A. AGGREGATES
AGGREGATES
broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction including sand, gravel, crushed stone,
slag, recycled concrete and geo-synthetic aggregates
used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with predictable, uniform properties, or as low-cost
extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete
combination of sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag or other materials of mineral composition, used in
combination with a binding medium to form such materials used in construction
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
1. Coarse Aggregates
consist of naturally occurring materials such as gravel, or resulting from the crushing of parent rock, to
include natural rock, slags, expanded clays and shales and other approved inert materials with similar
characteristics, having hard, strong and during particles
aggregates that are retained on the US Standard No. 4 (4.76 mm) sieve
2. Fine Aggregate
consist of natural sand or other inert materials with similar characteristics, or combinations having hard,
strong and durable particles
aggregates that pass the US Standard No. 4 (4.76 mm) sieve and retained on the No. 200 (0.075 mm)
sieve
serves the purpose of filling all the open spaces in between the coarse particles. Thus, it reduces the
porosity of the final mass and considerably increases its strength
6. Degradation test
Aggregates degrade in the presence of water
B. AGGREGATES FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
Item 300 of the DPWH Standard Specifications classifies the following materials:
1. The coarse aggregate material retained on the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve shall have a mass per cent of
wear by the Los Angeles Abrasion Test (AASHTO T-96) of not more than 45.
2. When crushed aggregate is specified, not less than 50 mass per cent of the particles retained on the
4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve shall not have at least one fractured face
3. The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve should not be greater than two thirds of the fraction
passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve
4. The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit of not greater than 35 and a
plasticity index range of 4 to 9 when tested by AASHTO T-89 and T-90 respectively
1. Gradiation
2. Absorption
3. Particle Shape and Surface Texture
4. Abrasion Resistance
5. Durability
6. Deleterious Materials
7. Particle Strength
D. MINERAL FILLERS
MINERAL FILLER
a finely pulverized inert mineral or rock that is included in a manufactured product to impart certain
useful properties such as hardness, smoothness or strength
common mineral fillers include asbestos, kaolin and talc
TESTING METHODS
1. Penetration Graded Bitumen
Bitumen is classified by the depth to which a standard needle will penetrate under specified test
conditions.
This pen test classification is used to indicate the hardness of bitumen, lower penetration indicating a
harder bitumen.
BITUMEN PREPARATIONS
1. Cut-Back Bitumen
Cut-backs are bitumen preparations in which the viscosity of the binder has been reduced by the
addition of a volatile solvent, normally derived from petroleum. Typically the solvents used are white
spirit and kerosene. Cut-back products are typically used for spraying and some mixing applications.
2. Fluxed Bitumen
Fluxed bitumens are bitumen preparation where the viscosity of the binder has been reduced by the
addition of relatively non-volatile oils. Typical fluxants include gas oil and vegetable based oils.
3. Modified Bitumen
Modified bitumens are bituminous binders whose performance properties, such as elasticity, adhesive
or cohesive strength, have been modified by the use of one or more chemical agents.
These agents may be polymers, crumb rubber, Sulphur and polyphosphoric acid, among other
materials. Modified bitumens are widely used in the production of roofing felt and in paving
applications.
BITUMEN EMULSION
Bitumen emulsions are products in which tiny droplets (the dispersed phase) of bitumen or bituminous
binder are dispersed in an aqueous medium (the continuous phase).
Bitumen emulsions are used largely in road surfacing applications, such as surface dressing, cold
mixtures and slurry seals.
ASPHALT
Asphalt is a mixture of bituminous binder with mineral aggregate (stone), sand and filler, typically
containing approximately 4-7 %m bitumen.
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE
a type of construction material used for paving roads, driveways and parking lots
made from a blend of stone and other forms of aggregate materials joined together by a binding agent
called bitumen
has a thick, sticky texture like tar when heated, then forms a dense solid surface once it dries
widely known as asphalt in many parts of the world
quite different from standard concrete and contains no cement
known for its distinctive black appearance
asphalt paving is also fully recyclable
some manufactures add recycled tires or glass aggregate to recycled asphalt to increase its strength
and resilience
is strong enough to handle years of vehicle traffic, and is relatively easy to repair or refinish
it also provides a smoother and quieter ride than cement surfaces, which helps to reduce noise pollution
around highways and other busy roads
1. Bleeding or Flushing
2. Corrugations and Shoving
3. Alligator Cracks
a. Alligator Cracking without Surface Distortion
b. Alligator Cracking with Distortion of Intact Surfaces
c. Alligator Cracking with Broken Surfaces
d. Alligator Cracking with Surface Distortion and Pumping
4. Cracking Edge
a. Edge Cracks without Surface Distortion
b. Edge Cracks without Surface
c. Edge Cracks with Broken Surfaces
d. Edge Cracks with Surface Distortion and Pumping
5. Cracking Joint
a. Joint Crack at Pavement Edge
b. Joint Crack at Lane Joints
6. Random Cracking
a. Narrow Cracks
b. Wide Cracks
c. Reflection Cracking
d. Shrinkage Cracking
e. Slippage Cracking
f. Transverse Cracking
7. Polished Aggregate
8. Potholes
9. Raveling
10. Channels or Rutting
11. Intact Surface
12. Disintegrated Surface
13. Upheaval or Frost Boil
I. MACADAM ASPHALT
MACADAM ASPHALT
pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam (born 1756) in around 1820.
he discovered that massive foundations of rock upon were unnecessary, and asserted that native soil
alone would support the road and traffic upon it, as long as it was covered by a road crust that would
protect the soil underneath from water to wear.
Bituminous Macadam road has large amount of voids in the lower part of the aggregate layers, The
road strength originates from the interlocking aggregates that hold the individual stone together.
Under this condition, a strong well drain base that will not squeeze upward into the pavement voids is
required.
The Bituminous Macadam base or surface is composed of two or three layers of progressively smaller,
clean, sharp angular stones bonded by asphalt. Each layer is compacted by rolling then sprayed with
asphalt. Usually, the surface course is sealed by spraying a binder and botted with fine crushed stones.
The binder at the time of spraying is fluid enough to penetrate and coat the aggregate properties.
J. SURFACE TREATMENT
SURFACE TREATMENT
a surface treatment is an application of asphalt materials to any type of road surface with or without a
cover of mineral aggregate
this application produces an increase in thickness usually less than 1 inch
have a variety of uses
PURPOSES
1. Waterproof the surface
2. Provide a wearing surface
3. Make the surface nonskid
4. Prevent hydroplaning
5. Rejuvenate an old road or runway
6. Make permanent improvements