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LINEAR ARRAYS
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Practically single element antenna has low
values of directivity (gain)

But for very directive characteristics (very high

gains) we need array of antenna instead of
increasing size

The total field of the array = 1st antenna field +

2nd Antenna field + and so on 2
FIVE CONFIGURATION

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1. the geometrical configuration of the overall
array (linear, circular, rectangular, spherical,
etc.)

2. the relative displacement between the elements

3. the excitation amplitude of the individual

elements

4. the excitation phase of the individual elements

5. the relative pattern of the individual elements 3

TRIANGULAR ARRAY OF
DIPOLES(CELLULAR)

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sectoral
array-
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forming

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ARRAY OF
DIPOLES (YAGI-UDA)

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 wider
bandwidth than
LOG-PERIODIC ARRAY the Yagi-Uda
array but
slightly smaller

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directivity

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TWO-ELEMENT ARRAY

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The vertical polarized Electric field for
infinitesimal dipole

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The horizontal polarized Electric field for
infinitesimal dipole

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Total electric field from two dipole from( +/2,-
/2)

At far field

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Simplify in to

Single
Array Factor
Element

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Array factor is

Normalized form

The array factor is a function of the

geometry of the array & spacing d
excitation phase
number of elements N

The above principle called pattern 12

multiplication
EXAMPLE 1

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An array consists of two horizontal infinitesimal
dipoles located at a distance d =/ 4 from each
other. Find the nulls of the total field in the
elevation plane =+900, if the excitation
magnitudes are the same and the phase
difference is:
a) =0

b) = / 2

c) = -/ 2

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When =0 ,The normalized field is given by

At Nulls are E field

Element factor,

And Array Factor,(Since cosn 2)

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PATTERN
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= 0 , d = /4,
N=2

In this case, the total field pattern has only 1 null at =90o

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Case 2: = / 2
Element factor

Array Factor

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PATTERN

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The nulls of the array occur at = 90 and 0.

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= 90 , d = /4,
N=2

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Case 3: = / 2,
Element factor

Array Factor

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PATTERN

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The nulls occur at 90 and 180.

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= -90 , d =
/4, N=2

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N-ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY:
UNIFORM AMPLITUDE AND
SPACING

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An array of identical elements all of identical
magnitude and each with a progressive phase is
referred to as a uniform array

Here = progressive phase with constructive

Total field (applicable only for identical elements)

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Individual elements as point (isotropic) sources

Multiplying the AF by the normalized field

pattern of the individual element(e j(kdcos + ) )
The AF of an N-element linear array of isotropic
sources is

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AF can be written as

Uniform array magnitude is unity and

progressive phase will vary uniformly
Non uniform array both magnitude and
progressive phase vary

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FAR-FIELD GEOMETRY AND PHASOR
DIAGRAM

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Multiply both side by in both side

Sub 2 1

or 28
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AF =

If reference point is the physical center of the

array,

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AF can be written as

Normalized function (fmax=1, when x=0, )

Then AFmax =N

For small value of 30

FUNCTION |F (X)|

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AF Normalized function(f(x))

For small ,

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REVISITED:RADIATION LOBES AND BEAM
WIDTHS

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10-ELEMENT
LINEAR ARRAY ANTENNA (D = 0.25 LAMDA,
BETA = 0.6PI)

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NULL OF ARRAY FACTOR

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To find the nulls of the AF,

If =0, for N,2N.. then (AF)n =Max

((sin(0)/0 form) its not for null)

For a null to exist, the argument of the arccosine

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must be between 1 and +1.
MAXIMUM RADIATION AT DIRECTION

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Then (AF)n =1,so maximum radiation at given
direction

In major lobes m=0 & d/ <<1, then ,

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HPBW OF A MAJOR LOBE

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At

From the plot

sin(x)/x

x= 1.39

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At symmetrical pattern HPBW

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MAXIMA OF MINOR LOBES

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AFn < 1.The array factor is function for uniform
array N=3,5,10

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The secondary maxima (Minor lobe maxima)
occur after first null

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BROADSIDE ARRAY

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Max direction normal to axis of array(z-axis),
o=90o

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single element(E) and of the array factor (AF)n
should be directed towards o=90o
From (AF)n

&

all the elements have the same phase excitation

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Distance between elements can be anything but
not multiples of a wavelength (if so it
becomes max lobe-grating lobe other than o=90o)

For e..g. if

Additional maxima directed along the axis (0 =

0 , 180) of the array 44
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To avoid multiple maxima grating lobes,

To avoid any grating lobe, the largest spacing

between the elements should be less than one
wavelength (dmax < ).

When d = 2, there are maxima toward 0 , 60 ,

90 , 120 and 180.

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ARRAY FACTOR PATTERN(N=10,BETA=0)

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ORDINARY END-FIRE ARRAY

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maximum radiation along the axis of the array
(either 0 = 0 or 180)

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For an AF maximum at 0 = 0

For an AF maximum at 0 = 1800

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If the element separation is multiple of a
wavelength then in addition to the end-
fire maxima.

So maximum distance between array elements is

To have only one end-fire maximum and to avoid

any grating lobes, the maximum spacing between
the elements should be less than dmax < /2. 49
END FIRE ARRAY(N = 10, D = LAMDA/4).

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N-ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY:
DIRECTIVITY

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Broadside Array( =0)

For small spacing d <<

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The Radiation intensity

The directivity is

Here Umax =1 at 0 = 90o.

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The average intensity Uo,

By variable of separation

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Then

For large array Nkd/2>>1,

Since
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The average intensity is

The Directivity

Length of Array is

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The directivity is

For large Array

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ORDINARY END-FIRE ARRAY

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Array factor for end-fire array( 0 =00), =-kd

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