SAD-2015

Year: 2066
Tribhuwan University
Institute of Science and Technology
System Analysis and Design
2066
Full Marks : 60
Pass Marks : 24

Group A
Attempt any two : (2*10=20)
Group A
1. What do you mean by system analysis? Explain the system development life cycle
with example.

Ans: Systems analysis is an in-depth study of end user information needs which produces
functional requirements that are used as the basis for the design of a new information system.
System analysis traditionally involves a detailed study of:
1. The information needs of the organization and the end users.
2. The activities, resources, and products of any present information systems
3. The information systems capabilities required to meet the information needs of end
users.

SDLC(System Development Life Cycle) includes Guidance, policies, and procedures for
developing systems throughout their life cycle, including requirements(preliminary
investigation or Investigator or Planning),analysis, design, development, implementation ,
testing, operations, and maintenance.

Most organizations use a standard set of steps, called System development methodology to
develop and support their information systems. SDLC is traditional methodology use to
develop, maintain , and replace information systems. It includes different phases as shown in
figure below. This SDLC is sometimes referred to as the Waterfall model or Classic life
cycle.
SAD-2015

SDLC phases are as follows:

1. Planning(Investigator/preliminary investigation/including requirements):
In this phase, someone(investigator) identifies the need for a new or enhanced system.
These needs are analyzed, prioritized and arranged into a plan for the Information
system department. Here, a potential information systems project is explained and an
argument for continuing or not continuing with the project is presented; a detailed
plan is also developed for conducting the remaining phases or the SDLC for the
proposed system.

2. Analysis:
During this phase, the analyst studies the current system and proposes alternative
replacement systems. Here, the analyst thoroughly studies the organizations current
procedures and the information systems used to perform organizational tasks. The
analyst work with users to determine what the users want from a proposed system.
The analyst carefully studies any current systems, manual and computerized, that
might be replaced or enhanced as part of this project. The analyst studies the
requirements and structures them according to their interrelationships and eliminates
any redundancies; generates alternative initial designs to match the requirements;
compare these alternatives to determine which best meets the requirements within the
cost, labor, and technical levels the organization is willing to commit to the
development process. The output of this phase is a description of the recommended
alternative solution. Once the recommendation is accepted by owners, you can begin
to make plans to acquire any hardware and system software necessary to build or
operate the system as proposed.

3. Design:
During this phase, you convert the description of the recommended alternative
solution into logical and then physical system specification. Here, you must design all
SAD-2015

aspects of the system form input and output screens to reports, databases, and
computer processes.
Logical Design
- Concentrates on business aspects of the system
Physical Design
-Logical design are transformed into Technical specifications from which all
programming and system construction can be accomplished.

4. Development, Testing, and Coding :

In this phase, the actual development of system takes place. That is, design
representations are translated into actual programs. Software developers may install
purchased software or they may write new, custom-designed programs.

After a system has been developed, it is very important to check if it fulfills the
customer requirements. For this purpose, testing of the system is done. For testing the
systems, various test cases are prepared. A test case is a certain made up situation.
These test cases require data. The data can be also made up artificial data or the real
data provided by the user.

There are various types of tests which are used to test the system. These include unit,
integration, and acceptance testing. They are as follows:
Data set testing. Unit testing
System testing Integration testing
Black box testing White box testing
Regression testing Automation testing
User acceptance testing Performance testing
Production

5. Implementation:
Implementation of the system means putting up system on users site. Like any
system, there is an aging process. Therefore, the system requires periodic
maintenance.

6. Maintenance:
Maintenance can be for software or hardware. User priorities, changes in
organizational requirements or environmental factors call for system enhancements.
This is very crucial for the systems life.

2. Draw a DFD diagram of following up to level 2.

Customer sends enquiry to commercial department, receives quotations from
the sales department and places an order. Based on the customer order, the work
order is sent to the planning department for planning scheduling and control, in turn,
the planning department raises a job order on the shop floor. On completion,
delivery note and invoice are made out costing department also prepares an
orderwise comparative statement of estimated and actual costs.

Ans:

3. How can you transforming E-R diagram into relations? Explain with suitable
example.
Ans:
SAD-2015

Group B
Attempt any eight :
(8*5=40)
4. What are the system analyst and design tools?

Ans: The system analyst is the person (or persons) who guides through the development of an
information system. In performing these tasks the analyst must always match the information system
objectives with the goals of the organization.

Role of System Analyst

Role of System Analyst differs from organization to organization. Most common responsibilities of
System Analyst are as follows:
1. System analysis:
It includes systems study in order to get facts about business activity. It is about getting
information and determining requirements. Here, the responsibility includes only requirement
determination, not the design of the system.

2. System analysis and design:

Here, apart from the analysis work, Analyst is also responsible for the designing of the new
system/application.

3. System analysis, design, and programming:

Here, Analyst is also required to perform as a programmer, where he actually writes the code
to implement the design of the proposed application.

Design tools These tools are used to construct system components including system inputs and
outputs. These are also called prototyping tools.

5. Design the E-R diagram of the following.

a) Customer with draws money from his account.

Ans:
b) Student attends classes.
Ans:
6. Explain the data dictionaries with example.

Ans: Data Dictionary:

* A reference work of data about data(metadata)
* Collects and coordinates data terms, and confirms what each term means to different people in the
organization.
Need for understanding the Data Dictionary:
Provide documentation
Eliminate redundancy
Validate the data flow diagram
Provide a starting point for developing systems and reports
Determine the contents of data stored in files
To develop the logic for DFD processes
Create XML.

Data Dictionary Categories:

Data flows:
SAD-2015

Movement/exchange of information/data between external entities to processes, and processes

to processes.

Data structures:
Data structures are made up of smaller structures and elements
An algebraic notation is used to describe data structures
Algebraic Notation:
Equal sign, meaning is composed of
Plus sign, meaning "and
Braces {} meaning repetitive elements
Brackets [] for an either/or situation
Parentheses () for an optional element
Elements:
Input, processor(s), control, output, feedback, environment, boundaries and interface.
Data stores:
A data store is an inventory of data.
7. Explain the cost-benefit analysis with example.

Ans: :
Economic feasibility has been defined as a cost-benefit analysis. Most schools offer courses like
financial management, financial decision analysis, and engineering economics and analysis for cost
benefit analysis. The cost benefit analysis techniques include:
How much will the system costs?
What benefits will the system provide?
Is the proposed system cost-effective?

How much will the system costs? Costs fall into two categories: costs associated with
developing the system and costs associated with operating the system. The former costs can be
estimated from the start of the project and should be refined at the end of each phase of the
project. The later can be estimated only after specific computer-based solution has been defined.
System development costs are usually onetime costs that will not recur after the project has been
completed. Many organizations have standard cost categories that must be evaluated. In the
absence of such categories, we use the following list:
Personnel cost The salaries of systems analysts, programmers, consultants, data
entry personnel, computer operators, secretaries, and the like who work on the project.
Computer usage The cost in the use of computer resources. Training Expenses
for the training of computer personnel or end-users. Supply, duplication, and
equipment costs. Cost of any new computer equipment and software. The operating
costs tend to recur throughout the lifetime of the system. The costs in this case can be
classified as fixed or variable. Fixed costs Fixed costs occur at regular intervals but at
relatively fixed rates. Some examples include: lease payments and software license
payments, salaries of IS operators and support personnel etc. Variable costs Variable
costs occur in proportion to some usage factor. Some examples include: costs of
computer usage (e.g., CPU time used, storage used), supplies (e.g., printer paper, floppy
disks), overhead costs (e.g., utilities, maintenance, and telephone service) etc.
What benefits will the system provide?
SAD-2015

Every legitimate solution will have some advantages or benefits, and some disadvantages or costs.
These advantages and disadvantages are identified when each alternative solution is evaluated. This
process is typically called cost/benefit analysis.
Tangible Costs- are costs and benefits that can be quantified (e.g., loss of hardware and
software, employee salaries, and other quantifiable costs needed to develop and implement a
solution.)
Intangible Costs- costs and benefits that cannot be quantified (e.g., loss of customer goodwill
or employee morale caused by errors and disruptions arising from the installation of a new
system.)
Tangible Benefits- Are favorable results, can be easily quantified(e.g., decrease in payroll
costs caused by a reduction in personnel or a decrease in inventory carrying costs caused by a
reduction in inventory).
Intangible Benefits- are hard to estimate, believed to be difficult or impossible to
quantify(e.g., better customer service or faster and more accurate information for
management).

8. What is the difference between a 2 NF and 3NF relations?

Ans
9. What do you mean by file organization?
Ans:

Tribhuwan University
Institute of Science and Technology
System Analysis and Design
2067
Full Marks : 60
Pass Marks : 24

Group A
Attempt any two : (2*10=20)
Year: 2067
1. Explain the steps in the maintenance process and contrast them with the phase of the
systems development life cycle.
Ans: System maintenance is the final stage of the systems development cycle. It involves the
monitoring, evaluating, and modifying of a system to make desirable or necessary improvements.
This may include:
1. Post-implementation review process to ensure that the new system meets the objectives
established for it.
2. Error detected in the development or use of the system are corrected.
3. Later modifications to system may also become necessary due to changes within the business
or the business environment.

2. Draw a DFD diagram of the following up to level 2.

Front office of Hotel is responsible for all room reservations, room allocations
and final settlement of bills. Any company or person can reserve rooms for their
future stay. They have to indicate from what date to what day they need the room.
They also have to indicate how many rooms are required. Sometimes the
reservations could be cancelled or the dates or number of rooms changed. For
reservation, cancellation or modification or rooms, customer receives an
acknowledgement from the hotel.
SAD-2015

Ans:
3. Explain the steps of creating a decision table. How can you reduce the size and
complexity of a decision table? Explain with example.
Ans:
Group B
Attempt any eight : (8*5=40)
4. Differentiate between transaction processing system (TPS) and management
information system (MIS).
Ans: The difference between TPS and MIS are shown in figure below:
Transaction processing system(TPS) Management information system(MIS)
Computerized systems that perform and records Information systems at the management level of
the daily routine transactions necessary to an organization and serve management-level
conduct business. functions like planning, controlling, and decision-
making.
Serve the operational level of the organization. Provide reports that are usually generated on a
predetermined schedule and appear in
prearranged format.
These systems are central to a business. These systems use internal data provided by the
TPS.
TPS failure for a few hours can cause a firms These systems are used for structured decision-
demise and perhaps other firms linked to it. making and in some cases for semi-structured
decision making as well.
Managers need TPS to monitor the status of
internal operations and the firms relations with
the external environment.

TPS are also major producers of information for

the other types of systems.
Eg: Online transaction processing Eg: In Salary analysis and sales reporting MIS
system(OLTPs). can be used.

5. What are the management skills needed by system analysts?

Ans: Management skills(Interpersonal skills) of System Analyst are as follows:

Communication:
It is an interpersonal quality; the system analyst must have command on English language.
Communication is necessary to establish a proper relationship between system analyst and the
user.
Communication is need to Gather correct information Establishes a problem solving ideas in
front of the management.
Understanding:
This is also an interpersonal quality of the system analyst,
understanding includes,
-Understanding of the objectives of the organization.
-Understanding the problems of the system.
-Understanding the information given by the user or employee of the
organization.
Selling:
The ideas of the system analyst are his products which he sells to the manager of
a particular organization. The system analyst must have not only the ability of
creating ideas but also to sell his ideas.
Teaching:
SAD-2015

It is also an interpersonal quality. A system analyst must have teaching skills. He

must have the ability to teach team members and the users. He has to teach
about the new system and also about the proper use of the new system.
New technology:
An analyst is an agent of change, he or she must have the ability to show all the
benefits of the candidate system with the new technological advancement, he must
knew about Email Internet Advance graphics Server based networking
-Network technology etc.
6. What are the three relationship types of E-R diagrams? How are these relationships
paired to build an E-R diagram?
Ans:
7. Describe the commonly used methods for performing economic cost-benefit
analysis.
Ans:
8. What is the normalization of a relation? Explain with example.
Ans:
9. Explain the six types of files used in information systems.
Ans:
10. What is the role of software application testing?
Ans:
11. Explain the factors that influence the cost of maintenance.
Ans:
12. What managerial issues can be better understood by measuring maintenance
effectiveness? Explain.
Ans:
13. Differentiate between state diagrams and sequence diagrams in object oriented
analysis and design.
Ans:
Tribhuwan University
Institute of Science and Technology
System Analysis and Design
2068
Full Marks : 60
Pass Marks : 24

Group A
Attempt any two : (2*10=20)
1.Explain development methodology used in developing information system in detail with example.

Ans:

2.Explain the example of the linkage between data flow diagram, decision tables and entity
relationship diagram.

Ans:

3.Construct a decision tree and a decision table that represents a salespersons commission. The
rules are as follows:

a. If fewer than 400 units are sold, than the salespersons commission is 2% of total sales.
SAD-2015

Ans:

b. If between 400 and 499 units are sold, than the salespersons commission is 3% of the total
sales.

Ans:

c. If 500 or more units are sold, than the salesperson has been with the company more than one
year, than the salespersons commission is 5% of total sales.

Ans:

d. If 500 or more units are sold, than the salesperson has been employed by the firm for one year
or less, than the salespersons commissions % of total sales.

Ans:

Group B
Attempt any eight : (8*5=40)
4. What do you mean by JAD?

Ans:

5.Why are good interpersonal communications skills essential for system analysis?

Ans:

6.What are the roles of CASE in data modeling?

Ans:

7.Explain the steps in feasibility analysis.

Ans:

8.Explain the payback period with example.

Ans:

9. Explain the file organization with example.

Ans:

10. What are the process for designing forms and reports?

Ans:

11.Differentiate between system documentation and user documentation.

Ans:
SAD-2015

12. Explain the types of maintenance.

Ans:

13. Explain the Unified Modelling Language(UML) with example.

Ans:

Tribhuwan University
Institute of Science and Technology
System Analysis and Design
2070
Full Marks : 60
Pass Marks : 24
Time : 3 hrs.

Group A
Attempt any two : (2*10=20)
1.) Mention the key steps of system development life cycle and explain each steps with
example.
Ans:
2.) What are the key steps for designing E-R diagram? Explain with example.
Ans:
3.) Develop a decision tree and a decision table for the following :
The gatekeeper at ABC park is given the following instructions for admitting persons to the
park:
If the person is under three years of age, there is no admission fee.
If a person is under 16, half the full admission is charged and this admission is
reduced to a quarter of full admission if the person is accompanied by an adult ( the
reduction applies only if the person is under 12).
Between 16 and 18, half the full admission fee is charged if the person is a student;
otherwise the full admission is charged.
Over 18, the full admission fee is charged.
A discount of 10 percent is allowed for a person over 16 if they are in a group of 10
or more.
There are no students concessions during weekends. On weekdays under -12s get
one free ride.
Ans:

Group B
SAD-2015

Attempt any eight : (8*5=40)

4.) What are the types of information system?
Ans:
5.) Differentiate between physical DFD and logical DFD.
Ans:
6.) What do you mean by database normalization? Why is it important?
Ans:
7.) Why feasibility analysis is necessary before designing a system?
Ans:
8.) Explain modeling tools.
Ans:
9.) Explain with example of tangible and intangible benefit.
Ans:
10.) What do you mean by Quality assurance? Explain with example.
Ans:
11.) Comparison between corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive maintainance.
Ans:
12.) Differentiate between object modeling and dynamic modeling.
Ans:
13.) What are the main deliverable from testing and installation?
Ans: