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IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
( Reaffirmed 2000
( Reaffirmed 1995 )
)
Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN
OF SURGE TANKS
APART 1 SIMPLE RESTRICTED ORIFICE AND
DIFFERENTIAL SU-RGE TANKS
( First Revision )
0 Copyright 1986
Gr 6 1 September 1986
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN
OF SURGE TANKS
PART 1 SIMPLE, RESTRICTED ORIFICE AND
DIFFERENTIAL SURGE TANKS
( First Revision )
Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee, BDC 58
Chair man
SHRIP. M. MANE
39, Shivaji Co-operative Housing Society, Pune
Members Rep resenting
CHIEF ENGINEER Mukerian Hyde1 Project Design, Chandigarh
DIRECTOR( Affernate )
CHIEF ENGISEER(HP) Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Coimbatore
S[!PZI:INTINL)I~GENGINEER( Alternate )
CHIEF ENGINEFR(General) Public Works Department, Madras
CHIEF E%GI\EER (IRRIGATION) (Alternate )
CHIEF ENGINEER(CIVIL DESIGNS) Karnataka Power Corporation Limited,
Bangalore
SHRI P. R. MALLI KARJUNA ( Alternate )
CHIEFENGINEER Bhakra Beas Management Board, Chandigarh
SHI~I SU[)EKSHANKUMAR ( Alternate )
CHIEF ENGINEER( IRRIGATIONSours ) Public Works and Electricity Department, Mysore
SUPFRINTENDIFGENGINEER( Alternate )
SHRI C. ETTY DARWIN In personal capacity ( P.O. Mufturla, Trivandrum )
DJRECTOR Central Soils and Materials Research Station,
New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR( Alternufe )
DIRECTOR( HCD-I ) Central Water Commission. New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR( HCD-I.) ( Alternate )
DR A. K. DUBE Central Mining Research Station Unit, Roorkee
DR J. L. JETHWA( AIternate )
DR B. PANT WateeoR;;Trces Development Training Centre,
( Continued on page 2 )
0 Copyright 1986 b I
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and I
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the zaid Act. I
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
( Continuedffompuge 1)
Members Representing
SHRI J. P. GUPTA Power House Designs, Irrigation Department,
Government of Uttar Pradesh, Roorkee
SHRI A. P. GUPTA ( Alternate )
SHRI M. V. S. TYENGAR The Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, New Delhi
SHKI M. G. KHAN ( Alternate )
JOINT DIRECTORRESEARCH( GE-II ) Research, Designs and Standards Organization,
Lucknow
SHRI P. N. KHAR National Hydroelectro Power Corporation Ltd,
New Delhi
SHRI A. K. MEHTA National Projects Construction Corporation
Limited, New Delhi
SHRI S. C. BALI ( Alternate )
MEMBER ( CIVIL ) Kerala State Electricity Board, Trivandrum
SHRI G. PAN-I ~Geological Survey of India, New Delhi
&RI N. K. MANDWAL( Alternate )
SHRI A. R. RAICHUIC In personal capacity ( 147, Garodiunugor, Bombay ) I
SHRI Y. RAMA KRISHNA RAo Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board, Hyderabad
SUPERINTENDING EKGINEER
(DESIGN AND PLANNING ) ( AIternate )
SHRI G. V. SATMAYE General Designs Organisation, Nasik
DR H. R. SHARMA* General Electricity Authority, New Delhi
SHRI S. C. SF.N Assam State Electricity Board, Gauhati
SHRI N. K. DAS ( Alternate )
SHRI A. K. SRIKAN?TAH Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board,
Sundernagar
SHRI RANJODHSINGH ( Alternate )
REPRESENTATIVE Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune
SHRI A. V. GOPALAKRISHNA ( Alternate )
SHRI G. RAMAN Director General, IS1 ( Ex-officio Member )
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
SHRI HEMANTKUM~R
Assistant Director ( Civ Engg ), ISI
Convener
DR H. R. SHARUA Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi
Members
CHIEF ENGINEER ( CIVIL
DESIGNS> Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd, Bangalore
SHRI O.-P. DAT~A Bhakra Beas Management Board, Chandigarh
SHRI J. S. KHURANA( Alternate )
DIRPC~OR Institute of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Public
Works Department, Poondi
DIRECTOR ( HCD-I ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR( HCD-I ) ( Alternate )
Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN
OF SURGE TANKS
PART 1 SIMPLE, RESTRICTED ORIFICE AND
DIFFERENTIAL SURGE TANKS
( First Revision )
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 31 December 1985, after the draft finalized by the
Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 The surge tank absorbs the water hammer or elastic shock waves com-
ing from the pressure pipe line or tunnel on closure or opening of the valve
or turbine gates and also to supply/store additional water during load
acceptance/rejection during load demand/rejection until the conduit velocity
has accelerated/decelerated to the new steady state value. Surges or mass
oscillations occur in the surge tanks, the hydraulic design of which is so
done as to keep the surges within reasonable limits.
0.3 This standard is being prepared in parts. Other parts of this standard
are as follows:
Part 2 Tail race surge tanks
Part 3 Special surge tanks ( under prepration )
Part 4 Multiple surge tanks
0.4 This standard was first published in 1974. This revision has been made
in view of the experience gained during the course of these years in use of
this standard. Mannings formula has been added in this revision for
calculating the friction losses.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part 1 ) lays down the criteria for hydraulic design of
simple, restricted orifice and differential surge tanks.
3
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in IS : 4410
( Part 10 )-1969* and the following shall apply.
2.1 Simple Surge Tank - A simple surge tank is a shaft connected to
pressure tunnel directly or by a short connection of cross-sectional area not
less than the area of the head race tunnel ( Fig. 1 ).
2A 28
FIG. 2 RESTRICTEDORIFICE SURGE TANK
*Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 10 Civil works of hydro-
electric generation system including water conductor system.
4
IS : 7396( Part I ) - 1985
Zl
Z
_I-.. *, RL
t
OF THE
: TANK
3A 36
FIG. 3 DIFFJXRENTIAL
SURGETANK
3. NOTATIONS
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, the following notations shall have the
meaning indicated against each:
Ao = Area of orifice or ports
AP = Cross-sectional area of penstocks
At = Area of riser of differential surge tank
A, = Net cross-sectional area of surge tank
A, = Cross-sectional area of head race tunnel
5
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water: Part 3 Hydraulic design.
6
IS:7396(Part1.)-1985
*To be taken as positive when the flow is downstream and negative when flow is
upstream.
4
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
2, =Vo L At
li -F-A,
Water level in riser of differential surge tank measured
positive above reservoir level
Coefficient df hydraulic losses such that hr = 8 V,
Coefficient of resistance for orifice such that
ho, = ?j (V, - VA2
Overall efficiency of the station, inclusive of pipe-line losses
Overall efficiency of the station inclusive of pipe line losses
at maximum discharge through the machines
Ratio of area of surge tank to that ofconduit = -$
NOTE - Whenever units are used the equation shall be balanced.
4. DATA -REQUIRED
4.1 The following data are required for the hydraulic design of surge tanks:
*To be taken as positive when the flow is downstream and negative when flow is
upstream.
8
IS:7396(Partl)-1983
5. DESIGN
5.1 Design Conditions
5.1.1 The surge tank shall be designed to accommodate the maximum
and minimum water levels anticipated under worst conditions ( see 6.1.3 ).
The conditions given in 5.1.1.1 and 5.1.1.2 shall be considered for design.
5.1.1.1 The maximum upsurge level in the surge t&k shall be worked
out correspondiilg to:
a) the fd load rejection at the highest reservoir level, land
b) where considered necessary specified load acceptance followed by
full load rejection at the instant of maximum velocity in the head
rape tunnel and higher of the two shall be adopted.
5.1.1.2 To obtain minimum downsurge level the worst of the following
two conditions shall be considered:
a) Full load rejection at minimum reservoir level followed by specified
load acceptance at the instant of maximum negative velocity in
head race tunnel, and
9
IS : 7396( Part 1) - 1985
where
hr = head loss due to friction in metres,
V = velocity of water in tunnel in m/s,
N = rugosity coefficient,
L = length of the tunnel in metres, and
R = hydraulic radius.
5.2.1.2For concrete lined tunnels, the value of N varies from 0,012 $0
0,014.
5.2J.3 For unlined tunnels, the value of N depends upon the nature of
rock and quality of trimming. Recommended values of N for various rock
surface conditions are given below:
Surface Characteristics Value of N
r--__h--_
Minimum Maximum7
Very rough o-04 0.06
Surface trimmed o-025 0.035
Surface trimmed and invert
concreted 0.02 o-03
10
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
5.2.3 As the minimum coefficient gives the worst upsurge while the
maximum gives the worst downsurge. These value; shall be used for
relevant conditions. In case of combination of load variations both the
values of coefficient shall be taken into account and the one which gives
the worst, shall be adopted.
L At VI
Ath =
@VI Ho 2 g
...... (5)
5.3.2 If the reservoir level varies significantly, Ath may vary appreciably
between maximum and minimum reservoir levels and in such cases the
maximum value of Ath shall be adopted.
5.3.3 If it can be ensured that the power station is to always operate in
a grid, the stabilizing effect of the grid may be taken into account and the
area of surge tank in that case may be calculated from the following
formula:
A, = Ata [l--1*5 (Z--K)] ._. . . . . (6)
5.5.1 The extreme water levels in the surge tank for the conditions
enumerated in 5.1 are determined by integrating the equations of mass
oscillations fo,r the respective tanks. These equations are non-linear. As
such they are integrated either graphically ( for example, Schoklitshs
method, see Appendix A ) or numerically ( for example, Pressels method ).
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
__VI
P=KmQ
( H+Z+ 2g - hf,
>
(power equation) . . . . (9)
The maximum surge level for the case of complete load rejection may
be determined from the following formula:
I; zm -- L
2 g+ @YOL - -$ V-02 2 g 9 B voa
12
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
5.5.3.3 The maximum surge above the reservoir level shall be derived
from the equation:
L zln
2g~@-tqY~, - (p+?) vo2
1
+ I-- B -- L
C (Q + 9) 2 g Q (B + q) vo2
~[e-y(p+
rl)
Zm+PVoz)] L- 0 . . .. .. (13)
The curves given in Fig. 4 may also be used for calculation of maximum
surge. These values may be checked by numerical integration of the
following equations:
L dV1
+ 2 f p v,z f ?j (VI - v2 )2 + qg = 0 . . . . . . (14)
g*-iig-
At VI = -4 g + Q ......(IS)
-F
A, += cd A, 42 g ho, .
A2.4 VCl
XT@-- c
. . . . . . (18)
NOTE-This formula is approximate in as much as it does not consider time
closure characteristics of valves [ see 4.1 ( j ) ] but is considered accurate enough for
the purpose in view here.
The assumed area of the orifice should be so altered that the values
of water hammer pressure and the pressure due to upsurge are nearly the
same.
13
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
f-0 2-o
1a+w2
z,
FIG. 4 MAXIMUMUPSURGE
FOBTOTALREJECTION
14
IS:7396(Partl)-1985
111
g/w
1
D
C= . . .
[ Ww + E.e
g/w
C . . . . . . (21)
= l/E,, + 2 (1 - A)
where
5.5.3.7 Any shape of the orifice may be adopted but a circular shape
is preferable. If the gates are to be provided in the surge tank, the gate
slots generally function as orifices and additional area as necessary may be
provided in the form of a circular hole at the top of the tunnel in the riser.
5.5.3.8 The orifice should be kept as near to the head race tunnel
periphery as possible. Suitable shapes and streamlinings shall be provided
at the top and bottom of orifice to obtain the desired coefficients for the
up and down surges.
5.5.3.9 It is recommended that model tests should be conducted to
determine the required streamlinings on the top and bottom of the orifice
and the coefficient of discharge for entry and exit. Model experiments
should test the behaviour for same range possible in these values between
model and prototype.
5.5.4 Diflerential Surge Tank - The surges that occur in a differential
surge tank will depend on the-design of riser and orifice.
15
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
5.5.4.1 Riser - The area of the riser shall not be less than three-
fourths of the area of the conduit to avoid rapid changes in the water
level and facilitate proper governing of machines. The top of the riser
should be so chosen that the maximum level of the water spilling over the
riser is less than or equal to the maximum surge level in the main tank.
The rapidity of change in water levels should be related to characteristics
of turbine governor and minimum area acceptable to turbine governor shall
be provided.
5.5.4.2 OriJce - The orifice is primarily designed to supply water in
case of specified load demand. In case of rejection the area of the orifice
may be kept as small as possible because the upsurge is restricted by the
riser. The area of the orifice can be determined from the following
formula:
A, = -___Qd___ . . . . . . (23)
Cd &z2g
5.5.4.3 The equations of flow to be satisfied are as follows:
L dV,
- dt + Z1 f pV12+ -F$ = 0 (dynamic equation) . . . . (24)
s
NOTE - Positive values of BV, and - VI2 shall be used when the flow is from
2g
reservoir to surge tank, negative when flow is towards the reservoir.
+ CdAodWZI-Z+Q . . . . (26a)
b) For Zr equal to Z and greater than ZSp
dz
At V, =- A, %L + A, -;li- -tQ . . . 1 WW
16
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
NOTE- Positive values of cd A0 2/ 2 g/z, _ 2, shall be taken when 2, is greater
than Z and negative when Z1 is smaller than 2.
At vt = A,
da
- d t - cs, Lap (Z -zsP)33
- cd A, %b(Z---d + Q . . . . . . . . . (2W
7. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
7.1 In orifices and ports where the velocities are so high as to cause erosion
and cavitation damage, steel lining should be provided at these locations.
7.2 For all important works, it is recommended that the results are verified
by model studies.
7.3 With the availability of high capacity computer analysis of surges is
now easier by mathematical model and should be adopted as far as
practicable.
7.4 Surge tank water level indicators-or recorders should be provided in the
controlyoom for controlling the-load acceptance.
*Criteria for hydraulic design of surge tanks : Part 3 Special surge tank3 (under
preparation ).
17
IS: 7396 ( Part 1 ) -1985
APPENDIX A
( Clause 5.5.1 )
-----
--
The origin 01 of VI Z plane of coordinates is fixed at the static
s
water surface ( reservoir level ). The Z scale is the same as that of surge
tank.
The parabola of hydraulic losses ( hf = -& ~V1z ) is plotted taking hf
along the Z-axis and VI as abscissa, Izf is plotted downwards if VI > 0
-L N
0
a
( curve 1 ).
Assuming a constant value of time interval At, the straight line re-
is plotted which also passes through the origin 01. A V1 is plotted along
Vi-axis and has the same scale ( curve 2).
. . . . .. (iv)
18
.,
*
IS : 7396 ( Part 1) - 1985
20
rs:73%(Fartl)-1985
(Continaedfrompage 2 )
Members Representing
DIRECTOR(T&P) Irrigation Department, Government of Punjab,
Chandigarh
SENIORDESIGN ENGINEER( PENSTOCKS) ( Alternate )
SHRI A. V. GOPALAKRISHNA Central Water and Power Research Station.
Pune
SHRI J. P. GIJPTA Irrigation Department, Government of Uttar
Pradesh, Roorkee
SHRI KAMAL KUMAR JAM ( Alternate )
SHRI J. L. KHOSA Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Bhopal
SHRI R. P. GOEL ( Alternate )
SHRI K. RAMABHADRANNAIR Kerala State Electricity Board, Trivandrum
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER( PHE ) Irrigation Department, Government of Maha-
rashtra, Nagpur
EXECUTIVEENGINEER( HDD ) 1 Alternate )
21
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