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OFFICIAL A.Ii. F.No. 1475-3
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GAS MANUAL
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Part Ill



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Use of Gas by





Gas Troops




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General Headquarters
~merlcan Expeditionary Fol'oes, France
: March, 1919


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 GENERAL HgAOQUARTERS
AMERICAN EXPED1TI0NARY FORCES

lilwr.11, 1919,

The "Gas 1\1:tnual," in sb; parts, is approved and published

for ~he inforruaHon lllld guidAoce of the American Expeditionary
J.'r,>rces. Although this m:mual presents the J)r.actice in the
Anieri.can ExpeditionaLy For.ces, its publication is not intCl;lded
lo eonvey appro'\la1 for adoption in the future milita-ry service
of the United States of any details o{ organization contained
herein.
B\ COMM.AND OP GENl!.llAL PP.HSUINC:,:

,JAMES \V. Mc~NDR.EW,

Chief of Staff.

OFFICIAL:
ROBERT C. DA VIS,
A.dju.tcuit General.
 Contents
pa.rl I- Tactical Employment ol. Gases.A. E. F. No. 1475-1 G--5
p ll:l,'l II-Use of Gas by Lhe Artillery .. ~. E . P. No. 1475-2 G-n
P ast ill- Use of Gas by Gas Troops . .. A. E. F. No. 1475-3 G-5
Part IV-Use of Gas by Tufantry ..... . A. E. F . No. l l75-4 6-5
Parl V-Use of Gas by :. \Jr Service . . .. A. E . F. ~o . 1475-5 G-i\
?arl VI- Defense a gainst Gas . ...... ..-\ , E. F. N9. 1-433 6-li

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Par.
l.u.troduction . ...... . .. . .......... .. .......... . ... 1-4
OrganiT.ation of Gas Regiment. ..... ....... .. . . .... , . 5
Rcgj-mentaJ Headcrun.rt.ers. . ... .... . ...... . .... . .. . 6
Dut:ics of Regimental Ofl')'cers . . . .. . .. . ...... . . . . . i
Adjutant and Personne.l Officer .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 7
Che1uical .Advisor anif Intelligence Officer ... .. .. . 8
Supply Officer ...... .. ...... ....... . ......... . 9
Master Engineers ... . . . . . ........ . .. .. . . . . .... 10
Butt a.lion Headquarters . ... .. .... ....... . ... . . . . . 11
Du ties of Battalion Officers .. . . .. ............ . ... . 12
Adju tant .. . . .. . ..... ... ~ . ......... ... . ... .. . . . 13
Chemical Advi ser nnd lnle llige.Uct OJUcer . . .. . . . 14
Supply O:filcel' . . . .... . ........... . ...... . .... . 15
i\1:acstel: Engineers .... .. .... . . .... . .. . .. .. .. . . . . 16
Company Organization ... .... ..... . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . 17
Duties of Company Officers . .... . ... . . . .. . . . .. ... . 18
Company Commander . ...... .. ... . .......... . . 18
Second io Command . .. . . .. .. . .... . ... . .. . ... . . . 19
Supply Officer. . . . . . . . ................ . ...... 2'(1
Platoon Lea.d~ r . . .. .. . ........ . ... .. ..... . ... . 21
4-Inch Stokes ~Interial . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , ... . . . 22
Barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Stand .... . .. .... .. . . . . .. ... . _. . _. . _. . ... . .... . . . 22
Base . . .... .. . . .. .. .. .......... .. . .... . ..... . . . . . . 22
B-om'l::>s . .. . .. . ... ...... . . . .. . . ... . .. ..... . . 2il
Bri tish .. . .. ...... . .. . ..... . .. ... . .. ..... . . .. . . 24
Ameri,can .... . ...... , . ..... . . . . . .. . .. . ..... . , .. . 25
L ight Smoke ...... ........ .. .... .. . ..... . .... . 26
Heavy Smoke . , ........... , ... . ... . ...... . .. . 27
Termite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . ......... . ... . 28
Ga.s . . . . . . ... . ......... . .. , . ... -.. - .... . . . . .. . 2.9
Ranging . . . .. ............ .. . .... . ... .. . .... . . , . S-Q
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued.)
Par.
"Pro-pell.ants ... .. ... .. ........... .... ........... . 32-S5
Fuse.s ........... . 36
l\Jills . . . . . . . . . . . .... , 36
1-16 AIJ\Ynys .......... . .... ..... . . .. . 37
British 31-D .. . ..... ...... .. . .... .. .... . 38
)
Sutton 79 ..... . .. ......... .......... 39
.American Pfark V .. ..... .... .. ... .. ..... . . .. ' . 40
ll\.1rult XC ., .... .. . , ..... . . ..... ...... . -11
Sto.k es Range 'rah] es . . . ...... . .......... .... . . 42-45
Livens Maledal . . . . . . . .. . ....... .. .. ... .. .. .. 46
Projectors f R-ritis~ . . . .... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. .. . ... 47
1Ame11ca11 ........... ................ 48
Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... , ... 49
Drums ............ ..... ...... ... ........... .... . ift
Gas ..... . ...... .............................. . 50
Incendi a r:y .... .... ... ....... ............ . . 60
H... E. . .......................... .. ........... . 50
6a,illes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ......... . ........ . fi l
P.riming Syste1n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
P1opellants . . . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Electric Fuse:;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll<I
.ExplodCJ"S .......... .. ........ ...... ........ ... .. . . fil'i
Fuses ............. .. .......................... . . 6(i
~fills . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Livens ........................................ . 56
Livens Range Table. . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .......... .... . 57
Painting and l\rru..king of Drums ........ ... . . ...... 68-62
C'lloud Gas Apparatns .......................... . ... . 64
Transpar.tation Table ....... . .......................... . 65
Gene.rat Procedure in Gas Opera lions . ..... . .. .. .... . 66-79
N'otes on Ope1aLiou .... .. ......................... . 80-80-A
Grad -Circle ................................ .... ... . 81
1\1ater,ia1 for Slokes Ope.rat ions .................... 82-83
llfatednl for Livens Operatio!ls. . . . ... .... ........ .. 84
1'ahle of Allowan ces-Teoonicaf Eq1tip111enl . . . . .. . . 85-8/l
Projects ............ .. ......... . .. . .. . . ... ss
Stokes Mortars .............. .... ............... 1 8fi
9Y'-lin ders . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Gen em l Supplies ............. . ............... . . 86
Table of_ Allowances-Unit Equipment . ........ . . .. . . 87
Organization Al1ow11 n.ccs . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .... . . 87
D1.afting Eqtrlpment ..... .. .. ................... . 87
Signal Equ.ipment .......... .. ..... ...... . ... .. . 117
.Meleorolog11!aJ IE:quiJ>menl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87
Photographic Equipment ........................ . 87
Carpenter Eguipment ... , . . ......... . . .. . . 87
Reconnaissance Equipn,e-nt .......... .. ..... ... .. 87
Otlfce Equipment ..... .... ........... ..... . ..... . 87
Workshop Eriuipmenl ... .......... ... .. ...... 87
 T ,\.Bl.f1: 017 CONTENTS (Cqriti,nuul.)

Par.
Projects ....... ......... . .................... . .. . . . 88
,vJnd Limit~s ... .. . .. ........ . .......... . ..... . . . 8S..A
Safety Limits . . ................ . .. . ........... . ... . 88-R
Rewnnrussance Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . ........ 8!1
()peratipn Order.s . . . . , . -4
00 .. .. . .. .

Opera tiqn Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 91

TncUcs of Gas Troop:;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 92-!lli
C.hoice of Wea-pons, .............. . .. . ... . .... . 96
S.elecUon of Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 97
T1u.i n ing of Gas Troops .......... ... .... . ...... . .. 98-!l!l
Principles Covering Trnin ing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100
!it:EIOQl Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . .. . ...... 101
GeneraJ Training . . . . . . . . . .......... . ......... 102
Equipment and Sugplies ........................ .. 103
Detailed Instruction .......... . .. .. ..... . ........ 104
lmant.ry Trajning . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... . ....... . 105
Truget Practice Tnstruction . ... . ......... . ...... . 105
Technica I Training .... . .................... . , .. 106
4" Trench i\fort:i r .......... . ... .... . 107
P10.:f.eclor . . . . . . . . .'... . . . . ......... .. .... .. .... . 108
Cylinaers ................ . ..................... . 109
Speci.a l Instructim, f'or om oers ................. 110
Speci aJ Leelme ..... ............... ... ........ , .. 111
Org_anizalinn of Ar.my .. , ................... . ... . 11 2
Li-n.ison ............................... , . . . . ..... . 113
Service of S(.\eu.rity and Tnformation .......... . ... 114
Secr-ecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Camouflage .................. . ... . ..... . ... . . 114
~leteoroJ0-g-y ... ....... .. . ...................... .
1
11.J-
Servke of Snpp.ly .. . . .. . . . ..... . .............. . 114
~[;lp Reading nnd Making .............. .. ..... .. 114
Organization or an Attack .................. ... 114
W n,ting of Orders ............................. . 114
ireteoro logical Section .......... . ......... . . .... . 115
Ri:mner Service ............................... . 116
E:xhiJ1it A-Fighting Order ..... , ..... , ... .... , .. 116
E,-.;:hlliil Il-Rt>porl of Reeon:nafasa1wc ............ 117
Eichih.i t C-Otlcrntion Order ..................... . I 18
.,:hlbit D- upeMtion Tleport. . . . . . ........... . 119
Eunctions of Corps nnd Db'ision Gas Ofilcers ........ 120
Adm.inistration ........................ .. . , , - .. - 121
"Relations within Corps ........................ . . 121
0 pcra.tions ........... . , ...... . .... , ......... . . . 121
Supp-Jie.s . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . 121
Subordinate Unils ...... . .... . .. . . ... ... . 121
<~vr~s Troops . . .............. . ........ . ..... . 121
t..asualties : . . . . . . . . ...... .. ... . .. ..... .. 121
P.n(.\my l'l1ateria1 . . . . . . .. ....... . . . ....... . ..... . 121
:". o t oiv1s
r:r:11t11n- 1ons .... . ............ , ....... lll-122
 TAMLE OF CO.NT.EN'!' '> (Con/inned.)
Par.
Duties of Gas ~- C. O.'s ..... . ... . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Questionnaire fo r Ins pee~ io11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 126
Quei,tionnaire r<w Ga(\ Patlc- nl s . . . . . . . . , . .... ... 128
Offense Du lies o f :1 Staff G as OJ'flcer. . . , . . . . . . . . . l 2!1
Use of Gas on Stable Frunl. . .. . .... . .. , . . . . . .. LSC
Use of Gas O il Advn uce Front. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 130
t'w ,1f Gn s on\, ,uitlrawat . . . , .......... .. ,.,, ... 130
 GAS MANUAL

PART IH

USE OF GAS BY GAS TROOPS

lNTRODUCTlON.
1. 1'11e development. of the 1,rse of chemicals in m(ldcrn war-
fare bas resulted not only in the introduction of new "'eapons
and metJ1-ods, huL a lso in !he employll'.lC'ut of ga-s troops. The
,,xp.erience a I.Jieady gnl:nc:d is sufilcfont tn fix the field i11 which
snc.b treops can oper:1ie most ~.ffectivels nnd point out !he gen-
eral principles underlying Lhe mosl :iclv:intageous use of th.e
wea.nons wi::lh wl'tich lhe::1- are nrmed. liectause of the l1ighJy
lecbnkill nature of LI1fa se1vk.e, lrO!)llS engaged in il should be
speoj~lly tra.ine<1 and equipped. Because of the hard physic.'ll
labor r.ccru ~red, LI1e personnel should IJe of specially g-oo cl phy-
sique.
2. \\/Jlhoul :11(em_ptj11g l'\ny refine(! a n:,lrsis, lhe chemcicals
unw u~gcl in wa.r-fare m11-y he d iyidcd jnto fou1 genera) classes.
llnu clo.ss comprises chemic:als which, wh.en lueathed or b,rou_ght
Iulo conlncl w.ilb Llw l1un1:w bi,cfy. pi,oduce fnlnl tll' inc:1p:1cH-
11 Ling results. 1\1101 he:r con1,p1lscs t ho:ie used for pu:rposes -0f
1J.:ceptioa 01 conce11lmeul. The U,.ird comprises i:ncendi:11')'
.tl(c.nts. The fourth comprises hjgb explosives.
:J. The ase or lhese maleriruls has b.roughL about Lhc pci-
J'ucling or- lh.ree new weapons, Lhe Si Qkes trench mortar, !he
livens 111-oJeclor :rnd ~he gas cyli:ndet. 'rhe twn former are
11,<;cd for l11e -pl'ojection of bomb~ or drums aonla inin.g chemi-
cn.ls. The p1Qjectile fo.r Stolces t1cnr.h mortars is usttaUy called
11 bomb. while lhal of lhe l..rvt'u~ projector i-s usual.l,y caUed
a drwn. Thi t'.> lindCJ is used c..'tclusin,iy fo1 ll1e fll'Oj~tion
of g:ts clo11di;. Stokes morlar hombs- may caritain imy o'f tbe
fou.r classes of chemical agents, hut in general ffie Livens pro-
Jt.>cto1 i~ l.itniled LO agenta of lhe -first 11.nd ioW'lh classes only.
4-. lL ls lhe purl)llse or this hnnd book to present in concise
ro1m the principles underlying the prQper o.rgnnization and
equipment of Iroops tor this service, the nature of the weapons
dnil chemical :tgenls which they employ, a-nt.l what experience
ha~ sho,vn Lo h<! the m-ost satisfactory use of such tro()ps :md
wca pqns.
 Gus ,Utu1u1tl-Purt /Ji

ORGANIZATION OF G-AS REGIMNT.

5. Gas troops are Army troops, one regiment per A"my ba'V-
ing J,een authori.zed. Thell' battalions a.nd cnmpanies. lll'e at-
tached to Corp5 and Djvis:ions as .i:euired by the natwc of the
operations co1rtempl1Hed. As a rule, a unit smaUer than a
company should never be attached lo a Division. x,01 a 'UniL
!lmaflc:r than ll batl:ilion lo any Anny Corps.
Gas regiments as now authorized consist of. sJ;,t battalions of
three companies each, with a total of 210 oaicers and 4,878 en-
listed men, as. shO"'D in the organization table opposite.
Of the six battalions .five are combat battalions and oue a
1eJ>lacem<:nt battalion. This is made necessary bJ: the technical
uatuxc or the work, and lhe necessity of 1eplacing ~unities
with trnined personnel.

REGIMENTAL HEADQUARTERS.
6. The 01ga.n.ization of the Regimerrtal Headquarters follows
U1at of the SpeeiaJ Engineer Regiments, organized for tbe em-
ergency ,except that a lieuteuanl colonel ls provided tor each
two bnttnUons and au at.lditional 11.rst Ueutcunnt is autl1orized
us assistant adju.tant. Fig, 1 (see AppencU,;) sbows the normal
o.rganhmtion of a regiment.
The enlisted persollJlel of 89 is snJllcient to handle on:ly- lhc
1011Une aclminisl::ralion wo:rl1. 1n orde.r to maintain the aeces-
sr,ry lran11po1lnlion to take care of 1.he regimellt's service of
:;upply, it is uecessa1y to call upon the battalions aad com-
panies fo1 t1Ssistance, In no?nlal operations, from 200 to 260
men are reuired fro txanspCirtatlnn.. and service of supply. It
wa:; Iouud Lhat by fm the best. reSll.lts were obtained hy direct-
{.tig the use of uansJmrtntion from regimental headquarters.

D trl'1ES 01'<' llJ:.."G lM BNTAL Ol!"FlCEI\S.

7. Adjutant and Personnet Officer. The$e duties follow elPse-
Jy lho:;e of similar positions in .a normnI regiment.
8. Cliemicu[ A.dDiser and lnJellig.ence Officer sh11uld. have:
Flrst: An. exact knowledge oi the cha.raeterlstics and pro-
per use of gases. in gas warfare; and such knowledge as will
enah1e him to forecast with :fail- accuracy the probable unj)or~
t ,,nee of suggested deyelopm<mts.
Second: An accurate knowledg.e of the vncying fr.out line
cooditi?ns; af lbe pnst and present operations of Gas Troops;
nnd of the plans and possibilities for f'ut1Jl'e operation&.
Tb<' clu I ics c,f this officci- are, to obtain, properly file, aud
LtanstnH iJlformation, pal'Licularly with a view of keeping fbc
<vns Troops informed of the "resu lls obtulned in Gns Warlare,
nud of k"Ct.,p!11g the technical and !IU_pply division:; informed of
Us11 of Gas b/J Gas Troops 9

tbe needs of the Gas Troops. Since all intelligcuee matters

con-ce.rnlng operations pnss lhrough the hands of the Chemical
Advisor and Intelligence Officer, cerlnia other duties CODCerning
the con.d uct of operations and -reporti; Lhereo-n. b:ive been ndded
to tJie forego i11,g,
The Chen,icul .-l-dviser nad Intelligence Officer ~honld, there-
fore:
(1) P1ocureJ dJgest aoil rue such scientiHc and technical
papers and publications a.s :i.re of possible practical \alue lo
1he regiment.
(2) Keep in to1Jcb with new developments ln Offense Gaa
1Vu:farc. witl1 changes in offense gas weapons or material. nnd
pass on useful Information regarding the same.
nn Forecast all the necessru-y ordnnnce supplies fo1 ih t'
regiment.
Investigate coml)1aints regarding the technical s.u]lplies
rceeivC'cl and suggest :my neces:.acy imp1ovement-s.
(5) Transfer all suggestions of value regari;llng possiblt
improvement of weapo11!1 or methods iu Gas Warfare to tbe
Commanrli.ng Officer concerned or to the Offense Dl-vi.sion. Hearl-
(Jl!Rl'tCJ!s, Chemic:il Warfare Sel'yjCe, for investigation.
(6) Render :tll possible assistance {consistent with other
<luties) jn tl1e Offense Division in its Investigations.
(7) Obt.'li.o informatJon from nJ.:u:i.)' 1-ega.rdl.ng po:;ilion
of our advance line and keep regimenhiJ headCfUarlers m:q:r
up to date.
(8) Obtain daily summaric:; of intelligence published by
lhe army and the val'iou$ corps and divisions with whom the
r egiment is opel'ating. Study nny Intelligence regarding the
ooemy positions or ncUvlty that may prove nscful i11 pendin~
operti.tlons. and fn:rnish same to all commanding officers con-
cerned.
(~ Rave the location of all gas_ battalion or company
headquarters an<i dmn-ps indicated on the regime.nlal headquar-
ters map. Be conversant with the various means availnhle fnr
inter-cemmunieation between all regimental lIDiis.
(10) T-rave on .hand a list showing lhe location of all cori:t
;ipd divi:.io11. headquarters ()Jl the fron1 wbere the .regiment i-.
<111erot1ng !Ind have same plol ted on the regi:mentn 1 he;tdCfUarten;
map.
(11) Have sn.itahle road maps of the aifyanee zone. show -
i'ng first class "IIP" and "down" trruJic ronti!s.: also have t-raffk
maps of lines of communication.
(12, Procure nnd keep on hand a sufficient supply nf :rn:it-
/Ulle map:, for all present nn.d pending operations, and be 11re-
pared to make at short notice mapi, conceining any projects on
ll:1nd.
(13) Have on hand a -relief map of t.be front on which th<'
reghnent is o.peratin~.
10 Gw, Jlaruut/-l'atl fl/

(14~ Obtain iJrlo=tiou a~ Lu i,r<'sent plans of ba~tnJio11

and con1pany eommanders and be prepared to saggest new op-
Cl'ations on wbJch Lhos(' u11il{'J can :be p1111Jilably employed.
(16) Take charge of 1111 secret correspoedence 'inward"
anil "outward," regardiay lhe employment or the regiment
and jls movements or future npc:ratfons.
(16) Receive an daily p,o~ress and <)pera.tion rep,,M~
fi:om balLalious and companies. c.heclt same. and be conversant
:It all 1ime~ with their content~.
(17) Collect and pass on to officers concerned intelligence
on results of ope1ations by the 'f'e giment and the gas trooy,:;.
(18) CompjJe and distribute a regimen(IIJ daily bulletin
contaiuing infor.m:ition of ilnpo1t..1ncc: or interest.
(19) Be lhoro1l.ghly conversant with all Gas Defense meas-
mes, and he able Lu advise concerning a11~ special precautions
necessary lo bo taken by Gas TToopi; for p.tol ec.t ing fhem against
thch o Wil gas.
(20) Advise lh<: Hegimentnl S11pJ1ly Ollk.er as to the loca-
tion of important forwa-rd Gas r>ump:. nnd U1e sl1wage of mn-
tecial ,in them.
(21) Obtain .tn<l. supply ld all Qfficers <;oneerned such
meteo,rologicnl dJ1ta ns may bn of service.
9. Regim,eni11l Supply OffereP. The duties of this o'fllcer are
as follow's:
(:v Anticipate the supplies rcq11ircd by the Regiment ;ind
deliver lhern lo mo.bile dumps easily acce.~Rible lo I.he compa11iei;
nnd 'battalions. These mobile points should .mo~c ns !he u11ih
mon, so lhaL Lhe a.mon11L or true.It Lrans_portatlou is minimized.
(b) To control aTl motor and animal transporln.lion.
(1) In connection with motor lransportati-011, tlte Regi-
mental Supply Officer is to maintain it suitable nnd sul'ilcrent
pet'sonnel to operate and maintain all trucks, touting ears and
:;idc-cars irssigned to the organizations.
(2) The Regimental Sup_ply Officer is to care {,or the re-
lacement of all n:nim:i.Ls injure8 or talten sick, recomme.nd per-
sonel tc, hnadle them 11.nd to arrange for periodic inspection as
11 ch'ec'Jt un their <:al'<', use :ind proper shoei1ig.
(3) Assist the: companies 1111d batLaUons in ttr:r:n1ging for
':l.lly rail ::;bi p.me:nt t.b,ey may he reui.red to make.
(c) All misceJJaneons dutiel..
Billeting-: Ta'ke cn:re of any construction work and any
other mi'scellaneQus wQl'k ,vhlch qbviously is npt a pnrt of
the duties of the oll,er staff office.rs.
{d) Work with the Batt.al.ion Supply Olficers. llnd thro-ugh
Lhem with the Com,1111ny Stl(.1ply Officers, and .see Lhat each is
,tcquainted with ::rnd performs his full duty.
use of G<ts by G(1s 1'roo11.~ 11

1,0. Master Engineers. The duti~ of tb.e Master En!(meers

:ue nll 0 !Tows:
(1) Chemical :Assistar~I. This assisto.ni ,vill operate di~
recLi.Y under Lhe orders of U1e!. l.lcgilnenlal Chemical Ad1i~er
and Intelligence Officer and assist him in every way in chemiecal
multer,s,
(-2) l>LCQ> (Illd Intelligence. Assislanl. This assistant will be
ahn.rgep, u:nd\'1' lhc Regimcullll Che-rnical Adviser nrid lnlelti-
gqnce Officer, ,v:ilh mainL'\inlng con1plete n1ap files and all in-
telligence eovcJ'iug operntil)ns.
(3) J. r(lin:ing A.ssistanl. This nssistant will be cb;u:ged.
uncler the BegJme11lol C11e1ttical Adviser a1Jd lntclHgencc OOlcer,
-with the eo-ordinaling :ind :rssisting in ltie training and in-
stru.cli011.
(4) Transp<1rlalion .'l:1:;fsl'r1nl. This assislaut will be
charged, 1tPde:r Lhe "Regimental Supply Officer, wilb looking
alter lbe ""ork in the transpol'tation division and ~ill include
operation -and 1nn_inlcnance or nil motor ,ehleles.
(6) Supply Assis(1111I. Tll is a:;sistaot will function dircet -
1)' nnclcr tile Regimental Supjlly Officer.
(6) Special Eqnipntenl A.ssisl.lm/. This nssista11t will be
charged, under lhe Regimeut11 l Supply Officer, with keej>in-g
fully informed on Speci"1ll Eqtii~ment situation as regards
man.macl!Jl'C, supJ>ly in :tll depots, and su_ru>ly of troops opera-
ting on the .Jines.
(7) Construction Assistant. This i~ssistant functrons di-
rectly l,Ulder tl1e RegimenJa l Supply Officer and will be avftil-~
ahl!! (~r all constrttction wtll'lt. He mtlsl l>c a man capable of
handling men on ge11cral eon:;'lN\ction w01k.
(8) !1Iililaru .4ssistwtt. This assislant functions ..nder the
t\<lgimental .Adjutant. He -will be aNailab1e for the training
of replacements, for taking charge of err assisting in special
technical training.

BATTAL!ON HEADQUARTERS.
11. ln the. Battalion organization, additional strength o,er
lhat of the special E11giDeer orga11i2ations was provided to
l"-are for tlte battalion dumps and workshOJl!i. This has pr.oven
to be a necessity.

DU1...ES OJ., BATTALION OFF1ECBS.

12. The duties of the BnttaJion Sta.Jr Officers, while follow-
ing generally luose of similar pnsitions Ill the normal battalion,
11.lso parallel to a great exlent llle duties of the co.l'l'esponding
regimental positions <ntUlned allove. The drrties or l:!altalion
Staff Officers nre, furthermore, .mn:de difficult by the necessity
-]~ Gus Manual-P,u-l 111

vf l'<H1trnlliog and supplyiJnt nu.its operatfng ovet 110 extended

front nntl in i.nrnll c:lcL;:ichmcnl:;.
I 3. '/'1,c Adjrilant's <In Lie~ are those nonna I ly perui.ining t ..
this position.
1,1. 1'/ie Cium1ical AdtJisor wul. lntelliyenc:<1 OOker'& duties
1111allel lhosc outlli1ed for lhe Regimental CJiernlc.il Advise,
nnd Inlelligencc Ollicei.
l rl. Supply Offlt:er.
(St) '1,1e Battalion Supply Officer i~ the ,Peiisonal represen-
tative of lhe Regim,e.ulitl l>upply Officer and should act as au
inl~rmediary bctweeu the Hegimental Supply OIDcl:r .J.ttd U1e
Com.pany Supply umcer. Ile shou,ld obseJye closely Liu: needs of
each company in his h:ltlali.ou, the work of each Comp1ucy Sup-
ply OJ.ilce1, tu1d antfol1JJtle :tllJ ex.t.111ordi11ary .l!eguesl for supplies.
.\.11 this ic:fol'matioo should be COIDIDunicaled to the Regimental
SU.J)ply OtllceJ, togelher wilb any other iniormati'on which
mi1'ht -11ssist the Hegfmt:nlal Supply Officer in perform.ing his
duties.
(IJ) Battalion Supply Officer 1s absolutely l'<!Sponsihle for
jteeping his p:u,Ucular linl talion prop-erly eguipped and sup-
plied.
(CJ Hllllalwn Sup_ply Officer should keep in close touch
wiU.t eaoh of the Company Sup,ply Officers and see thal all
1ecords and l'e_ports required f,on1 Company Supply Officers
nrc rigldly adhered to.
(dJ Battalion Supply Office1 mu.sL consolidate lhe .!!~quests
for supplies frem the various co1Up1utics ot: his battalion lllld
obtain Lhe material from Lile l'lcgilllentnl Supply Ofli<ier. He
must :Jso kee_p the Itegimcutal Su11:i;:ly Officer fnfol'lned c~ hls
imruedi.ate needs, the condition or all euiptncnl in his bat-
talion, and its disposiUon.
16. Master Engineers. The duUes of the :Master Engineers
arc as f0Ht1ws:
(1) Map and Intelligence Assistant. Thls assistant wiil
lie in aba:rge ol the drniting room, will rnaiula.in map tile'I, co-
orcU 1Jalc info1mation. nnd prep:tl!e project maps.
(2) ,1/tJleorolouist. This assist!i.nt funclions under llie B-ai-
lttllon Chemical Advisor n.nd Intelligence Oill:cer and is charged
wiili securiug and mainloi.n.ing necessary Wc.tllher records, pre-
paration or stations, and oilicrwise advising as to the meleoro-
lugical s'ilnalion, Insofar as it concerns offensive opl!rations.
(3) 'l'rrutSfJQrfation Assistanl. Thls assistant is chanfed,
under the Ballallon Sup1,ly Officer, with U1e upkeep and ope1a-
lio11 oI Lr:1-ns1>ol'taUun assigned U> the battalion.
(41 Spedal li,quipment Assistant. This assistant function:;
undeJ officer in charge of' U1e battalion dun1p, and will be
cl.targed with recci;pt., stornge, care iu ~.o:rage, aan issue of spe-
cial equipment.
 18

~ <.;cmsb'uction anti Worksltop Assistant. Thi& man will

IJII chntge<l, under the Damp Officer, wilh control of &hops atHI
11
_. -
llY spe ial consuu.ctton wetrk .
(6) Training Assistant. This man, under lhe Battalion
<.:bellllcal Adviser llnd h1lP.Jlige11ce Officer. will <1ssist iu co-
ordinating instruetjon in the battalion.

COMPaNY ORGANIZA TlON.

17. The co1n_pany is organized into a headquarters sectiou
and fow pluUlons. Tlu? headqaarte1,s secUon tl\kes care 0 Lhe
110 rrunl 11dmi:uislrtttion of the co,mpany, Lhus l4ving the pfa-
tom1s free .for actual fighting. Each platoon is 01ganized into
Iwo sec lion s and each section consjsts of lwo Slakes llro11.ar gun-
lt'ultls wi lh a carrying party. This ghes &ix teen mortars p er
c,,m_pnny. AJl platoons are ll:-ained in projector :1-nd cylinder
work.
'rhe pJatoo.n is the working unit of the regitUent. This is
~peciail> trui> in a war of movement. It is rarely nect sar) Lu
Lostall molc than four guns in conjllllction with U1e advances
or allaclt~ ot' lll1 infa.nu:y regiment, and when it is _irecesso:cy for
one eomp!Uly to 0;1>erale on n divisional front, sucb as arr-ange-
mont pl!.r mits covering the front uot oriJy at the st;rrt 9( l.be
uperaliC>n bul ulso enables the pla-t.oou!I to follow the 1nfanhl
regiments lo which they are attached and ghe assistance :1-s
the attack develops.
Each J>lntoon is 01gan:ized as an independent unit insOiID' !IS
cuncerns its i~pendenl functioning in action. This call;, for
1lte nssignwent of a cook and the supply of the necessary cool,-
i 11t equipu,ent. Ea,ch com1>llllY sbould be supplied with fotJ1.'
small field -ranges in addition Lo the :regular rolling kitchen.
The commissioned per.sonn.el uJ the company consists of Di ue
oflicm, t-wo o r whoni arc captains. The !tddition.nl cqmrnis
sio 11ed pe.t!son ue1 is ma-de uece~sary by the character of the work
~ the entire number is necessmy Lo in.sure ,Propet fu.nction-
mg.
ll is impossible (or one officei to propel'l,r command the com-
11:wy, ca.re fol' his men and at the same time cm-ry on the ex-
tcul!ivc liaison that is necessary in the functioning of a gus
(:01npa11y. 'fhe addilion ol lhc second captain (the ~ccond jJJ
1:omm1wd), -fills a need and has actually proYed to l>c a neces-
sity in. action.
FJg. 2- (sec Appendix) shows the :normal organization of the.
01,n pany.

DUTIES OF CO~IPANY OFFICERS.

18. (lJ The CQmpa.r1g Command.er actun.lly commllllds the
company aud carries the ful~ :responsiliility of the position.
(2) He directs and supervises the trajoi:ng of his company.
 .......
14 OU$ Manuul- Pa.rt ill

(3) He personally direets diseipUnn.ry aotions and is re.

sponsible for the disci,Pline of the compau_y.
(4) rt is his duty to see Lhal all officers under his cotn.
mand have the requisite technicaf knowledge and training.
(5) It is bis duty to see that all oflicers pel'form their full
duty a11d actwtlly accept the foll responsibilities n r their res.
pcctivc dutici:..
(6) He personally -examines, verilles and signs all re11or!s
1ll1d letters ConDected with the company work.
(7) He makes inspections from time to time lo a.scerLain
whether tbe company is properly clothed and e(Jl!l:ipJ)ed and
,vbetber the equipment is up to the standard set.
(11) lie de~ignates the approximate location of nd,anced
company and plafoon. headquarters and dumps.
(9) He makes the necess-ary forecasts cove.ring amounls
tllld kinds of ammunilion and supplies needed.
(10) He issues the necessary orders to cover reconnais-
sances and operations.
(11) He carries on and maintains liaison with Division
and Brigade He aclqunrters.
(12) ffe keeps fully informed of the tactical situation, the
plans of tl1e various Commanders and makes the necessary
,r ecommendations Covel'in_g the correet and best tactical use of
the Company.
(13) He assfsts the Platoon and Section Leaders in per-
fecting and maintaining liaison with Regimental and Battalion
Headquarters.
(14,) He oht.,ins informa'tion as to ene1uy troop con-
centrations and sends data to Platoon Lenders as to possible
targets.
(15) Ae arranges necessary syst.em of l'Wlners Ml.I nece5-
sary passage of mei,sA_ges betw~en the nnits of his command
apd units wilb whial1 he ...may be operating.
19. ( 1) Tlie Seconi;I i11 Command keeJ>s himself Jllepared
lo lake up the duties and :responsibilities of t.he Coinpru't~ Com-
maruler at any time.
(2) He secs lhal a.JJ orders and instructions :;rre complied
with and routine matters carried out.
GI) lie supcrv;iscs tl1e ca.re of the men, their trainjn_g and
equipment, n.nd is responsible for lhe company at all times
ready for immediate service.
(4) He caJ'l'ies on the interior adm.l.istration of the com-
p11ny.
(5) He establishes and arranges forward com_pany billets
nnd cln.mps and sees that necessary and proper guards are es-
tablished.
(6~ lie must see that proper messing arrangements are
made and tbat at all times the men !U'e supplied with proper
rood.
Ustt o_f Gas J>y Gas Troops ] r,

(7? He personally checks up the ration i&'s11.1e lllld sees-

that rations are propecly useil.
(8) He suJ)ervises t:be supply of munitions as given by
rorenasls of the Can1pany Commander.
(9) He keeps himself fully. fnformed er the existing taeti-
cal siti;Lation of All\eompa_ay urtits.
(10) He is the Company Gas Officer and is responsible
ror the ga:; disctpllne of the company.
20. D11ties of Company Supply Offi.cer.
(1) Snpplies.
(a) Source:
.All supplies mus't be requisitioned through 111e Battalion
Supply Officer. When the Company is operating independently,
rations will be drawn from the Wlits to which the company is
attach<?di.
(l>) Kinds of S11 pplies:
(1) Quartermaster.
(2;) Ordnanoe.
(.3) Signal.
(4:) Engineer.
(5) Tecbnical Supplies.
(&) Rntions.
(c) Quai:termaslcr Supplies:
(1) Each Corporal must be held personally -responsible
fo,r- the condition of his n1en's equipment. He must. report once
each week to bis platoon COIDJDander who will report to the
C-om.,.mmy Supply Officer.
(2) Compal'ly Supply rOfflcers must make n weEkly re-
port to the. Battalion Snp_ply o.mcei-, sho,ving their ex-act P.resent
needs and their immediate future needs.
(d) @rdll'allce Equipment:
San1e,a5c Quartermaster.
Ce) Signal Equipment:
(1) Signal Equipment is company properly and must be
checked once ~acb week to determine its conditi,o ns and an-y
loss.
(2) Results should he report~d immediately to Lbo Com-
pany Commander a.nd U10 Battollun Supply Officer.
(!) Engineer Equipment:
Same as Signal Equipment.
(g) Technical Equipment and Supplies:
Sa:me as ctuarler'masfer supplies bn:t in dddition the lo-
cn.Uon of 1111 company dumps and supplies in each dump rp:ust
be Y:eported to tbe CompanJ Comtnauder llil.d B~tttnlion Supply
01l!cter.
 16 Gaa Manua.l-PCll't Ill

(h) Rations:
(1) Garrison n1tions are alw,ays to be u5ed when a,aiJ-
able.
(2) Field rations are to be used when directed by the
Commanding Officer: usually when it is impracticable to n se
fresh meat. Five days' rations shonJd aJwiiys he ke_pt on hllild.
(3) Reserve rations. T wo-day tins reserve ratJons mu~t
always be carried by each soJdter in the field.
(4) Travel rations must be issued tQ all troops when
tlnvelling.
(2) Transportation.
(n) Minimum amount o r trans.portation required to per-
form the operation ln .hand and amount of time requfre-d must
be estimated. Particular attention should be paid to U1e type
of transportation best adapted to the opcratton; e. g., rail.
truck, animal or n:irrow gauge. ThJs in!ormation should hr
eonveyet'I to lhc Batta.Hon Supply Officer Tcqncati:qg- that l, c
rnrnJsh the trnnsportatfon.
(b) Careful written orders wlt!J ml!p should be given t h~
non-commissioned officer in cbarge of the transportation.
These should state the time the transportation ts to leave. the
ca.r~Q to be carried, the route to be foll owed, the destination.
and to whom the material is to be delivered. The non-commis-
sioned officer acting as convoy must cheek the list of materfol
delivered and Teport the same to the Company Supply Offirl'r
ilnd he in tll:T'll to tn.e C:ompnny Commandei,.
(.e) All cor:npallj trnnS.J)ol'tation is under his immcclh1i r
control as regards operation. The CCJmpany Supply 0.fllcer must
know at all times the Joeatlon <>f all trucks .as~ed to hi~
company, their condition, an,d the work upon which they arc
engaged.
(d) Ail unserviceab1e tl'Ucks must be-reported hnmediatel~
to the Regimental Hendqna:rters for disposition. Tran11porl n-
tion is not to he overhauled by the CC!mpanles.
1.~) Records.

Careful r.eoords must be kept by the Company Supply Officer

~!towing the tlisposftion of all material and equipment issued
to his company. These reeord:i should be kept ao that at llDY
tlm.e be can render a r.eport showing the aroonnt ot lv ..r ,.f
:iny pll.rticnlar supplies by his company.

21. (1) The Platoon Leader mnst fight his platoon 11lun !{
correct tactical lJnes.
(2) I:Ie tQ11st persomrlly see that his plnto.nn is propru.-l.1
clothed, -equipped. fed and housed.
(S) He must carry 011 11.nd .Jrulintain pro.per li;rison wi!.1 ,
com pany .and unit:; to ,vnieli nttaelied.
/Is.: <>I Gulf by Gus 7'roop1> 17
(4) He must make necesisary local reconnaissances 1&nd
select iiuttable emplaccmente with maximam po$$H,Le prot<ic-
tiOJJ.
(5) He musl actually direct the woi'k of his platoon and
eisonilly cpeck up the construction of the emplacement,
l'ightiog' and elevations of guns, make necessary ex::unlnation
~f guns and ammnnition and all olber matter11 pertaining to
the operation.
(6) He must Jmow each man in his platoon ll)' name nnd
1uake a study of bis abilities.
(7) lie m.akes out accuralely, necessary repor ts and to~
w:irds them to the Company C::ommander.
(S.) He must .kc.ep his platoon preplll'ed (or service nt
any time.
(9.) He must personally take charge of the men' tecltnical
training tmder the supervision oC th.e CoID,l)any Commander
and Se:ond in Command.
(10) He takes charge of h.is platoon at all company form:i-
tioru; and drills.
tll) Fie, from all hls ,personal knowledge of ltis men, ad-
vises Lile Comp191y Commander as lo the c.rualiflcations and
shorl-comin,gs of his men and also recommends promotjotlll.
(12) He personally sees that all orders pertaining to h.is
plirtoQD are ~l.'.ried out.

FOUR-INCH STOKES MATEIUAL.

The. Mortar.
(Fig. S)

22. The 4-incb Stokes mortal' is, within its range, a ptll"Ucu-
Ja.rly suitable weapon. for g~ projectiles owing to its com-
parative accuracy 1UJd rapid 1:ate of fire, and to t:he quantity
of gas whicb eaeb bomb contains (about 2% quarts.)
The comparative silence and nbsence of Oasl1 on discharge
are useful wh.en slll'prise is desired, and very heavy concen-
trations of gas can be established. at tl:\e target tn a sho1t period
or time
The t-incb Stokes mortar is quickly J)lnced in position. ll
cim be used for sev,ral pnrp;:1ses and il i.; su1Iioienlly mobile
lo he eaiTi.ed forward with illiantry for employment from ad-
\"allced11oslt.ions,
lt consists of a steel b=cl connected by a d-0nhle collar to a
tubular :rteel sland which is fitted with elevating and travers-
ing geat's. '.!'he breech piece o! the mortar iests on a base plate
w.lth soclret. The mounting adlmits of the mortar being tra-
versed 21h , traversing to the right or left of the central line
without moving the legs of llie stand or t.be bnse plnte.
18
- G_a_s_1r1~u:.::,u'..'.:'.u~1l::-!_P'!:.:!__
t'lr/ I//

riG.3

'

u.:re uf Gas Im Gas 1'ruops 19

rtG.4-
i -- - - 1 7

..

'1/f!l!f!Cll!I 1 '~" .5TOl1lJ M0/1(/lli' - !'711/fIf I .5Ub l)JlJ,t

1l.B tirF1'tS,i Jlv,s10,v EHa5ee 6/f.5. 5!JBD
20 Gas Manual-Part l1l

The maximum range is 840 ya:rds when firing tlte stand:ird

25-lb. homh with full charge of 1.200 gl'ains E. C. 3 powder, and
465 ,vards with the 13-lh. light smoke bomb and the 3110-graln
hallistite cartridge.
The eor.dite ring pro-pellnnt j(lves a range of 1.090 yards when
rll'ing the standard 26-lb. homh with a full charg_e of one 15()..
grain cordite cartridge and 4 co,-dite rings of 3.50 grains each.
The rnte of fire by day for a short period is 20 rounds per
niinute. alth011gh with a vwl1 trained detachment a higher r:ite
can he obt11i.ned~ for sbort bmsts, not exceedinl\' one or two
minutes. At night 12 rounds per minute is aJl that can be
a.xpected.
Barrel. This consists of n solid. drawn steel tulle, 48" loni?,
with a smooth bore varyinit from 4.15" to 4.20" In diameter.
Two bands ara clnmpec:1 =oand tl,e barrel near Lhe muz7.fo to
engnge the brpod carryin_g tho elevatmg 11nd tr.a,ersing devices.
In the base of the hal'rel is screwed a breecb piece containinl{
11 striker sttid or a:nvil. This anvil has a Oat top for firing
cartridges and a ni-pple for firing biscuits.
Stand or Bipod. This is !he gun support and carries the
e1evatlnl{ and traversing mechanisms. It cQns:ists of two tnhu-
lar steel Jegs with a cross stay nnd spiked feet to prevent
Spt"eading,
Base PliJtes. This is 11n octagona.J steel plate with a fhtn ged
sqcket ror the reception of the breech piece. The American base
plale Is similar to tl1e British except that is i11 round instead
of octagonal. Base plAtes ruc usnru.ly reinfo:rced with heavy
oak plnnlcing to prevent their displacement whe11 ftring. (See
Fig. 4.)
The weights of the ,,arious parts of the mortar are as follows:
Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 lbs.
Ba:r:rel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 lhs.
Base Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 llis.
Wood snbgh!Ule .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 60 lbs.
No1'-The mortars above descrili1;d are of British manufac-
ture. Ame.ri<:an mortars are practically identical except for
some slight difference of weights.

AMMUNITION.
2S. B0111bsJ Al the present lime lhere are roughly fo'\11' (~)
types of Stok1!8 J\fortnr 'homhs in use by the Gns trMs, ns fol
lows: Gas, Thermit, Smoke, RanginJ{. All American bomb~
are made of wrought iron or steel. The .folln.wtng tahles <ril'f'
the principal di.mens-ions, wei"hts. markings and charaeterisbcs
of the va-rious bomh,; 11f l3rltish -and American manufacture
 21
Use of (,a.s by G(!.8 T r oops

24, PROPERTIES AND MARKINGS OF BO?tIBS

British Manufacture.
'Mru:kl rut

J,L~thnl 11 Refl. l Wlllt'e. t Re(l ll<ln~.

I g Whit~ l31Ull!Jf,

- \,l\.
r.~ll,al 1wd
l
l"t'uetr11the 2 Wlt1tc Banas.
fl Wpi b, 1 Red. J White Tlilnrl.
1
Rruld!r l~' Wfde
J I W111ie 13ancl,
".:::.
- K.S,K,
I stentllleil-l'TVY.
- ~w.P.
1'n null
Ii-tll<>I: ,.
I TnM,mlmry
I
I
!1t<1DclllNI-W..Pl:10S en W 11m'I
!1t~ncWecl-lXCn1:.
n PROS.
-
,\11 filled l1ombs have a red band nen.r the tol) of tlle hod)
An bomb bodies are painted- "Dirly \Vh.ile."

BOX MARKINGS FOR 4" STOKES BOlllpS.

B-rilisll Man11fachue.
Two bon1bs al'e pueked in a box, complete with charges nnd
fuses. The boxes measure flllPl'OXimately 2 ft. 2 in. x. 71h in.
~ 11Yi in.

25, PROPERTIES A,_'ID MARKINGS OF BOMBS.

Amerie<m MLnufaclure.
Mar)<Jng
r,11111: I Pmr><'M:!,,~
(T..tltllnl 2 Wblb R~ruts. St<llltllled G..\S
n,G.
I 'Rell, I Wblte, 1 Yellow. Sf~ru,lmi,I GAS.
N.C. l Pennc.111:1-Yer'
Stenr1lleil lt.l
K.J. I ;;rrtrncant I
I
P.l'l. I P(fUl!lfiR t:k'ek I 1 ltNl, I Whli1 1'111.110. St~cllle,1 GAS

~thlll 1'1lcl
~ I l'lrt!T<I l 1 Wblte. l Red. 1 Wblfl'.
1 Yelli>W Ran<l.
Stencl.llNI C: .\S
Stencllled SMOKFI
f2mnlUl I
Strarlllt-<l THElli\fl!I'
!h. Jl1,"" I\ lh ry I
I I
lfo tum~~ or m1trkln1<
I I

--SRI'rl SB BO~ms.
?.ll llr,ht Smoke Bom1, (Fig. fi). Thill i:: n 16-pound IJonlh
'ousislinl' essentinlly of ti ~leel cmrtl'idge co1d11ln<>r. sheet metal
I11,cly. ru,<l a c:n n ister co1ltah1ir1g r"d pbosphorui;. The canii;t el'
i l<e1,1 in po!!ition and Hu whule homb comented tog1lhel' 1Jy a
h_Yer 11f nitt'11, The ~nine ,,ansi~l:; of a .4-10 cap. n length nf
Rt<'Kf11rrl fn><c, 111111 :, i,rim<'r ,vl1it'h explode< 11n nphori1r chnrl.(t
22

FtG5

.,,1AJ.S t,Q't,

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,:.fCT,fRIOR 0/"
l:'A!51N$ ~'Y,1,
ro ~~ - ~l'KJ'.i 'P.
17n'lTY~'rlT.r
'
l!!ll(Kn:JRP ~ _..,.&l,...,AfG.<I 4"5.T.1!"0
I \ti.. L

l~C 'TIN PI-A,1"J

W'lflVl?Tl/815 -
M r
IV'B C~,rE{ft;l,/L
~l?A~b 7'VBE Ct)tl~
OET~TOI? Wf7lf
06:ZS H'OJ.E T1fflQ
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l'AllvrN(; (Jl?,fQli/T t!OTTbM NO. R. OS
Cl//?5TIN(i C/111,f/> J:,.L.LEO ~ /)RAJ:/
8LACI( POWDER
~
SLIJ5 l'iD 'ri:1,1. II/ ()T()l/~l'l/l,/
33'.
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PHJ.SPffOK,JS--.. Ct05ED 8YNEA~
OF S1'fL IAC"EO ~
i'INNE{) l~N P,'/Pf",i> dr:;c. I
Cl!IWSTER-
S#E.T JAO'/v
C.~ING
~PPPORTING T/78 ,

* -1-(-

* -~,, 0.CP.Zlllf(; sr.

Cr "CIJNTPMTi)H$ , /A:,r/Ap
c,o li'~M,V~Eb t/;Aof"lfi11'1t
0 0
0

.,..J-1- IMTr o~ F"/l'.J.14't,

0

BR117Sli 4" STOJ(S L/6ffT <3!10J(E B0/'1B

rJ ::e ,>( (;a:s f>u Gas Troops

/eCIJ IJA/V/)

4' S.T.HOWI
M~ @ ~N</Afl'=
U7ERl()/l t;r t,'/NER
T//OI TO DC eo.,,r,.-o &;r.k:ote~
rwr11 ,wawc ~.. SMOKE C4o!ttr(; 0/I'{"
(Jt.'tt'(t; IMJ;"aCD I/I r Ill PH!>S
1"00
W'TDA
1---4-~ll>,::.,::Ot/7'"'-!Lt'f, "rl/lJZ 'Ti:..J,ylll7
W,'lt;I(
7tUo w,/nz
'l.ltJ.FP/1'7,!'V,
F(U.,? ~11,r "J'ro.uwo "' WMl-9'rv..,
lflJ.J av '1f.1%/,;f/,_E.~.- \ NT l+'II/TC
w111rc Pni:>.r;w,9,11v.i-
-(-/- / twr;:
()f'r,11~~
:t.-.~.,
lY .tl...::t/111
hU.IN~ Oil
..:.r-
~
,YT-TQ;f~
--h..i,,V,7l,tl,J' Q/ll
/i/CCXNtJb
l'~JU At:l,t.:11

C.O!i'I/ OIJC

0
0
0
0 0
24 Gas Mamud-Pu.rt
----------------------- -
II/

JJ.1><1" OISC lo, bl~ PLUG. F/JSE HOL i!' r/G, 7

-9HI!<AC0 T<J ""'.. ~~~~ VIIBER WA511E/f. Of,IE
GOliA /VASHER Off NO/It; AS NECl:>S- ,
l'Al'L I? />ISC -
SARt '
r r ""' 0/ll( lt',4Slll:II TO BE
SRCl.LACJ!D IN --.'Po:

LOOS l!!tl'HOhl re 4"S.T HOW

N//NERM. @ M~
STl:"/'1/'fI:l} TNLf/l'IIT

INCOY
-1--+>'S7f!NND OllPHf>RITI:
1

..
-1/~re .or -/I-
Fill.ING

/'

0 0 0
0 0 Q

t:3/ffTISH 4'5TOKES l10RTAR-/NCND1MY 80118 !1K~/C.../N.C.,D.

STO:t. OIi W.I,
use of Gas b11 Gus 7'roops :u,

..
r
.ul

~
<,t,6
I.
l'.i1 I

.
I
-

000 0 0 0 oc
00 O O 09 ~ 00 0 l O O 0
DO< OQO
1- 000 0 0 <l 00

BR! TIS!/ 4-" cJTOXES GIJ.:5 80118

<Oj.Q $1"/Li.J

OFFEH:JE D1Vf.s1tm . rJIG. UlfC. C. W.t>'. 5S,f4

26 Grts ,\lw1uul-Part 111

(IIG. 9.
IL.:.-JI

~P.

.
(
4'S.T.HOW. 3
MK.m CJ'l<~~
~ [ r TQ t,
'IA!TY WM
'
mmw~,,.,,.(1
v,U,o :.e.
'E ~ ) , < :
;f'"eo
J<'Wt7Wm :-li'v'n-t
111~'), "t' ~ . aw,._Y.,..r.
vq,e11,;.,;.a,> .,1,,.-,:.
4XHr.U 4 A.N,r-r 1;.-n9",.,
l'ILU'P ASlt 2 ,,:"~:~..{
/!JfN j:} lfA~;r,e-,. lo0/l1>
ntJELJ e,; .J,f 4,/,~,..
l'IHIFZ;,f~ {lWil/T~ ~-
A,:;:}Jl'I' x ?..-~ n.t'C:ON4

1 -'l/t.11Q.
~TA71~

-1-/- ~~

*
~

YRA_f
..ca
- 1-,
+t- fMT. QF
hlVIIG

0 0
0
0 0
.J

_J_
 27

ill th , holl<>n, pnrl of Lhc i,niuc. The cap is Ond by a sprin~

~trikC'I 111:nd, 1111 adju:;ted Ola.I lbc inertia of lhc striker iB 5Uf-
ncienL lo comprto,iS tbc spring n:nd fire U1e C!I}> on discharge.
This l}omb is tired -with a bulli,stite cin.1.l"idge whkh gives a
mttidm-um Tange o.f 460 yards, For this xeason lh-e bomb is
seJr1om used except tor training purposes.
21. Bea1>rJ Smoka JJomb (Fig. 6) . This i:; :i 25-pound sled
1,q i-1tb of ~cucr:ll constn1cLlo11 n.s sl1ow11 on Pig. (I, nnd conl!"lins
, 1/4.1JtOllll.ds (tC white phos1>horus. 1L .is fired by the Bri(i,s h
:11- U of 79 fuse.
28. Incendiary Boml1 (Fig. iJ. 'fl.I.is is slmilnr Lo U1e hcn:vy
polw bomb in gcnen1 l con~tructiou 1111d lRkes tbe same fuses.
61
II weighs 22 pOUJJds and conta.ias 7 pou11ds of lhe:r mii.
2.!l. Gas Bonil! (Fig, 8 and fig. 9. There are over fift1 dlf-
f erenl marks of 'Scitish .gas boml>s. dill'erent in details of cbn-
~1.ruction and operation. B--ut fhey may be divided into two
gene1:al t.ypes-old style (Fig. &), fhed wiU1 B. C.:. biscuits; -and
11
ew sl)rle (Fig. 9) fued wilb cordite rint,'S irud ,vith eithl?r pink
or blue earlritlges.
30. JU111(1ing Bo111bs (lhg. 10). Tlris is a boml> partly filled
,vi1.h bla:c.k powder, to .be used for _tanging or registering pur-
poses. IL may be fitted with eit.her the cart.ridge container fo1
firing by cordite rings, or with the .biscuit cont.a iocr for firing
with biscuits. IL is little used except for insbuction. and
p1,aclice.
31. Ameriocm Stol.e:s T:10111bs (liigs. 11, 12 Alltl 13). American
bo.JUbs..b11.vc been sh1nfitudized, d.i.!Iering_ only in tne gaiue tube.
'fbcy will all use the same prapelling ch;:rrge a:od fuse. T his
will -ittve all bombs unifo= 1ange.

PROP.ELLAN'l'S.

:l2. There a:re l11ree g-.e.net'al types of propellanls used w illt

th e_ pr~imt .British. Stoke~ i\Jorta, AmmLmilion-E. C. S P1nvdc.l\
Cordite. and Ballistite.
:t3. Brilis1i E, C. 3 Powd~r. TlliS l_)ropel.lanl is now used
w LLh all Br!Lisli gas u.mmuniliou l'.l.lld l'il.nging bombs r11T11ished
ou 1 gas tr.oops. lt is usually made u-p in the fgrm of biscuits
,onlaini.ng 400 lfMHTIS of E . C. 8 powder ca.ch. One, two or lhree
h~cuits may be used, lri:ing pJ(lcetl in what is called lhe bi$-
cult eontaine.t which is screwed onlo the hase of the bomb.
When less than tl.u-ec l>iscu.its are used the extra spa.ce in the
conluiner is lllled with fell wads.
The lJi':,cU:its are ihed by a. .303 cap .reinforced w ith powder
gnd protected from damp by n disc and va:rn:Isb. C:i.ps should
h e ex.amine,d bc[o1e firing. rr they fit loosely in the container
ll1ey sl1ouJa: he 1:emove11 and new onei. sul1:,tituled, as loose cnps
often cm1se misllra..
 Gas 41/UI IJIII-Purt JJ l

3-t British Cordite ~harges (Fig. 1-l). This ammUJ1ilion ,

used w ith all therruiL and hca,,y smoke bombs. IL consists 0 ~
a 11!-gauge ca1t.ri.dgc coalaiuihg 150 graJns o.f cordite, Ol' ba!.
llstlle ancl frll!nt onet,, f-our rings ,of 350 grains ea ch. In fkin 1
the COl'<lite Ct1 tlridge is pJaued in :t CAXtridge COntaincr SCrewea
on the base of the bomb, and 1 Lo l rings pfoced ,cround lhe earl.
ridge conl:tiaer, depending upou the range dcsirecl. T.he cnrt-
1idgcs beH1 lheii' 0'\\'11 i;lrikers. which are protected by a ring.
Blunt strikes 01 anvils turned down to a smaller dia111 etcr
lb!IJJ I.he p~olecUve rlug, are USijd for !Iring. The objectioa h,
this cl111rge is lhnl il makes u ve1y strong flash and soon dirties
the ruartar.
~oTE-.1.iecenl IUJl.lllnnilion Juts been fu.rnish.t!tl with a blno
.:ailritlge co1\l11ir1i11g 95 grs. of IJallistite tit lieu 0 the cordite
(c.alled pink cal'lridge) described abo,,e. This substituuon ho:;
been made 1n c-educc Lbe ilasl1 of discharge, but has also reduce,1
the ra11ge- hy a1,1>roslmately 10%.
35. British Balis:ite C11arge (Fig. 15). The halistite cbn.rge
con$isl<: of ;l carll'itlge containing 360 g:rs. or ballsUte primed
willt gun cotton, lt is used only with :i light smoke bomb. H
i::. fucd by TI1eans of a strike1 clip and a tlat anvil similar lo
that used for the cordi1e cartridge.

FUSES.

:u;. Britibli ,1/ills Pistol ll1UJ.d (l~ig. 81) . This is used for
firing a1J gas bombs. On tliscll!l1g.e, the inerlia peUet depresses
its 6J,ring, reJ~asing the levllr, "'hich in tu11n re:lcascs the slrilcer
pin. The striJ,er spring being under comp1c1rnl on cxpanll.s nml
l.t1111inges Lill' suilrer pin agaiui,t the detonating c.ap i11 tbe end
<Jf the gaine tube. This fuse does nol operale UJ1J<.:ss the h omli
h{IS sufiicienl velocity lo travel 100 yards.
37, Hrilisla Allways or 1ltG Fnse (Fig. 16) . TJ1js is ~ percus-
sion fuse whicb bas also been used with gas bomhs, out is now
pr.actlcally obsolete. An insta1,Laueous fuse must be used i11
place of the ordinary Lime fuse in Lbe bomb. Upon firing, U1e
lap<.> retnluing_ pin "E" is cl islodged, allowing the tape to un-
wiud du.l'iog .flighl. Th.is aclion c.auses I.be safety lloJt "li'' to
drQJ> oul, nrrning the fuse. Upon impact the steel bal l for1ws
down Lile slril,er holder, forcing the detonator and igniting tL ..
instaulaneous fuse. Im:medialely before firing, the safety pin
:1rin must be withd:r:iwn. On 11t1 account should the tape JJe
tUstn:rbed. Tf on withdrawing lhe safety pin, the tapl! rctaln-
illg pin is released, it tnnsl be 1cplaced !Jefore firing.
38. ,'11-D Frise (Fig, 17) . This fuse was fo.rmerly used 011 all
thermit hea,7 smoke and ranging bombs. It was only an im
provised fuse, made by mocllfyi ng Lhe obsolete No. 31 British
artlllery ruse, and 1L is no,v being snpp]nnted by the No. 79
(Sutton) 111.:1 rl< ll fns<.'. The 3iJ-D f use consists oi two powder
U.e of Gus by Gas 1'roops

FIG. /0
1
-
T/1/fEIIDS CO/ITEO
WITH f'ETT/1AH CEit(A
II CD
i'h'IM,;H a.az. 4'"1; , BAl(I)
111~awe cMG
.
.'iffcl..i.A'COJ TD (JMJt1P.
Slat: CF'/C4D. 4 5.T.HOW.
------- - M~@ @ tll//15RAL

POWDER

~
"'
-1-1-- ... OF-I
EUERIOR OF BODY
_.......
ONLY TO Bl PAINT.fl
r l DIRTY WH/ TC
40"

COl\L TAR PITCII

---N" ANO BUCKStlOT TO
-----ml
A/l.JUS r ro
WEIG/If

~RCA!IS COATED
W/711 FETTHA/1 C/'/l:II r: .......

0
0

-~
BRITISH 4' STOKES RANGING !JOl1tJ
STEEL CR W. I.

2'.F.8. OFFENSE D1ns1t1H. ENG.Sec. i:::ws. SS7/

30 Gus Mu.ruial- Pa.r l 111

PL/JG.FUS( 11/JL! Z r,G 1

N/JStlN Dl5t. ,,- Ll:ATHE/l WASIICII
PAl'll! (JI$(.- ~ ~ ~-~ ----~flUBBF:lt WA$H!R I -,

n.-- ti-CEN TRAl TUBE

CASING

THERMIT
.-l
"'

,..._ ~o- - .

{1iM:S /'tUv
........ ./

{
0 ~ - CAllTRID6l GONTA!NER
0 0

~
0
0

Al1L7?1CAN 4 STOKES 110/?TAR /1VC/\/DJAifY B0/"/8

STE!!L OR ;;!/

!>,E.~ . OrF~IIS l)n'1s1cw, 'NG. SEG C. fl.S. 5 S 1 s

U!B of Gas b.y Gas Troop:. 31

,\\uc; FUSE 11du PACKING OJ3C fiG. Jc

lfl/JLIN a,sc LA7Hf!I WASNER ==:=c=:1--...-
1
p~fCR OJS ' ,' P/ftCH PUNCH AROUN't>-- ' -- - - - '>---.,
Pl/JG /IFT11 rill/NG \-- - -- - ---<
~!::::=lP~~==~!J--co,1~ WAS/ICR
''BRAZED
FILLING HOLE PLU(i
LOOSC OPHORIT!
l-- - -- ----,-~-t2, :t COi.ORi
PJ,CK!O OPHORITE 1-----"------l "'O'JVl"DS Ot
1-- -- - -- 1 ((0 llfG /WID
Of GAS ,
COTTON PUIG
811/I SS Pt.UG

"GAS
FcLT WAO

- (Jtl/1/C..u f!Li.111(,

1111/!R CLNf/?AL T/18

~
~
WOOD TILLER 't
I/TEii CEN'flMl T/16

CASING
.
......
I,,

'f:==~fi.....sua Ptllt:,
8,4S
CORli OISC

a C/11/TRIOGl C0ffTIIIN/I 0
o '

At1RICAN 4.STOKES !10RT;A/? GAS 80118

SUCL Oft IIIJ

0FF ~NSE D1YISJON, HO Si!C aWS $57()

 Gas Mm1ual-Part 111

riG.13
IllHell WIIS//ER
> l

- I t ELLOIY
~ AND

SMOKE"

~--r4-JIIHER CENTRAl. nJB'I

~
~
- ---!<1-,0/l'fl!R CENTRAt TIJ/Jl
CAStNii
,tA"

6R11SS PLUG,

fiAASS PUIG

....... /"

0
0 CARTRIDGE COlffAIM/1 6
0
0 0 0
0 0

A/"/ERICAN "!'STOKES l'/OltTAR S/101< 80118

$'TEEi. OR WI.

(}FF&NS& /)/Y/S/()N, NG. Secc.ws SS7i!

-
33
os,: u/ Gors b-y (i1.1s 'frorJ/)1,

fJL/P ST/l//(c/l
!14

,.o _ _,

r
/./RS"
1
j -- - -

S,TOff.CS U0/?1/1/r PJr OPELL ANT

(USD ()/VLY IN L1d,1T '1/'rME ~ona)
7)-8. 0FFE11SE DIVtSt(Jr, !Jf/G.JE'c. CW:6. .55+0
f/se <1/ Gs by G11s Troops

Io
'A~;ust Cill'
"a: MID>'' --..
'e." TUJ. IIA LL

E.JEC roR. $PRIN 6 PUILECI

'67WE/'f IJBJK/(7 11i1Q
MUD .sffVTTeR

BR/Tl.SH /46 {&/LL WAYo) rUc5

D ,E.8
36 Gas Manual-Pa.rt fU

f"tG.17

Ft/5f JJ-D FOR

5TOl<fS /v/OlrTAR 80Mf3
 37
C}sl! I>{ Gas vu Gas Xroaps

"1 J.I II ' ..- ' I

-'----::..----...-:.$~

BRIT/Sf/ TYPE
T//1/;. FUSE N 79 MARJ( rr/L
38 Gus M<m11t1l-Pwf I I/

SP.~M;";y
-err n,;,,-?;-
T ~l'IUET ;,
J.-r'l'."-",!...._.s,prrrr flN ;;,
~~i-s~
- S'>?il?YC rl~ E

W~S?'.t",f'

(;' L.a,;t) WI-TH ,;'t",'WOX

1.10 ~~s ar MH~ta
l"()W()(:.le

flMf.R/Clllf
Tfft:NCH A1dtf'Tt9ff rose IW,?,f'/(XI
rr,t! of Gus l,y Gm, Troops S9

trnins. set b:y means of n li1oe scale. On disch:uge, lhe set-

hnek pellet "B" lb-es the ca_p "C" which ignites the powder lr11h1.
1:ltls jn tum ignites the powder charge "E" wl,ich e:JCplodes the
1,ur5ting cnarg.e in the bomb.
a9. British Sutton or 79 Fuse. (Fig. 18). This fuse is now
used o:n all U1ermit, heavy smoke and ranging bombs. To set
Ute fuse, tbe iDdicator mark in line with the auger hole "F" is
Larned to the gradual.ion required, and the time train in the
base of the 'fuse pu11ctured by means of an auger. The safety
pin ''A" shou1d not he withdrawn until the moment of firing.
This should be done wilh Gal'C as a fuse cannot l>e clan1ped,
and anf alt..el'fition in the seLtiag will ca-use blinds. On d1s-
chc11;ge, the set-bac1, pellet "13" fires an explosi:.ve cap, which in
tu;,n ignite.s . lhe powder train "'D'', and lhence the powder in
cn:imlier "E".
40. Amerien Trencll 1llorlar Fuse Marie V. This fuse is a
stmple time fuse for all 4" trench mortar bombs wberc' ai:r .bursts
.:ire desired. 1t is essentially a copy of the J3d.lisb NQ. '(9,
t,lllrl<. ll, whicl:l i.'I shown in aerompanying plates.
41. Americ(Jn Trenf:11 Mo1/ar Fuse, l fm-7, XI (Fig. 10) . This
is on "Allways" pacnssion use and is to be used on all Amer-
ican 4" trench mo1ta1 bombs for contact ursts. Safety, pin
"A" is w,il;hdrawn just before firing. On sboelt of discharge,
pellet "R" sets back, nllowing the safety fork "C" to Ily out,
thus. arming the fuse. On i~pact, striker "E fire,s lhe cai,
''F", tW1iting the powder charge. ''G" aniil thus e:-..1}1oding th~
h11rsting charge in bomb.

1.2. RANGE TABLE FOR- 4-IN. STOlillS l\lORTAH.

Light Smol.e.
Ca:rtr.idges, 350 gis. P.rimcd \-Vilh GW1cotto11.
Efevatlon Rmliro
DegTI!<!!> Y:arcl~ I Metre,r
-IS 465 :J.25
ISO 1110 412
GIi 420 8S4-
00 305 8R2
115 375 844.
70 300 27(1
'fj'; 24n 220

N.oTs-T.he- fuse is short and will nearJy alway-s g.ive ai r

b't1rsts if the n1ortnr is set above 60 deg. 'ereferahly lhe elev:1-
tion should 11ot he above-65 deg.
 Gas iw,u,unl-l'a.rl Ill
-
STOKES RANOE TABLE FOR GAS

E. C. $ and E. C. 5 Bi,scuit.
~ - )f-- ~. ~,,..~r \;rp:r:-::::- - -:ia,scc,*".- ~,
\>?"N
-_::_
{Fig. 20, s-ee Appendix.)

llaog_e l Qtscult 2 Rtseulfs 3 Blsclllts

Yijs. I Mlt11,
I Flight
Thu, ut
JllleY,
!.l'-l111&ot
Flight Elev.
'.l'lmu ot
Flight &IJ!v.
.!Oil 11!3 12.J. 14
2,10 220 u.~ 70.J
2SQ
320
260
.29::
U.li
ll.1
l!Gij
Ill . 16.8 ff.!
360 320 10.4 56. 1 8,8 73.!
380 3\18 8,9 ,J!j
4(10 3Gll 1 &.4
71~
'1-40 \108 re.2 69 Ii- J0.6 7-lU.
480 '4'39 15.9 61 10.5 72~
620 476 111.0 CPA 19.3 71
IHlO 51.2 J~.2 62-.i 19.l 6!)~
600 0,10 14.7 ~8 18.9 67.;
640 5Sy liUl 53 18.6 GG)j{,
660
680
601
622
u :2 45 18.lj
18.2
oau
oa ~
720 65!) 17.8 60*
760 605 ,.. 17.3 ~s
8110 732 16.8 54.i
840 768 14.11 4lS

'

Ulill"LECTIO.N TABLE.

'.l:UCM l 2 4 II 6 7 .l l 0 10
50.0
1GO
l()i)O
3
4
6 1.2
I)
0
\J 12
17
28 I I 1,1
22
20

Ds/fcoUOfl am~ 1111!1 cr.ll Ran!/6

17
26
Sn
2P
30
il
.23
SG
4-7
26
39
152
211

5$

44. STORES RANGE TABLE li'OR HEAVY SMOKE

AND THERMIT.
Pink Cartridge.
(Fig. 21, see Appendix.)

Cturrge: 150 C"x!'aiM Co:rdite M. D., s.ize 2 1/4. (Primed 10-12 P.),
ri ugs, 350.
 41
ose of Geis lJY Gus Troops
-
G rains : 4 mID. Flake Co rclite.
Pr<>jectile : Black Bomb, weight 24 3i'4 lb.
- ... :;i ;:;a ...~
-fo...
C: ., -"'.... .
t,:

C: ... .i .
"
..a .,.. .!l.. ..
0
~
..,.
:p
.
0 ...
SJ 0
0
ll 0 :;
t !
J ! >

a it ,:, .
8 l .~ -
i;:i B
.
8 :a
.
Yardw. I 1'fet.,r,-. I O~a. I $erB. I Do,:,;. l See,., I Des,s. I Reoa. I Pegs. l $~-
.

1 1 Ring I 2 ll-in!l'll I )ltll!<.!! a

I l Rl.ngt: -
2~0 188 I 7G 1$.l
.Z20 201 78lh lS;O
2-1.0 220 7'.! 12.9
260 2'88 'iO'iJ 12.S
280 "2,'\0 68% l2.'i'
800 280 67 12.6
298 12.4
320 tl5~ 17.4
1140 Sil 681 12.2 'IT>~
829 01 12.0 74 a. 17.4
360
ssl) 848 58%,
50
11.B
11,4
73ij
72
17.3
17.:i
400 1166
420 SS5 r;21A, 10.9 71! 17.2
17.1
403 45 9.8 70161
440
400
180
421
4S9
sol
GS ;i_
17.0
1t<.9 7G 20.0
67%, 16.8 74-),4 2-0.5
1$00 45S 20.4
1'.76 66~ lB.7 73%
520 16,:l 73 20,3
1)40
l>tlG
580
494
512
5:'11
65%
64-l!,i
631t.i,.
02-
16.A
16.2
16.l
IT*
71.'/.)
'1J.
20.3
20.2
20.l
71f
74.,
22.7
22.6
600 64~ 15.11 'Z0'4 20.0 73')i 22. 6
620 567 60?::
59 l!,. 15.6 69i io.o 73,: 22.5
GM> 585 ~.8 'i~ ',!2,;l
601 5'i1l(i_ lr:i.4 llS ;9.
066 56 t5.2 ll'f%. 19.7 72 22.8
eao i12~
641 5!l% 1!,8 07 1.n:o 7l~ 22.8
700 52' j4.-4 66),4 19.5 'TO 'n 2,2 .2
72()
7'1-0
76.0
B59
517
IJ,9-i
4S* lll.7 osi
64 '
1-0.-4
1-9. 2
701A,
6ll'l/J
22.l
22.0
21.0
6lil,4 Hl.1 &ll
'TS!) 714 )8.9 21.8
800 782 ll:?% 68~
21.7

I
18.'7 81
750 51~
$20
840 768 eo_ J.ft.6 86*' 21.5
21-.6
591,!, 18.-1 tlO
.f!60 787 1s.1 1151,!, 21..4
WA
880
900
9!l0
805
824
1142
ln
65%-
37.9
17.tl &kl
63
21.2
21.1
20.0
63%. 17.2 68
940 860
51%c iG,S G:? 20.'T
060 877 10:1 81 2-0,:i
o__so 8911 48%, 20.4
'1-o 15.0 GO~
1000 311) 1, 20.2
1()gO 983 59~ 20.n
1040 95:i II 6.8 " lll.7
!\7
1'000 969 55~ 10.-4
10$0
1100
1120
!)88
1006
1025
:~
601/i
10.()
18.6
18.P
U.4:0 1044 4?1 I ll\.~
ll llO 1061

NoTz--The gas bomb vgt. 25 lb. ranges short or the above by

approximately 6 per cent. of the range.
 ......

42 Gas Manual-Part J//

45. STOKES RANGE TABLE FOR HEAVY S?rfOKE

AND THEfililT.
Blue Cartridge.
(Fig. 22, ~ee Appendix.)
Charge: 95 grs. Bill:istite, 1einforced with 5 grs. G.a. YMl),
..Rlogs: 350 grs. '1.mm. Flake Cordite.
P.rojeetile: Bomb, weight 25 lbs.

Range.
I Olinrltlgc
f- l Ring.
Cnnrltlt,;\\
+ :! Jlinl:$.
cartridge
+ 8 RJng,i.
Oitrtrl gt,
+ 4 Ulngs,
_;
;:s
1,9
f;;
s" 'a
.."'
d
i:i
Cl
a
~
. ireters
' . " ' . " . - . . ... . ~- ,, .
100 02 /fl., U .2
150 189 77 11.0
200 ]83 72 10/i'
250 221) 66~ 10.3 7S_.i ;l.5.1
(!00 21S -tl9 IJ, 7 76' 15.2
350 320 .. Mi 8.0
35() 829 73.i 15.0 77~ 18.3
.J.O()
450
:,oo
38tl
41,I
~58
70A
87~
64.l
14.8
H.5
14.2
76
'M
72
is.]
17.9
-
18 ,..,.
77 20.0
75*' 19.9
ooO 501 601,4 11!'. 6 69% 17.7 73%. 19.8
600 549 51>* 12.9 8'1',!, ~.<!. 72 19,0
Oe!O 1>811 ~'> ll.l
650 59lt 65 17.0 7Pl.4 19.4
700 6;(() 82% l!!.G 63).4 19.2
760 686 ~9 10,1 11-\ii 18.11
800
850
78.2
777
(ifi
4.5
15.4
13.8
(IJij
61
18.G
18.2
1100 824 fi9
950 868 17.7
:.ru; 65.% 17.1
1000
1020 9R3 .5
fiO,X 16.9
14.0

!iO PER CJllNT, l?R013A)l!Ll'T' 7,<)~'E8.

Fl!C"'1tlru,. ('n.~lrtdgo
+ ! ltlnJ?,
11 OortrllL ,
Co.rtrhf~
+
3 Rings,
Ca.rtl-ltJge
+ ~ Rings.
z- PJng,;.
I' +
I
= - - - -I&gth. fllrendtb.!Leni:th. 1nrent1tll.j L<,ngth. Bteadcl1.JLength. /Breadth.
T)e,:rees. Y-n:rds, JY11rd,,. -Ynrds. Yurds. Ypr1Ts. Yllzd&. Ynrds. Yards.
I
:g
'i~
1 ~ :i
I i2- I :~
$0
I 2;
17
I ~~
17
I r~ I :: I10 4A
:~
42
{f;;e nf r.a:-; b!T r:11-s Troops

r16. Z3

--

.
~
~

.,

<
 Gu:s Manual-Part ]If

OFFEIISE DrVtSIO", CHG. S.cc. C.li/.4 ..551

LJ,;e o/ Gas by Gas Troops

c!?W !? Al :J
:o
:l7g Ofl;f 'uol!.IAIO 'fl~Nil~.JC,
,Fi(}_ z J-
~
~- ----- -,.
-- -- ~--
rt
:r., , I
''
~ I
/
l- '
..
;;i I
~
I
I
~ I '
~ I
)

~
i..
I
;;,
..
Iii
~ - -,,~
~
~
:l.
I
i:,

~
:,,,
I
I
I ~ \~ I \
I
I
I
~ I
... I I
I
~ I
'
I
~ I 1
I I
I I
S) \ ' '
~'

~
,.:'~
r-- i~
"~

~
~
~
~ ~
~
~
'
I "i/<'N
I

:):; ;!! ~ I

..... -j
l,.

l"l1 ~
~
/2.$

I
46 Gas Mcmuql-P,ut 111
I

l(l
~
~
-
"~,,.
~
"i
..~
~
-J l:i
G:l .
~
"l
~
t:
~
<)

.....
~k
"~
~~
~

~
'cl
..' ~
.~9'1. ~
.......
-.J
 Gas Troops 47

... ric;. e1
- ...
--- __,. --~, '\,
"r::--
C)

-~"'
"'
~ ~
i
~
~
"'
~

;:,.....~
___, \;
"'
:;:
...~ !i ~~
....., ~
... V) lc.'l

:l
"':: lit
Ct: ~
'<I:;. ~
::;; ~
___,
......
~
~
V)
;:,.....
0::
~ ~-
~
: ~
.......
\...:,

-
.a:-

~ Ct:
~
!" ......
~
.....
~
~ ~

..l'I
~

~
~
;:;:;
""-
-.
.......

it ~
f:'i
48 Geis Manual-Part flt

/ONITlil> Ht'/\0

TtJ./3Ell&HTLI' STALSBe{) IN THRE'I: EQWOISTANT
,. 1>1.A&ES BEf'OliE PAPER PROTi!t//'Otr I S Pl/'T" ON
P OINTS OF INNe/f CI/P PRESSt,p INTD F"V::>
/ Of:T/JNAT<r(f ClflMP() To FI/S
I / 'rt1BE eJtikPED T.(') Fuse

H/l!. SE COATED
WtTI-I P.,tTTMIIN CEMENT
PAPER Pt.f(07t:TOR BEFOtrE'~!;ttvO FIT TEO
,O()., X,4 ~xu l NTO OtllER &1/P
T08li SEC,V/fF:0131' '-. \
(,1//tf A/VP Tl-{EN COIJTF:Q PRiM"('6 COMP()S1r10,v
WITH TH,tvNIUJ P.t:'7rMAN CEMEIV7 \
B/CKFORP FUS.I?
Oi_..M .ll1S )( t,z'tONG
RATE OF8VRNIN6-2.$ .5/fO.PER ll>ieN

ASSEM/JLI". Or TIM: F l/SE

13.S}I
---_:____._.,-1...AP 5WEAT'D IN

LIVEN5 PROJECTOfi TIME FUSE WITH

DETONATO!r ANO Fll5E CASING-MARK II
5736
{J.~e of Gas by Gas Troops

,. .
(( ))
r.,1~"'

?,,;~
J
l

US.TYPc
L / //f/r.5 .Ptft9JEC7VR TI/Y Ulf'Tli'l)(}f C,f.Jf
fr/11/rl( L WIT!f ?/f'OPELL/IVG Cf//1/i'Gc. l?.5.5t'l>!f3L Y.
 LlVE~, ~IATEHL\l..
inc Proje,fo r.
46. The Liuens l ' ro}edor is a , er:v s1m1,le form of mortar
which projects quunl,i I ies of gas, i nccnjar), 01 hig,h e~losive
substances. by me1111s of cylindrical drums rounded at h oth ends.
Th.is projec1 o r is 11 !;mooth-.bore steel tube closed nnd roun ded
at one end and open at tho other, having an inlernnl diameter of
ll". Projcelors a.re made in various lengths.
47. Bdtisl1 Projectots. 'fbe several Lypc:. of Live11a Pro-
.ieclors are as foll!,'l\s:
Mork No. l. Leuglh .. ............... . .. .. . 2'9"
t'l lh ickness ....... .. ~ . . . . !i 81"
,veighl ... .. ...... .. .... .. 1Ou lbs.
J\lateri;il ........ Solid drawn :,tecl.
Mar.II No. 1 3. Lunglb ...................... . 2'6N
Thickne:,s ... .. ........ . .... 1/ 41'
\Veigbt . ..... ........... .. 6:i lbs.
Material .... Lap welde'd milrl !>leel.
l1Tark No. !J. l.eugth .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 1'6"
'f'b ',cIiness ,a"
' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,
1Veig'ht ............ ..... .. 150 lbs.
}Jnteri:U ........ Solid drawn ~tecl .
(F'ig~. 23 ::ind 2-! l
48. A.1nericlln l'rbjectors. The .\.Iilel'ic:ia p1ojecLrics nre copied
irom the Bdlish. Tlicy were made in tw<J sizes. .Mitrk l (bar-
rel length 219" . weighl npproximalel~ 100 lbs.), :u1d Mark Tl
tha:rreJ lengtJi A', weight 150 !l)s.J. An projector:; hnv<' an in-
1.ernnJ dianLelm of 8". A wire -w1appe'CI Li\'ens Projector is
being designetl in ,\fork 1 nnd i\farl! U J.engths. The? wire wrnp-
pin~ of :projectors gives greatei st-r,e nglli for equal weight and
thus allows fur a greater chamber 1'ire:,sur<>: hence. a larg"<'l'
prnpellnnl charge may be used. thereby insuring greater range.
!lJCreasecl porlnbility e,'ln a I.so he oblai ned with1) ut decre.1se of
range.
49. Base !'lutes. (Fig. 25.) Tl1e Lhens J>rnjedQr ljase Plnlc is
of pressed sled about J 14" thick and 181' iJ1 diameter. It
weighs ,11>out SO pounds. [J h used :is n hackl111, 111 prevent th('
p1ojecle1 from bur:ying its-cl! in thu gru1111d n11 recoi,f. There b
also a 12" b:t,',e plate. the <mly cWTercncl' being Lhat the. crimpl'd
edges a rc flnlt~etl h1s l1:<1d 11f sla1iiii1g '"' in t he ill".
DRU1JS.
50. Tha Liueris Drum,,.- are tof th:ret: el:1sse;,. Oas, lncendi:try
,, od High R~plri'>ivc. All drums :uc m:~cle of mild sleel pipe with
i:nds nose<! or s.pun in. They .:i.rc :21" iu length aird have an
oulside diameter ,,r , -11 16" . Therc ii, n n Hltal tu.be .l'unning
th<' length of tbe drum 'l\'{ldt'<f in .Lu lht <l r 11111 :II ))(1th ends.
 al
In U1e lnle~l .\ rneric,w tlruwmg, ,.( 'he U:1s Drum tFig, 2.G)
the internal 11inn1E>ler 01 this tub~ i~ slighlly more lhan l".
TJie,w dTttms are frllld lhru11gh hole$ hol'ud Jo t.lJ:is Lu.be a.bout
2" from lhl' e ud vppo:;ill! the fuse socket. Below ~hese filling
,,.,L,.., the 11entr:tl t\1.he is scnlecl b:, a steel plug welded i.J1 place.
.\rtu lltling. the dru111 is sealed hJ .sct1..,vin~ a la~ phrg in
the: filling eJJ<l.
!'he lucc.>utlinry Drum <Fig. 27 is ~inulnr LO the gns. Lhc <11tl)
d(fTerencc bei11g ht the' size l)f Lll.e ~cnt.nl tube and the method of
r111Jng. This drum is filled rr,111 Lhe outsiifo t111ou:gn a hole
,lblmt 2" in dlamuter, cut jn LJ1e sbau]der of the d1um al the
<1u, 1 e.11rl, und closed hy a S'crcwed plu;!,
'fhe High T.:.xpAosi\'e drum Js (he s:1me :is the incendiary i11
,mostruction.
1.J1 the :iccon1anyin~ illust rnliuns the difference may be
11,udlly cUstiugn bhed.
;i J. Ci11int 1'11111'. Tl1j,; is a 111pplr l ulu,. 1:ontain!JJg the lluri.1-
i-n.g ch111gc of the d1r,uu. gr,s drum this tul)C is al,0111
tn tJ11:
l ; Jougc :tncl .$i;," wide while in the i.Jlcendia~y its length is
1!1.3" and width 1.12". Tl1c ht1rsting ch:i.:rge consi~ls uf 60 grami;
(ubuut 2 tizt.,I of T.}.;.T. fol' th<' gns tl1'11m, and 2 ozs. of opho1ite
for the i1.wcndi11r:,-.

PJ,L\111\'G SYSTE)L
t Fig. 281
:i:!. "Tbc prillling sysh.-m usl<I in all Li\-~ns df'111ns consifts uf
, .,un J11isf11}, cap; n 22 Stl~Op~I Bkl<l'nnl Mme fm;e, J 0" in length;
and ,:i No. S conw1c1cial delot1,1tor loaded with Faln1inat.e of
rncroll.l'J lw tlelonalc L11e bursting charg.e . The tfotonalor is
:1tlachcd. l u on<' en.cl of the Oic'kfo1<l and the pi.~tcil c11p to the
nthtr: the "bole is lhm insert ed in :i tli:in brii:;s ca,si..ug ,y.hicll in
tum i s pfaced in the g.aine tube. The _pisto l ~;1p is fl.red 11.r
menn~ of n d edv.e ln1owr1 n1, a Li\'cns ., .. ~llns r1;se. The lime
of hnrni.ug uf Lhis fuse may I.Jc Y,u,ied ))y cu_tting o'll' -pa:rl of lhe
Bickford ~ml t1imt)ill.g bn a n"'" clel t>nalor al the de:.irecl
1"'11.l!IJI. Thi~ pn1elice i~ 1rnt s:1lis'faatory for l'he re11s9n tbal i11
the field it is ditllcult to make a moislure- rwoo f jniul beweer?
the detoua( (~r tuid ihl' 13lt-ltf,irtl fuse. A skcld1 of rbe sevl.'.rul
ravli; nf the fu $e n11d of !ht: ;\Lill, and .Liven.s heads is sh1Jwn <>n
u,1: lli1c "PfW:<ik. . . .
A11 "Allwuy~.. tinJ.c nnd pcl'~ussion fuse i$ hein g developed in
the C'nite,1 Stat es f<lr U1e sevcrol t!J)es of Live11!; drums.

:PROPELLA~TS.
Fig. 291
.'i!l. l'ropellu}g chHies :il'e contained in a cylind1,1cal tin
ho~ d i vided int<J one C'entrul com,x1rtn:rent l!'ticl six r11dial com-
 Gll_$ ,\/f.llluui-Par1 Ill

partments. One comp:uiJn(lnl contains 12 ,,zs. of cordite, in.

serted into which is an elucld:c fu,se and 4 o,.s. of bla.ek powder
as 11 J)l'lming charge.
The c.lulrge is made up or small bags eontniaing various
amou.nls of U. S. smokeless powder. Range variatigns arl!
obtained by Yll.ryi:ng the amount of powder in the eba.rge ""
The toJ> of the tin cont:u.ner is a stamped steel plate 11/6,t"
thick. The Jlanges or lhiii plate overlap the sides of U1e charge
box. On discharge thj:. plate is fo;rced out. against the sides l\f
the projector 3nd se1ves as II gl,ls check.
64. Elecfric Puses. The llritish electric fuse used to ignite
Lhe corcLite p1mpelling chnrges is known as the Mark HI, No. 14.
T11 thti1 fu-se a fine plati.num iridium wi1e extends between two
coppc1 terminals, projecling from a ha.rd robber casing. Around
this wll'e is wound a :.mall piece of guncolton. and a charge
of 2.25 gra aunes of black powder which is set riff by the guu
cotlon, llJld in turn explocle$ the black powder ill the bag sur-
rounding the, fuse and hence the eordite pr1,pellin.g charge. The
wi1e h.as a t-esistance ,~hen cold oi l.OG olln1s, and 2.6 ohn1s on
fusion. A. current of 0.9 ,1mperes is rc<1u.ired to fuse lhc wire
and this aroum1t musl be su1,plied in order tQ be c~rtain nf
setting off the gun1!olton.
Tllo Ameriran electric prin1er is a copy of the Bt-ltish No. 14
fuse. .:\ .sketi:11 of U1e fuse complete is shown in Pig. SO.
Ii:,. Explod~r. What is known as an exploder for Livens
Projeetol.s is a Slllall phruger driven, seri<Js wound dynamo. The
Mark V is the pne now used. It should tlte a f~1i;e through 100
to 1:10 ,1hms resistnnee. Beirir<: being lal,cn u1, lo lhe fr1111l fnr
uS'e. thC! exploder should always be tested to find lhe actual
resistance through which it fires. 1'his is do'1e by connecting
it UP in series with. a resistance box and a 1/ 4t' gap, a.cI'Oss
wliicn a tn,idge (jf P.lalitilllll i:ridium wire of the_ same nature and
dimensions as that in an electric f1.1se is placed. The te1>-ted
resistttnce sh(juld equal the sum of the resistauce of t he main
li!adS, the leads hetweea the guns, and tJ1e fuses, plus llJl
allowance [or resi!ibu1ce. 'Of joints, inequnlity of fu11es and safety.
1'b.is "factor of safety" is takeo 25-33%. 11fatk V sl1ould never
he used to fire more tuan 20 guu.s.
The wire UCd in connection exploders lo eleclric fuses con-
sists of slx- strauds uf coppira wtr.e and one s.trand of iron and
nas a resislance. of 1.46 oh ms pt!r 100 yds. Tt i:i ltn1>wn M,
lE.1. 6,,.
F'USES.
n6. 'L'lle fus<lS used with the Livens drum$ n1e of two types.
both being U1ue fuses.
The J\lllls pistc,l head (Fig.ao is Lhe same as that used Oll the
Stokes gns bomb. On ilischarge lhe iaerUa pellet i1, forced back
.J'c.leasing the leveJ, ,vhien lu lu!!n relea11es the stl'ilter, Jtnd
detonates the ~p io the. gain.:.
--- 1, ,,t, of Ga~ b/1 G11s 1 rr,up~

L-INJN6"TrfAff:lJ R/./!JIJl.ll
Clf eQ(llv:-'JLJU(T

O'/SG
.iTAl'I~

UVEJYS PROc/ECTCR ELECTRIC PRI/Y'tER

/"ffJRK I
 Fi (i,. JI
/$TlfJt:.i E

Sn"tif<:-'? Pi'!lhiS $

,..
--.\

T
' I
~
NI ;----, "
' J_
MJLI..J P!5TOL ,-fAO
fJ$e uf ti,w /,,, r;,,,, T ri, ,,

r .
- -3.50'

f i'.S- -

U.STVPE
LIVENS HEAD
66 Gas Manual-Far; l[J

The Livens head (Fig. 32) js the fuse now commonly used.
ll co;nsists oi a small inertia pellet, liel.d in place by a thin
wire. On dlscbarge Lhe inertia p~llct is foJ1ced hack, shearing
the wire and detonating Lhe cap. The object of the shea1' wire
is to prevent a.ccidents from 11horts. If tl:ie velocity of dis-
charge is below a certain value, the wire does not sbetr and
the cap is EOt detonated.

67. PROJECTOR RANGE TABLE l\fETERS

Cordite
(Fig. 83, See Append.be:.)
RANGE WITH R,\NGE WTI'H
OElA.1.l ~lil l STifM'L BASE PLAT.ro
J]yy.2'0''
OU'l' BASl'!l L"LA'.l'W MAX.
I-1vy.2'lW
I
Ol.i' F'LltiLIT
ARR'GT
Lt. 2lO'' Lt. 2'6"
1. ,t.(I 02s. .. 1372 .... 1235 .... 22 Be~
2. 4:1- .. 1827 ll03 22 sees
3.
4,
4-0
36
OZF,
01,,91
()1l8.
..
... . 1237
-111!'! u
.. 1112
1030
.
10SO
21 se
21 1ca
1$. 3:.! ~. 105'1 105l 940 1)'1-0 20
28 ozs. .. 062 962 866 81'.iG l B sees.
8.
1.
a.
II 2-1. cm,
20 ois. I
.. 824
oso I
824
686 I
'742
611 I
74.2
011 I
10 Se<,H,
15 seea..

URING l'ROIEOTOR 4' LONi;,

'?il111 H-n M-111 Mll M-Ill 'M-Il !.AX. 'TnfE

OFFL1GIIT
,. .. .. 152,l II!ld .. 2~
I
M - ond 161)3 and SiltB.
62 1617 l480
2. 60 .. lGO(t 1-.140 .. 24
24
.ecs.
a.. ,16 4.G 1&10 1.;;n-1- 1351) ,1.400
1315 2~
&eC!.8.
-4.. 42 -12 1462 1162 1315 S('C8.
ll. 88 38 137.,2. 1372 1.234 12~1 2'2 sec,.
Cl.
1.
..
..
34.
:to I ..
. 12SO
1190
..
.
1162
1071
22 =
21. sec~.

~1arlr Ill-7 1/+" Charge box.

,Marl. Il=5 3/4" Charge bo,.'t.
Nom.-The accuracy of the projecl ors is ilim1 t ns follows
Direcllon-7% of Range.
Deflectlon-5% <;if Range.

8 INCHES LIVENS Pl\OJEGTOR DRUMS

IJritish '!;Janu{acture

58. Livens DruJD-S -are s-hipped without packing of any sort.

The weight of Lbe filled drum is approximately 61 pounds @d
~<th dTIJm contains approxima~e1y SO pounds of gas.
 t. si; ,1/ Gtls 1>11 Gm: 1'roop~ 57

59. BRLTISH i\lARKING5.

FJLLED I l/2" SA~-P AS Bl!lLO'i\'.-1/2'' Blil'.l'Wll)EN B AND!l
C.G. TWO .RED IIANDS
N.O. l WRITE-l :RED-1 WFII!i'lil
1,1ven s !faine tubes, propellllllls and sbcar wire pistol heads
:ue shipped separately.

R TNCH LTV&\lS PROJECTOH. onmrs

American Marcnfacture.
60. The 8" L;yens -0:ruJns being made in the. States will clc:>sely
roJluw fhe 13-ritish designs and will be marked as follows: (Fig.
;14./
-A.UIUNGS
c.1r. .r..etlI/ti 2 Wblte &.n<1,;-Ste11cllled_ Oils.
N.C. PMell'ntlvl! J. Red iillil 1 White lllllld- StenciletL G1s.
011 lncendlary ,;tencfl1e<l qQIJ...
111.;ll .FJ;cpUlsl\e Hxplo,,ive Aumtllted ~H. .i.n
_e n 1: tfae NO BANDS' on AIARKlNG,;.

All dium bodies will be painted-slate gray. Stencilled wi ll

he in 1" white block letters., len-giliwise of tl1e drums.

61. PACl<:L~Q OF LIVENS .MATEB.fAL.

,bnerfoan. 1Van11faet1cre.
NO. l'ER P,11'!(.\GE'
lroJuc.r-or Bs.11tc1-2'0 11
Wuo,leu J l.;1i I
J>rqJNt-or Jlt1 rrei-t '0"' wooaen 13o:t 1
Pin Lei)
]l:n,:;,i :'\ot Paci:(&! I '!ID be ne~u cl.
.Orllll\S Wooden J:JQ;,; ]
c~ olrltlge Ch<41 "\Yocxlen 1111, <I.
floustez AIKI With Fuses acll W0Ma1 nox 1n U1,11tt:ters; 10 ~ilse~, 10
Ho11eiles ffnni!l<l.s.
H,1~l.-r MRII wU:h .ll'u~~ nnd W 11'l<lell .B~x Jtl 111111~ters; 10 Fnses: 1,1
Hnndles J;l,l.n<ll;!s.
t 11Juoruotr-i:s itu1I .,U ntlng lt1'i1S Wooo1,111 n.ix I l (l Aim ln;g lh>d : 10 Ollnomete;os;,

6..2. Dli\IENSlONS OF PACKING .BOXES FOT\ LIVENS

.M:ATERJ AL.
Ameri{:.a.n JJ1.ruiuf(Jclure.
Width
L'rnjt~tor 1331&1el ~'9" . ... . !; ~.G
r-l. Ju. ,ll..ii liD. l.'.l.. 76 In.
rrrofodot' Barrel t '0" . ... . 4 rt. 8.1, 11,. 11.I In. .U.7~ in.
flnse l'lnle!!! . . . . . . .... . 19.5 iu. 1ll.O In. 1(.~ tu.
nrmn:;- .... . ~ . .... . .... l rt. 1.5 l u. n.o 111. O.O In.
/o.rtt!dile GIL~~ . . . :! f t. 10.~ lri, 111.r. 111. 18.5 In.
Roo1'l<!r lClil :Fu~~
with
a11a Fron clleR . .. .... ... I '
1
ft. r..o in. 10,:i fn. 8.0 In.
il!)os t;,r !CKU wllh Pusl',<'!
~ It. s.n in. 12.0 i11. S,0 ID
"l~met~~11a Ai~1~il
ll~~s . . . . . . . . . . . . \ J rt. :!,IJI l fl , 9.ii Jn.
 Gas M.cm1u1l- P ar1 1/ /

...
b,

-
~
1>i
'
'I-
. ~
~
~
~ !>~Iii ...
"'
t~
~
s ~ "< >-

~ - D.
X

~ "'X.u
~ l /,fb':Iff.L. ..
.."'
~
w
X.
0
:c
~ of)

;;r1-1 ~ 1
~
ii: :I)! '.r . 11..
~

...ll
"I'-
I<)
710 -~.
~
()
{ 'I :-: I

\0
\1:::
-""
~
~
f J ~
! 11 :,:. I

\.)
.,
~ <
{ ~
l.l ~ t,
V\
II..
~

.1~1.
,;!
' <:)
.... t ~
,:
'

-
\)
~ \.) \:)
~
hJ
..., "
~
~
use of Gas by Ga.~ Troops 5!1

riv 3..5-
~
~
~ ~ ~
i ~ ~
I..,

~
~

!~
't ~ ~ ~
IQ
~ ",

~~ ~~. I-~
~
t~
~ '
~
.

~
~.
'\!.,,

ij/
... ~~
i~~!~~
~~i?
l: '
~ I
i r
~ jtt~~
~ ...
~
~
~rili
I~~ (I~ 11
!> : lo!"

lq...
"'I\\'.
liO Vas ir11w11al-Part / II

TIIE STANDARD SET UP.

63. Fig. 35 shows Lhe projector installed, ready for fll'!ng,
In practice. a "V" shaped trench is dug about 3'6" wide, J'!J"
deep, nnd 30' Jong, perpcndieulnl' to the line. of fire.
The p.rojectors are sel at rut angle of elevation o( 45 degree,
hy means of a clinometer, and aligned by means of o compass.
IL is generally not necessury to set ench gun scpa1ntely. lf one
gun is carefully set, se,c1ril may be aligned from it, wit11 suf-
ficient accuracy.
Projectors are generaJJy dug in, in batteries of 20 cnch; Uic
various batteries o-f an emph1ceme11t being scattered as the
conditions of terr a in and cover necessit:1 t~.

CLOUD GAS A.PPARATOS.

Cylinders.
64. In the first years (lf the war cylinders containing about
seventy (70) pounds of liqui.fied gas -were used by both sides for
cloud gas, or gns wave attacks. The cylinder osed was about 3'9"
in height and 8 1/2" in diameter, similar in all respects to the
common Co, cylinder found i11 the States. The siphon tuhe,
about 3/4-" in diameter, extended fron1 a valve at U1e top of the
cylinder nearly to tbe bottom. The pressme of the gas forced
the liquid up this siphon lube through the valve and oat into
the atmosphere through II pnl'npel J)ipe, where it vaporized.
The cylinders were placed fat' forward in U,e lrench system,
usually in sets of fours, connected by rubber hose to a four-way
coDlJection and single parapet _pipe. At first, cylinders were
used in a bout tbe ratio of l pel' meter of front on which the
attack look place. More recently 8 per two meters, or even
2 per meter were u~ed. This was accomplished where tbc
width of the lrench p1rmitteo of douhl-e banlclng. The cyli11-
dors weighed, when full, about 110 pounds eacb.
Due lo the dilllcul'ly of transporting this heavy mass of
material through the trenches to the front line, and due to th e
faet that wind conditions made 1l necessary at times to leave
the cylinders in tbe trenches for considerable periodli of tim e,
the clot1d gas attnck hccame pradically oh~olctc.
 ( ~'I' r,f till:; l,y Gc,S 1'J'(JOps (j I

TRA.J.'lS,POR'l'ATION TABft.E.
Un its of Cdpac'ity .

I~i! Ilt)e~~ I ~, ~al ~~ I

-
I I
SJ<1rr"I -~
. ............ - ~~s
~.. " ~~~
" Ir
too
~: , e,qf
:"l'C..;, ~ "
I!> I ""'
)!

. . . . ... .. . . . . .
TO," ~ tJn 03 lGlf 14' 2
21 0'1 O un
.. .............
105', 1-50 60 10 2 ..12 l
410'; Gttn
ri.rnnur . . .. .. . . . . . . ... . . .
11:'80 Pro um .... ..........
i;;o ~ J.00
fl!)
28
,tl:.
40
100
200
o
18
2
-4 .. 1 *
1
'hllJ'gel', Boxell . .. . . . . . .
Sl!O 48 A
1
t;m1 C~mplnte. .BoxP.d .... .
G5
280
64(1
J4
-400
2-i
l!O
..
4
..
.... ..
4 l

..
fT011,,:,, 1.1.n!;e Plates . ......
nnll ru.tU slru!11 'too8~ . .
r.H.Jol. Boxell
1'.J>!.ls. l'.,oo~e
.. ..........
..... .. ...
120
l2ij
66
25
..
1H10
-lOO
..
..
200
21)'0
80
40
8 ,
8
2
!?
8
8
l
1
4 1
!
Llt!aj- Crlloder~. Pull . . . ..
T.l)!ht 0)'11Dill!l'6. EIIIJ)l;r
m,
20
16"0
ano
OB
200
].~
80
4
8
"4
2
:i
l
:!

T n1cks nr wag~1as ~oin~ forward must be l oaded in Lhe cal!e

of projectoo material with an eguru nnnihe.r ol ea.ch unlt in
order th at II broken down coDveyao:ce will not prevent the
enf.iT(! inslal'l lltiQn taking place.

GBNEBAL PROCEDURE IN" GAS OPERA'.l'lONS.

66. P:15:scs should irnmecliatel) .be obta,i ned for all officers.
1rp1m a.ssiJn.ment to a rlhrisi<ln for n.ctive operati().D.s, and circnla-
lion mirps a.ad sector regul.'ltions studied.
Passes are ri ot generally necessal'y !ol' circuJation, but to
,avojd the neeessil\ of exp faining your mission t e too many.
pe0plc. tt ' is advisnoli: to have. them.
Get in touch immediately with G-2 and obtain ID-P.lete d ata.
of YOIIl' own and enc.my lines, with maps. Ael'Qplane :photo-
1traplrs are -useful if obtainabl e. Annnge for da.ily intelligence
hultet.lns 11na a copy of the s.etor h istory if there is ~me.
67. 111111,e a c.omrilete and ~tailed study- of your se!=l or; bot h
!he tront a-n d back areas. Sec that al l oftlc.e rs of yo.u:r com-
n:my and :vou.r section l~ders me famj]jai;- with r-oads, trenches,
-P. C.'s. t.elepho11e systcmi;, etc., of their pnrticuJar areas.
Detailed r,ec.onnai;&sanee should be macle by all -platoon and .
Mt:lion readers, as far as lime permits. A tborou11h knpwledge
hf the sector will lessen the dane;er of becoming Jost at night.
or ()a using u nnecessnry casu allies. L)urlng these reconnats-
:iances dumps $h<inJ.d lie selected tentatively, P , C's. cbo~en;=
l'ou t es decided and cmnlaee,rneul;s selcete.d. Each officer 'llJa.kin,f
.a recorm1tissance sh nu Id ~u.bm it ~ 1econnaissanee: report of the
rorm sno:wn hereaft~r.
68. After n close study of. U,e tactical sitnatien, e:n ctny <'.OD-
~entra-rions; lhe terrain. and time. allowed. th.e compa.l;J;Y ~om -
lllal)cler dccicle!< un1m his pl,an of operattons, He -then pr.ep.are"--
a Project (see form fPUowing) which he submits to the Ch ief,
62 Gas Mccnual-Part Ill

of Staff of the division. On al)proval of his _project ihe com-

pany commander gives detailed jnsh'llctions to his _plat1>on
commanders, a&signing them de.finite duti~ . These insliuctions
should be given In conference, and con.tinned in writing.
All gas offlce:r$ commading units assigned to support infantry
tmits ,v:ill iu1mcdiately report to tbe commanding officer of such
infantry unit, p1epared te submit recommendations rega1ding
the em-ployment of bis gas trool)S. After re-porti11g lo the in-
fantry conrmanacr he comes directly under his orders and is
directly responsible to him f()r the proper conduct of his com-
mand, in acco:rdance with the orders issuecl by such infantry
comm.ander. Until 1Je is relieved by the l~tter he is s'1hject
only te liis orders, superior coro1nand'ing officers of gas troops
having no authority to issue orders lo him affecting the em-
ployment of his troops.
Commanding officers of ill gas troo-ps in assigning units nnder
compelent orders, to ope-rate with infantry anits will carefully
instruct the commanders of suc'h units, in order that they shall
fully undei:stand l'roro whom they reeei.ve and obey orders and
that they are not sent into combat to conduct independent
operations.
69. One officer of tl1e compan.y is charged ,vitil -getting up
su_ppHes. A tl\ble sliowing the :i.mount of material J1.ecessary
in varlou s cases is np_pendcd.
70. Plato'Q_D leaders make their own detailed anangements.
and assigt;1 the task$ i~their own pl'<1toons. 'Ch:ey must organize
their platoons as required fm car:ryinl{, digging in, and camou-
flaging. Their orders will s-pe.c ify the appro-x im~te emplace-
ments aDd t:u:get. They must m general determine range,
changes, a:nd angle of .ftre. Their plan of operations, with de-
tailed inslruetionll, should b e w1itten and submitted to the
Company Commander for cbeck and approval.
71. Al ims time1 officers and N. C. O.' s in charge of details
must make anot:ber and detruled reconnaissance. Runners, who
are assigned to. lieep liai~on with company or other P. C.'s, must.
Camiliarize themselves w.ith route~. Every man must kno"- the
terrain over which ]1e is to unction. so that he can find his way
day or night. '
72. As soon .as IIl'aterial arrives, the lnstallation ill com-
menced. As a role all work must be done at ruitht. in absolute
darkness, and sile11tly. This me-ans that each man must know
his task, and carry it out promptly and carefully. All materiai
sent forwFd mnst be ~omplete and ready for use. No necessary
item mllt be omitted.
73. Work done by Gas Tl'oops j.a forward areas must be
directed and controlled with the gre.atest care and caution. Tht>
enemy must not be: forewarned by souna or sign. The sueces~
 63
trse of Oas bu Gas 1'l'on1:s
of I.he entire operation depends primarily u;pon sU.1!pdse. Wlll'll-
lng to the enemy w,ill result in a heavy shelling of the area. and
prooably iD a withdrawal of tbe target.
74. Cantau:flage. is lhc concealing of all work done In such a
ll'.Ulnne.r ~s to give no sign o:f activity or change. It must. fuere-
fore, conform_ to the surroundings. It must protect against:
(1) Aerial phQtog:rap,by.
(2) Air obseJvnlion-Airplnne or ba}Joon.
(3'~ Dir.ect -ob'sel'vntion.
ll is neccs-sary lo 1:onside.1 and provide against:
(a) New ti:ael,s.
~) Regularily or lines.
(c) P.oduclion of shadows.
(d) Leaving any woik uncovered.
P"eliminnry J'econrulissan'c.e must include a special study of
.c:tm-ouflage requirements, and the report cover the CJ!iact kind_
:1 nd amount -needed. Natural camouflage is superior if it can
he oblainc'd with91J.t being itself noticed.
T)le conccahuent of emplacements n1ust. b'e carefully super-
vised each morning before ltaving. In difficult cases the divi-
sion camouflage expert may be called on for assistance.
75, When Lhe ioslnllatiou. is nc11rly CQl'DpJeted, the Company
Gommaodcc isSl1es his operation o-rder. A typical form follows.
rn ndditjon, a compru:xy operalion order is issued giving the
duties of an pla~oon. or secction leaders in the operation.
76. The zero ]louT is usunlly set in conference with the
Chief of Staff of the Division, as it may be dependent. on other
operations. lf not, lbc best lime to shoal is at night:, when the
ta1get is mosl heavily held, or in general when the cl1ances of
surpTise are greiltest.
77. On the compleUon of tbe operation, an operation report
on the 01,m shown hereafter is immediately :i,enedered to the
pr9per ofilcinls. Thi-s report must be rendered promptly and
he complete.
78. Liaison. EXJJerieuce lras demonstrated the ,great ~mport-
ance of good liaison. rt 0111st always be maintained with all
units whose oper-ations a.re in any way dependent upon or influ-
c,1lced by the operations of the gas~ troo1is.
In uo11nal operations te'/ophones, runners or drspalch riders
miry be utilized. Use- of lele_phones is not advisable since un-
usual activity is apt to arouse suspicion. DispaJch riders are
not rcli'ahle. A good runner system is therefor.a. essent~al. In
nln:nn.ing operations, runners must be prov'ided for, n:nd trained.
Th-ey are always sent i pairs, nnd sbould be sent frequently
over Lheir routes, "botl1 by day nna night, to insure propel' liaison
l.n acti<>n.
 G/ls Ma11uai- l'u.rt ///

F,l'Oll\ company l1eadqnartcirs to l hil .ren1 the ar.my dispatch

'scrv.ice 'should normn1ly be ,ised. All ruesst1ges should he PI'op-
erly addressed and marked "lo J,c caEJed 1'.or." Messages r01
Regimental Headqu!fl'ters. of Gas TroQps will normli.lly he sent
"in care. of Army. M.ess~e Coot~, fo:r J3attnlion Headquarters
"iu.; cate of Corps -1\ lessage CentcP.';
Jn .a ctive operations- where platoons may be rl!l'Lached fron 1
con1pany J1eadquai,ters, ii may be hurrlvisable lo uti lh:e con _
pany rum:rers, in which case messages may be sent to co1t1p3n,
"in care of Division 1\(e.~sage Center." In such cases tbe con1-
1>nny should maintain 11 good N. C. 0. and two ra.n.ners permi,-
uently al the Advn.nce Divisro11 Message Center. This N. C. o.
must a.lwa;ys he kept inl'oPmecl of ll1e location, of Lhe Corn p:~nl
1'. C.
ill. 1.n llcli~e opc1alions Progress, Opera.Lions 1111d Dun1 1> 1t-
J11)rl:1 must be forw-arded daily to lt.attnlron anu Regun,111.,1
Hcadqu:wtcrs at Llll' following hou11,:
!, er.we Compa11y Leave Ba.Lt<ili<Hr
8:00 A. M. 11 :00 A. i\l.
5:00 P. AI. 6 :l)(TP. .\1.
Du.dug 11ormal OJ)l:!ru ll ous. :.ucll repol'tS s.houltl h.l' srn.l as fol-
ln"s:
L.etwe Contpa11y Leaue B al/aJio11
8 :00 A. i\ I. 11 :00 ,\. 1\I.

'.\OT8S ON OPERATCQN.
80. Th11 followinl} uolt"s concorning o per11tio11s will furn isl, ;1
g1:ueral gui1lc 'for allL cu1ses.
11 c\cunnaissa.nces.
fl) Secure go_od n11,1>s.
I :.! 1 Secure passes.
;
Ull Go ove't grollnd wiU1 '\. C. 0.'s ttud runnets.
VU Plo:n 011.t and nsceiI a i 11 p1cry:thin g asked r,1r o 11 rcco 11-
11niS$;lllCe report.
E mplac,unf:nts.
{l) A1<1 id shelled 111cas, c.~ posed posi tio11s, or l..reI:Jch inle:r-
St'Ctiohs.
(2) Do not hin<e 1nore than 50% of range in own Iines i<lr
p r()"j cc to.rs.
f:jJ Sele.cl good CclYc::.1 if positilile .
('1) Consider routes lo emplace-tIJoul.
f5) Goilsider soil. :i.ud euse of can1ouJlngc.
A.ssislance.
(1) Detei,mi ne a-i;si:stance i1J men or transpo 1't utc:tled.
/, 1gginy E'mplacem.en1 s.
(l) Look over lhies of fir<?-.
' (2) Check up accessories; compasses; Iapes; t:i:Iangles; c.llu-
ometers; l}tc,
(3) See th:1t can1011011ge Is available.
 65
Use of Gas bl/ (hr$ Troops

c;orr[Jin//
(I.) Arrange method carefully. an() hllve material arrl-ve in
the order needed.
(2) \Vorli to time sc:.bedule.
(3) I{ave geod N. C. O. in c_lunge al forward dump.
Firing Parly.
(1) Before leaving billets.
(a) Inspect aceessorles; tools; <ntploders; galv,nnometcrs,
efr (h) Tell senior sergeant the zei-o .hour. Give hin1 suIDcient
onfo to ,go ahead in case you beeo1ne n casualty.
(2) On nrrival in line--
(a) Don't wa$te time.
(b) See that Tunners a_re ready.
(c) See that Infantry is informed..
(d) See Lbat everyone is r endy and knows what to do.
(3) After -flrmg.
(a) Witbdra-w stll possibJe material. such as 1nortn-rs, ex-
ploder:s, galvnuometei:s, etc.
(b) Gamoullage.
(e) Submil an immediate re_porl.

DATA 01' OPERATIONS.

80-A. In planning operations of Gas Troops, the Coll9wlng
data are useful. They refer to conditions of Trench Wnrflll'e
and as oased on Brii isb experience.
6!' Sfo1,e.!$ Mor tars:
Gas: Allow 1 mort11el' to 10-0 yurds of laler.al tiugcl.
Boml1rudmcnls me made:
(1) On .uags or Nights Preceding Zero. Rapid bursts Qf
fire fol' qne or two 1ninutes, once or twice on each of the
nights preceding rero. Expenditure of amm1.1nilion is ca1-
cu.lated at the 1ate. of 1 l'ound per 5 yards of lateral L01gel
per minute.
(2) During the Assault. Sn1oke and lachry:mJ1tory agents
IU'C used on: the Jlnnk of tl1e attack.
Smeke; One Gas Company (l 6 mortars) is usually sufficient
for a s1nol1e barrage on the fia11k of an attack. One St.ction
(4 mo1.ta1:,) has fl'equcn.lly been used. Average rate of ex-
J?endltu:re of ammunition is 1 ronud per mortar pel' n1inute.
Miscennneous:
Mcmtars are siled in L11e front. line, 01 in saps just behind
it, and are carried up by the special personnel. The latter
also constiucl emplacements jf time permits. The actual
preparations can Le completed i:n 12. hours, but a longer
tim.e is desirable. lnfanll:.~en are required to carry bomb&
12 bon1bs to 1 man).
 ,;,ll, l/111111,tf--Ptrrt flt

,~" r>rojeclors
11) Tr.:1in all gu.ns 011 one l11rgcl. c. y., woods. Yillagc o-r
area uf dugouts.
(2) On l)' on-e sJ1ot cnn he fired. ,ls tho gun I him rcqu ires
digging out.
(II) Not 11to1c lh,UJ 250 gu.LJ:1 c:tn be b1sl11Iled hy one com.
Jlnny i11 one night.
(4) If sevt>ral worltfng nigbls nre nllowccl lltt g_t1~ company
can cnrry up anil dig-in ill its own gnns ir 11<11n1ul trl'llch trnm.
way rncilitic!l :t.rt n'l'al!all lt>.
l~ Jnfa1nlt.)'ll,len :ire usually requir>!d for us.sistuu.:c i:1
cnt-ryin!l" drums ( I drum per man).
1G GUJ:Js nre sitccl in the front lio<c or prcfe..ca:bly ju~l
bellind il iii the open; with bl'castwprk~ tlie guns are better
pl.aced behiutl the traffic trench. than in the f1011l lilll'.
Ii Surf:tcc cmpla.c.ements sl1outd b1: used wl.tcrc,'<'t c<.111 ,
cenlmc11l b pos-,Jbll'.
Cylin,ler:;;
ll Jh:--csses in .front walls vf lrencl1cs should be. com -
plclol~ 11re1,ar...cl bcf<>re c:trrying into trenches ls co111me11 c.:!d
(2J Eod1 <'ylinder nuires 2 n1cu- wiill :1 wooden J>Ole, to
carry it.
1:J) \\'1a11 each. cylinder in l>lll'.lop Qt' sa.nd Jrn-g s t1, 11re-venl
noJs ... Cr 1m clankiug togel.bcr.
I I 1 ,\Ii vnhe~ :uul fit lings should he le~ed for gas-, tght-
ness at1tl call) u1wraUo11 before leaving dump.
;,, C.,,.,., e:,'i dcrs in position b~ s.111tl t,ni;s, huur,1, ,.,
ca11..h f,1 r rnokclion aga.inst shell i'ragmcnt-s or slira1>11cl ,
(fi1 \t 7,ero 1nin.us 10 milIUles, Slnlivu one m:w at cncli
two cylindc1s lo tu n, ou v::ilvcs. Stand by during dischnr~e l11
prmeuL ncclderrts and gnssiug own men. All n1c11 shuuld w,:i1
ma~J,;s.

Gil.:\D CIRCLE WI'l rl CODE.

Fig. 36.
111. It has. bc"n decided lo ndopt the Grad or -10 p oiHL ~Js-
lcm in 11oti11g wi..utl diree~ion., nud n1iles JWr hour in uot ins
ndocily.
in l.vausmifl!ug wwd observations ., kuowu nti'mhcl' is added
to each rc.:atifn_g; 0U1er pcrtJuenl infol'JD.clHou.; signatul'e.
Example: \l .1 station lmo,nt as Piette. :tl 16 hours the winrl
bl,,ws from LJu~ uorth, or poinl 40 with n velocity of ii mfles pt!r
huur. ruHI b ~te:idy.
l 'hc key number, w!>ich is fl'equentlJ ch,tugcd. b ,1,sumed a<>
16, The message will then read:
Pierrt, 1000. 6523, slead.y, Smlti..
*W - 15=:io . 8 +
I !l-=23
t .;c? o/ Gas /ly <,m; l'rm,J , 67

Fie; 3G
NUNER/CAL POINTS OF COl1FA5S

~WONnf
---t-W [-i----

SW 5 s-
68 Gl!s i\1 Mual-P-art lll

MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR 4-lNCH STOKES :MORTA'R

OPERATTON.
4 Gllns-40 Rounds AmmnnitiOD Eaeb ~nil.
Gas Ammunition.
4 4" Stokes Mortars !lomplete in good order.
Gun Barrel.
B11rrel Cover.
Ci.Ill Leg!i,
Legs CoVeJ'.
Traversin[ Handle.
Ilfuzz]e Cover.
Breech Piece with Nipple Anvil.
4 Base J>Jatcs, r~infqrced wilh wood.
t60 Gas Bombs complete wifh Gaines and -Puses.
820 B. C. s nisenits.
160 \Vaxed Wads.
1 Compass.
8 Shovels.
8 Picks.
300 Sand Ba~s.
4 Sets Baclsing Material for Baseplates.
64 13omb Cnrriers.
4 Cleanln_g )'\ods.
4 Tool Satchels complete (each containing) :
1 Spare Nipple A"llvil.
l Clinometer.
1 'Monkey Wrench.
1 Combination Wrench.
1 Large Spanner.
l Oil Can.
l Set Recapping Tools.
Spare Caps.
Emery Pa-per.
C<!Hon Waste.
'l'ransportation one journey, exclusive of _personnel:
2 Double Limbered Wagons, or
2 5-ton Trucks, or
-2 3-ton Trncl<s.

MATERIAL REQIJI.ftED FO.R 4-lNCH STOI{ES MORTAlt

OPER.4..TlON.
4 Gu11s-4.0 Rounds Ammunition Each Gun.
Smol~e or Thermit Ammu:nition.
.. 4" Stokes Mortars compl~te in good order.
Gun Barrel.
Blll'l'el Cover.
Guu Legs,
Legs CoveJ'.
ll' of Gus bg Gas Trbops 69

Tr.i veir.sing Handle.

Muzzle Cover.
Breech Piece with Flat An.vii.
.t Base -Plates, Teiniorced wilh wood.
1
ao Smoke o,r Thermit Bomb!l (witb Detoualor Smoke-).
160 31 D or Sutton 79 Fuses.
640 Co1ilite Rings (32) Extra.
160 earlridges Pi11k or Blue.
1 Com_pasti .
8 Sllovels.
8 Picks.
300 Sat1dbags.
4 Sets B'acking .Materiel f,or .Baseplatcs.
~ Bomb Carriers.
,t Clean-ing- Rods.
<i Tool Satchels complete (each conh\ining):
l "Spa.re Flat Anvil.
1 Cliriomeler.
l Monkey Wrench.
1 Combinatil:m Spanner.
1 Large Spanner.
1 Oil Can.
1 Fuse lley So. 31-0 or 79.
J Fuse Punch,
;Emery P apor.
Cotton Witste..
Transportation one jou.rney, exclusive of perso nnel.
2 Doul>te Limbered Wagons, or
2 5-cton Trucks, or
2 3-ton Trucks .

MATEHTAL REQUIRED FOR 250 LIVENS PROJECTOR OP-

ERATION.
2ti0 Proje~to.r Guns.
261, Base Plates.
250 Bombs
21i0 (,nines -wi:lh Fuses and 1)etonators.
250 C'.haTges (Prep!U'ed).
"250~iuzzle Cov.e rs.
250Sandbags.
L2Sets .M11rkiJ1g Tape.
12Pieces Camoti!Jage.
360Gamounage Pins.
24'
Picks.
24S:bovels.
1SEKploders.
15 Reels '[,ood Wir~ (100 yd11. qouhle).
o T.rilln gle:1. I
5 Cli n<1ruetel'6. '
70 G(I$ .lf<J1t1t. t1l-Par1 /JJ

5 Circuit Deleclo1,s.
220 yd~. Tasulnliug Tape.
16 Spnn.aers, D. E.
3 ,v.atcbes.
l Resislanc Box.
Transportation, one j o ttr11ey, exclusive of pt:'rso11nel.
16 Double Limber-ed "\Vagons. or
8 3-loll Trucks. or
5 5- ton Trud,s. for 2'6" l:'ro,jectors.

85. T.IBLE OF ALLOWA~CES FOR c;~s TROOPS

'l'eGiJnit'ul E11ni1m1e11/.

[.
Pro j cc.I <> r'1. M.)othl)" O,,n,um;;t10:i.
1101 C't:tm1,u OJ' .
\QU% CO%
OpeinliJ<1,, Opera tio,f.
J)rQjec.tors 2.'9" compfolc wilh ruuzzle cap..... f16:! 338
Projectors l'O'' complete wilh Jlluzzle ca.1,... . . J87v ll :!
nasc -Plates ........ , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937 66 2
lJnnns, C. G.. complete wiU1 pl'(}])Cl lanl -and
component parts ........ . ........ . ..... 12.00 720
lJnun~. ~. C., complete with p,1opennnl ab<l
com pOJJ <'ni par! s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JOO 211)
Drums. Ff. E., comJ)lele wilh 1iropellan1 ru1d
co 111ponc11 l pa.rls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 ]31)
JJ.r11n1s, i.J1cendia.ry, comp,1.ct-e witl, propellaul
:1J1 d component parts.................... 100 60
.:>plleriei1! Bombs, .H . S .. with 11ropellaut a111l
componen t p-ar t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?-o
_n l 50
l 0% E:i.tra COnlpOUClll nrL~ for dl'\UllS :ind
hollli,s. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ..
P11ueU11nt cl1ruges JO% e.~d.,1,, on bombs tu1 tl
clr11 n1s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . ..
lh11.zle c1\ps. I0% extr:1 011 P1ojeclors ........ . :100 l~O
Projector Pullers . . . . . .... .... . . . . .... .. . . . ~o 12
Wir<'. 7 strand. nibhe.r imrulJlted, fol' firing,
111iles . . . . . . . . .. . . , ................ . . . l.7 1
Tnp~. raciug, 1 .i" v,idt, yds .... . ...... . . ... . . 500 300
T 1\pt:, 'ins uln ting, 50 ft. rolls ... ......... ... . !JO 18
Clinotlleters .... , .................... . ..... . 5 3
Sels of nccesso1ies, 0. S. Ordnnnce Depl..
dnss 54, Division S. 1Jraw1ng 7 .......... . 1/ 3 1,5
ExJJloue1s, ~Jngncti, Type .. ......... ... . .. : .
Circu il Dl'tecwc:;, Gf1l 1:1n1,111e[ers .... . .. ...
l
1 2/ 3
.
:t "'l
81tl1eries. exh'a (1/3 of GRlvanomeletsJ ....... . 1 213
Plnlinum iridium wire or so.hslilulc ......... . 2:5' .J,'
Resistance Boxes . . . . .. . ,,...... . .. , ..... .J/ 3 2/5
Nur1-r-For eve1~ COUJ fHn} Iv he !ra ined, l:10 <,mply drum~
\Yi!l be requir11d ((lisC11rded gas).
 ,f 1, 1.< lIJ r11 ., '""l ,. 71

I I.
' !1,kes Mo r/ ,,rs.
lll,11tl)I, Con1mmpt1,,n
.iw.r Coot pl\fi3' .
10()% 20~0
Op~rrt t11,1i,. I I por Ut11)DI'
.; Stoke.~ 11o r ln1s. con1_plele ,vith technical
,r1ujpmc trt :ind wooden bo st'-f)lalcs . . . 2*
~. ~J. Bombs, co11l plete, C. G.... . . . . . . .. . 4:000 800
s. ~l. JJon1b~. t omplc le. ~. C.. ... .. .. . .. 2000 .100
s. ~I. Bonlbs. L-achry malor . . .... . . , . fiOI I 1Ofl
s. ~I. 13omhs. ThermH . ....... . . . 1600 800
s. ~1 Ho111hs. Smoke . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 2000 400
4 T. \I. E. Bomb Carrier . . . . . . . . . . ... . l(J 2
hreedl t>lcccs, cxtrtl.. . . . . . . ... . .. .... . .. . 0.1
'frit \'(j 1si 11g S.mi:w s, 1:~tra_. . . . . . . . . . . O.L
1,uhri1m ti ng Oi I for 13ar re l~, Gals .... . . 0.2
~Nore-16 Stokes 11101 lars lo be iss ued jH'I' co mpnuy r,s inilJaJ
c1rui:J1ITTenl. One s~l of technical .cq11iJ1m e11l 111 he flll'nisbed
-
"ith everv f our { <f.) Slokes Mort:irs.

ITT.

'IJ oJltllls C<, n~um pd un

ix:r Oompt1ny
.IOOS;, 20%
!1por@on. npc,r,i tluns.
Cylwd<:t:S llllctl, c. G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..J JJ)J)O' 500
~111dce Candi1" T_,-pe ;; r Ty pe f,' . (om1 Id<' 200 40

I\'.

,1~u1111r
llllliHI C<Jn~uwpc !on
1~11, 11rn11nt r"r ( '<1mpao:r
4 imm'i ti{HT HII nil C:u . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 1
\al\'llS ~~\..!> , , .. , . , , .. j 15
,:o.ygen <~y lindcr . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . I
Potash Cttrlrldge$ . . . . .,... .. . . , . I
ll~ld:1 n'e A ppa1'nl us . . .. .. .. . l '5
1,iygen c.~li.ndcr ft1v Ha ldn u l' . . ... . . . 1
ucs, pi..:k. co1i, pltt <' . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . .. 1!iCI 10
"1.1111f1e-s. pick-a.xe . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. 100 10
lit'rl>. :,irlc c,1 llins . w , , , . , , , , '.!50 20
'll,rs, 'vl'cl;~hea lh . . . . . ~50 10
Monk(?~ Wl'lnches. 12' ....... . , . , ]() J
'a vo~. wu{;,, rproor, 1(), t,z., yd ~. . . . . . . . . . . . JOO tO
I .,tlerie!...., f,ir Pla.sh!ighls. . . . . .. . . 2f>
, l,~ f,,,. F1" < .1ght s. .. . . .... . . 2!i
~ JJ(~h.it:: t-: . . . : i;on
72 Gas .tlru1ual-Part lit
--
Luminous Paint, IJ,s. .... . . . . ......... .. .. . I
Paint Dase Zinc, lbs .. . . ... .. . .......... . ... I
nope, %'', yds....... . .... . .. . .. . ...... . .. . 100
Larg~ Paulins. 20';,c30', ApJlrox . . ...... . ... , . . 10
Verey Gun, 35 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/ S
Ve.rey LjgJ1ts, 35 mm. Red one Star .... . ..... . 8
Verey Lights, 35 mm. G1een one Star ........ a
Veiey Lights, 35 mm. White one StaT ........ . 8
Compa-sses, prismatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2
Shovels. 9" Blncle. round point............... 150 Hl

86. The [ol'egoing Table of Allowances is based upon Lbe fol-

lowing assumption:
The propol'tions of tlie personnel engaged, 011 lhe uv<>ragt', In
each form of :rttacl< js irs follows:
Cyll:oders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20'!'y
P~ojecto:rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... , . . . . . 60%
Stokes Mortars . ....... .. . " . . . . . . . . . . . 20%
This a~sumption is largely influenced by the fa.ct that it is
considered U1at U1ere would alwa~s be a large percentage of the
troops -engaged operating on stahilj_zed fronLs. In preparation
(Qr any future conflict, there will be an increase in tile use of
cylinders and St<>kes mortars, certainly if Lile cylinder is sat-
istactol'ily develo_petl.
It is estimated that 25 % of 4' aud 75 % of 2'0" projeclora
working entirely on cylinoers, projector.s, or Stokes mortors,
cou ld discharge during one month the following:
C> linde1s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... , . . . 300-0
Project-Ors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3000
Stokes Morta1s . . . . . ......... ......... 10000 bombs.
n h~ estinla:ted thnt 25% of 4' and 75% of 2'9" projectors
would be used.
A ,,eiage Ii fe of a projector wouid be four shots, or 21i% loss
in each shot.
'I'wo ha.se-plntes will be necessary for each 4' projector; nver-
1tge loss on base-plates vill be 25% of the total ln each shoot.
The total number of Stokes ~torta.r$ would be sufficient to re-
'1)lnce tbe guns desboyed by shell fire, accident. or capture.
(fse of Gas blf <J,as Troops
73

7. TABLE OF ALLOWL~CES FOR GAS TROOPS.

Unit Equipment.
t.
'
\ I I !i .
NAMJ!I OF .. I. I!
.., t! I -a l!I
&!
.. lIQU lP?.rENI'
A.LLOWANGlilS l,,,
~ t:
=l .." .."
E. .g
.. .i
$!ii'll
~i
.g ~
"'" :ji-
Ct.
.,,!J
" ..
o~bl I
.,a t;
8l' "'
I i-8~
0 ~a)
f , ~..-' C:
:fZ- 0 -

l!' ... ....... - ...... ' . ' .

1)1'8.ttll!l1 l 2 2 !J2
Slgnnl ... .. ..... ...... .. .. ... 1 1 l 2if
M~teorolo.<r\t>Al .... -- ...... ..... .
'! I . 1.S
+a
..
1 1 'i
4-b Metwr1>logl('Jl] .
Photcigrapblc . . . . 1. 1 . 7
5
Carpenter ........ .... ... ..... l 2 2 ftl!
Reronnnlsgnee ...... .. - . . ...
0 2 '32
7 1 2
omre ................... .. ... 1 1 1 25
'lj'orksl\nr .... .......... .....
8 1 1 7
!I

n.
Drafting Eq uip1nerrt.
A r.tiele. Amt.
Camel b11 ir brushes, medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Camel hair b rnsbes, fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Oloth. t11acing, 30". Toi.I .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Pi~ders, 4" ........ . .. . .... .. .. ....... ... .... .. . , . . . . . . . 12
11ividcrs, -proportional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
l)r,awi'n,g instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tl-l'awing. tahles, 36"x60", wit h h'estles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Eras~, steel ............... . .... ... . . ..... , . .... .. - . . . . . ~
lrrnsers, shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Erasers, -ni.bber, pencil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Blmsers_, :rubber, ink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Frames, .blueprint, -241' x30", w ith cenu l oid race. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
InJc, drawing, black, bottles. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 6
Cnk, drawing, blue, bottles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
lnk. wanug, carmine. bottles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s
bik, drawing, yellow, bottles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
lnk, drawin&, -g~een, bottles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
lnk, drawin.g, while, bottles.. .... . .. . .... .. . .. ...... . ... . . 1
~fill! m Ca$UT('~ , , , , , . , . .. , , , 1
Note book. 4"x3", a ppr o.'<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !l
Paper, blueprint, SO", roll . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Pap-er, detail, white, SO''. roll.... . . .. . . ... . . ..... .. . . . . . . . . 1
Paper, blotting, large she els. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
p a-ste. library. .tars .. .... . . . ...... ... .. .. .... . . .. . . .. - . . . a
Peneils, dra wing, H . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Pencils, drawing, 4H............ .. . ............ . . , . . . . . . II
Pencils, drawing. OH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
 74 Gas Manual-Part Ill
Pencils, drawing, G.raphite ..................... . ......... 1
Pe.ns, crowqu.ill, doz .. ....................... ... ......... . 1
Pens, mapping, doz . . .... ... ................ . ... ... . ... .. . J
Pens., contour . .... . .................................. ... . l
Pads, pencil pointing ....................... ... ... .. ... . 3
Pens1 seratdb ..... ....... . .. .... . .. . ..... ... ............. . 6
Powder, p ounce, for tracing, cans 2 1-2 oz......... . ....... . 1
P.ape.r, tracing, 30". ron .. .. ... .. .... .. ............. ..... 1
Pfils, hoxes . ........... . ........... .. .................... . al
f'rotractors, semi-circular. 6". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protractors, map, celluloid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Prok.actor Rectangular, map (T. S. 1077) ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Reading Glasses, 5", 3-power... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Rule, parallel, steel, 18" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Rut?ber bands,, boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Scales, Engineer, triangula1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Scales, Engineer, triangular, metric ........ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Scales, Ai-chitect:s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
Scale~, Triangular, metric.... .. ... ...... . ................ 1
Straight Edge, steel, 30". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
"T" sqaares, s 6" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Trays, washing, hl-uepl'int, 2'1 x 30". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
Triangular 30-Go, 12". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Triaugular 45- , 10'' ................................... 2
Triangle, 30-60, 5" ....... . . .................. . ......... 2
T:r1ange,
. I 45 , 4" ....... ..... . . ............... ... .......... ".c.
Tubes, tiu, for m4ps and tra;cing cloth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Tape, adhe;sive, rolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Thumbtacks, doz .......... . .. .. ... ...... ...... ........ ... 10
Water colors, assorted, sets.. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . l

III.
Signal Equipment.
Bags, dl'spatc.h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
~afteries, for l'lashlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Bulbs for Flas.hligh ts ..................... ........... , . . 25
Ca.ses, Brief. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Flashlights with Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l!O
Cl:la_s ses, field, type .E. E .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !i
Ki.ts, flag, combina.Uon, standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 2
lrnives, J aek, hea-vy, with loops ........ .... .. . .... ...... .. 2'50
Telephone se~s, complete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Telephone wire, insn lated, feet, (twisted pair) ............. 300
Watches, luminous dia l ............... .. ... .. 20

IV.
!,feteorological Eguipment.
Anemometer, Stanley, hand. portable, (or equivalen-t1. . . . . . l
Wind Vanes; hand .... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Uaee o,f Gus by Gas Tr<1ops 75

IV-A.
Meteorolo(Jica1 Equipmenf.
anemoroeler, Stanley, (or equivalent). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Hand, por~ahle. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
.Aneroid Baragrahs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
w et and Dry Thermomele1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Sling Psychrometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j
Aneroid BaJ1ometer, large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
St"ereoscope _Fanlerescope Schweissgil.h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Stup w atcl.:.es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

v.
Photogrtiph'ic Eqmpmf!nf.
Camera, Graph.l,ex 3-A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
Deveto~ing, equipment, com plele. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Films~ doz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

VJ.
Carpenter Eqnfpm.enl.
Augers, ship handled, sets of 6 .... ......... . ............. . 1
Awls., s"Cratcl'l ............. ... ... .. .................... . . . -2
A.xeS, handle.cl, 32" . .. ..... .... ....... .............. ... .. . 4
ifflt, a-nger, sets of 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .. . 1
BH, expansion, 2 cutters ................................. .2
Bit, Screwdrivers, 3 /8" .................................. 6
Jlit, Scre.wdrivers, 1/2'' . ................................. . 6
Brace, -ratchet . .. ..... . ......... . .......... .. ........... . l
Calipers, 8" set of inside ancl ,ou l$ide . ........ ..... . ....... . 2
Chalk, carpenter's, lbs ............... .................... . 6
CJ1alk Wles, 40' . ....................... . ................. . 3
Cl\i.se1s, eold, 3 /8 ;t J" .................................... . 6
Chisels, framing, 1" handled .......................... .. . 1
Chisels, frami og, 1/2" handled .................. . , ....... . 1
Chisels, fr1.1ming, 2" bAndle.d .... .. ................ ... ... . 1
o1vi"der.s_, wm d ............................. . ... . ........ . J
Dr.a wknife .............................. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Files, taper, saw, 6". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Hammer, claw, handled.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
liaodles, axe, 32''. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Handles, Chisels, frami og 6". . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Handles. Hammer, ela w. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Hatchets, handled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Level, carpenter's 24'1 1
l\f allet. carpenter's handled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
Oiler, 1-2 pint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . J
Pencil, carpenter's, do.z ..................... . .... ...... . l /2
Plane,. Jack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
 76 Gus Mcuraal--Parl I JJ

[)1Jers, s1"d e-el.l..&...LI.Llg

.... ,_' . . ..........................
2
Plumb bombs, 9 l /2 oz ............................. I
Rules, 2 ft. 4 fold ...... .. ............................... . 3
Saw, compa_ss, 12" key hole blade, handled .............. . . I
Saw, compass. Y" blade, handled ........................ 1
Saw, compass_, 18'1 nail euttin-g blade .............. .. ..... 1
Saw, cross cut, Jla,ad, 26" ................................. 4
Saw, rip., hand, 26" ...................................... 2
SClewdrive:r, 5" blade ... ... . ............................ . 2
Square, steel earpenter's .......................... . ...... . 2
Tape;, met~e, ,50 Ct . ............................. 1
Squa:I'e, try .. ........ .... ................ .. .......... . ... . l
T-bevels ...................... . ......................... . 1
Wrenches, . mo.nkey, 12" ......... .. ........ ..... . .... ..... . 2

VIL
Reconnaissance Equipn1ent.
. ..
Alidades . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . 2
Boa.:rcls, sJ<--etching . ...................................... . 2
Chests; shetching outftl .................................. 2
Clin,omete.rs, seJvice, with. cases ......................... 2
CompaS8;.es, Box... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Com-passes, Prismatic, -with cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Celluloid sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Era~crs, rubb er, -pencil... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
l::t~old.ers., tinlj ng _pad . .................................... . .2
Band levels ............................................ . 2
MetalUc tapes. in tenth.s. 16.0 ft. ......................... . 2
Note .books, field ............. ... ...... .. ............... . . 6
Page t_a llies ...... .. ..................................... . 2
Poekets, pencil . ................................... .. .... . 2
Pads, timing ............................................ 2
Paper, sketching, sheets, gross ...... .. . .... ..... ..... .. .. . I
Pen..cil, _blge ............................................. . 4
PenciJ, drawing H . ............... ; ....................... . 4-
Pencil, drawJ.u.g, green .................................. . 4
Pencil, drawing, red....... ...... ... .... ....... ....... .... . 4
ProtractgJs, pencil point ........... .... ... . . ....... ... ... . .J
Tape, adhesive, rolls .................................... . 4
Tripods, wood, folding .................................. . .2

VIII
Office Equipment .
.Ar111y Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
Defensive .Measures against Gas ..................... ... S2
Desk. field (Unit A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
Desk, field, (Unit B~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Engineers' Field Manua J . . . . . . . . 5
Use, of Gas t,y Gas Troops '17

Eiuginec1s' _Training M_an111ll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Field Se'rV1ce Regul11Lions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Infantry Drill RegulJl tions ............ ... ... , . . . . . . . . . . . G
Manual o{ Cou.rts--martial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Dictionary, .French-English, u1 rge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
MMIUal 1Dterio1 Guard Duty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0
Mimeograph, small type, -portable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
Non-co.mmissioued Officer's Manual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Small Arms Firing Manual. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
TypeWl'iter.:;, Underwoorl, 101' Ca:rl'iage..................... 2

IX
Workshop Equipment.
Anvils, 160 lbs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .
Aprons, leather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.l
Belt cutters, 1/2". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Bolt cutters, 6/8". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
l;l,1.:a.C<1, carpeulcr's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chain Block, 3-ton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chisels, cold, 1 /2". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chisels, cold, 1" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
<;aJipers, outside, 6il pairs............................... . 1
CaliP..,ers, i-uside, 6'' pairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Onisels, squaie, hot, I". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Drills, post, 15". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
0Ti1ls, Yankee Breast, double. sp~ed, U11ee jaw cbuc1, No. 14. . 2
Dris, Y aukee Bl'cast, small for drills ranging 1 to 60 ......... 2
Drills, Mo.r ris, stl'.aight shank, twist size from 1 to 60. . . . . . . . 1
Drills, 1/4" stra.ig)lt shauk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Drills, i5 / 16" straight sbanle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Drill~, 3/8" straight shank.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Drills, 7/ I 6" stJa igbt shank. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4
.Drills, 1/2" straight sbtik............................... 4
Dx ills, 5 / 8" Squiu-e sl1 auk t,wist drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Drills, 3/4" square sbank twist drills...................... l
Ul'ills, 7 /8" square sbank twist drills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
Drijls, 1" squaie shank twist drills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Drills to fit post drill c'liuck. 3/Hi". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
01'1 lls to flt post fu:ill chuck J / 8". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Drills to fit post d1ill cbucl, 1(4"......................... 6
D1ills to ..fit post ilrill chuck 6/16". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Dci.lb to flt _pos-1. drill chw:k 3t8"... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Dl'i Us to fit post chtl.ll chuck 7 /~ 6". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~
Drills to flt -post drill chuck 1/2" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Drills to fit post dril1 chuck 6/8"....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Drills to iiL post drill chuck 3/4" . .".. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
Drills to fit post drill cbuclc 7/8" ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Drills to fit p ost drill chuck 1"............. ..... .......... l
Dies and Taps, sizes from 1/8" Lo 2" pipe set. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
 78 Gas ManuQl-T>arl 111

Dies and Taps, U. S. S l,-rnda.rd machine screw, set. sizes

5/lfi", 8/8", 7/ lG", l / 2'', 5/8". 3/4", 7/8", l" ..... .. .... . I
niv'lde.i s, pajrs ....... ................................. .
1

2
Dies and Tnps, U. S. set of Stnndard lhiead 1/ 4", 5/16'',
3/8'', 7/16", 112". 5/8", 8/4'', 7 / 8", l'' ................... . I
Forge, m~di.um size . ................. , ....... . .. . ......... . 1
Fla Lters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 2
Files. llat bastn:rd, l 6" ....... ........ .. . . ................ 3
Files, smooth, 16" ..................... ................. . 2
Files, half-round, bastard. 16'' .............. . ............ . 2
Files, 11at hastard, 14" . . .. ... .. ... ................. ...... . 3
Files, -round bastard, ~" ...... . ......... .. ........ ..... .. . . 2
Files., round bastard, 8" .... . . ... ...... . ..... ... . . ....... . 2
Files, square bastard, 16" ............................... 8
Files, square bastard, 12" .......... .. ........ .... ........ . Ii
Files, lmife, 6., ............. . _ ......... .. .. .. ............. . 6
Files. warding, 4" . ...... ... ... ...... ........ . . ... , ..... . 6
Files. l\Hll, 12" . .. ................................ ... .... 12
Files. ?\Ii~ 8-'' . ................... .. ...................... . 12
Files, Mnl, 6" ... .. .. . ..... . ....... .... .................. . 12
Files, half round haslard, 8" ........... ... .......... .. ... . 12
Files, half round ha.stfil'cl, ll" . ... . ....... .. ........ ....... . .12
Files, Mlll .(lat, 4" . ... .. ... .. .................... ....... n
Puller set up to 2 3/8" size ......... . ................... . . J
GreJtse gun, Towsend .. . ... ... ...... . ................. .. . . 12
Handles, assorted, Ole ... ...... . ........................ . 24
Ffandlcs, hammer, assorted . ............. .. ........ . . ... . 12
Handles, file, qssol'tecl .... . .... .. ........................ 6
Handles ...... .. ... ............ _ . ........................ . 2
Ha.i nmers, sledge, 12~1hs .... .. .. ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ha:mmers, ball pJen, 2-lb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
flu.aLmers, l:Jall pien, 1-lb ... .... ..... ..................... 12
lill.n:lmers, crosi, pieu, 2-Th ..... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Hammers, cross pien, 3-Th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Hammers, cross iJ>i eri, 4-Tu. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . 2
f.fammel", set ...... . . ............... .... ............ ...... 2
Hammers, .ball pfen, 3-Jb... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Flnrnmers, ilat pien, 2-lo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Hack saw (hLll1e, 12".. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a
Hack saw blades, medium tooili. 12", doz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fi
Hammer, sledge. with fla:t pien, 12-lb.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Heading tools, set ot six, seL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
Oil can., 1 pi:nt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
011 stonei;, carbonmdrun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Punc.he.s, 1/8'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Punches, be) l, 3/8". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
P li evs, combinali on, 6" .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Pliers, cJi11e, 8'' . .... .. ..... ... .. . ........................ 12
-PlieJ:S. c1Jine, 6.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Ptiel's. gas, 10'' ................. ............................ 12
(Jse of Gas by (;as Troops 79

pJiei:s, gas, 1~1, ........ . ................................. . 6

Rule, 2 ft. 4 fold ....................... . , 1
J.'tttles, Stanley, joined, 6 ft. ......... .. . . ............. . .. . 2
Solder u-ons, 2-1bs ................. ......... . .......... 2
Solder- irons, 1-Jb , ...... .. .. .... , . 2
Scale, com.hi nation steel, Sta-rret, l 2" ............. ...... . . . 1
sc:ale, steel Sta:rret, 6" . ............................... 1
~nips, tin,- 14" , -prurs
. .. ... ........ ................... . .... . 2
Sorapens, bearing set .... . ......... ... .. .. ......... ..... . 1
Scrapers, ca.rbQn. sets ....... ........ ... : ............... . 2
$Wedges, size S/8" to 1 1 / 4", set. ...... ....... ........ , .. 1
Square, ea:rpenters . ... .............. ... ....... . ........... . 1
.,_,
St.re.Wt.:.1VCr&,
m"
v , . , , , , , , s
Sc1e.wd r.1. vers, 6"
> - .... ... . , 12
Ser.e w dTl. ,,ers, 8" .... . .... . .... .. . . .... ... ........ ..... . . . . 12
Sc~ewdrlv.ers, 12'' . ..... . .. . .. . .. .... .................... . 6
screwdt,:,iveis. 16'' .... ...... , ..................... . ...... . . 6
TongS; blacksmith, s\l'aiglit ........... .... .... . ..... .. .. 2
'l'ong-s, gad, 3/ 4" to 1" .. .. ............... ................ . 2
Toi::ches, blow, gasoliile .. .. .... .. ....................... . 4
Vise, blacksmith, 70-Tb ............ _ ... . ... .............. 1
Valve setting tools, 1 st of gas eng-Jue .............. . . .. . . 1
. ..,_. t' .,,
V1se~ mac,Ll.1..J.J1s s, ':t- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 1
Vise?.. machinist's., 6" ... .. ......... . .... .... ............ . 6
Wrench, monkey, 18" .................................. . . 2
" 'r~ch, nu)nkey, 12" .. . ... .. . ....... ......... .. ..... . .. . 6
\Vr~ch. Stillson, 8" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Wrench, m.on.k;ey, 8" . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
,vrench, Stills, 10" .................. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\Vrench, Stil Ison, 14" ....... , . ......... ... .......... .... , 12
Wrench, Stillson, 11!" . . .................................. . 6
Wl'ench, Stillson, 21:" . ... .., ............................... . i
Wrench, monkey, 10" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2
Wrench, mnnlcey, 16". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Wrench, monkey, 24" ......... , . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Wl'ench, Westcott or a,djustnble, 6" .................... . . . 12
Wrench, Westcott o.r adjustable, 8". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Wrench, Ead i:o No. 27 .................... . .. ... ....... 12
Wtench, End to No. 25 .... .... .......................... . 12
\Vrench, .End capscl'ew and nut, A. 1.. A. l\oL set, size 1/4"-l" .. 12
Wrench, End U. S. Standard, capserew ru'!d nut size l /4'' tri
l 1/ 2", sets........... .. ............................... 6
Weld.Jng outfit, portable, oxyacetylene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
80 Gas Marrual- Part /I/

88. PROJECTS.
After receiving the reconnaissance l,'eport the unit commander
prepares a p.r o,ject. This is submitted to Division Headquarters
for approval. (See Para~a,ph 68).
The project generally covers the following poinls:
(1) !\l ap Referen~.
(2) Object of .Proposed Oper.ation.
(8) Emplacements and Target.
(4) Location of Billets Desired.
(5) .Assist11nce or material needed from D.rvision, (Trans-
port, carryiJ1g pal'ti.es, etc.) .
(6) Safety precautions to be taken by Units holding Line.
( 7) Wind Limits, with Map.
(8) Estimate of Time RetJuired for Installation.
Sign IItll1'e.

WIND LIMITS.
88-.A. Since the success!uJ ase of gas is largely dependent
upon wind conditions, it is essential tu establish rules govern-
ing the .relation of the wind direction and vela.c ity to the use of
gas. The quest.ton as to whether gas can be used under the
wind conditions of the day is determined for projectors and
Stokes mort1U'S as follows :
(See Fit. 37.)
(a) The target area is plotted.
(b) From the intersection (0) of the near edge of the tar-
get with the line of ih'e (x-x) i Ii nes (0-1) are drawn c1earing
all the salients of our tten~~. Ior 11 dJstance of t, kilometers
on both sides of t;he target.
(c) Lines (0-2) are then drawn ml1kin g a:ngles of 20 with
lines (0-1) . These angles (A) axit the angles of safety.
(d) Lines (0-3) a.re next drawn malting angle~ of 15 ,vith
lines (0-2) . These angles (B) are the angles of s_pJ'ead, over
which tbe gas may he expected to diffuse.
(e) Th e angle (C) remaining between lines (0-3) gives the
wind limits -foT the operation.
H the direction of the wihd fa within these limits and its
velocity is helween 8 and 12 mile:i per honr tbc. operation may
lake place; if otherwise, it sho11ld be postponed.
If the gas is to b discharged frum cylinder s, the wind limits
are determined as follows: (See Fi_g. 38.)
(,a) The eylindet emplacement is plotted.
(b') From the center of the emplacemen! (0), lines (0-1)
are cwawn to clear all salients in our o"'n. lines, for a distanc<'
of 1 0 kilometers on eacn side o f the target.
...-- of Gas bg Gas 'l'roop:; 81
ClS Ii

r1 c; JJ/
C .
PROdF.CTOR~ ~TCJ.NE.-.5
k
f>"iOt+Tfl i,
Vf:LCMITY O.V./1 <3 l!NO Uf,/Dl!:R I~ M.P.H
D/ReC71{?f,/. Q(.RNPJ... lllfl4Rlltf

z
{C} I/IVY

I '\
\
I
~
(ej aq. IS Th'e l'/Nl7L OI' JI/Ft:TY NCl)<JUR.O FRfJN II L Ii'/ FRQN Tlif:
7//Mcr CLcA/IING ,9Ll ntc Jl{LJt:ftl'f! Wf1'tt/N 'FIVC /(/LQf17'UIJ
Off 80TH JfDEd.
/8/ ,s I ~ T7iE NrfiU <!f' .)P(.'MQ f'TUIJIJRED F1?0tf TrlE !/'/TERI~ SIQE.S
OF THE .uR,l'CTY ,91\'lfLf:<!l
(q, THI! Rc/'1Rl!Vlf'l(f IIN6Lt: 6/VE.S n-te Wlf.fO Lll'fCf"~ FOR cHC
OPRll770N

ofJffTY WIND L!NIT{>

82
Gus Maniiul-l'ur/ /Ti

r10. .38

Vt;UJCITY 0VR <3 UNDCR 12 1'1,Ptf

CYLINDf.:R.:S
O/Pt:;C7"!0/Y SE t:ll/JCih/91'1

(cl
z
(iJ) ANY WINJ) {/I(
f'/SOV Ll/'11T6
(A}
I
I

ofJFETV WINO L/1'1/T,S

 I ~ii of Gus h[/ c;11s T.ro0/1"

{e) Lines (0~2) are then drawn malting angles of 20 witb

lines (0-1). The:se angles (A) are the ao.gles of safety.
(d) Lines (0-8) iu-e next drawn making angle.s of 15" with
Jines (0-2) . These angles (B) a.re the angles of spread.
{e) The llngle (C) :remaining between lines (0-3) gives the
"'ind Jimits for t.he operation.
l f th fl direction ot the wind is between these limits and Jls
velocity is heiween 3 and t2 111.iTes per hour the o'pe'r'ntioa may
takll :Place; if otherwise, it should be postponed.

SAFETY L:r:?ifITS.
88-B. Since both Stokes mort.a:r!S and Ltveus projectors itre
more or less crude fonns of tl.ctil1ery, they have large dis_pe1-
sions of shots, both in _range and de:fleclion . Moreovei, due to
dcfecti\re p1'opcllants, etc.. shorts quite l'requeo_tly oeeur. 'l'hese
snort s,hots may fall only one 01' two hun,drec;l y.l]rds 'from the
empfocement and lC the fuse is armed they cxplocle and beco1ne
11 soa_rce of danger lo ouT own troops. It therefore becomrrs
necessary in condnctlng Stokes and l.ivens projector opera-
ti ons t o prescribe certain safety zones fol' our owr: perso,nnel
on d to remove all troops from terr.i tory lying utside the safety
limits.
Tbe safety limit~ Cor Stokes ana Livens projector shoots are
determined as follow,s: (See Fig. 39.)
(a) . The emp1acement :rnd target al'e plotted and !in.e s are
dra-wa b~tween the lateral limits of each.
(b) Lines are nen draWD making angles of 10 with the
lines joi.ning the emplacement and ta1:get.
(c) A second pair of lines is next drawn from the em-
pJacemen t making angles of {l 0 + 30) with thu lines .from the
emplacement lo target.
(d) Wit:h lbe center of the t111iet ns n center, and wilb n
1adlus equal to one-half the range, a semj-circle is cle:;c.ril>ed.
(e) Remove the infantry from all areas included between
lhti line ol trenches and the arc of the circle. See areas (a) on
PJate.
(f) Remove all men from the ar.ea be.lween the lines mak-
ing angles of 10" with lhe lines from the emplacement to the
ta rtet. See a_reas uh".
(g) All men shonld weiu- box ,e:iJJiralors in the. uea be.-
tween lhe l.mts makiJ1g :wgle.s of (10 + :l0) with the lin~s.
from the emplaceme11t lo tJ,e target. See a1ea:s "c.'' "
(h) 1n order to avold mov-ing men, it is often advjgable lo
Pl11.ce the guns neal'er the trenches than the target Is; thnl is,
to choose a ran~e that is less Lhan twice the clii;tnnce frolll the
ln rgel to our owa trenches.
84 Gas Marnu:tl-Part Ill

P'RWECTOFf 5TOKES /'10/fTAR

'

.SCALE I ZS, OO() 11PU.CffENT

('!,) PE/1011 IN/iAIITIIY F/1011 {/IE ARCA /NCtOSED LJY AN A/IC 1/AJ!ING
FO{I A CCNT(R. THE CENT.ER OF rife_ TARGET AND A R"1DIII$ EOIIAL
TO OH /iAtF TH( RAJi(;E.
(cl REJ10YE >'.LL /1/iJI /fl<0/1 Th cA/7/, tJrrwEEH THIF lJNES- l'IIIJIINO
M ANOU' AT 71/fo CHP(JJCEl'flif'T OF to W/TI( J:JIE LINES Fl!Otf
tr/FER EIYD OF TH'E H!?'LA,E/1EII r TANGENT To T/{E T:11/iGET
{C)AlL 1111 TO WAR BOX ttES;,,/RATORS IN TH ARCA (,'(ClOSED
BY THE LINES ,MAJ(JHG AN Alf(;(. OF IO'tc40' Wi t /I TH ABOYE tl//CS.

TO AVl)/0 NO/(//'{{; /1CN lilKE 1(/tfivE TH~T d l J:SS T/{AN nwa

TJ/ OISTNICE OF 711 TARG!T F.~'{J/1 OUR FRONT LIN TREJltiHISS

SAFETY L/11/TS

0t<FEN.S /)111/SIOI{ Nt, .J{ C C.J,Y.5. 5.5 ".17

 36
[/st of Gas t,u Gas Troops
RECONNA1SSANCE REPORTS.
39. After reconnoiterJng a -position, a reconnaissance report
is lllade out. giving the following d-ata:
O) Refenence :map.
(2) Division holding line.
(S.) Targets w,ith map .1;eferenc~ and occupation.
(4.) Emplaeement positions wit11 map reference.
(5.) Recommend: No. of .Projectors. Stokes Mortars.
130 mbs. Cylinders 2'6" - 2'9" - 4'0" No .and kind of each.
(6) Numl>er and ki.llcl of batteries and angle of lhe of each
batterY
(7) Wind limits.
(it) BilJets for men i n,ap reference.
(9) C.>m-pany dnmp mth ma p reference. 'Method of getting
utiileriaJ Crom battaHon clump to company dump. .
(:l 0) Detailed descrJplion of method to be used tn taking
mate:dal forward from company dw:np lo hattCD' posHion. 6ive
l'G~te to be f.ollowed, number of truclts (3-Ton), light railway
trucks, number of. push uncks, etc., neces:Hi.ry; num her of infan-
try carrying party neces~al'y -and length of time lhat the -party
will be used; map reference of all advance dum"BS; time necessary
to taJce material forwin:d; work tba-t is to be done during the
night, and that during dayligbt. Number of c-0mpany men. to he
use(] in t4\ki:ng the material forward.
(11) Battery -positlOTIS, oi;rmber of men necessary to install;
work done at night or dnrin~ daylight. Time necessary.
(12) Total n11mber of lorries necessary and length of time
they will be u11ed.
(:J.5) Total time nece~sary to complete the job.
(14) Total number of m.en and officers ne.cessary to com-
plete: the job.
(1 fi) Camouflage necessal'Y; kind. color, etc.
(1 o) Position of Company Commanders, Section Comman-
ders-. _giVI11.g map reference, telephone. number or name.
(17) Communi.cations from battery -position to Company
C<immanders and to Battalion Comnlllnder if neoessau.
(]8) Infantry Brigade , Re.gi:Jllental, Battalion, and GoTO-
Jrnny He'adquarters, with map reference and telephone number.
t
S1gna_ure.

OPEJ,\ATION ORDERS.
90. TlJese orders are issued .4Y the officer in charge of an oper-
aUon, after ap J)rova 1 of bis project. and gener~ly so as to .-ea<-h
all o,:ganizations concerned about sbt hours before zero.
Ope.ration orders cover lhe foUowtng points:
(1) Map references,
(2) Goropa11y operations, and purpose of operation
CtaTget).
86 Gos Mann-al-Part Lil

(3) Installation, giving map reference of emplacement .

number of guns; ammunition, etc.
(4) "D" Day and "H" hour if decided. It is usrra1 to stacte
"at n day 11.nd hour to be given la ter".
(5) Discha.rie orders.
lU) Wind limits-dir ection and velocity.
(7) Safety prcica utions; c.leared areas, au.d box resphator
areas.
(8) Synclironization of watche$. Place and hour.
(9) Liaison and code words. This includes location of
various P. C.'s and routine messages, such as wind, readiness.
etc.
(10) Action after zero hom. Camouflaging.
(ti) Copies to .......... . . .

OPERA"TION REPORT.
91. lmmediatly after an operation, reports are rendered to
units concerned, usnaJly Corps and Divi sions.
The type of repo rt l'endered is shown on the following form.
OPlllRATION REl?Oll'l'
TO
e. o. vmsT l'l-AS ltEGIM]lNT.
Serio.I Ni>. ... , ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.010.
Reference l.r.111)S,

1. Kea~quar-ter11 . .. . ...... ..... .. . .. . ........................ .. . .

2. Gas un!ts op_eratlng........ . ... . ...... , ...... .. .. ... .... . ..... ..
a. DQrl'S, Division on<l Brigade to which nttacbe:a ... , , .. ...... ,
4. Purws.e o( operattou . .. ....... . ............. ............ .. , ..... .
a;, Wind Jlmlts ... ........ ..... . . .... ..........................
ll. Map rcterence ot emplllecments .. .... . . ........................ ..
7. llrnp reteNmc.! ot targets .... .. .. .. .............. , ............. ..
8, Eoe111T
1
regiments al!ected .. ...... .. ................ . ..... , ..... ..
9, '0 Dar. .. ........ ............. "R!' ltOUJ;'
1().WID<l illrectlQ11 IU!d etoclty: weather i,oodltlooF . . . ... . ........... .
11. Number lnata.ll'ed. Cylinders. Projectors. Stnl<es Mortars. (A.od
type ot gru, 11sed.)
..... ................... ' ... ..... .............. ...... .. ....... .
. . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. ._ .... ... ... .
12. Nnml>e.r fl.red ..... ...... . ............... ..... , .... . . . .. , ,
Pel.l~tt\.ge tired ..... ... ... ................... . ..
18. Reason to, ttis~repancles (In an:,)
14-. lllnemy ft~'tlbn boto~ daring and nrter attac)r.
10. Cn~ualtl8'!, (Nmes ot omcets. rt>_gilllental .numbers ot other rs.nko,
alnca i:ec:onna1ssnnc&.)

11!,
............................................... ...............
Time taken anti Dlfill etnpto:red on operation ....... , ............. ..
17. Intantry D,!!!ll11tnoce obta.Joed tor oveutton ........ . ............ , ..
:\8. RanJllJ'lt'oc.
UI. Operation ortler ""'l ms i, 8ttftClle<1.
(Should be l!eDl J,revlou.sfy when pqsslbleJ
Cu)ll~s turwnrdetl to :
.... ' .................... .
. . .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. . .. . ... .. ... .. . .. . .. .. . .
Shene/I: ,
0. o.. ..... . ........ ... , , .. ,
[!:re IJ{ Gas by Gas Troops 87

rACTICAL USE OF OAS, 1'HERMIT AND SMOKE BY

GAS TROOPS.

Ga3.
9~. The. amount any kind of gas used by gas troops should
confol:Jll to tactical conditions, having due regard for wind and
terrn..iD conditions.
93. Gas may be correctly used as follows:
l. In an at:l.ive offensive:
{a) Precerling an nttaclt, all enemy targets should be kept
und ~ a ga:s atmosphere, lillowing only a reasonable time for
clearance before tlie ru.dv::tl of our troo:ps. Only by so doing
can the full heneflt be derived in producing casualties, de-
morafi'.rn:tion, reduction jn lighting efficiency, an.d morale.
(b) During a tempora.ry check of an advance, extending
C:rom a few hours to seve1al days, gas should .be. used on enemy
concentrations, villag-es, strong poiuts, woods, reverse slopes
ond :machine-gun nests.
Cc) Durinir orgaruzation and consolidation bf the line,
gas should be -used as for a temporary eneck, with special
tLHention to sectors from which counterattacks mf.ly be launched.
(d) During nignts of an advance gas should be used on
eiren1y supperts and reserves, and on machine-gun .lll!StS' and
&!:rong p oints.
(eJ Against machine-guns just before an attack, njudicious
t1se of gns lJy Stokes Mortars is an effective means of handli ng
Lhi.5' fol'm of defense. Placing from t w p to ten hombs of ph1.1s-
~ene, dcP-ending on wind and terrain con ditions, in a ma-
chine-gun nest establishes a local concentration sufficient to kill
a:nd force enemy to wear masks or aban'.den guns. The ga.s will
have dissipated sufficiently by the time of arrival of. our own
troops lo l,e safe. Close co..'.ope.-atioo between Ul.e adv.weed in-
fantry uruts and gas troops will allow thi$ result. Troops .m.ust
become accustomed to the smell of slight concentrations ef phos-
gene, an'd !lhould be 1Aught to advanc'e througb or around H,
j'usl us th~y are trained lo f!)llow a barrage.
n. In stabiliz.,3d -warfare :
{a) Surprise shoots of high eo11centra:tion may be used
on enemy concentrations, machine-_gun and nunen,verfer em-
placemets, sllong pomls, trench Intersections, and from one
en.cl. of the line to the 0th.er, when conditions a:re favorable.

ThermH.
94.. Therm.it may he used mr{ler conditions similar lo I (e)
OI' II, abo~e. when conditions .of wi110 or ten-ain prevent the
use ot gas,
158
--
Gas :f,/.at<ual-Purl JII

Smoke.
96. Tl1e i:ntelligeal u.se of smoke in mode1n infantry tactics
ofi'ei,s .many, advantllges arising from f.oncealmenl and dece,p tion.
Smoke n1,a y be correctly used by gas troops as follows:
(a) 'l'o mask enemy observation {!Osts and blind hostile
ranch inc-guns.
(b) To cover front and Jlanks of att~cluag troops. In
f.ronW screen~ care must be exercised to _place the iimoke
:;creeu, p1e fe.rahly on the enemy trench system, so that IUt
enemy barrage laid on the screen will not catch our own
a.dvancing troops.
(c) A-s a f.eint to draw the enemy's attention to a front
which it is not expected lo attack, causing him aeedles:s1y to
1elai n. il:oos and expend imununitiou.
(dJ J)ceeptive screens to simulate general or local attacks.
<.,tts :,hould, genei-ally be used with smoke in these. cases. A
1>r oper. use of gas in coJ1Dection witll smoke sere-en wa.rk will
tause. Lhe euem,y to expect gas whenever s1noke is used. Tl1is
olfers a tremendous advantage to our own t.roops.
(e) 'Jlo conceal concentrations of our guns and lroops, and
l<> sc1een 1oads and m ovements.
(f) To cover constl!uction of bddges and lTenches in lhc
face 1>f the enemy.
The use of sn1oke should -he such as lo lead the euem.r to ex-
peel so:me <>hject other than the real one.

CHOICE OF WEAPONS.
The Stokes Mortar.
96. The mortar ga& bomb is adapted to any of the cases set
forth in Par. 93 above. The mortar is especially useful in an
active o!I-e.usive where ils mobility permits it to l>e -pushed fill'
fo;rwacd and broughL into operation on short notice. With
em.d ent Lrans1101l, gun teams can rea-dily follow the reserve
battalions of attacldng regiments and J,,e brought inlo a1:-tiou
when required on e :my .mn.chlnc~gun nests or concentrations
within two houl's. '1his weapon is parLjeularly adapted to llic
formation of local high concentrations, and i.s one of Ute bcsL
means oi sileneing hustile machine guns or minenwerfers wilbin
nuigc.
'l' he mortar smolte boinb i_s used
effe<.-tiv9ly under all con-
diLio11s given in Par. 95, above. 1'he moltru tbermil bomb ls
used primaJily for lts demorali,zing effect, againiit enemy lDll-
ehin~-guns, of concentrations within range. It, is not as effect-
ive as gas. bnt can he used irrespective of wind drrections. It
may at times he nsed where conditions are unfavorable for
smoke, or in addition to smoke, on strong points, trench inter-
sections, and machine-guns. lt has a considerable terrorizing
effect.
,r:;e of G'11i bg Gas Troops
The Proiec.lor.
The projector gas drum, with ils thirty l)onnds of g11s, :is 1111
e cellent weapon for pl'oducin~ l1i1th concentrations In sll:1'-
prJf.e sho()ts. It is especially effective against ene,my conc:en-
trl\~fon:;, In villlages and woods.
llne to ffs longer range, it can he nsed wl1en Stoltes mortars
cnnnot. On tne oUter hand. the weight and bulk of the equlp-
me"l binder its use on a rapidly movillg front. Witl1 a length
11
t carry not to exceed 500 meters from the 1i mit of mmtar
trnfflC fo the emplacements. f1om 100 to 150 projectors cat1 be
fnstal,ed and d.L<rc:harged in one night by qne company; This
m 111ces 'the projectors an effleie1nt weapon durinJ!' temporary
ch.eeks, or during u~flnizntlons a'Jld consolidation of the line.
i>ro,iect er drums filled with high explosive may l>c osed
w'henever wind conditions l)revent the use' of g11s. They e(Ul.-
tain Ja:rge chal"ges in a case which is much lighter tbnn an
ttl'tillery, she11, and are verv dendJy against troops t n the open.
The;v ml\y also ~e used to demollsb wire.
Pro,iector drums may fie also flJ1ed with oil, hut as st1cl1 ha,e
not yet been nsed by our troops. They wonld be useful hr
h- nJng wo-0ds, or as a demoralizing agent when gas could not
he used.
Cy 1inder lf.
A eyHnder gas attack against suitable taritets Is undouhtedly
the most effettive means or using gas. High concentrations
may _be established Qver wide areas, an d to depths of 10 or
15 kilomete~. Even when the enemy has .been :rwarc that an
nttack was probahle, there have been cas-u11ltles amounting to
neru'ly 10% of the enemy rorccs in the area affected. In ad-
dition. the gases, being highly corrosive in high concentrations,
attack the metal parts of all !!UHS and riOes.
A cylinder attack, with n suitable wind, may be made imme-
diately preeedmg an attack along 1.b:e entire front. It can be
closely followed lJy the infantry .and will succeed in tho_roughly
hreaJdng the defense.

97. SEI,~CTION OF WEAPONS.

The determination of the Jdnd of gas attack to execute de-
pends prima:ril~, upon lhe time available, nature of 1,euain. nnd
target, range, and wtnd. The- selection of weapons shoaJd.
tber~fore, not be made u.,tiJ alter a tb,:rough tactic.al study
of the situation.

TRAINING OP GAS TROOPS.

98. Jn tbe training of gas troops it must he kept constantly
hi mind that they lll"-8 strict1_y fighting troop11 who will he re-
quited to cru:,rj on thefr operations in the foremost arl.'n s
90
Tlley must be trained to in$ure correct ledmi oal execution w ith
tbeir special equipment, us well as to Jm ow to bandJe them-
selves in action as Tn:f-antry, nnd tnJ.e care of themselves in un
cmcr_gencies of front line work.
The course ns oulli:nea herein is of the most iDtensive ebu,.
acter, l>nt must b11 considered of ai.1 emergency uature made
r,eccssaiy in order to place traops in action al tlie earliest
1.1rucli~ble moment.
Irt a,dclifi011, the assumptien is made thnt fhe troops are c1.
g-anized and equipped, have a full complement of officers an,I
at least half of lbei:r non-commissioned officers, and that they
ha,e 1eceivc(l pieliminary insb1,1elions, including Uie simpler
close order movements up to and including lhe Battalion Parade.
99. The course is dhridci'I into two phases. lhc tirst consist-
ing of eignt weeks ancl Uio second four wE!eks. 'fhe lirst phusc
coilsisls of I.he school proper and is divided rough!y as t'oll<iws :
(a) Four weeks or ro.rty-four drill periods devoted to
special training in the w;e and t1peratio11 of the_ speci:1 l equip-
menl.
(b) Two weeks or tweuty- l wo peciod~ to D1fanl ry tra'11-
ing.
(c) Two weeks or twenty-two per:i.ocls devoted to target
p1actice, instruction and Jicing.
The second phase covel!s four weeks, durhig wh:ich platoons
or sections will be attached to 1mit.'> of expedenced troop s
actually operating at the front. l)ul'ing thls phase troops under
l:nstruction will assist the expevienced troops by provid'ing a<l-
dHjonal labor and gradu11lly ,vorking into the operations, fu:-
ing lhe work of tbe ,first phase definitely in ;i.11 details, under
l11e conditions met with in actual operations -at the front.
\Vhere it is i.mpossible to do this, an additional four weeks
sh9uld he allowed and Lbe enti 1e pluse used in improving dis-
cipline, teclmical e.xecution, ruld the carrying out of operations
nnder all simulated condition!\, of front line work.

PRIN01PLES TO GOVERN THE TRACNL'-iG.

100. Underlying alJ inst:ra,etion:m1.1sf be n keen fighting spirit.
Both officer s and men must be m.ade to app.r!\C,iat.e from the
very ~lart iliat thCl ultimate and sole object of the worlt of this
organization is to produce enemy easualties and assist other or-
ganizations to prodnce enemy casualties. Us suC<?ess and .-slue
to tbe Almy aud ow country can be measured directly in cn.c_n,~
casualties. Gas troop:; will h e carefully instructed in thefr
part in tl1e team work necessary. to the success of ta~c tical opera-
tions in -vbicb Ihey may be en.gaged, espee.ia lly In the neces-
sl Q of .giving Juyul aud truthful service to the con1mitncliug
offirei- 1>{ (he Iniaatry unit under whose orders lher may he
direeted to operate. ,
rise, of Ga.~ by Gc,s 'l'rOQJ>S 91

Officers and men must ff))IJl'ec 1ut, !liol rlbso lnH: discipline,
ind compli111H:e wilh ordel'S and inslruclioJis :ll'e nol only essen-
al to gicah dec l success hut nlsv r,ll'ord Lhe only real menns
protection- agidnst Luge casualties in o,n own personnel.
C:)1.'fleexrs n.na men must not be allowed Lo drill in a-ii indif-
Ce ent -0r ni.Jnlcss manner. 'rhe pjcture of actual combat musl
llt keQl in 111:e mind of fl1c instructor nnd Lra.usmi ti.ed to those
11111k1gotng in struction.
I.eel u1es wi 11 he 1eclucetl lo n mi oimum, m;ide J1,ief and
wheJH.>VCl'. llossiblc i;i vl!ll ia eo.111ieclion with exnlanations and
deroonstiaflon of equipment in lhe field.
(111,~ defense training will be continued during the entire-
cou-rse c)f training, using n.ny available Llme- and under eon-
ditioos which will litave every man ca1J.'lble of protectin_g him-
self in extreme emergency,
SCHOOL PITASE.
101. It 'is essential Lhnl lbe offi.eers who are lo actually lead
t he troops be tl'ained "iih tl1em, and lmow l.heil' men, This
n'ec~ssitnles dividing lho -personnel inlu six classes, dividing
along tactical lines or ilie Wl.its where possible. These classes
nre as t onows:
Class A-One-half of com111issioned pe,:sonuel.
Class 13-0ne-hall' of commissio11ed personneL
Clas~ C--One-half of non-commissioned personnel.
Clnss ~Onc-b11 If of nou-co01.missioned }lctson11el.
Cl:tss E-One-luf of 1emainder of unils,
Class F-One-llalf of remainder of unils,
Classes A, B, C :md D will .be given suillcienl actual field
lrnining with ilie special equipment to insw,e nol only a thor-
<iugh underst,wding, but also Correcl n1echanical execution.
Ofi1cers will be traled sepaxately .from the otuer ranks, and will
J.,e reguired Lo aclunlly handle and carry loads, 11se the pick and
shovel, aud do all the prnclical work. They will also carry oul
QJ)er-ation:,, including transporLaUon of material, hoLI1 liefore
and after the operation.
GENERAL TRAINING.
102. Throughout lhe couTsc or instruction the slriclest at-
Lcnlion will .be paid to discipline, the r()utine admirust.ratit>n of
lhe u.n:its, .and j_n as far ns possible, the routine functlonjng of
officers and men.
Strict attention will be paid Lo Lhe perlormnuce of guard
duty. ~fessing aTraugements ""'i.U ])e ca.tefully su1>etvised and
nqfiltional t3-ajning given in the h!l.lldling of rations. Billeting
of Lhe men will be ghen curefu.1 consideration. Sanilalion -ltDd
proper ])olieing will be carefully walched. Bathing of the men
will be done llY, scl1edu le and suJJc1vjsed.
 Gtl8 Manual-Pml U/

In the general training sli:ess musl be Jaid on the absolute

necessity of learning routine administxation, the pro_per hlllld.
llug nnd care of men wider the better condilinos of the rea1
areas, or training camps, so thoroughly- that both ofilcers IU!<l
men will be able to lalte cal'c of Lhemsclves under the adve~s<:
.:ondilions of the fronl line work. Discipline and insistence
un th!! i,crformance of every detail of this wo1l1 is cssc_ntial.

EQUlP.M.ENT ANU SUPPLIES,

103. Chiefs of pruties w ill anticipate their needs and 11l;uc
rc.quisilions well in advance of lime required, to insure delivery
:1t ad,anced du1nps. l 'he miuimu1n allowance of an1munitio11
is as follows:
Stokes l\l o~ta:rs.
Live. Du.1ru:ny. Projectors.
Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20 5
N. C. Officers ..... .. . 10 10 2
Men . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 5 0 1
Tne Stokes Mortar ammunition will be fu.rnfahed in the fol-
lowing pro_portions;
Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Ra.ngin.g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 1
P. s. . ..... . ......... . ........ .. ....... . , . 1
TJ1ermit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
lnsb'UctOrs "Will inswe accur!!CY of Ol)tll'a tious lJefon~ expeu<i i-
lure or live material. In tlie use of live material every effmt
will .be made to approximate actual conditions nt the front,
giving due considel'alion lo tltetlcal use.

DETAILED 1NSTRUCTION.
104. fi1s'l.ruclors will be re.guhed to pl'epare and ca:r1y out
the uctual iDstruclion iJJ accordance with their experience and
all information available, wiili due regard lo p1escril1ed ~tand-
ard practices. Instructors will not int1oducc _personal special-
tiei, unW appl'ovcd, or endeavo1 to cove1 Little used scllemes.
Instruction must be clean cut and dafinite; covering fundn -
mcmlals and leavi.ng vmiations and changes lo be wo1ked out
in the field.
The w.01'l<lng out o ddin:ite sc.hcdulea coyariug lho traiuin~
should .he made .by the officer in cba11ge of the 1nstl'nction J11
aovtu:1ce, fo1 the entile period of the sc:hool phase. 1ViU1
definite i:nformnlion as to Lhe length of lime available and with
all other co.ndilious .known, iL -will be possible, using lhe out-
.lines which will follow, to cove-.: the entire c-0urse. n can .be
covered in the outli:ned time. U the wol'k is or.ga.uized and cvc1y
ofilcel' anti rnan is .reguil'ed t o give his entire time and thougl1t
to il-
 9a

lly dlv1ding lhc lwo classes of persoDJlel into Lwo sections it

15
possible. lo hnve one-half Lhe ofilcers :ind no11-conu:mssioood
11mcerll with the men dwiJ:lg aJl periudll of their lrnlnlng, anti.
I y muking the i:nstructlou p1oglessive, Lbal is, ua Inl ng Lhc
~rucer..<i and uon-com.m.issionecl officers Cfrst, U1ey wu b1.1 used
to :.upcrvise Lbe wo.i:k o! Lbc weu; !or instance, in Stokes 111or-
tn.1 work, one-hail of lb.e ollice1s ntid 11on-com1nissioned officers
can bi,: given b-ai.uing in Stoltes mortar bombs, lhc1 r conslruc-
li()n ,tnd weights, aud the same l.Jlslruclion to We meu in the
11 1te1noon with these officers and non-commissioned offia1irs
presenl nclua.lly supervi11lng the work of the men.
Even.ing confe.rerlces followed by written 4uJ.zzcs should be
bclcl for ofilce2s 11\e ulghts a week du.tlng Lhe en.ti.I:c peribd 01
training,
Classes along sim.llar lines should .l.)e held for non-co.D1.mis-
sioned officers, exi:epL when nlght marches !Uld optrations pre-
vent.
Allenlion is again brought to the iwpo:rlllllce of absohtLely
col1ect execuliun of every detail of l.ra:lning, whether it is
iusi.slence on lbe obse.rvance of .milltroy conrtesy. proper feed-
ing of the. men, sanilalion, guard duly, mru:c.b discipliue, prcp-
uralibn of a.OlJJl.tlll ition, urue of equ.lpmcnl., alld llle work .in
t he f\eltl. actually siu1ulating front line conditions. In opcra-
Uuos ill Lhe tieltl men will.1:-e required to WC}U' shrapuel helmets
and carry gas mas.ks properly ndjust.ed.
Fil$t aid stations will he esw.bllshed in lllew propc1 relaliye
positions .in accordance wilh lhe assurued tactic-al disposiliou,
and lhe Medical Oepnl'Lment will be reqwrctl lo (unction as il
would under actual front line cond iliou~.
1n the prepa1alion of problems ingenuity will he utilized so
ns to make 110 two problems the same, and every eii'oxt will lie
.made lo do.welop ,esoureefulne.ss and ability to cairy on under
all conditions.
Oflieers must he ma.de to i-ealize that the only too limited
training and experience, which they will be able Lo get in the.
short time available, will not only tax tbcil" abilities lo the
u l.Jnost when thc:y take lheh u.n its inlo n.clion, hut also lhal
,mcu in action mistakes rue lnext."Usa l>lc and are mcnsu.red in
I he lives ol' their men.
ln night work both Lhe officers and men must he uained to
cnr.ry 'JUl lhc operations on Lhe dnrliesf nights over un.flUlliliar
gl'OUJld, carrying: _parties must actually carry lhc.ir loads p1op-
crly to n deflnile destinaUon~ .haviug the :rn:me checked care-
fully .lici'.01e starting, during the marc:h lilld nt the desliuation.
ln the outline Lo follow sho"rt synopses will .be given covering
points which must be included in Uxe instruction and whiuh
are pertinent lo. !his specia1 set-vice.
\ 94 Gas Jrf muwl-Part II 1

l05. INFANTRY TRAINING.

Physical Training.
(1)
(2)
School of the Squad.
(3) School of the Platoon.
In the work of the gas troops the platoon is the working
unit and it should be an entirety in itself. It should be trained
as a unit and should work together. It should be so organized
that it can undertake independent operations.
(4) School of the Company and the Battalion.
Ceremonies should be given a pron1inent place in the schedule.
As the training progresses and the units are split up undergoing
technical training, .the parade and review offer the best means
of keeping the men set up and snappy.
(5) Guard Duty.
Formal guard mounts should he held, especial care n1ust be
taken in the instruction of sentinels; they n1ust be made to
realize the serious nature of their charge when posted as
sentinels, in time of war. Any laxity in the training area may
result in the gravest offense in the forward area.
(6) Extended Order.
In the close order work correct execution should be the key-
note. This should be obtained at once, and the extended order
taken U,P at the earliest opportunity, maintaining just sufficient
close order work to keep the men set up and in hand. Extended
order instruction should progress as rapidly as is consistent
with correct execution to field maneuvers with especial refer-
ence to service of security, patrolling, inter-communication and
thorough control.
(7) Full marching order.
In forward areas the men will be required to make many
marches under full pack, frequently bivouaking in the open.
They will be trained how to carry the essentials, and only the
essentials, as well as bow to go into bivouac and take care of
themselves. Only by doing this frequently, and under the
closest supervision, will it be possible to carry on efficiently
forward where every ounce of energy of both officers and men
must be conserved.
(8) Fighting Order.
Men should be required in all field operations to go equipped
as they would actually go into action, with tbe excepiton of
rifle ammunition, which should be used during the last week
of their training but after they have had range practice. An
itemized statement showing fighting order is attached as Ex-
hibit A.
(9) Gas Defense Training.
In the first drill periods careful instruction must he given in
the correct mechanical adjustment of the respirators. This in-
[]se of Gas by Gas Troops !l5

t 'UCtion must be followed up during the entfre period of

: ~inine1 by frequent drills so as to insure prompt and correct
~just:icnt under all conditions. This is of special importance
~n night work, and night marches should be made with the
\~spirators adjusted. Men should be trained to fire Stokes
~Iortars with respirators adjusted. Instructors will pay specia 1
~Lttention to requiring men to adjust the mask at odd times when
~ngaged on other work, su ch as digging-in projectors, carrying
material forward, and the like.
The use of a mild lachrymator ,vill n1aterially assist in
showing the importance of this work and assist in checking up
delinquencies.
(10) Lectures.
(a) Military Courtesy.
(b) Organization of the Regiment, Battalion, Company
and Platoon. Spirit of the organization.
(c) Sanitation.
(d) First aid in case of battle wounds.
(e) Care of Gassed cases.
(f) Articles of War.

TARGET PRACTICE INSTRUCTION.

(1) The rifle and its care.
(2) Position, aiming and trigger squeezing drills.
(3) Range practice.
The importance of target practice cannot be over-emphasized.
At least a fourth of the command should be kept at this work
during the entire time of the training.
(4) Estimating of distances.
This should not be i1>erfunctory, but the men should be ac-
Lnally trained to ,e stimate distances correctly and the work
~hould be included during the entire period devoted to target
practice, utilizing the time when the men are-not actually firing
or taking care of their rifles. Officers will be required to esti-
mate distances in connection with Stokes mortar operations in
war of movement. This training should be supplemented by
work in the trench mortar training.

TECHNICAL TRAINING.
106. This work is outlined in periods covering the work
which should be presented to the officers and followed by an
outline covering the sequence to be taken up in the training
of the units.
96 Gas Manual-Part 11 1

107. 4-INCH TRENCH MORTAR.

(1) (a) The mortar, its construction, weight of the various
parts. method of setting up, and explanation of its operation.
(b) Mortar Drill.
(c) Dummy loading.
(d) Explanation of range tables.
(2) (a) Bombs, their construction, contents and weights.
(b) Propellants and ranges obtained.
(c) Fuses and fuse setting.
In this work equipment should be used supplemented by draw-
ing and cross-sections of the actual material.
(3) (a) Construction of emplacements, and the importance
of good solid foundation for base-plates.
(b) Setting up mortars and firing same.
(4) Map reading, laying out lines of fire with map, pro-
tractor and compass.
All officers and the senior non-commissioned officers must be
thoroughly tr~ined in map reading.
(5) Characteristics of the active materials used in the
bombs.
(6) Tactical use of Trench mortars.
(a) Smoke and Thermit.
(b) Gases.
(c) Precautions to be taken in the use of the materials.
(7) Drawing~ cleaning and testing mortars and ammuni-
tion and their preparation for action.
(a) Gun inspection and checkin~ up of guns and tools.
Inspection must not he slighted. Tools should he definitely
:?.ssigned to the different members of the gun teams and they
must he required to accept the responsibility for them. An:v
laxity in this feature is sure to result in the handicapping of
operations sooner or later at the front.
(8) Methods of making reconnaissances and points to be
observed.
(9) Preparation of personnel, guns and ammunition for
action.
(a) Duties of all ranks in action.
(10) Operation orders and operation reports.
(11) Actual firing by day and night simulating actual
front line conditions in accordance with assumed tnctical situa-
tions.
Officers should be given a written examination at th~ com-
pletion of the training with each weapon.
(12) Training of the men should be taken up in the fol-
lowing sequences.
(a) Explanation of setting up mortars.
Use of Gus by Gas Troups 9i

(b) Trench mortar driJJ, practice in loading with dununy

.mor tars.
(c) Lectures on propellants, bombs and ranges. Recapping
and cleaning of shells and fuses.
(d) Digging-in base-plates, se tting up guns, camouflage.
(e) Firing with reduced charges.
(f ) Firing full charges.
(g) Complete installation and laying down a smoke bar-
rage.
(h ) Firing at night.
(i) Actual carrying out operations, both day and night,
up to and including the use of live materials.

PROJECTORS.

108. History of the projector, its development, construction

and effectiveness.
Explanation of the material used in the construction of gun,
base-pl ate. propellant, charge box, lead wire and exploder.
Explanaiou of construction of drums, fuse bead, gaine, de-
tonator and contents of bombs.
Weight and dimension of the gun and accessories. Range
with various charges.
Methods of installation, connecting up and firing.
Li nes of fire, by map, protractor and compass. Laying out of
battery base lines. Digging of battery trenches.
Careful account must be taken of the nature of the ground
and t h e time required to make a normal installation. By
choosiug different sites it will be possible during the course
of training to obtain a definite idea as to the time required to
make installations in the forward area. This will be of the
greatest assistance in planning operations and estimating cor-
rectly the time required to carry them out.
Installing guns and checking lines of fire with a compass,
and elevation with clinometer.
Handling of drums, fuses, detonators, charge boxes and ex-
ploders.
Assembly of drums, of gaine tubes and detonators.
Cutting of fuses. Loading guns.
\Vir ing of batteries, including drill with exploders.
The greatest care must be exercised in this training, and a
thorough system worked out. One of the greatest sources of
trouble in actual operations is in not having the wiring cor:-
1ectly done, or in getting the wiring of several batteries mixed
up. Careful training must be given in the use of the exploder
and special men trained in its use.
Testing of circuits and drawing safety pins.
Disconnecting batteries, unloading and storuge of drums and
eharge boxes.
98 Gas Manual-Part lJJ

In the handling of Jive materials in Lbe forward area special

precautions must be taken to prevent the accumulaUon of large
quantities of drums in a exposed po~ition. Dgout s or pro.
tected locations must be found.
Testing exploders, charge boxes before placing in tube, bat-
tery connections, battery connected to lead wire, with explana-
tion covering galvanometer, resistunce box, and resistance of
the different elements.
Ins truction in the coruplete installation of batteries ready to
fire under different conditions of terrain and weather, includ-
ing work at night.
Characteristics of the active materials used in the drum.
Tactical use of projector.
Location of e1nplacements, wind limits and safety zones.
Methods of making reconnaissances and points to be observed.
Preparation of personnel, guns and ammunition for action.
Duties of all ranks in action.
(a)
Operation Orders and Operation Reports.
Organization of a complete projector attack.
This will include the initial reconnaissance with a decision as
to emplacement positions; number of batteries; method of
transporting material, by trucks, rail, animal or personnel;
routes to be used; location of nearest Headquarters with tele-
phone; location of our own front line or out,p osts; arrange-
ments for withdrawal of infantry; estimates of time required;
1naking out list of material and drawing same; organization of
materials, installation; carrying on of liaison; meteorological
work, ca1no uflage; testing; firing; inspection for duds, firing
same; leaving position; preparation of necessary reports, and
salvage of material.
Training of the men should be taken up in the following
sequence:
(1) Parts of the projector. drums and all accessories.
(2) Digging of projector trenches, placing and sighting of
projectors.
(3) Preparation of charges and fuses.
(4) ,viring and firing.
(5) Organization of carrying parties and their trainin g.
(6) Training in the use of the testing apparatus and cx-
p loders .
(7) Complete installation of single battery including
camouflage.
(8) Carrying out complete projector operations under dif-
ferent conditions of terrain and lengths of carry.
(9) Car,.ying out of eomplete projector operations in keep-
i 11g wilh nssumed tad ical situal ions al night.
Use of Gas by Gas Troops 99

109. CYLINDERS.
The cylinder, its construction, weights of the various parts,
and explanation of its operation.
' Instruction in handling installation, connecting up and firing.
Characteristics of the active materials used.
Tactical use of cylinders.
Reconnaissance and arrangements for a cylinder attack.
Preparation of personnel and all materials for carrying out of
c,,Jinder attacks.
w Field work in actually carrying out cylinder attack.
Operation Orders and Operation Reports.
Organization of a complete cylinder attack, with its exccu-
t ion in every detail.
Training of the n1en should be taken up in the following
sequence:
(1) The cylinder, its construction, and explanation of it~
various parts.
(2) Wiring and connecting.
(3) Installation of batteries and firing.
(-1-) Preparation and carrying out small operations.
<5) Carrying out larger operations, with special attention
to the handling of material over considerable distance and nn
extended front.
(6) Operation in keeping with an assumed tactical situa-
tion at night.

110. SPECIAL INSTRUCTION FOR OFFICERS.

In the conference and by special lectures, special traininf! can
he given to the officers covering the detail of their work which
applies to efficient fighting of the org-anization. Such subjects
as meteorology and liaison. making of reconnaissances, prepara-
tion of orders, and the writing of reports are common, in gen-
eral principles, to all operations.
The training sh<,>uld he sufficiently thorough as to make :-in
officer ready to go into a Division Headquarters, state his busi-
ness, and from there on down through Brigade, Regiment and
Battalion, making all necessary arrangements, carrying out the
necessary reconnaissances, organization of the complete opera-
tion and carrying it thr0ugh to a satisfactory completjon which
in all cases must be in full accord with the plans and existing
situation confronting the unit with which he is working.
In addition to supplementing the work as outlined above,
special subjects with notes are given below.

111. A SPECIAL LECTURE.

Impo1tance of supporting senior officers at all times.
:a)
Necessity of cheerfulness, especially in action, and in
(h)
the presence of enlisted men when under severe conditions.
100 Ga& Manual-Part 111

(c) Speed in all preparatory work as far as is consistent

with thorou~hness. This can be done by making careful plans
beforehand for any work in course of operation.
(d) Knowing where all enlisted men are and being able to
have a platoon turned out quickly for duty and in proper flght-
in~ order.
(e) Personal knowledge of the sector on which the com-
pany is operating- egpeciaJly the motor truck roads, horse-
<lrawn wagon roads, railheads and termini of trench tran1ways,
distances of n1u!e tracks or trails, distance of hand carrying
for personnel.
(f) Ability to look ahead and provide for unforeseen con-
tingencies. Give instances of guides going astray; traffic
choked on roads; loss of time in Jtetting command ready; not
mnldng proper rendezvous for infnntry carrying party; not
making proper reconnaissances in daylight and losing time in
findin~ way at ni~ht; not drawing supplies complete, and having
1o go back for same; leaving the carryinp: till the last night be-
fore the attack. an<l then having a11 "up" trenches blocked by
infantry when same could be avoided; Jeavin~ work until last
ni{!ht. and then being rushed: overloading of motor trucks in
had weather: failing of material to arrive in time; not select-
in!! {!nod men for guides and runners; bad liaison; despatching
snpplies without proper guides and with insufficient instruc-
tions.
(g) Personal interest in an matters affecting billets for
men, their health, food. clothing, and sanitation.
(h) Givin! good men every encouragement for advancement
nnd "scrapping" unreliable non-commissioned officers.
(i) Careful supervision of work and realizing that the offi-
cer is personally responsible for his subordinates. Responsi-
bility cannot be delegated to non-commissioned officers unless
officer becomes a casualty.
(j) Officers must not discuss their business in the pres-
ence nnd hearing of clerks or enlisted men. Orders can he
issued to non-commissi0ned officers and men when the finnl
course of action is deceided upon.

112. ORGANIZATION OF THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF

AN ARMY.
Tb{' officers should be given a complete explanation of the
functioning of the elements of an arn1y, such as Corps and Di-
vision Headquarters. This should be covered in detail, as to
,vben to take up questions of operations, intelligence and sup-
plies. They must he made to realize that in the conduct of
nctive operations every man in the unit has definite duties to
perform. that it is necessary to sec the right mnn, state llw
Use of Gas by Gas Troops 101

business explicitly, and generally work into the organization

so as always to be or assistance and never a hindrance. Only
in exceptional cases is it warranted to request special consid-
eration or break into the regularly established functioning of
the larger organization.

113. LIAISON.
It is important to select smart intelligent men as runners.
They will be men who are above the average in soldierly quali-
ties. but not mature enou~h for non-commissioned rank.
They will receive the same training as other enlisted men.
but when they have learned the technical work and drill, they
will be given special instructions in map reading, use of the
compass, finding their direction at night, and carrying verbal
n1essages from Batta1ion or Company Commanders to Company
Officers without any alteration.
During practice operations on the training ground they will
be used by the officers in conveying code messages relatin~ to
the operation and they will be practiced at night, getting across
country after dark.
Each officer will select and train two runners for his own
use. He will be responsible that these men are flt for the job,
and that they realize the importance of the duties in hand.
When companies move up to battle positions, these men will
be required to accompany officers on reconnaissances of the
advanced line, to act as guides for carrying parties, as runntrs
attached to an assaulting battalion. or left as runners to wait
im_portant messages at a Divisional, Brigade, Regimental or
Battalion Headquarters. When on the last mentioned duty.
they must not leave the message center or headquarters day or
ni~ht until relieved.
They must have a good sense of direction and be able to find
their way over desolate country at night with few visible land-
marks.
When moving about in the advance zone an officer will be
accompanied by at least one runner, so that the latter will have
a thorough knowledge of the country and be in a position to
convey messages from his officer at any later time to the com-
pany headquarters, or to any infantry headquarters. This is
especially necessary during an operation where the officer is
bu- ily engaged in his work of preparation, and has to send
back reports of progress of same
Operation reports from platoon commanders. Importance of
furnishing same without delay.
Use of telephone lines from battalion and advanced regi-
mental headquarters; use of telegrams from divisional mes-
sa::?e centers.
Use of "Courier" dispatch services from Division M. C. to
r.01p~ M. C. and Corps M. r.. to Army M. C.
102 Gas Manual- Part III

Importance of complete chain of liaison from battalion t o

company and company to platoon or detachment for operatioll
Importance of complete chain of liaison from platoon to
advanced battalion when in action.

114. SERVICE OF SECURITY AND INFORMATION.

This should follow the principles laid down in the Field Serv-
ice Regulations with special attention to the following:
Secrecy.
The success of these operations depends largely upon the
attack being a complete surprise to the enemy. Codes must be
used. Care should be exercised in the use of telephones. Tele-
phones should not be used for conversation in "clear" or at
regular intervals, as 1n the transmission of meteorlogical data.
When operating with other units in the line greatest care must
be exercised so as not to indicate increased activity. The regu-
lations in force in tl,c particular sector must he strictly com-
plied with.
Camouf1.age.
The simpler principles should be covered which will allow
an officer to decide as to color and texture of material quantity
and dimensions of artificial material, as well as to make the best
out of natural concealment in woods and accidents of the ter-
1ain. Track discipline is of especial importance. The position
should never be left either before or after firing before it is
thoroughly camouflaged.
Frequent aerial photographs should be obtained as work
progresses on the larger operations.
illeteorology.
There are certain fundamental principles in meteorology which
every officer should understand. All gas operations are de-
pendant in more or less degree upon wind and weather condi-
tions, but with an understanding of the simpler principles and
{on1pletc data, not only from the l\lcteorologica l Service itself,
but fron1 that obtained by the l\Ictcorological Sections of the
units themselves, it is possible to predict and make a much
larger use of gas than would otherwise be possible.
This is so important and will be of such greater importance
in future operations that this knowledge must be obtained. The
safety limits must be thorougnly understood.
Service of Supply.
Under this sl1ould be covered all the details of supply,
whether automatic or otherwise, and a definite understanding
had as to the procedure in e.ach case.
lf se of Gas by Gu~ Troops 103

Jt,lap ]leading an<l ~laldnu.

It is not only ,lisgraccful hut crimina 1 for an officer to take
his men into aclion over unfamiliar ground without the ability
to keep himself properly located nt all tiines.
Organization of an Attack..
Operations such as the gas troops must carry out frequently
necessitate the movement of large amounts of material and
use of a considerable number of 1ncn. As in any other opera-
tion it requires careful planning and organization. Time is an
essential element and must always be taken into consideration.
If normal contingencies are allowed for, the adverse condi-
tions of front line work will usually add sufficient difficulties
to tax the energy and ability of all concerned without allow-
ing for mistakes and lack of supplies.
lVriliny of Orders4
All officers must be trained to write clear, complete and cor-
rect orders covering units which they will be expected to lead.
After a thorough explanation of the necessity and the details
to lJe covered in ari order, practical instruction in connection
with actual operations undertaken in the general training will
usually suffice if these orders are carefully checked and mis-
takes corrected.

115. TRAINI~G OF SPECIAL DETACHMENTS.

Meteorological Section
Eight men i11 each Bnttaljon should he thoroughly trained tu
take and properly record meteorological data. They should
l,now how to interpret data received fron1 the Meteorological
Service and apply it to local conditions.
A regular system should be instituted in each Battalion and
Company so as to keep all officers thoroughly informed as to
wind and weather conditions.
Runner Service.
Each battalion and company should have four trained run-
ners and each platoon leader two trained runners. These men
should be carefully selected, intelligent and resourceful. They
must be instructed in the operations of the units and their
relation to the other troops with which the unit is operating.
They should be trained to carry messages correctly under the
blost adverse conditions, and 1nust be made to realize that upon
their work the failure or success of an operation may depend.
While they must be given special training throughout the
entire period of instruction they must also function with the
unfts themselves in carrying out the field operations. Officers
cannot devote t.oo much time to the selection and training of
these men.
104 Gas Manual- Pwl 1IJ

116. BXHIBIT A.
Fighting Order.
(1)Clothing worn on the men as issued.
(2) Rifle, bayone~ and ammunition. (100 rounds.)
(3) Accoutrements as issued, with the exception of the
pack. In going into action the pack is dropped and left u nder
buard.
(4) Small box respirato1.
(5) Shrapnel helmet.
(6) In haversack-reserve rations, toilet articles, mess kit.
(7) Canteen filled with water.
Men must be trained to drink sparingly and a most careful
supervision given to a renewal of the supply.
Men are for hidden to carry any letters, papers, orders or
sketches which may convey information to the enemy. Men
will be warned not to give any inform&.tion, hut name and r ank
in event of captw:e. These points should be checked up at fre-
quent intervals during the course of trainini.

EXHIBIT B.
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY .P ORCES,
HEADQUARTERS FIRST GAS REGIMENT.

SECRET Aqust 15, 1918.

From: Chemical AdTiser and Intelligence Officer, 1st Gas Regiment, A. E. F.
1.'o: Commanding Officer, 1st Gas Regiment, A. El. F.
Subject: Report of Recon:nnis~!lllce.
1. Map reference.
Emplacement Presnos-on Woevre Vigneulles 3;1-10, 000.
Target: St. Mihiel, 3:1-10,000.
2. Second Division ol Second Corps ot. Second French Army bolds thls
sector.
3. Target is a Battal'ion Headquarters, Depot of Stores, Ravin de Con-
ouseveaux 42.15 (42.40) 52.12.
4. The emplacement position ls ln Ravin de Souvaud 42.30-53.24.
5. Instal1ation recommended:
200-2' 6" projectors. Ammunition C. G.
100-2'6" projectors. Ammunition N. C:
6. Install as fifteen batteries. A.ogle of fire true South.
7. Target distance ls 1130 meters. Charge recommend. ls thirty-six onnces
of cordite ln 5 %, inch charge box.
8. Wind limits are 5 through North to 25.
9. Blllets at Rupt on Woevre or nearer the line.
10. Rallroad transportation to Rupt on Woevre- advanced dump In woods
near P. O. Liege, 41.80-53.67. Material can be brought to this point at n ight
by trucks cal'efully managed and separated.
11. Light wagon transportation to 42.42-53.44 (700 metres), then tbrousll
Boyou 7 by Observatolre Bruery, through Boyau Guillaume and into Ra.vin de
::;onvaux. (At night better transportation, and much shorter, could almost
certainly be obtained directly over the top from wagon to Ravln, making
carry of two hundred or three hundred meters).
12. Estlmate that one company should be able to transport material f roDl
Rupt on Woevre and install guns in two days. Position can be visited 1D
daylight but work cannot be done owing t o aeroplQlle observation. Trans
portntion to advanced dump only at night.
 6e of Gas\by Gas Troops 105
13. The Ila~, :Crom Rupt on Woevre to advanced dump le about eight
JdJorneters. 'l.'he t\ltal weight to haul, about 25 tons. Four 8-ton trucks should
bantlle the transpo~ation in one night to advanced dump (not lneludlng men,
water and proYision:). Light transportation of some kfnd tor 700 meters
,11ould be provided. \
14, Two days tor one company will be required for installation.
15. Green serim to rover 800 projectors is necessary.
16. Company Commander sonld be :n P. C. Liege, 41.80-53.57.
17. Communication from battery position to commanding officer bJ runner.
18, Base-plates should be used.
19. Ravin des Foumes can be gassed trom the Hme poidtlon, usln1
fonr foot guns and i:;ame line of fl.re. This ls well worth attempting with
tour hundred guns, if carry can be arrangeil.
~O. Stokes mortars cnn be m:;ed trom the front line near the above em-
placement to advantage. Exact best location not determined.
J. E. Mills,
Captain, 1st Gas Regiment.

118. EXHIBIT C.
HEADQUARTERS
2ND BATTALION, 1ST GAS REGIMENT
AMERIOAN El. F.
COPY NO. 1.
SECRET September 1, 1918.
Operation Order No. 41.
Map reference, Vii;neulles "A", 1-20,000.
1. The foll'owing targets wlll be engJtged by projectors at a time to be epect-
fted later ("D" Day-'H" Hour).
PROJECT.rOR.
Target. Ernpln<'ement Site. No. of Projectors.
42.90-52.50 C.G.
43.29-52. 72 42.11-53.52 340 and
43.35-53.64 to N.C.
43.01-52.41 . 42.22-53.53
....
')
Our Une nt emplacement sites ':leld by 26th Division, 5th u. s. Arm1
C.Orps.
3. Projectors will be installed by Company D. 1st Gas RPgiment, assisted
by platoons from Companies E and F.
4. Watches wlll be synchronized wlth 5th U. S. Army Corps time.
5. Discharge of projectors will be at "H" minus tour hours, Batteries
will be inspected and unftred gum: will be discharged twenty minutes after
original discharge.
6. Projector attack wm not take place unless the wind ts from 27 throuab
WEST AND NORTH to 03, and from two to fifteen miles per hour.
7. A decision In regard to tbla discharge wtn be made by the Commnndlng
Offlt'er. 2nd Battalion, 1st Gas Regiment at "H" minus eight hours and com
munkated to Division and Corps Headquarters by wire and written confl.rmatton.
Code. OPERATION WILL TAKE PLACE-MAINE.
OPERATION CANCELLED-OAL1FORNJA.
8. If weathf;r conditions are unfavorable at "H" minus six hours the
operation will be cancelled by Commnnd!ng Officer, 2nd Battalton, 1st Gal?
Regiment. l\IeEisnges being sPnt in Cotle of Paragraph No. 7 to D1v1s1on and
Corps Headquarters. The officer ln charge of emplacementg can cancel at
Zero If local conditions are ontslde of Jlmtts specified ln parngutpb No. 6.
0. The Comronndfng Officer, Compnny D. 1st Gas Regiment, wlll be at
P. 0. Marengo -11.04<i1.16, from "H'' 1.1lnu~ si~ hour until "H" mlnns four
hours. Ile will maintain communication with bis emplo.cement offlcerfl b,Y
rnnncrw.
106 Gas 1llanu.al-Part III

10. l\Iessagci;; trom the position officers to the Company Commander Wlll
be sent as follows: 1
(a) Wind )IeRRages-eacb balf-bour frmn "H'' minus slx houh
to li}> , minus four and one-half hours.
(b) All reacly-wllen al1 "pn"parations are completed.
(c) Number of. urums dii::<>barged nfter final discharge.
11. The area enclosed by 48.10-53.09; 42.00-53.M; 41.00-53.46 and 42.2,.
52.92 should be cleared of a1l troops as far as the tactic-al situation Will
permit from 1 'H" minns four hours and ten minutes until "II" minus three
hours and thirty-five minutes. Any troops left in the abo,e aren and in
nreas enclosed by 43.46-53.45; 42.00-53.54 and 43.10-53.09; nnd 42.27-52.9'>.
41.90-58.46 and 42.04-52.9!:: must wear box rC'Rpirators frotn H,>' minus fo~~-
hours and five minutes until the "All Clear" signal is given by their Gas
Officer.
12. It will not be necessary to co.mouflage this position after the dis-
charge. All peronnel, with tbe exception of those needed for the later at-
tacks, will retire to the advanced billets.
13. Please acknowledge.
J. B. Carlock,
Major, 1st Gas Reglment.
Copies:
1. O. G. ;ifb U. S. Corp::.
2. C. G. 26th U. s. Division.
3. C. 0. 1st Gas Regiment
4. C. G. Company D.
,,. War Diary.

119. EXHIBIT D.
OPERATION REPORT
To
C. 0. Fir::;t Gas Regiment.
SERIAL NO.
August 5, HHS.
Reference Maps.
Violu (Nord) 1/5000.
1. Headquarten:-Corupauy A, 1st Gas Ilegiment, A. E. I<'.
2. Engineer Cornpa.nies Operatin:r, Company A, 1st Gas Regiment.
a. Corps or Division to which attached, 21. D. I. 33 0. A. (French).
4. Purpose of operation, harrassing enemy in new positions. Prevention
of further work in organizing new trenches as jumping off place for seizing
TETE du VIOLU.
5. Wind Umits-N. thrn W. to R.
6. Map reference of emvlacl'lll~nts-(S) 54.5-59.G, (S-1) 54. 7-38.'i, (S-2)
54. 7-58.6.
7. Map reference of targets-?l5.3-60.0, 55.2-59.0, 55.05-58.6;).
8. Enemy Regiments atiectecl-80 Landwehr, others not identified.
9. Zero Ilonr-23.00 Aug. 5-6, 1918.
10. Wind direction anu wlocity and weather conditions-West, 7 m. p. h.
'.\Iisty overcast sky. Started to rain at 1.00 n. m. Aug. 6.
11. Number installeo,
and type of gas used. Cylinders. Projectors. Stokes Mortars.
O.G. 495 300
12. Number fired. 495 294
Percentage fir~d. 100 98
13. Reason for di~crt>pancies (if :my) 3 bnmbs stuck in guns and conld
not be removed. early in the shoot, putting them ont of action. Enemy action
made it inadvisable to bol'd a gun in positi'n whil~ biscuit, container anll
ammunition WLte being changed.
14. Enemy action before, dnrlng and after nttack-Xo rockets. Green
and red flares nt O plus 3 min. HcnvY artillery retaliation nt O plus 7 mlns.
on position:=: (S-l)-<8-2). 011 trench system, lines of comrounicn tion, billeti:: and
artillery. Enemy apparently very much annoyc(1.
use of Gus by Gas Troops 107
15. Casualties (Name of vfficer s ; r egimPD l:ll ri umber s ot otller rank:-;
(since r econnaissance). :t\o. 915384 slightly irn:-~ctl in clearing a trench of
a sbort T. M. E.
16. Time taken and mt n employ ed on opcrntion- 7 <lays and nights-90
rnen for eight days. 4G more fo 1 fonr <lays
17. Infantry assistance o!Jtained for operation G-4 o.x teams for 5
nights. Trenc:b mortar and artil'Jery fire O plus 5 min. to O plus 10 min.
18. Remarks-Information from plH., tograplls and deserter showed Ger-
Dtans crel-'ping in to capture TETE d u VlOLU. Inten se fire for clestr11ction
two days urevious by artillery an(l trench mortars . 3000 sbells, 2000 T. M. E.
QUlE't for two <lays to encour'age enemy to return t o work. Guns will be left
10 oP position S for future u,f' if nettl deve lop~.
W. Ii'. Pond,
Captain, Co. A,
1st Gas Regiment.
copies to:
o. O. 1st Gas Regiment .
o. O. Prov. Btn., 1st Gas Regt.,
21st D. I. (French).
33rd C. A. (French) Secret File.

FUNCTIONS OF GAS OFFICERS.

(See paragraphs 100-148-Defense .Aginst Gas.)
120. The essential qualities of a gas officer are technical
knowledge, tact, courtesy, initiative, ingenuity, and energetic
perseverance. He must bear in mind that his supply and ad-
ministrative duties arc not the most important, and that one
of his most important d,uties is to advise with respect to gas
offense operations. These duties cannot be properly performed
from an office in the rear.
121. The following enumeration of functions of corps and
division gas officers is suggestive and not a.11 inclusive.
I. Administration.
(a) Secure and employ as near full allowance of officers
and enlisted men as practicable in corps (or division) office.
(b) l{eep lists up to date of regimental and battalion gas
officers and N .C. 0.'s.
(c) Study personality of subordinate gas officers. Attempt
to make best use of them by suitable assignments, and to cor-
rect faults and weaknesses when possible.
(d) Departmentalize, as far as practihle, the work of the
corps (or division) gas. personnel
(e) Place all enlisted personnel immediately under re-
sponsible non-commissioned officer in charge of office.
(f) Secure, if practicable, separate quarters for enlisted
personnel.
(g) Know by name and rank each officer on the staff and
the nature of his duties.
(h) Insure that required number of regimental and bat-
talion gas officers and 1 C. O's are trained at proper schools.
.1.

Maintain written record of training of gas personnel, commis-

sioned and non-commissioned, and their ability, recommending
 108 Gus Mallual-Part IJL

advance of those who discharge their duties satisfactorily

whenever a vacancy exists.
(i) Secure as near full allowances of transportation as
practicable.
(j) Maintain filing system, emphasize care of and making
of maps, form and substance of reports and correspondence,
appearance of office.
(k) Keep a war diary.
II. Relations within corps (or division).
(a) Maintain intimate liaison with all staff departments.
(b) Cultivate interest in gas among all officers by con-
genial, unobtrusive methods. ~
(c) Request action of G-3 on reports and recommenda-
tions relating to gas discipline, training and supplies.
(d) Secure official publications of necessary orders, such as
zone regulations.
(e) Secure co-operation of Military Police in enforcement
of orders relating to gas defense.
(f) Secure all necess~ry information, such as maps, re-
ports and circulars concerning enemy operations from G-2 (In-
telligence), concerning our own movements from G-3 (Opera-
tions), concerning casualties from the Corps (or Difision) Sur-
geon's office, concerning casualties and our own posts of con1-
mand frona the Statistical Office.
(g) Co-operate with representative of Inspector General
and Medical Gas Officer.
III. Operations.
(a) Furnish counsel in gas matters as requested by Com-
manding General, Chief of Sta.ff, G-3, or (Corps) Artillery Offlce.r.
(b) Act as liaison between gas troops operating in corp:,
(or division) area and (corps and) division staffs, establishing
understanding on the part of the staff and an appreciation of
their potential value. (Division Gas Officer will--aid in estab-
lishing similar relations betweeu gas troops 1and units with
which they are to act in thP .ne.)
(c) Furnish gas troops will all available information con-
cerning suitable targets and movements involving the possibility
of activity on their part.
(d) Devise plans for use of gas, submitting them to G-3 or
to Commanding Officer of Gas Troops concerned where his
organization is affected.
(e) Establish relations with artillery brigades (or bri-
gade) cultivating interest in gas.
(f) Maintain Uaison with Munitions Officer and Artillery
Operations Officer, also Salvage Officer. and be cautious in
recommendations of artillery gas programme, leaving all mat-
ters of recommendation which are exclusively in the field of
artillerists.
 se of Gas by Gas Troops 109

(g) Report without delay direct to Army Chief of Chemical

warfare Service all gas offensive operations executed by troop~
of the division (or corps), suhmitting copy of such report to G-3.
v.
1 Supplies.
(a) Study carefully means of supply and probable future
eeds of division (or corps).
11
(b) Insure adequate supply of timely requisiUon on the
eaiest advance army depot, hut keep stock in co1ps park 01
:ivision dump as sn1all as compatible with local needs.
(c) If not uear an advance depot see that requisitions on
the ba se or intermediate depots are placed with G-4 of the army
in ample time to secure supplies.
v. Subordinate Units.
(a) Under such instructions as may he issued from head-
quarters, make periodic inspections with view toward deter-
mining state of gas discipline, training and supplies, reporting
defects to Division (Regimental) Gas Officer and Commanding
Officer of unit concerned. When corrective measures are not
applied, submit special report to G-3 for information of Com-
manding General.
(b) Keep Commanding General advised of state of gas
training, discipline and supplies in divisions assigned to corps
(or units within the division).
(c) Advise next senior Gas Officer on same subject, send-
ing copy of such report to Chief C. W. S.
(d) Assist Division (Regimental and Battalion) Gas Offi-
cers by counsel and suggestion.
(e) Study conditions within divisions (regiments, etc.)
through routine report and personal interview.
(f) Encourage criticism and suggestion from Division
(Regimental and Battalion) Gas Officers.
(g) Be watchful at all times of gas personnel who through
9

temperamental or other unfitness, tend to bring the Chemical

Warfare Service into discredit and recommend to Chief of
C. W. S. transfer of such officers and men to other work.
(h) Insist upon the use of proper channels of communi-
cation.
(i) Accustom h'oops to the use of smoke, H.E., and thermit
by gas troops tlirough demonstration and brief lectures.
VI. Corps Troops.
(a) Maintain gas discipline, training and supplies.
(b) Undertake training of gas N. C. O's. in the units not
as a whole indentified with front line activity (such as remount
squadrons, etc.).
(c) Check closely situation concerning replace1nent bat-
talion and the sending of replacements to the line without
Pl'oper anti-gas equipment.
110 Gas Afanual- P arL
111

(d) Interview gas ofllcers and non-conunissioned officer::; or

corps troops frequently for purpose of securing from the
helpful suggestions and criticism. rn
VII. Casualties.
(a) Keep accurate account of casualties noting particular}
causes, avoidability, fatigue and malingering cases, the nature 0~
gas responsible for casualty, tactical use of that gas, ratio of
shell to casualties.
(h) Analyze periodically the proportion of casualties at-
tributable to the several gases as indicated by symptoms and
recollection of patients respecting smell and appearance of gas.
(c) Submit report to Commanding General through G-3
when facts and findings justify.
(d) Co-operate with Medical Gas Oflicer in securing data
concerning methods of relief of gas affections and in giving
them publicity within the corps (or division) . Notify Chief of
C. ,v. S. ,o f all such methods in use in the unit.
(e) Take steps to prevent needless salvage by hospitals of
gas equipment of patients.
VIII. Enemy Alaterial and Intelligence.
(a) Secure all material, documentary and otherwise, of
gas interest through divisional (regimental) gas personenl, sal-
vage officers, G-2, and miscellaneous sources, and, if practicable,
by examination of enemy dugouts, dumps and positions in im-
mediate wake of infantry advance.
(b) Utilize all available 1neans of transportation for re-
moval of non-mailable material to nearest Advance Army Gas
Depot, notifying next senior G:t s Officer or find and wh er e it is
deposited, sending copy of report to Chief of C. \V. S.
(c) Deliver all non-gas intelligence thus secured to G-2.
(d) Secure, if practicable, translation of gas documents
before forwarding them when data is likely to he of in1mediate
importance to Corps (division) .
(e) A set of enemy fuses and typical gas shell, sectioned,
should be kept at gas office for information of all concer ned.
IX. 1'raining of Divisions.
(a) When Division is in training recommend t o G-3 to
establish conferences of regimental and battalion gas oflicers
and schools for gas N. C. O's.
(b) Recommend to G-3 to establish a series of lectures.
demostrations, inspections and drill s for the enlisted pcrsonhrl
of the division.

122. The following is a suggestive digest of the functions of

a Regimental and Battalion Gas Officer. It should be noted tha t
responsibility for all n1easures taken in chemical w arfarl,
whether in offense or defense, rests ultin1ately upon . the com-
manding officer concerned, and the gas officers concerned nre
 ,e of Gas by Gas Troops 111
11
pder their com~and. Usu:11Iy, either the commanding o~ccr
11 the regiment will order his gas officer to follow the technical
01
dvice of the Division Gas Officer, or this may be ordered by
: gher authority. (The suggestions are supplementary to Par.
8~1, Defense Against Gas.)
(a) Keep accurate record of training and ability of sub-
ordinate personnel, recommending such advancement as may
be m erited and practicable.
(b) I{eep gas personnel advised of the latest available data,
holding frequent conferences and inviting suggestion and
criticism.
(c) Exact strict compliance with orders relating to in-
spection by subordinate personnel, condition of material, gas
discipline and reserYe supplies by means of personal supervi-
sion and frequent inspections.
Id) Insure the in1mcdiate aYailability of authorized re-
~erve anti-gas supplies, their suitable transportation and proper
issue. ,
(e) Advise commanding officers of Lhe proper precautions
to be taken in anticipation of gas attacks, and in the event of
such attacks keep informed concerning all action taken.
(f) Minimize false alarms and supervise insruction to
sentries, insuring active liaison with gas personnel of subor-
dinate and ~uperior commands. ,
(g) Secure sufficient first aid relief in exposed areas.
(h ) Furnish counsel to Commanding Officer in gas matters
and stimulate interest in and understanding of the use of gas
on th e part of all officers. ,
(i) Furnish liaison between comn1and and gas unit operat-
ing t herewith, insuring sufficient understanding by troops of
nature of proposed activity of gas unit operating therewith, in
order to enable then1 to take full advantage thereof.
(j ) Report accurately and promptly concerning the enemy
use of gas and its effect. In case of artillery gas officers, report
in addition concerning delivery of gas upon enemy objectives.
(k ) Secure strict compliance with zone regulations and
1,unishment of offenders-
(}) Minimize waste of anti-gas material, applying disci-
plinar y measures to offenders and insuring the full and proper
use of all anti-gas supplies.
(m) Advise next senior Gas Officer of the location of finds
of enemy gas m aterial or cause prompt delivery thereof to his
office.

123. DUTIES OF GAS N. C. O.'s.

(See Pars. 135-148, Defense Against Gas.)
Inspections of division by corps gas officers and of regi-
124.
ments by division gas officers should be frequent and thorough
thereby stimulating initiative and interest of subordinate gas
112 Gas Manual-Part 11t
----------------------------
personnel, furnishing basis for the removal of the unfit, ad
vancement of the meritorious, and securing helpful suggestion~
for the improvement of tl1e Service. s
125. In general, the basis of inspection will be the deter~
mination by interview, of the activities of Gas Officer of the unit
inspected and the instructions issued by him, followed by in,
vesigation of conditions in subordinate units, and the manner
in which existing instructions are complied with by gas per~
sonnel of these subordinate units.
126. The following quesionnaire outlines the inspection of a
division by a corps gas officer and may be adapted by the divi~
si on gas officer to his inspection of regiments.

QUESTIONNAIRE-BASIS FOR INSPECTION OF GAS TRAIN-
ING, DISCIPLINE AND SUPPLIES OF DIVISONS.
T. Personnel.
{a) How many gas officers are there in the Division and he m
rl istributed?
(J,) How many have trained in A. E. F. Gas Defense School?
(c) How many haYe conflicting non-gas duties?
(d) How many gas N. C. 0.'s are there in the Division, and
what is their distribution?
(e) How many have been trained in the Army Gas School?
(f) What measures have been adopted to secure co-operation
and to create an esprit de corps in the gas personnel within the
Division?
II. Training.
(a) ,Vhat training had Division received in the Uniterl
States?
(b) Tn the rest area?
,rhat training docs it rereive in reserve?
(r)
In line?
(<l)
TTT. Inspection.
(a) How often arc inspections made of gas equipment and
discipline?
IV. Experiellce .
(a) What experience has Division had in actual attaclts?
\1. Casualties.
(a)
How are report of casualties obtained?
(b) What has been the proportion of gas casualties to
casualties from other sources?
(c( What percentage of gas casual ties has been returned to
duty from Field Hospital?
(d) ,Vbat are the principal causes of such casualties?
 of Gs by Gus '1', oops 113
--------------------
First Aid.
(a) ,Vhat first aid methods are employed within the Divi ..
nf
(b) What measures are taken to give troops exposed to &afi
ss to first aid and protective supplies?
(c) How is sag paste distributed?
(d) How is it u~ed?
(e) What results are obtained from its use?
Gas Attacks.
(a) What orders govern the selection of alternative posi-
?
(b) \Vhat is the number and location ot' gas-proof dugouts 1
(c) \Vhat instructions govern sentries in event of gas at-
.-id) ,Vh&t instructions govern N. C. O.'s, Batta~on Gas O.ffl-
'1 Regimental and Division Gas Officer?
I. Division Gas Offi.cer.
(a) What reports are received from Regimental Gas Officers
ocerning supplies, gas intelligence, discipline and training?
(b) What reports are made to corps?
(c) What channels of communication are employed?
(d) What syste1n is used in the care, use and record of
literature and intelligence?
(e) Of what does the Division Gas Officer personnel con-
and what is the distribution of duties?
(f) What gas memoranda and orders are in force in the
vision?
(g) \Vbat reports are made to t be Commanding General
the Division?
Relations.
(a) What are the relations with the Commanding General
d t he Chief of Staff?
(b) Is technical knowledge of Division Gas Officer em-
yed with respect to offense use of gas?
(c) What are the relations between Gas Officer and Divi-
G-2, G-3 and G-1?
Transportation.
(a) What personal transportation is furnished D.,G. 0.?
(b) What transportation is available for Divisional reserve
d distribution of supplies?
(c) What transportation is available fo1 the gas needs of
ts within the Divisions?
S upplies.
(a) Are all men and animals supplied with re.,pirators '?
(b ) Whal reserve is maintained in Division Dump?
(c) \Vhat reserve is n1aintained by units within the Divi-
w i l h respect to M-2, Tissot, S. B. R., horse respirators, lime,
114 Gas Manual-Part
111
gloves, suits, alarm8, canisters, s uit bags, blankets and ,,au
<-,
paste ? l:I

(d) What is the policy with respect to salvage?

(e) What is average length of time between the sending
of requisition and receipt of supplies?
(f) Where is the nearest AdYance Army Gas depot ?
XII. Captured Enemy Material and Duds.
(a) ,vhat is the policy with respect to captured C'nerny
material and duds?
XIII. Recommendations.
(a ) Arc there a ny recommendations. s uggestions or criu.
cisms?
XIV. Observations.
(a) Note ilnproper carriage and improper condition of res.
pirator, securing the name, rank, number and organization of
cases requiring disciplinary or corrective measures.
(b) Note the observation of "Alert" and "Danger" zone
regulations and the manner in which these zones are defined
for the command.
(c) General impressions of conditions in Division.
(d) Recom1nendations.

127. Valuable information revealing weakness in gas disci-

pftne or training, inadequacy of anti-gas protective or precau.
tionary measures by commanding officers or the u sc of new
tactics by the enemy and the value of such tactics mny Le
gained by the careful questioning of gas casuallies.
128. The following questions are outlined for the purpose
of gaining the foregoing information from casualties the type
of casualty determining which group of questions are put in
a given case. The inquiries concerning training are com mon
to all cases.

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR GAS PATIENTS.

I. General.
(a) Name, rank, number, organization.
(b) ; Did the gas burn your skin or eyes, or affect your
lungs?
II. Skin Cases.
(a) ,Vhere w ere you burned?
(b) Just how did you get burned? Give details and cir-
cumstances.
C) Did you have an opportunity to use $ag paste ?
(d) Did you use sag paste?
(e) If so, how did you use it?
(f) Did you nse anything else before your were burned ?
 of Gas by Gas Troop~

(g) Did you use anything after you were burned?

(b) Did you know there was gas about when you were
ed?
(i) Did you have your mask on when you were burned?
(j) What will you do next tin1e to avoid being gassed
er similar circumstances?
(k) How close to you did gas shell burst?
(1) Did it splash you?
(m) Was chloride of lime available?
Eye Cases.
(a) Just how were you burned'! Give details and cir-
--stances.
(b) \Vhat will you do next tin1c to a void being gassed
er similar circumstances?
(c) Did you wear a mask? If so, how did you wear it?
(d) How long after alarn1 did you put mask on?
(e) Did you take your mask off before being ordered to
so?
(f) By whose orders did you take it off?
(g) Did you use sag paste?

. Lung Cases.
(a) Just how were you gassed? Give details and cir-
stances.
(b) How far did you walk after you were gassed?
(c) What did the gas smell like?
(d) What did it look like?
(c) How did it act?
(f) Did you kno w what kind of gas it was'?
<g) How long after alarm did you put mask on?
(h) Did you take mask off without orders to do so?
(i) What will you do next time to avoid being gassed under
tflnilar circumstances?
(j) How near did gas shell burst?
k (k) How long was it after you were gassed before you felt
me eft'ccts?
(1) ,vhen were you gassed?
(m) Just how do you feel now?
Y. Training.
(a) Did you have gas training in the States?
(b) How often?
(c) How long have you been over here?
(d) ,vhat kina of gas drills have you had here?
(e) How ofen?
(f) How often in th1; l raining area:>
(g) How long since then?
(h) Have you practiced fighting wit1~ mask on?
(i) ,vhat is the long<.'st time you have worn nrn sk?
116 Gas Manunl-Part
111
......_
(j ) How many false gas alarms did you have within hv
0
weeks before you were gassed?
(k) When was your mask last inspected by gas N. C. o.?
(1) Did he look at the canister?

DUTIES OF A STAFF OFFICER WITH R ESPECT TO OFFE:-.;sp

OPERATIONS. .
Preliminary.
129. From G-2 the Gas Officer should obtain maps and in~
formati on regarning enemy dispositions. He will st ucty these
dispositions and the character of the enemy terrain w ith the
view of selecting favorable targets for ga s. He w ill study
friendly terrain in order to select favorable positions for em~
placements. Information should be obtained from th e Chief
of Artillery regarding the availability of guns of various types
and calibers. He should also obtain from the munitions offi-
cer information regarding the material available for u se. The
Compianding Officer of gas troops will be consulted r egarding
the use of cylinders, projectors and trench mortars, their avail-
ability and the feasibility of any project which might be con-
templated.
130. A hypothetical map (Fig. 40) showing enemy terrain and
di spositions is shown opposite. In the following paragraphs
it is intended to indicate the possible uses of gas in this ter-
rain under various tactical situations. It is hoped that this
will help division gas officers to solve their own problems in
th e use of gas. In each case the D. G. 0. memorandum to G-3
is given.
(1) Use of Gas on a Stable Front.
(a) Cloud Gas.
Memorandum to G-3.
Our front offers possibilities of a cylinder gas attack against
l lic enemy . Such an attack would have the following purposes.
(1) To ca use casualties among the enemy ranks.
(2) To lower the enemy morale.
(3) To damage enemy material.
The gas should be liberated between 830-528 and 825-520
where a favorable wind will carry the gas forward across the
open country. The light railroad running along our front at
this point can be used, the cylinders being brought u p on
trucks and discharged from them. The front line shou ld be
temporarily evacuated by our troops. A suitable accompany
ing artillery program should be arranged. The more 1n inute
details of the attack can be prepared with the officer coni-
nrnnding our company gas troops.
Use of Gas by Gas Troops 117
118 Gas Manual-Part III

(b) Projector Attack.

,Memorandum to G-3.
It is recommended that about 500 projectors fiJled with phos-
gene be placed along the edge of the wood at 882-531 and fired
against the village of Colombey-le-Petit and the adjacent bil-
lets and crossroads. Harrassing fire of H.E. and shrapnel
should shortly precede and accompany the projector discharge,
(c) Artillery.
Memorandum to G-3.
Information has been received that there is a heavy concen-
tration of troops at the support camp located at 883-574. It is
recommended that a two-minute burst of phosgene in artillery
shell be used on this point, followed by a one-hour bombard-
ment with H.E. In this destruction fire, to secure surprise ef-
fect and an effective gas concentration the use of a commen-
surate number of batteries on the objective is highly desirable.
(1) Memorandu1n to G-3 .
The light railroad junction at 879-596 is under observation
by our balloons. I recommend that this junction be destroyed
by H.E. fire at 16 hour 24 l\lay, and that the working party
which will come out shortly -after dark for the purpose of
making repairs, be subjected to a burst of ,p hosgene followed
by a slow fire of chlorpicrin and H.E. for four hours.

(2) Use of Gas in the Advance.

It is assumed that a field order has been issued by G-3 direct-.
ing the advance of our lines, our objective being road Chamar-
andes to Bricon to 855-610, thence south to 900-610
.Memorandum to G-3.
In connection with Field Order No. - - dated - - , the
following recommendations on the use of gas in these opera-
tions are made:
(a) That in our destructive and neutralizing fire against the
enemy batteries two bursts of phosgene be used, the one for two
minutes at 0-6 H. and the other for two minutes at 0-3 H, and
that during the intervening three hour cadence fire of chlor-
picrin he n1aintained (twelve rounds per battery position pc
hour).
(b) That the enemy lines of communication and supply
which are more than one kilo:meter beyond our objective be
shelled with mustard gas beginning at 0-24 H., the railhead at
1;3ricon to receive special attention.
. (c) That in the accompanying barrage 5% of phosgene
shell be used and that if the wind is favorable this be in-
creased to 10%.
 ...-----~~~~~--~-------~~--~-~~~~~~~-
e of Gas by
Gas 1'1oops 119

(d) That l 00 projectors be placed al 882-531, and tha1

Dl these projectors H.E. bo1nbs be fired at O-H.-5 min.
ainst machine gun nests and the pill-box at 886-543.
(e) That trench mortars firing smoke bombs be used along
e entire front from 800-828 to 870-525 in order to cover our
ssing of the stream.
(f) That thermit be used at O-H.-5 min. against the
nchine gun nests at 810-530, 832-523 and 848-527. The use
smoke rifle grenades against these machine gun nests is also
commended.
(g) That four Stokes mortars follow the road from 838-
36 to 835-571 in order to maintain a smoke screen to protecl
r advance across the OJJen region on our left.
(h) That during the consolidation of our new posiitons a
It of mustard gas be laid down across the rear of the Bois
Blois in order to interfere with the supply of enemy troops
d batteries occupying those woods.
Use of Gas in lVithdrawal.
,Memorandum to G-3.
Beginning 8 hours before the zero hour of our withdrawal, all
portant enemy cross-roads, billets, camps, etc., should he
elled with n1ustard gas. The Bois de Courtrai should be
ystematically shelled with mustard gas (zone fire) for twenty-
our hours preceding our withdrawal.
During our withdrawal 111ustaru gas shell should be ex-
loded in our abandoned dugouts.
In case any artille1y shoot with gas be approved, the D. G. 0.
ill furnish the Chief of Staff information covering the fol-
owing points
(a) Target-accurate definition by means of reduced co-
rdinates.
(b) Time of shoot.
(c) Number of shell, calculated on basis of most unfavor-
able wind conditions.
(d) Kind of shell.
(e) Rate of fire.
 f rJG.1
OQGAN IZATION OF FIQST GA 5 REGIMt:NT
PAQT I
.SECTION 4

TABLE c.33-GAS J2EGIMENT, CH[MJCAL WARFARE 5E~VICE

1-
~
: BATTALION REGIMENT } b ~
' . h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i~
~ }; ~ ~~ -~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 1 ~
U~1I T S ~ ~ ~ .tj ~ ~ ~ ~~ i ~ ~

~
~
it~ { [
~ ~f) ~
~
~
l] ~
~
~
~
~~ ~
~~
~!
{~
~ f V) I~ ~ I ~ ~~ ~ ~
co/one/
Li~vtt.'nt:7/7/ co/one/ ~I I ~ I I I ~I
#~ors I I 6 611 I I I 7
Cqo/o/ns z 2c 6 8 11 ;z .-,d #8 52.
6 /3 7
nr-5/ L/~V/t.'nO'/?rs -f_ I I z. /3 I 7t3 79
5econdL /(V/Pno/7/s 3 I 9 1 /0 60 60 60
Ch0'.,.0/'7//7.5,: / ~I' L/PO/c=>no/?/-s z9 z
7<?/q/ (0/7J/7-J/SS/O/J~d 9 .3 I 2 271 32.. rt I /?..?I 201 9 2/(J

I
I
Mos/er C/79'/h~Pr.s, 5r. 6rqde
Mos/tG'r .C/7_9'//7PerS; Jr. 6rc::7de I I z~;Pl /~
zP I I ~ I'I 2 4
pl
4~
12.
Z.f ~I I I ~:I
t:Jd7/'0//on -><?ry~nr .???o/or..5 / / .:7
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;,:/..51?/37Pd'/?TS /1 I I .3 I .3 II I /8 I 18 /8
Jc.ar...9'<.::?/7/-.-s; /~r(70S".5" .51' / .5 /5 9'0 90 I q/
I
-
#essJergtonrs /,P .3 .3 / 8 / 8 /8
I II -
5vppq ..5ergeonrs /I> .3 .:J / 8 / 8 /8
.5erg~a/s /d' /I' I " .30 .:J,2 x ~p /9..2 /?6 6 .Z02
,orpora/s ~0_. / 2,tt 90 9',Z .:f",,2 55A!. t;P .558
,ook 3"' /,,o /p /5 / 7 2.P /02 /0""1- /0~

NechO/?/CS "4'1 I 4 II I 241 .2~11 I I 2..,t

Wagoner.:r sl /,q /N I /SI / 711 .3.el /02 I / 0..:5" /0.5

LJv.57/ers ,. zl' 6 6 .36 .36 .36

Pr/.vo/~..,; /.:!""c;&_,-..,- ~~ .5 .e /86 I 9..3 6' I 158 I 164 $, 6
p,r/Yc:7/'-'.S .1 / -'8~ .399 / zP 2 .3 9'4 .2..,ZOG 61.36.38
/~ ,e

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#o/o,,-; . C/osed, (j,,'pe J. w r I I I I I
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Jvi'Ci7t=>~ Ro///)J.57, 7/--c///no.6//tf"I I 3 3 181 /8 /8
#o/or ~ c~-.,; w//hs/dt= c-o..rJ 2. I z. I 6 911 4 541 58 ~,t ~.if
# o/'o/""C~c/t<=>..,: -'"O/o 21 Z I 6 911 4 54 1 58 58
0 L3/9'C/PS 41 I I /21 /4 84 8,,, 84
ID
UJ

s: 7rb'CffJ: TyptP LJ (o z /81 20 / I / .ZOI /2/ /2/

~ Trvcks, ~pcDAT#' ,2. 61 G I I 361 .37 .37
~ RIY/es Z251 9 Z,/ ~751 7osll 3 I ..P2.30l.,,_2.3.3 42.3..3
t
j:-0
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~
....
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1-4
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____ ___ I 6 I
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 FIG. C.
G/15 REGIMENT
CoMPt9NY ONGAN1z.11r101Y CH_,&1/PT

SPtAI. .01.1,Y LIAISON

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Gas Man11al- Part III.

-- . PANGE TABLE FOR 4/!VCll 5TOl(E5 HOWITZER t/5/NG tJl5CUIT CONTAINERS ONLY.
80. NG.CO CHARGE E. C. 3 &.CS 1

.... l

'PROY~C7il L I W.i:IISHT 2 5 Les AIL 50

l'O' l[T~L:?LE !FOR l?RC>JE~Tli L 6 WEIGHT I

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- ._ reH,,qRGt 400 GR5. t7 I'.. "-,.. FO'LL OWING 1Wi/M!J). V21 \?.' (!) F ~V1 NQ 'M.

A5 VOLIUMc (])ff W!NlfJ DYnAEiR.S:

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,

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0 5 /0 15 20 I

TIME OF FLIGHT IN 5ECON 05. !?ANGE IN YARDS

voo 200 300 400 1500 600 700 800 1900 /C)OO //00 120(,,
Gas Manual-Part III.
~ R-4NG TABLfr rOlf' 4 INC!i S[Ol(~.5 Mi T'4ff.
fJ)"_ riG.cl TWC MINUTE 553. I
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Gas Manual-Part III.
 ~ Fi6.C2\f-RING-- . RANGE TABLE FOR 4 INCH 5TOKE5 MORT(iR.
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Gas Manual-Part III.
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Gas Manual-Part Ill
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