musical traditions of the ethnic groups along this road have
recently been the subject of celebration. The great cellist Yo Yo Ma joined this commemoration by issuing
an album titled Silk Road Journeys: When Strangers Meet. One of the instruments played on the album
was the Mongolian morin khuur, known as the horse fiddle because of its shape. It has two strings and
dates to around 1500 when travelers on the ancient trade route reported its use. Ma found it difficult to
play despite his virtuosity with the cello. Another cultural moment occurred when Ma asked the
assembled musicians to start at a certain measure, only to discover that the Indian tabla player could not
read music. After having heard the piece performed once, the player committed it to memory perfectly
and took up his part easily.
Ma reported that after working with musicians from Iran, India, China, the Mediterranean, and
elsewhere gave him a greater understanding of world cultures. Of his experience Ma wrote: We live in a
world of increasing awareness and interdependence, and I believe that music can act as a magnet to draw
people together. Music is an expressive art that can reach to the very core of ones identity. By listening to
and learning from the voices of an authentic musical tradition, we become increasingly able to advocate
for the worlds they represent. Further, as we interact with unfamiliar musical traditions we encounter
voices that are not exclusive to one community. We discover transnational voices that belong to one
world. (For more information see The Silk Road: Connecting Cultures, Creating Trust, a Smithsonian
Institution publication.)

WINDOWS ON THE WORLD BACKGROUND

HISTORY

AFRICA

West Africa Cameroon. Became a UN trust territory under France, 1946; gained freedom, 1960. Despotic
rule of Ahmadou Ahidjo to 1982; capital, Yaounde; discovery of oil reserves (1970s); large scale industrial
development failed; success with growing agribusiness and medium-size companies; united with part of
former Southern Cameroons, 1961. After a bloody interval, order restored under Paul Biya in 1984; tilt
toward democratic society; troubled economy.

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AMERICAS

Latin America Brazil. End of dictatorship of Getulio Vargas, 193045; democracy restored; second Vargas
term, 195154; new capital Brasilia founded, 1960; military regime, 19641985; leading economy of Latin
America. Colombia. La violencia, a period of violence between Liberals and Conservatives, 1948 to 1958.
Liberals and Conservatives rotate power, 19581974; two-party elections, from 1974; new constitution,
1991.

Native North America AIM, the American Indian Movement, was founded in Minneapolis in 1968 by
Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt, Eddie Benton Banai, and George Mitchell. Russell Means later became
the groups spokesman. At first, AIMs policy was to help Indians in urban ghettos, but in time the goal
expanded to include: economic independence, revival of traditional culture, protection of legal rights, and
Indian control of tribal areas and restoration of illegally-seized lands. Protests in the 1970s led to the
imprisonment of many leaders; the national group disbanded in 1978. Local groups continue.

ASIA

China Peoples Republic of China (PRC), 1949present. Failed Great Leap Forward (massive
communalization of agriculture and local industry), 195860; Great Cultural Revolution, 196676;
economic reform and renewed relations with West, from 1971; suppressed Tiananmen Square student
uprising, 1989. Relations with Taiwan, an ongoing major problem.

India Republic of India, 1947 to present. Worlds largest democracy; politics controlled by Congress Party,
prime ministers drawn from Nehru family to 1990; sporadic clashes with Pakistan and China; two prime
ministers assassinated, Indira Gandhi, 1984, and her son Rajiv Gandhi, 1991.

Japan Showa period, ended 1989. Adopted Western style constitution (1947); signed mutual security treaty
with U.S. (1951); strong economic growth; a leading global economy to 1990; despite slowdown, still a
global economic power.

CULTURE

AFRICA

West Africa Cameroon Throne. This unusual state throne is carved to represent the figure of Chief Mene of
the Bamileke people. Over 2 million Bamileke live in Cameroon today. They live in neighborhoods of
widely scattered family farms and in square houses made of latticework walls topped with conical
thatched roofs. Chiefs houses are decorated with carved door frames, house posts, and thrones. The
Bamileke play a major role in the state economy, as professionals, traders, artisans, and workers.

AMERICAS

Latin America Brazil National Congress Building, Brasilia. Brazilian architecture is renowned as the most
inventive in Latin America. This claim is vibrantly illustrated by the futuristic National congress
buildings at Brasilia built by Oscar Niemeyer (19021998), the designer of the capitals master plan.
Niemeyers design juxtaposed delicate forms (the domed senate on the left) with powerful rectilinear
shapes (the twin towers used by support personnel). Colombia. Las Meninas. This painting is a witty
parody of Velazquezs great court painting of the same name. Instead of the behind-the-scene look at the
Spanish court, as Velazquez painted, Ramiro Arangos version depicts a meeting of coffee pots, jugs, and

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pears of various size. The parody suggests that the Old Masters have become overly familiar, much as the
objects of everyday life that are taken for granteda common theme in Modernist and Post-Modernist
art.

ASIA

China PRC Painter with Mother as a Young Woman. The painter Zhang Xiaogang (b. 1958) emerged in the
late 1970s, when state controls were loosened across the board. Thus, Chinas art changed so that
traditional styles remained but did not predominate. Zhang Xiaogang, who graduated from the Sichuan
Academy in 1982, developed a personal style in which he treats topical issues. He also made color a major
element in his art, especially the fiery hues of Southeast Asia.

India Republic of India The Prancing Horse. Maqbool Fida Husain (b. 1915) is one of Indias leading artists,
working as a painter, sculptor, and filmmaker. One of the first artists of his generation to receive
international recognition, starting in the 1950s, he has exhibited all over the world. Over the years, he has
received some of Indias most prestigious artistic awards. Relatively self-taught, except for a year at the
School of Art, he has a highly original style rooted in Indias traditional art yet with influences from the
West and his own history as a designer of childrens toys and movie posters. His paintings often draw on
the tropical colors of the Far East, and his sculptures are highly expressionistic.

Japan Showa period Aerial View, Olympic Stadium. Japanese architects, led by Tange Kenzo (b. 1913),
became a force in world architecture, emphasizing standard features of Japanese style, including simple
lines, diffused lighting, and warm textures. Tange Kenzos style blends Japanese and Western traditions.
He first came to world acclaim with the 1964 Olympic Stadium, noted for its dramatic curved lines and
steel suspension roofing.

DISCUSSION/ESSAY QUESTIONS
1.How did military armaments and modern technology influence the culture of the world between 1945
and 1970? Discuss at least two examples from the arts.
2.Define the terms Late Modernism and Post-Modernism. What are the the key differences between
the two?
3.How have international issues changed between the eras Late Modernism (19451970) and Post-
Modernism (after 1970)? Discuss how these changes have been reflected in the arts and humanities.
4.What is meant by the term cold war? Which nations were involved in this conflict, and what were the
causes of this war?
5.What were the major internal problems confronting the United States from 1945 to 1970, and how
successful was it in solving these problems?
6.What were the reasons for the end of European colonialism after 1945? How did colonialism end in Asia
and Africa?
7.Which forces and issues have led to a new global order since 1970?
8.Why did the cold war end? How did the internal policies of the United States and the Soviet Union
influence the course of events?
9.Late Modernism was an Age of Anxiety. Defend or refute this statement in a short essay, drawing on
literature and art from the period.
10.What role did Simone de Beauvoir play in the feminist movement?
11.How has the rise of modern feminism helped shape literature, thought, and art since 1945?

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12.Discuss black consciousness, its definition, and the reasons for its birth, using the writings and actions
of its chief supporters to support your discussion.
13.How was Existentialism expressed in the works of Sartre and Camus?
14.Describe the major developments in Late Modernist literature, and give representative examples of
writers working in this field.
15.What is the theater of the absurd? Use the dramas of Beckett to support your discussion.
16.Compare and contrast Post-Modernist with Late Modernist literature. Discuss at least two Late
Modernist and Post-Modernist writers and their works in the essay.
17.How was Abstract Expressionism manifested in painting? Use examples by two of its most important
painters.
18.What is meant by Pop Art? Which artists were associated with this movement?
19.How have painters made social issues a central concern in their art since 1945? What causes have
attracted them? How are these issues manifested in their works? Provide at least two examples.
20.What distinguishes Late Modern from Post-Modern architecture, and who are the leading
representatives of each style?
21.Define Performance Art and discuss the contributions of Anderson and Sherman to this type of art.
22.Define installation art and discuss the contributions of Hamilton to this type of art.
23.Define video art and discuss the contributions of Paik to this type of art.
24.What is meant by mass culture, and how is it a reflection of the influence of the United States in the
expanding world culture?

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.The greatest threat to the West in the immediate postwar years was the possibility of:
a. the Germans and the Japanese rearming
*b. nuclear war (p. 591)
c. uprisings in the Third World
d. an international economic depression

2.A cause of increased international tensions between 1945 and 1970 was:
a. rising nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe
b. the resurgence of Japan and Germany as military threats
c. the collapse of international financial markets
*d. developments in Third World countries (p. 591)

3.Which of the following was a characteristic of the postwar world?

a. Democracies in the American bloc, communist regimes in the Soviet bloc
b. Piecemeal social welfare in the American bloc, comprehensive social welfare programs in the Soviet
bloc
c. Booming economies in the American bloc, stagnating or slow-growth economies in the Soviet bloc
*d. All of the above (p. 592)

4. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a key leader of:

*a. the civil rights movement in the U.S. (p. 593)
b. declonization
c. the Protestant churches in the U.S.
d. the U.S. Senate during the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson

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5.True or false? The cold war led to a race to stockpile nuclear weapons by the two superpowers. (T, p.
593)

6.True or false? One outcome of the Vietnam war was that the United States emerged as a divided nation
over the war and its goals. (T, p. 594)

7.The shift in Soviet-American relations that eased international tensions starting about 1970 is known as:
a.laissez-faire
b. bilateral agreements
*c. dtente (p. 596)
d. glasnost

8.The reforms of Gorbachev in the Soviet Union resulted in:

a. a higher standard of living
*b. the breakup of the Soviet Union (p. 597)
c. tighter control over the member states of the Soviet Union
d. an era of prosperity in Eastern Europe

9.A characteristic of Late Modernism was:

a. an undaunting optimism
b. a commitment to a fixed set of standards in art
*c. a sense of saving Western civilization from itself (p. 600)
d. appropriation of images of mass culture

10.Which of the following is true of Post-Modernism?

a. It is global in scope.
b. It is multivoiced, since it embraces the works of women, members of minority groups, and
representatives of the Third World.
c. It is willing to trespass the boundaries between high and low culture.
*d. All of the above. (p. 600)

11.True or false? Post-Modernism calls for a more global civilization. (T, p. 600)

12.Structuralists maintain that:

a. Human freedom is unlimited.
b. Humans act and operate in random, unpatterned ways.
*c. Civilizations arise from deep-seated modes of thought. (p. 601)
d. The basic nature of the human mind is unfathomable.

13.The revival of the feminist movement after 1945 was first sparked by:
*a. Simone de Beauvoir (p. 601)
b. Betty Friedan
c. Alice Walker
d. Germaine Greer

14.The earliest significant theorist of black identity was:

a. Martin Luther King, Jr.
*b. Franz Fanon (p. 603)

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 c. Malcolm X
d. Whitney Young

15.Martin Luther King, Jr., was influenced by all of these EXCEPT:

a. the New Testament and the teachings of Jesus
*b. the philosophy of Nietzsche (pp. 603-604)
c. the writings of Thoreau
d. the example of Gandhi

16.Which was an important advance in science and technology after 1945?

a. the birth control pill
b. the computer
c. the communication satellite
*d. all of the above (p. 604)

17.The chief influences on Jean-Paul Sartres literary works were:

a. his Roman Catholic heritage
*b. existentialism and Marxism (p. 605)
c. structuralism and logical positivism
d. Realism and Naturalism

18. In his novel, The Fall, Camus dealt with the:

a. problem of the tragedy of death at an early age
*b. sense of guilt brought on by moral fraud (p. 605)
c. consequences of sin to a devout believer
d. never-ending quest for happiness

19.How did the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. affect James Baldwin?
a. It revived his faith in the American way of life.
b. It persuaded him that an integrated society was the only solution to Americas racism.
*c. It convinced him that violence was the most effective way to change Americas racial attitudes. (p.
605)
d. It led him to dedicate his life to working among the urban poor.

20.The writer Doris Lessing is noted for the:

a.bleak vision of her absurdist plays
b.obscurity of her enigmatic poetry
*c.feminist message in her Realist novels (p. 606)
d.humor of her romantic short stories

21.The hero in Solzhenitsyns One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich:

a. is killed during a rebellion against the prison system
*b. endures the hardships of the labor camp (p. 606)
c. decides that life is not worth living and commits suicide
d. renounces Marxism and is executed for his thought crime

22.True or false? Dylan Thomass poetry expressed social and political themes. (F, p. 606)

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23.The poet who led the Beat Generation of the 1950s was:
*a. Allen Ginsberg (p. 606)
b. Richard Wright
c. James Baldwin
d. Robert Frost

24.The theater of the absurd:

*a. shared existentialisms bleak vision (p. 606)
b. obeyed the rules of the Classical tradition
c. concentrated on the psychology of the characters
d. romanticized the lives of ordinary people

25.True or false? Becketts play Waiting for Godot follows French tragedy in its use of lofty language. (F, p.
607)

26.Post-Modern literature in Latin America is written in this style:

a. social realism
*b. magic realism (pp. 607-608)
c. absurd naturalism
d. Marxist naturalism

27.Which is correct regarding the novels of Gabriel Garca Mrquez?

a. They reflect the influence of American writers like Faulkner.
b. They blend the real and the incredible into the narrative.
c. They express the authors sense of place and of national traits.
*d. All of the above. (p. 608)

28.The Post-Modern novels of Milan Kundera stress the:

*a. connection of sexual freedom with political freedom (p. 608)
b. themes of fantasy and linguistic experimentation
c.principles of Christian fundamentalism and Slavophilism
d. ideals of revolutionary politics and social justice

29.Toni Morrisons fiction often deals with:

*a. the supernatural (p. 608)
b. white characters
c. talking animals
d. science fiction

30.The writings of Maxine Hong Kingston:

a.are concerned exclusively with her matriarchal heritage
b.argue that Western culture is superior to Eastern culture
*c.point out the evils of racism and exploitation in America (p. 609)
d.romanticize life both in China and the United States

31.The center of Western culture shifted after 1945 from Paris to:
a. Tokyo
b. London

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 *c. New York (p. 609)
d. Rome

32.Which New York museum was a major force in elevating the New York School of artists to dominance
in Western art in the period between 1945 and 1970?
a. Metropolitan Museum of Art
b. Whitney Museum
*c. Museum of Modern Art (p. 609)
d. Guggenheim Museum

33.Abstract Expressionism can be described as a style of painting that:

*a. tries to liberate the painter from conventional painting methods (p. 609)
b. borrows themes from popular culture
c. is based on Classical values
d. is based on photographic clarity of detail

34.Which Abstract Expressionist is famous for drip paintings?

*a. Jackson Pollock (p. 609)
b. Robert Rauschenberg
c. Jasper Johns
d. Mark Rothko

35.An assemblage is:

a. an eclectic style that joins several styles of art into a single work
*b. a put-together structure that mixes junk, odds and ends, and some paint (p. 610)
c. a performance piece that blends art, music, dance, speech, and theater
d. a collection of artists who work together simultaneously to create a work of art

36.These two Abstract Expressionists showed the way to Pop Art:

a. Jackson Pollock and Willem deKooning
*b. Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg (p. 610)
c. Mark Rothko and Helen Frankenthaler
d. Kenneth Noland and Morris Louis

37.The sculptor Louise Nevelson worked in a:

a.Pop Art style
*b.style reminiscent of Abstract Expressionism (p. 613)
c.Neorealist style
d.style inspired by Rodin

38.Pop Art focused on:

*a. mass-produced products, such as soup cans (p. 613)
b. religious themes
c. color, texture, and line
d. Third World culture

39.The most famous Pop artist was:

a. Picasso

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 b. David Smith
*c. Andy Warhol (p. 613)
d. Jasper Johns

40.The Late Modernist architecture of Mies van der Rohe is characterized by:
a. buildings treated as unified sculptures
b. a reworking of the Classical orders
c. many ornate decorations
*d. the glass box style (p. 615)

41.Philip Pearlstein is famous for his paintings of:

a. athletic nudes copied from Classical sculpture
b. cartoon nudes in the style of comic strips
*c. middle-aged nudes with decaying bodies (p. 617)
d. suburban nudes with sleek, erotic bodies

42.Which of the following art styles are identified with Post-Modernism?

a. Neoimpressionism, Neoabstractionism, and Neonaturalism
*b. Neorealism, Neoexpressionism, and Neoclassicism (p. 616)
c. Neocubism, Neoromanticism, and Neogothicism
d. Neorenaissance, Neobaroque, Neorococo

43.The Classical aspect of Post-Modernism is apparent in:

a. Anselm Kiefers Osiris and Isis
*b. Philip C. Johnsons AT&T Building (pp. 621, 623)
c. Rogers and Pianos Pompidou Center
d. Coes Modern Man Followed by the Ghosts of His Meat

44.The Post-Modernist composers Philip Glass and John Adams are famous for their:
a. serial music
*b. operas (pp. 626-627)
c. use of sonata form
d. atonality

45.The Young British Artists (the YBA) tend to make art that is:
a. deeply serious and modest in execution
*b. attention-grabbing and associated with scandal (p. 619)
c. low-key and conventionally beautiful
d. familiar and attuned to popular culture

46.Installation art is typically:

*a. an architectural tableau (p. 620)
b. a wall hanging
c. an idea for an art piece, but one that is rarely completed
d. made with a video monitor

47.Video art is typically:

a. an architectural tableau

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 b. a wall hanging
c. an idea for an art piece, but one that is rarely completed
*d. made with a video monitor (p. 620)

48.The founder of video art is:

a. Cindy Sherman
b. Rachel Whiteread
*c. Nam June Paik
d. Laurie Anderson

49.Which of the follwing is true of Performance Art?

a. It is a mixed media art.
b.It mixes high and popular art.
c.It aims at a unique, nonreproducible experience.
*d. All of the above. (p. 627)

50. Which of the following is contributing to turning the world into a global village?
a. American mass culture.
b. The boom in electronically transmitted information.
c. The Internet.
*d. All of the above. (p. 628)

COMPARATIVE QUESTIONS, CHAPTERS 1521

1.Which of the following is NOT true of the impact of the Age of Science on the Age of Reason?
a.The discoveries in astronomy led to the image that God was a clockmaker.
b.The political writers Hobbes and Locke helped the philosophes formulate their understanding of how
governments work.
*c.The underlying pessimism of scientific discoveries reinforced the Age of Reason thinkers beliefs that
society could not be changed.
d.Seventeenth-century European explorations and expansions convinced the philosophes that the world
was larger than Europe.

2.Which of the following is correct regarding art and styles?

a.The Rococo style was a reaction against the Neoclassical style.
*b.The Neoclassical style was a reaction against Rococo art.
c.Romanticism and the Neoclassical style shared common artistic goals.
d.Rococo and Romantic paintings were patronized by the new industrial middle class.

3.Much of the first half of nineteenth-century European history can be described as:
a.a time when the Rococo style dominated European art
*b.an era when the impact of the eighteenth-century revolts was felt in many countries
c.a quiet era of settled governments and stable societies
d.a period of violent reaction to and successful repression of the liberal ideas generated by the French
Revolution

4.Both Romanticism and Realism can be described as:

a.intellectual reactions against the Age of Science

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 b.the outgrowth of a sense of optimism in Europe
c.ways to deal with the rise of Modernism
*d.literary and artistic forms that reacted to the Industrial Revolution

5.Modernism has which of the following characteristics?

a.It has had only one phase.
b.It has been full of optimism and has embraced the trends of the modern world.
*c.The movement has prided itself in being separate from mass society and culture.
d.It was satisfied with the Judeo-Christian set of values and advocated its continuation as moral
standards for society.

6.Which modern technology was invented BEFORE 1600?

a. electricity
b. steam engine
*c. printing press
d. computer

7.Which city dominated Western art from about 1650 to 1945?

a. London
b. Venice
c. Amsterdam
*d. Paris

8.All of these changes occurred during the twentieth century EXCEPT:

a. the abolition of virtually all empires in the West
b. the triumph of capitalism over socialism
*c. the merger of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism
d. the rise of a global civilization culture dominated by American mass culture

PRIMARY SOURCES IN READINGS IN THE WESTERN HUMANITIES, VOL. II

Simone de Beauvoir, Selection from The Second Sex

Malcolm X and Alex Haley, Selection from The Autobiography of Malcolm X
Martin Luther King, Jr., Selection from Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Jean-Paul Sartre, Selection from The Humanism of Existentialism
Doris Lessing, Selection from Martha Quest
Alexander Solzhenitzyn, Selections from One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California
Gabriel Garca Marquez, Selection from One Hundred Years of Solitude
Alice Walker, Everyday Use
Toni Morrison, Selection from The Song of Solomon
Maxine Hong Kingston, Selection from The Woman Warrior

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