WiSe 2012 22.11.

2012

Prof. Dr. A.-S. Smith

Dipl.-Phys. Ellen Fischermeier
Dipl.-Phys. Matthias Saba
am Lehrstuhl fr Theoretische Physik I
Department fr Physik
Friedrich-Alexander-Universitt
Erlangen-Nrnberg

Theoretische Physik 2: Elektrodynamik

(Prof. A.-S. Smith)

Home assignment 6

Problem 6.1 Magnetostatics

a) Consider an infinitely long, conducting solid cylinder of radius R and constant current density
J~0 . Calculate the vector potential A
~ and the magnetic field strength B
~ inside and outside of the
cylinder using the Poisson equation for the vector potential.

~= 4 ~
2 A J.
c
Note: Use the symmetry of the problem.
~ in a) by using the Stokes equation (Ampres law).
b) Check the result for the magnetic field B

Problem 6.2 ~ B
Charged particle with E ~ drift

A point particle with charge e is moving in a static electromagnetic field, i. e. the equation of motion
reads,
~ + 1 ~v B
 
m~v = e E ~ .
c
Calculate the velocity ~v (t) and the trajectory ~r(t) of the particle. Show that the fields impose a
constant drift term on the velocity being proportional to E ~ B.
~ For the case Ez = 0, give a sketch
of the trajectory of the particle and discuss the different cases of this cycloid motion. Finally, show
explicitly that the energy gain of the particle vanishes on average.
Choose the coordinate frame such that the magnetic field defines the z-axis, B ~ = Bez ; then, the
motion along the z-axis separates. The remaining two coupled differential equations may be solved by
introducing a complex velocity, := vx + ivy , and a complex field, E := Ex + iEy .

Problem 6.3 Center-of-energy

~ x, t) := ~xu(~x, t) tS(~
Consider the vector field K(~ ~ x, t), where u = (E
~2 + B~ 2 )/8 denotes the energy
density of the electro-magnetic field and S ~ = (c/4)E ~ B ~ the Poynting vector.
~
a) Show that K(~x, t) fulfills a generalized continuity equation

t Ki + j Nik = Ri
 such that the source R(~~ x, t) vanishes in the absence of charges and currents. Find a suitable
~ x, t).
current density Nik (~x, t) and determine R(~
b) Formulate a corresponding integral form and interpret the balance equation in the source-free
case.

Problem 6.4 Hydrogen atom

The electronic charge distribution of a hydrogen atom in a p-orbital has the following form in spherical
coordinates
~ = e
 r 2
(R) er/a sin2
64a3 a
where a is the Bohr radius and e is the elementary charge.
a) Calculate the multipole moment
Z

qlm = Ylm (0 , 0 )r0l (~r)dV 0
R3

and the multipole expansion

X 4 qlm
(~r) := Ylm (, )
2l + 1 rl+1
l,m

Hint: sin2 can be expressed as a linear combination of spherical harmonics.

b) How and why is different from the exact potential

(~r0 )
Z
(~r) = dV 0 ?
|~r ~r0 |
R3

Hint: You may use the following relation

X
l l
1 X 4 r<
= Y (, )Ylm
l+1 lm
(0 , 0 ) ,
|~r ~r0 | 2l + 1 r>
l=0 m=l

where r> (r< ) denotes the larger (smaller) of the two radius vectors ~r and ~r0 .
c) What is the behaviour of (~r) for r  a?

Due date: Tuesday, 27.11.12

WiSe 2012 22.11.2012

Prof. Dr. A.-S. Smith

Dipl.-Phys. Ellen Fischermeier
Dipl.-Phys. Matthias Saba
am Lehrstuhl fr Theoretische Physik I
Department fr Physik
Friedrich-Alexander-Universitt
Erlangen-Nrnberg

Theoretische Physik 2: Elektrodynamik

(Prof. A.-S. Smith)

Solutions to Home assignment 6

Solution of Problem 6.1 Magnetostatics

~ r) is:
a) The current density J(~
~ r) = J~0 (R r) .
J(~
~ r) = A(r).
Due to the symmetry we have A(~ ~ Together we have:
!
1 ~
A(r) 4
~ r) =
A(~ r = J~0 (R r)
r r r c
For r R:
~
A(r) 2
= J~0 r + ~a/r
r c

~
A(r) = J~0 r2 + ~a ln r + ~b ~
with ~a = 0 since A(0) 6=
c
For r > R:
~
A(r)
= ~c/r A(r) ~ = ~c ln r + d~
r
(
~ 2 ~
A(~~ r) = c J0 r + b for r R
~c ln r + d~ for r > R
~ || J~ and J~ || J~0 || ~ez we have J~0 || ~c || ~ez .
Since A
(
~ 2 ~
~ r) = curl A(~
B(~ ~ r) = curl A(r)
~ =
(A(r) ~ez )
~e = c |J0 |r ~e for r R
r |~rc| ~e for r > R
~ has to be continuous |~c| = 2 2 ~
B c R |J0 |.
(
~ r) = c J~0 r2 + ~b for r R
A(~
2 2~ ~
c R J0 ln r + d for r > R
(
2 ~
~ r) =
B(~ c |J0 |r ~e for r R
2 ~ R2
c |J0 | r ~ e for r >R
 b)
~ r) = B(r)~e
B(~
Stokes theorem and Amperes law:
I Z
~ d~s = 4
B J~ dA
~
A c A

Now choose the area A to be a circle with radius r whose midpoint lies on the symmetry axis
of the cylinder and whose normal vector is parallel to the cylinder axis. So we have:
~ = ~ez dA
d~s = r~e d and dA

So we have for r R:
Z 2 Z
4 ~ 4 ~ 2
B(r)r d = |J0 | dA = |J0 | r
0 c A c
2 ~
B(r) = |J0 |r
c
For r > R:
4 ~ 2 ~ R2
2rB(r) = |J0 | R2 B(r) = |J0 |
c c r
~ r) = B(r)~e we get the same result as before:
Together with B(~
(
2 ~
~ r) = c |J0 |r 2~e
B(~
for r R
2 ~ R
c |J0 | r ~
e for r > R

Solution of Problem 6.2 ~ B

Charged particle with E ~ drift

The equation of motion of a charged particle is given by

 
m~v = e E ~ + ~v B
~ ,
c

with the Lorentz force at the r. h. s. Choosing B~ = Bez , the equation for vz decouples and its solution
is simple,
e
vz (t) = vz0 + Ez t.
m
Making use of the substitutions := vx + ivy and E := Ex + iEy , the remaining two equations can be
written as a single equation of complex variables,
e
+ ic = E,
m
where we have introduced the cyclotron frequency c := eB/mc. The solution of the homogeneous
differential equation is given by
hom (t) = h exp(ic t),
reflecting the usual circular cyclotron motion. A particular solution to the inhomogeneous equation is
the constant
eE
drift = i ,
mc

2
just representing the drift velocity we asked for. Going back to Cartesian coordinates, one finds

Ey
e c ~ ~
~vdrift = Ex = 2 (E B).
mc B
0
Finally, the coefficient h has to obey h = 0 drift to fulfill the initial condition (0) = 0 .
Integrating the velocity, the trajectory is obtained. For convenience, we express the result in terms of
h rather than 0 and separate h into amplitude and phase, h = vh ei .
vh
sin(c t )
v c c ~
h ~
~r(t) = [cos(c t ) 1] + 2 (E B)t.

c B
e
vz0 t + Ez t2
2m
For vz0 = 0 and Ez = 0, the motion is re-
vx=0
stricted to the x-y-plane, and the trajectory
has the form of a cycloid (see Fig. 1). It has
E=2
kinks for eEy /mc = vh (and Ex = 0), oth-
erwise loops or just wiggles. The same kind
of trajectory is described by the cats eyes of E=1
your bike.
The power input of the particle is
  E=0.3
~ ~ ~v ~ ~ ~v .
P = F ~v = e E + B ~v = eE
c

Since ~vdrift E,~ the only contribution

comes from the cyclotron motion, which Fig. 1: Cycloid trajectories for different fields Ey (Ex = 0);
units are such that c = 1, vh = 1, and e/m = 1.
vanishes, however, upon averaging over many
cycles.

Solution of Problem 6.3 Center-of-energy

~ x, t) := ~xu(~x, t) tS(~
density K(~ ~ x, t)
~ 2 ~
energy density u = (E + B )/8 2

Poynting vector S~ = (c/4)E ~ B~

Recall the generalized continuity equations for energy and momentum
t u + i Si = ji Ei
1
t Si + k Tik = Fi
c2
with the stress tensor
1
Tik = uij (Ei Ek + Bi Bk )
4
and the force density F~ = E
~ + (1/c)~j B.
~
a) Then
t Ki =t [xi u tSi ]
=xi t u Si tt Si
=xi (k Sk jk Ek ) Si c2 t(k Tik Fi )
= k (xi Sk + c2 tTik ) xi jk Ek + c2 tFi

3
 Thus with
Nik (~x, t) = xi Sk (~x, t) + c2 tTik (~x, t) , Ri (~x, t) = xi jk (~x, t)Ek (~x, t) + c2 tFi (~x, t)
one finds the generalized continuity equation
t Ki + k Nik = Ri
Note that the source vanishes identically Ri 0 for a charge and current-free region.
b) The integral form reads
Z Z Z
d
Ki dV + Nik nk dF = Ri dV
dt

In the absence of charges and currents the right hand side vanishes. Extending the integral over
all space, the surface term can be ignored. Thus
Z Z Z
Ki dV = xu udV t Si dV = const
R3 R3 R3
R
The center of the (conserved) energy U = udV is given by R3
Z
1
Xi (t) = xi udV
U R3
and the total momentum reads Pi = (1/c2 ) R3 Si dV . Thus
R

U
Xi (t) tPi = const.
c2
which implies that the center of the energy displaces linearly in time with a velocity c2 Pi /U .
The equation is the analog of the center-of-mass conservation law, identifying M U/c2 .

Note: In classical mechanics this law follows from Galilei invariance by Noethers theorem. The
conservation law discussed here follows from a Lagrangian formulation of Maxwells theory and
using Lorentz boosts as symmetry transformation.

Solution of Problem 6.4 Hydrogen atom

(a)

Z

qlm = Ylm (0 , 0 ) r0l (r~0 ) dV 0
R3
   0 2
e
Z
l r 0
= Ylm (0 , 0 ) r0 er /a sin2 0 dV 0
64a3 a
R3
r
1 5
We can express sin2 0
in terms of Y00 = and Y20 = (2 3 sin2 0 ).
4 16
   0 2  
e
Z
0 0 0l r r0 /a 4 4
qlm = Ylm ( , ) r e Y00 Y20 dV 0
64a3 a 3 3 5
R3
Z Z2 Z  
e 0 2+l r0 /a 0 2 0 4 4
= r e r dr Y00 Y20 Ylm sin 0 d0 d0
64a5 3 3 5
0 0 0

4
 R2 R
Now we know that Yl1 m1 Yl2 m2 sin d d = l1 l2 m1 m2 (that is, the spherical harmonics are or-
0 0
thonormal).
Therefore, if (l, m) 6= (0, 0) and (l,m) 6= (2, 0), then qlm = 0.
e 4 R r0 /a 0 4 0 e
For (l, m) = (0, 0), q00 = e r dr = .
64 a5 3 0 2

e 4 R r0 /a 0 6 0 15ea2
For (l, m) = (2, 0), q20 = e r dr = .
64 a5 3 0 5
Therefore,
X 4 qlm
(~r) = Ylm (, )
2l + 1 rl+1
l,m
4q00 4q20
= Y00 (, ) + Y20 (, )
r 5r3
3a2 (2 3 sin2 )

e
= 1
r r2
(b) The exact potential is
(~r0 )
Z
(~r) = dV 0
|~r ~r0 |
R3
Z2 Z Z  0 2 X
l l
!
e r 0
X 4 r<
= er /a sin2 0 Y (, )Ylm ( , ) r02 sin 0 dr0 d0 d0
l+1 lm
0 0
64a3 a 2l + 1 r>
0 0 0 l=0 m=l
 
1
using the given expressions for (~r) and
|~r ~r0 |
l Z  0 2 l
e X X 4 r r0 /a r< 02
= e r dr0 Fang (, )
64a3 2l + 1 a r>
l+1
l=0 m=l 0

where Fang (, ) is a purely angle-dependent factor defined by

Z2 Z
Fang (, ) = sin3 0 Ylm (, ) Ylm

(0 , 0 ) d0 d0
0 0
Z2 Z  
0 4 4
= sin Y00 (0 , 0 ) 0 0
Y20 ( , ) Ylm (, ) Ylm (0 , 0 ) d0 d0
3 3 5
0 0
(on again expressing sin2 0 in terms of the spherical harmonics)
Z2 Z  
0 4 0 0 4 0 0
= Ylm (, ) sin Y00 ( , ) Y20 ( , ) Ylm (0 , 0 ) d0 d0
3 3 5
0 0
(because Ylm (, ) does not depend on the variables of integration 0 and 0 )
Z2 Z

4
= Ylm (, ) sin 0 Y00 (0 , 0 ) Ylm

(0 , 0 ) d0 d0
3
0 0
Z2 Z

4
sin 0 Y20 (0 , 0 ) Ylm

(0 , 0 ) d0 d0
3 5
0 0

5
Therefore, when we take the infinite sum in (~r), only the (l, m) = (0, 0) and (l, m) = (2, 0) terms
survive, again due to the orthonormality of the spherical harmonics. Therefore,
Z  0 2  2 
e 0 r 02 r0 /a 1 1 r<
(~r) = dr r e Y00 (, ) 3 Y20 (, )
12a3 a r> 5 5 r>
0

Here the variable of integration r0 goes from 0 to . Now for 0 r0 < r, r< = r0 and r> = r, while
for r < r0 < , r< = r and r> = r0 .

Zr  0 2
1 r02
 
e 0 r 02 r0 /a 1
(~r) = dr r e Y00 (, ) 3 Y20 (, )
12a3 a r 5 5r
0
Z  0 2
1 r2
 
e 0 02 r r0 /a 1
dr r e Y00 (, ) 03 Y20 (, )
12a3 a r0 5 5r
r
 <   <  
e J0 > 1 J2 2 >
= + J0 Y00 (, ) + r J2 Y20 (, )
12a3 r 5 5 r3
where
Zr  0 2
0 r02 0
J0< = dr r er /a
a
0
Z  0 2  
0 r02 r0 /a 1
J0> = dr r e
a r0
r
Zr  0 2
r 0
J2< = dr0 r02 er /a (r02 )
a
0
Z  0 2  
0 r02 r0 /a 1
J2> = dr r e
a r03
r

Zr  0 2 Zr/a
r 0
 0

J0< = dr0 r02 er /a = a3 dx x4 ex on putting ra = x
a
0 0

Zr/a Zr/a
3

4 x r/a
 3 x

3
 r 4 r/a

3 x

= a x e 0
+ 4 dx x e = a e + 4 dx x e



a

0 0

Let
Zr/a  r 4
In = dx xn ex I4 = er/a + 4I3
a
0

In general,  r n
In = er/a + nIn1
a
 r 4  r 3  r 2 r  
I4 = er/a 4 er/a 12 er/a 24 er/a + 24 1 er/a
a a a a

6
 4
( )
r/a
X (r/a)n
J0< = 24a 3
1e
n!
n=0

Similarly calculating J0> :

Z  0 2   Z
0 r 02 r0 /a 1
J0> = dr r e =a 2
dx x3 ex
a r0
r r/a

Let
Z Z  r n

In0 n x
= xn ex r/a + n dx xn1 ex = + er/a + nIn1
0

= dx x e
a
r/a r/a

  
r 3
J0> = a2 I30 =a 2
e r/a
+ 3I20
a
3
(r/a)n
  
r 3  r 2 r X
= a2 er/a + 3 er/a + 6 er/a + 6er/a = 6a2 er/a
a a a n!
n=0

Similarly calculating J2< :

Zr  0 2
r 0 04 0
J2< = dr r er /a =
a
0
Zr/a
= a5 dx x6 ex = a5 I6 (with In defined as earlier)
0

6
!
r/a
X (r/a)n
J2< = 6!a 5
1e
n!
n=0

Similarly calculating J2> :

Z    0 2 Z
1 0r r0 /a
J2> = dr e = dx xex =
r0 a
r r/a
Z
 r r/a  r
xex r/a x r/a r/a

= + dx e = e +e =e 1+
a a
r/a

So we have calculated (~r), and it evidently has a different form than (~r). To see how exactly it
differs, consider the limit r  a. Then,

6!a2 1
 
e 4! 1 r/a
(~r) = Y00 (, ) 3 Y20 (, ) + O e
12 r r 5 5 r

(Only the 4!a3 term in J0< and the 6!a5 term in J2< escape deteriorating at least as much as 1r er/a as
r )
( " #)
3 cos2 1
 
e 1 r/a
(~r) = 13 +O e =
r r 2 r


a
 
1 r/a
= (~r) + O e
r

7
(c) For r << a, to zeroth order, we have

J0< = 24a3 (1 1) = 0

J0> = 6a2 (1) = 6a2

J2< = 6! a5 (1 1) = 0

J2> = 1(1) = 1
Therefore,


r2

e 2
(~r) = 6a Y00 Y20
12a3 5 5
r (2 3 sin2 )
2
 
e 2
= 3a
12a3 20