2500 Solved Problems in Differential Equations

SCHAUMS
SOLVED PROBLEMS SERIES
2500 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
A complete and expert source of problems with

solutions for college and university students.
Solutions are worked out step-by-step, are easy
to follow, and teach the subject thoroughly.
Usable with any textbook.
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012
http://archive.org/details/2500solvedproble00rich
SCHAUM'S SOLVED
PROBLEMS SERIES
2500 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
by
Richard Bronson, Ph.D.
Fairleigh Dickinson University
SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES

McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY
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# Richard Bronson, Ph.D., Professor of Mathematics and Computer
Science at Fairleigh Dickinson University.
Dr. Bronson, besides teaching, edits two mathematical journals and has
written numerous technical papers. Among the books he has published
are Schaum's Outlines in the areas of differential equations, operations
research, and matrix methods.
Other Contributors to This Volume
# Frank Ayres, Jr., Ph.D., Dickinson College
I James Crawford, B.S., Fairleigh Dickinson College
# Thomas M. Creese, Ph.D., University of Kansas
f Robert M. Harlick, Ph.D., University of Kansas
f Robert H. Martin, Jr., Ph.D., North Carolina State University
I George F. Simmons, Ph.D., Colorado College

I Murray R. Spiegel, Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
I C. Ray Wylie, Ph.D., Furman University
Project supervision by The Total Book.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bronson, Richard.
2500 solved problems in differential equations / by Richard
Bronson.
p. cm. (Schaum's solved problems series)
ISBN 0-07-007979-X
1. Differential equations Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title.
II. Series.
QA371.B83 1988
515.3'5'076dc 19 88-17705
CIP
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SHP/SHP 8 9
*
ISBN D-D7-DD7T7T-X
Copyright 1989 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act
of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form
or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS 1
Classifications / Formulating proportionality problems / Problems involving

Newton's law of cooling / Problems involving Newton's second law of motion /
Spring problems / Electric circuit problems / Geometrical problems / Primitives /
Chapter 2 SOLUTIONS 19
Validating solutions / Primitives / Direction fields / Initial and boundary
conditions / Particular solutions / Simplifying solutions /
Chapter 3 SEPARABLE FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 37

Solutions with rational functions / Solutions with logarithms / Solutions with
transcendental functions / Homogeneous equations / Solutions of homogeneous
equations / Miscellaneous transformations / Initial-value problems /
Chapter 4 EXACT FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 66

Testing for exactness / Solutions of exact equations / Integrating factors /
Solution with integrating factors / Initial-value problems /
Chapter 5 LINEAR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 92

Homogeneous equations / Nonhomogeneous equations / Bernoulli equations /
Miscellaneous transformations / Initial-value problems /
Chapter 6 APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 110

Population growth problems / Decay problems / Compound-interest problems /
Cooling and heating problems / Flow problems / Electric circuit problems /
Mechanics problems / Geometrical problems /
Chapter 7 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS^THEORY OF SOLUTIONS 149

Wronskian /Linear independence / General solutions of homogeneous
equations / General solutions of nonhomogeneous equations /
Chapter 8 LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH 166

CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS
Distinct real characteristic roots / Distinct complex characteristic roots /
Distinct real and complex
characteristic roots / Repeated characteristic roots /
Characteristic roots of various types / Euler's equation /
Chapter 9 THE METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS 191

Equations with exponential right side / Equations with constant right-hand side /
Equations with polynomial right side / Equations whose right side is the product
of a polynomial and an exponential / Equations whose right side contains sines
and cosines / Equations whose right side contains a product involving sines and
cosines / Modifications of trial particular solutions / Equations whose right side
contains a combination of terms /
Chapter 10 VARIATION OF PARAMETERS 232

Formulas / First-order differential equations / Second-order differential
equations / Higher-order differential equations /
Chapter 11 APPLICATIONS OF SECOND-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL 255

EQUATIONS
Spring problems / Mechanics problems / Horizontal-beam problems / Buoyancy
problems / Electric circuit problems /
iii
iv CONTENTS
Chapter 12 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 283

Transforms of elementary functions / Transforms involving gamma functions /
Linearity / Functions multiplied by a power of the independent variable /
Translations / Transforms of periodic functions /
Chapter 13 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND THEIR USE IN SOLVING 306

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Inverse Laplace transforms by inspection / Linearity / Completing the square and
translations / Partial-fraction decompositions / Convolutions / Solutions using

Laplace transforms /
Chapter 14 MATRIX METHODS 337

Finding e At / Matrix differential equations / Solutions /
Chapter 15 INFINITE-SERIES SOLUTIONS 354

Analytic functions / Ordinary and singular points Recursion formulas /
Solutions to homogeneous differential equations about an ordinary point /
Solutions to nonhomogeneous differential equations about an ordinary point /
Initial-value problems / The method of Frobenius / Bessel functions /
Chapter 16 EIGENFUNCTION EXPANSIONS 415

Sturm-Liouville problems / Fourier series / Parseval's identity / Even and odd
functions / Sine and cosine series /
To the Student
This collection of solved problems covers analytical techniques for solving differential equations. It is meant to
be used as both a supplement for traditional courses in differential equations and a reference book for engineers
and scientists interested in particular applications. The only prerequisite for understanding the material in this
book is calculus.
The material within each chapter and The book begins with methods
the ordering of chapters are standard.
and continues through linear differential equations. In this latter
for solving first-order differential equations
category we include the methods of variation of parameters and undetermined coefficients, Laplace transforms,
matrix methods, and boundary-value problems. Much of the emphasis is on second-order equations, but
extensions to higher-order equations are also demonstrated.
Two chapters are devoted exclusively to applications, so readers interested in a particular type can go directly
to the appropriate section. Problems in these chapters are cross-referenced to solution procedures in previous
chapters. By utilizing this referencing system, readers can limit themselves to just those techniques that have
value within a particular application.
CHAPTER 1
Basic Concepts
CLASSIFICATIONS
1.1 Determine which of the following are ordinary differential equations and which are partial differential equations:
<) ^+3^
dx 2
dx
+ 2y =
= + x
dz dz
(b) z
ox oy
I Equation (a) is an ordinary differential equation because it contains only ordinary (nonpartial) derivatives;
{b) is a partial differential equation because it contains partial derivatives.
(a) xy' + v = 3
(b) /" + 2(y")

2
+y= cos x
2 2
/x d z d z
(C)
2
+ = X 2 +y
Ix- 8?
I Equations (a) and (b) are ordinary differential equations because they contain only ordinary derivatives; (c) is
a partial differential equation because it contains at least one partial derivative.
dx
(a) -f-
= 5x + 3
dx
d3 v d2 y
(c) 4-4i + (sinx)-4+5xv
1
=
dx dx
I All three equations are ordinary differential equations because each contains only ordinary derivatives.
d 2 y\ 3
(dy\ Jdy\,2
2 2
d y d y
(c) xy 2 + 3xy 2x 3 y = 1
I Equation (a) is an ordinary differential equation, while (b) is a partial differential equation. Equation (c) is
neither, since it contains no derivatives, it is not a differential equation of any type. It is an algebraic equation
in x and y.
(a) (sin x)y = 3x 3

2
+ 2y 5
xy
(b) e - 2x + 3y 2 =
(c) (2x-5y) 2 = 6
f None of these equations is a differential equation, either ordinary or partial, because none of them involves
derivatives.
.
2 CHAPTER 1
dy
ax
(b) (y")
2
+ (y')
3
+ 3y = x2
I Both are ordinary differential equations because each contains only ordinary derivatives.
1.7 Define order for an ordinary differential equation.
# The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative appearing in the equation.
1.8 Define degree for an ordinary differential equation.
I If an ordinary differential equation can be written as a polynomial in the unknown function and its
derivatives, then its degree is the power to which the highest-order derivative is raised.
1.9 Define linearity for an ordinary differential equation.
I An nth-order ordinary differential equation in the unknown function y and the independent variable x is
linear if it has the form

x
d"v d"~ v dv
bJLx) ^+ b- ,(x)
j^ + + 6,(x) - + b (x)y = g(x)
The functions bj(x) (j 0, 1,2, ... ,n) and g(x) are presumed known and depend only on the variable x.
Differentiil equations that cannot be put into this form are nonlinear.
1.10 Determine the order, degree, linearity, unknown function, and independent variable of the ordinary differential
equation y" 5xy' e
x
+ 1.
I Second order: the highest derivative is the second. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable
is x. First degree: the equation is written as a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives,
with the highest derivative (here the second) raised to the first power. Linear: in the notation of Problem 1.9,
b 2 (x)=l, b 1 (x)=-5x, b o(x) = 0, and g(x) = e*+l.
equation y'" 5xy' e
x
+ 1.
I Third order: the highest derivative is the third. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is
x. First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with its highest
derivative (here the third) raised to the first power. Linear: in the notation of Problem 1.9. b 3 (x) = 1,
6,(x) = -5x, b 2 (x) = b (x) = 0, and g(x) = e* + 1.
1.12 Determine the order, degree, linearity, unknown function, and independent variable of the differential equation
y - 5xy' = e
x
+ 1
I First order: the highest derivative is the first. The unknown function is y. and the independent variable is
x. First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivative, with its highest
derivative (here the first) raised to the first power. Linear: in the notation of Problem 1.9, b^x) = 5x.
b (x) = 1, and #(x) = e
x
+ 1.
y-5x(y') 2 = e*+l.
t First order: the highest derivative is the first. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is x.
Second degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivative, with its highest
derivative (here the first) raised to the second power. Nonlinear: the derivative of the unknown function is
raised to a power other than the first.
- 4 x
y 5x(y') = e + 1.
I First order: the highest derivative is the first. The unknown function is y. and the independent variable is x.
Fourth degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivative, with its highest
BASIC CONCEPTS D 3
derivative (here the first) raised to the fourth power. Nonlinear: the derivative of the unknown function is raised
to a power other than the first.
y" - 5x(y')
4
= e
x
+ 1.
I Second order, the highest derivative is the second. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable
is x. First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with its highest
derivative (here the second) raised to the first power. Nonlinear: one of the derivatives of the unknown function
is raised to a power other than the first.
4
(y")
3
- 5x(y') = e*+l.
is x. Third degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with the highest
derivative (here the second) raised to the third power. Nonlinear: one of the derivatives of the unknown function
4 x
(y'")
3
- 5x(y') = e +1.
I Third order: the highest derivative is the third. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is
x. Third degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with the highest
derivative (here the third) raised to the third power. Nonlinear: one of the derivatives of the unknown function
y"- 5x 2 y' =ex + 1.
is x. First degree: the equation is written as a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with its
highest derivative (here the second) raised to the first power. Linear: in the notation of Problem 1.9, b 2 (x) = 1,
b^x) = 5x
2
, b (x) = 0, and g(x) = e* + 1.
y" - 2
5t y' = e' + 1.
I This problem is identical to Problem 1.18, with the single exception that now the independent variable is t.
z" - 5xV = e
x
+l.
I This problem is identical to Problem 1.18, with the single exception that now the unknown function is z.
equation
c
5x
&y + 3x
dx
= . - 2
dy
dx
,
(sin x)y
^
= n
I Second order: the highest derivative and the independent variable

is the second. The unknown function is y,
is x. First degree: the equation is written as a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with
the highest derivative (here the second) raised to the first power. Linear: in the notation of Problem 1.9,
b 2 (x) = 5x, frjfx) 3x b (x) = sinx, and g(x) 0.
2
,
A
d v , dv
5x
dx
4 + 3x 2
-/-
dx
- (sin x)y =
I Fourth order: the highest derivative is the fourth. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable
is x. First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with the highest
derivative (here the fourth) raised to the first power. Linear: in the notation of Problem 1.9, b 4 (x) = 5x,
b 3 (x) = b 2 (x) = 0, b^x) = 3x 2
, b (x) = sin x, and #(x) = 0.
4 CHAPTER 1
4
d v , dv
5r-^ + 3r
2
^-(sinriy =
f This problem is identical to Problem 1.22, with the single exception that now the independent variable is t
rather than x.
I Fourth order, the highest derivative is the fourth. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is
t. First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with its highest
derivative (here the fourth) raised to the first power. Nonlinear: one of the derivatives of the unknown function is
raised to a power other than the first.
'V ,, 2 /M 3
.....
I Fourth order: the highest derivative is the fourth. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is
t. First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with its highest
derivative (here the fourth) raised to the first power. Nonlinear: one of the derivatives of the unknown function
(as well as the unknown function itself) is raised to a power other than the first.
3f
2
(^Y-(sinf)y 6 =
I First order: the highest derivative is the first. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is t.
Third degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivative, with its derivative
raised to the third power. Nonlinear: one of the derivatives of the unknown function y (as well as y itself) is raised
f Second order: the highest derivative is the second. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is
t. Sixth degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with the highest
derivative (here the second) raised to the sixth power. Nonlinear: at least one of the derivatives of the unknown
function is raised to a power higher than the first.
2 x*
d 3y ,_.__Jd y
3
'
2
#- (sin
VJ =
f Third ordpr: the highest derivative is the third. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is t.
First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with its highest
derivative (here the third) raised to the first power. Nonlinear: one of the derivatives of the unknown function y
is raised to a power higher than the first.
d'y .. d 2y
3t
2
-pf
- (sin A
t) -^ - (cos i)y =
I Third order: the highest derivative is the third. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is r.
First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with the highest
BASIC CONCEPTS 5
derivative (here the third) raised to the first power. Linear, in the notation of Problem 1.9, b 3 (t) = 3t
2
,
b 2 (t) = -sin t, 6,(r) = 0, b (t) = -cos t, and g(t) = 0.
2
**y d
, 2
3r y - (sin -yy - cos fy =
,
t)
I Third order, the highest derivative is the third. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is t.
No degree: the equation cannot be written as a polynomial in the unknown function and its derivatives, because
the unknown function y is an argument of the transcendental cosine function; degree is therefore undefined.
Nonlinear, the unknown function is an argument of a transcendental function.
5y + 2e'y -3y = t.
I Second order, the highest derivative is the second. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is
t. First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivatives, with the highest
derivative (here the second) raised to the first power. Linear: in the notation of Problem 1.9, b 2 (t) = 5,
b 1 (t) = 2e\ b (t)=-3, and g{t) = t.
5y + 2e ,j!
-3y = t.
I Second order: the highest derivative is the second. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is
t. No degree: the equation cannot be written as a polynomial in the unknown

function y and its derivatives,
because one of its derivatives (namely, y) is an argument of the transcendental exponential function; degree is
therefore undefined. Nonlinear: at least one derivative of the unknown function is an argument of a transcendental
function.
5y - 3yy = t.
I First order: the highest derivative is The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is
the first. t.
First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivative, with its derivative raised
to the first power. Nonlinear: the unknown function y is multiplied by its own derivative.
5y - 3(y)
7
y = t.
Seventh degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivative, with the highest power
of its derivative being the seventh. Nonlinear: the unknown function y is multiplied by its own derivative; in
addition, the derivative of y is raised to a power other than the first.
5y - 3yy
7
= t.
First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function y and its derivative, with the derivative raised
to the first power. Nonlinear: the unknown function y is raised to a power other than the first (as well as being
multiplied by its own derivative).
5z - liz
1
= t.
I This problem is identical to Problem 1.35, with the single exception that now the unknown function is z.
ty + t
2
y - (sin t)y/y - t
2 t+ 1.
I Second order: the highest derivative is the second. The unknown function is v, and the independem variable is
t. No degree: because of the term <Jy, the equation cannot be written as a polynomial in y and its derivatives.
Nonlinear: the unknown function y is raised to a power other than the first in this case the one-half power.
6 CHAPTER 1
5(tt) + 1 \--\ +b -b =
7 5
p
I Fourth order. The unknown function is b\ the independent variable is p. Fifth degree: the highest (fourth)
derivative is raised to the fifth power. Nonlinear,
2
, d t dt
s + st s
d? Ts=
I Second order. The unknown function is t; the independent variable is s. First degree: the equation is a
polynomial in the unknown function t and its derivatives (with coefficients in s), and the second derivative is
raised to the first power. Nonlinear: in the notation of Problem 1.9, b, = sf, which depends on both s and t.
1.40 Determine the order, degree, linearity, unknown function, and independent variable for the differential equation
d 2x
dy l
I Second order. The unknown function is x; the independent variable is y. First degree. Linear: in the notation
of Problem 1.9, b 2 (y) = y, b l (y) = 0, b o(y) = 0, and g{y) = y2 + 1.
(/')
2
- W + xy = 0.
I Second order because the highest derivative is the second, and second degree because this derivative is raised
to the second power. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is x. Nonlinear because one of
the derivatives of y is raised to a power other than the first; in addition, the unknown function is multiplied by
one of its own derivatives.
x4y(4) + xyl3)
x
= <' -
I Fourth order because the highest derivative is the fourth, and first degree because that derivative is raised to
the first power. The unknown function is y. and the independent variable is x. Linear: in the notation of
Problem 1.9, b 4 (x) = v
4
. b 3 (x) = x, b 2(x) = b 1 (x) = b o(x) = 0, and g(x) = e
x
.
y
(4)
+ xy (3) + x 2 y" xy' + sin y = 0.
I Fourth order: the highest derivative is the fourth. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is
x. No degree and nonlinear because the unknown function is the argument of a transcendental function, here the
sine function.
t
2
's ts = 1 sin f.
I Second order: the highest derivative is the second. The unknown function is s, and the independent variable
is t. First degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function s and its derivatives, with its highest
derivative (here the second) raised to the first power. Linear: in the notation of Problem 1.9, h 2 (t) = t
2
,
b l
(t)=-t, b (t) = 0, and g(t) = 1 - sin t.
d 2 r\ 2
2
d r dr n
+ + y =
d?) d? dy
I Second order: the highest derivative is the second. The unknown function is r, and the independent variable
is y. Second degree: the equation is a polynomial in the unknown function r and its derivatives, and the highest
power of the highest derivative is the second. Nonlinear: one of the derivatives of the unknown function is raised

.
BASIC CONCEPTS 7
n 2
n
d x/dy = y + 1.
f For the derivative to make sense, n must be a nonnegative integer. If n is positive, then the equation is of
nth order and first degree because this derivative is raised to the first power. The unknown function is x, and
the independent variable is y. Linear, in the notation of Problem 1.9, b n (y) 1, bn ,(>) = b 2 (}')
= ' '
'
=
i>i(y) = b (y) = 0, and g(y) = y
2
+ 1. If n = 0, the equation is algebraic.
(d
2
y/dx 2 ) 3 ' 2
+ y = x.
f Second order: the highest derivative is the second. The unknown function is y, and the independent variable is x.
No degree because the equation cannot be written as a polynomial in the unknown function and its derivatives;
the 3/2 power precludes such a possibility. Nonlinear: a derivative of the unknown function is raised to a power
other than the first.
7
d b/dp
7
= 3p.
/ Seventh order since the highest derivative is the seventh, and first degree since that derivative is raised to the
first power. The unknown function is b, and the independent variable is p. Linear: in the notation of Problem
1.9, b n (p) = 1, b 6 (p) = b 5 (p) = = b (p) = 0, and g(p) = 3p.
7
(dp/db) = 3b.
I First order since the highest derivative is the first, and seventh degree since that derivative is raised to the
seventh power. The unknown function is p, and the independent variable is b. Nonlinear because one of the
derivatives of the unknown function is raised to a power other than the first.
1.50 Must a linear ordinary differential equation always have a degree?
1 Yes, and the degree is always 1 because the highest-order derivative is always raised to the first power.
1.51 If an ordinary differential equation has a degree, must it be linear?
I Nc Counterexamples are provided by Problems 1.45 and 1.49.
FORMULATING PROPORTIONALITY PROBLEMS

1.52 Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present. Derive a differential equation for the amount
of radium present at any time t
I Let R(t) denote the amount of radium present at time t. The decomposition rate is dR/dt, which is
proportional to R. Thus, dR/dt = kR, where k is a constant of proportionality.
1.53 Bacteria are placed in a nutrient solution at time t = and allowed to multiply. Under conditions of plentiful
food and space, the bacteria population grows at a rate proportional to the population. Derive a differential
equation for the approximate number of bacteria present at any time t.
I Let N(t) denote the number of bacteria present in the nutrient solution at time t. The growth rate is dN/dt,
which is proportional to N. Thus, dN/dt = kN, where k is a constant of proportionality.
1.54 One hundred grams of cane sugar in water is being converted into dextrose at a rate which is proportional
to the unconverted amount. Find a differential equation expressing the rate of conversion after t minutes.
I Let q denote the number of grams converted in f minutes. Then 100 q is the number of grams still
unconverted, and the rate of conversion is given by dq/dt = /c(100 q), k being the constant of proportionality.
1.55 Bacteria are placed in a nutrient solution at time t = and allowed to multiply. Food is plentiful but space is
M. Derive a differential equation

limited, so ultimately the bacteria population will stabilize at a constant level
for the approximate number of bacteria present at any time t if it is known that the growth rate of the bacteria is
jointly proportional to both the number of bacteria present and the difference between and the current M
population.
8 CHAPTER 1
f Denote the number of bacteria present in the nutrient solution at time t by N{t). The growth rate is dN/dt.
Since this rate is jointly proportional to N and (M N), we have dN/dt = kN(M N), where k is a
constant of proportionality.
1.56 Express the following proposition as a differential equation: the population P of a city increases at a rate which
isjointly proportional to the current population and the difference between 200,000 and the current population.
f Let P(t) denote the current population; then the rate of increase is dP/dt. Since this rate is jointly
proportional to both P and (200,000 - P), we have dP/dt = /cP(200,000 - P), where k is a constant of
proportionality.
1.57 A bank pays interest to depositors at the rate of r percent per annum, compounded continuously. Derive a
differential equation for the amount of money in an existing account at any time t, assuming no future
withdrawals or additional deposits.
I Let P(t) denote the amount in the account at time t. Then dP/dt, the change in P, is the interest received,
which is the interest rate (converted to a decimal) times the current amount. Thus, dP/dt = (r/l00)P.
1.58 When ethyl acetate in dilute aqueous solution is heated in the presence of a small amount of acid, it decomposes
according to the equation
CH COOC H + H
3 2 5 2 CH3COOH + C H OH 2 5
(Ethyl acetate) (water) (acetic acid) (ethyl alcohol)
Since this reaction takes place in dilute solution, the quantity of water present is so great that the loss of the
small amount which combines with the ethyl acetate produces no appreciable change in the total amount.
Hence, of the reacting substances only the ethyl acetate suffers a measurable change in concentration. A chemical
reaction of this sort, in which the concentration of only one reacting substance changes, is called a first-order
reaction. It is a law of physical chemistry that the rate at which a substance is used up in a first-order reaction
is proportional to the amount of that substance instantaneously present. Find an expression for the
concentration of ethyl acetate at any time f.
I Let Q be the amount of ethyl acetate present in the solution at time t, let V be the (constant) amount of
water in which it is dissolved, and let C be the instantaneous concentration of the ethyl acetate. Then Q CV,
and, from the law governing first-order reactions,
or finally dC/dt = -kC.
PROBLEMS INVOLVING NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING

1.59 Newton's law of cooling states that the rate at which a hot body cools is proportional to the difference in
temperature between the body and the (cooler) surrounding medium. Derive a differential equation for the
temperature of a hot body as a function of time if it is placed in a bath which is held at a constant temperature
of 32 F.
I Denote the temperature of the hot body at time t by T{t), and assume it is placed in the bath at t 0. The
rate at which the body cools is dT/dt. Since this is proportional to (T 32), we have dT/dt = k(T 32),
where k is a constant of proportionality.
1.60 A red-hot steel rod is suspended in air which remains at a constant temperature of 24
C
C. Find a differential
equation for the temperature of the rod as a function of time.
f Denote the temperature of the steel rod at time t by T{t), and assume it is placed in the cooler medium at
t =
0. The rate at which the rod cools is dT/dt. By Newton's law of cooling (see Problem 1.59), this rate is
proportional to (T 24). Therefore, dT/dt k(T 24). where k is a constant of proportionality.
PROBLEMS INVOLVING NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

1.61 Newton's second law of motion states that the time rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal to the
net force acting on that body. Derive the differential equation governing the motion of a body when the only
force acting on it is the force of gravity.
. .
BASIC CONCEPTS 9
f Denote the mass of the body by m, and let y{t) be the vertical distance to the body from some fixed reference
height at any time t. Then the velocity of the body is dy/dt, the time rate of change of position. Its momentum
, _ dy
velocity, or m The time rate of change
. d (
dy\ d 2y
is its mass times its of
. its momentum is ( m- ]
= m -jy, if we
dt dt\ dtj dt'
assume its mass remains constant. The force of gravity is the only force acting on the body; it is given by mg,
2
where g denotes the acceleration due to gravity (a constant 32 ft/s or 9.8 m/s 2 close to the surface of the earth).
Thus, the required equation is
2
d y d 2y
m
^ = m9 or
lT2=g
1.62 Derive the differential equation governing the motion of a body that is subject to both the force of gravity and
air resistance (which exerts a force that opposes and is proportional to the velocity of the body).
I This problem is similar to Problem 1.61, except now two forces act on the body in opposite directions. The
dy
force of gravity is mg, while the force due to air resistance is k , where k is a constant of proportionality.
dt
dy
Thus the net force on the body is mg k , and it follows from Newton's second law of motion that
2
d y dy
tt
dt
2
= mg k dt
1.63 Redo Problem 1.62 if the air resistance is replaced by a force that is proportional to the square of the velocity
of the body.
I The new force is k(dy/dt)

2
, so the net force on the body is mg k(dy/dt)
2
. Newton's second law of motion
now yields mg -
m -j-j = ne k
-d7 [jt
1.64 A particle of mass m moves along a straight line (the x axis) while subject to (1) a force proportional to its
displacement x from a fixed point in its path and directed toward and (2) a resisting force proportional to
its velocity. Write a differential equation for the motion of the particle.
I dx
The first force may be represented by k x
x, and the second by k 2 , where k Y
and k 2 are factors of
dt
proportionality. Newton's second law then yields

d x
m -yj- =
2
kxx
kl x-k
k 2 , 2
dx
1.65 A torpedo is fired from a ship and travels in a straight path just below the water's surface. Derive the
differential equation governing the motion of the torpedo if the water retards the torpedo with a force
proportional to its speed.
I Let x(r) denote the distance of the torpedo from the ship at any time t. The velocity of the torpedo is dx/dt.
dx
The only force acting on the torpedo is the resisting force of the water, k dt
, where k is a constant of
proportionality. If we assume the mass of the torpedo remains constant, then its time rate of change of
momentum is
2
d x
m -,.
dt
It follows from Newton's second law of motion (see Problem 1.61) that
d x
m T2 =
dt
k
dx
dt
1.66 Inside the earth, the force of gravity is proportional to the distance from the center. Assume that a hole is
drilled through the earth from pole to pole, and a rock is dropped into the hole. Derive the differential equation
for the motion of this rock.
i Let s(t) denote the distance from the rock at any time t to the center of the earth. The force of gravity is ks,
where k is a constant of proportionality, so Newton's second law of motion (see Problem 1.61) yields
d2 s
m 2 -r-
,
ks.
dt
1.67 A boat is being towed at the rate of 12 mi/h. At t = the towing line is cast off and a man in the boat begins
to row in the direction of motion, exerting a force of 20 lb. The combined weight of the man and the boat is
10 CHAPTER 1
480 lb. The water resists the motion with a force equal to 1.75r lb, where r is the velocity of the boat in feet per
second. Derive a differential equation governing the velocity of the boat.
I The boat moves along a straight line, which we take to be the x axis, with the positive direction being the
direction of motion. Then v dx/dt. For constant mass, Newton's second law (Problem 1.61) gives us
m=
dv
net force = forward force resistance
dt
so that
480 dv
= _
20-1.75i>
, _ or
dv
7
+ v
4
=-
32 dt dt 60 3
2
We are also given the initial velocity of the boat, v(0) = 12 mi/h = 12(5280)/(60) = 17.6 ft/s, which we would
need to find the velocity at times after f = 0.
1.68 A mass is being pulled across the ice on a sled with a constant force. The resistance offered by the ice to the
runners is negligible, but the resistance (in pounds) offered by the air is five times the velocity of the sled.
Derive a differential equation for the velocity of the sled if the combined weight of the sled and the mass is 80 lb.
I We assume that the motion of the sled is along a straight line; we designate that line as the x axis, with
the positive direction being the direction of motion. The velocity of the sled is then v = dx/dt. From Newton's
m=
dv
second law of motion (see Problem 1.61), we have forward force - resistance.
dt
We denote the constant forward force by F, and m= 80/32 = 2.5 slugs. The differential equation is then
2.5
dv
dt
= F-5v or
dv

dt
+ 2v = - F
2
SPRING PROBLEMS
1.69 Hooke's law states that the restoring force of a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring from its
normal length. Use Hooke's law along with Newton's second law of motion to derive the differential equation
governing the motion of the following system: A spring with a mass m attached to its lower end is suspended
from a mounting and allowed to come to rest in an equilibrium position. The system is then set in
vertically
motion by releasing the mass with an initial velocity v at a distance x below its equilibrium position and
simultaneously applying to the mass an external force F(t) in the downward direction.
f For convenience, we choose the downward direction as the positive direction and take the origin to be the
center of gravity of the mass in the equilibrium position (see Fig. 1.1). Furthermore, we assume that air resistance
is present and is proportional to the velocity of the mass. Thus, at any time r, there are three forces acting on
the system: (1) F(r), measured in the positive direction; (2) a restoring force given by Hooke's law as F s = kx,
where k > is a constant of proportionality known as the spring constant; and (3) a force due to air resistance
given by F a ax, where a > is a constant of proportionality. Note that the restoring force F s always
acts in a direction that will tend to return the system to the equilibrium position: if the mass is below the
equilibrium position, then x is positive and kx is negative; whereas if the mass is above the equilibrium position,
then x is negative and kx is positive. Also note that because a > the force F a due to air resistance acts in
the direction opposite the velocity and thus tends to retard, or damp, the motion of the mass.
It now follows from Newton's second law that mx = kx ax + F(t), or
-
x J
-\
.
a
--l* x =
xH
F{t)
m
(/)
m m m
Since the system starts at t with an initial velocity r and from an initial position x , we have along with
(7) the initial conditions x(0) = x and x(0) = v .
The force of gravity does not explicitly appear in (/), but it is present nonetheless. We automatically
compensated for this force by measuring distance from the equilibrium position of the spring. If one wishes to
exhibit gravity explicitly, then distance must be measured from the bottom end of the natural length of the spring.
That is, the motion of a vibrating spring can be given by
x -\mm
xH
a k
x = g H
F(t)
m
if the origin, x = 0, is the terminal point of the unstretched spring before the mass m is attached.
BASIC CONCEPTS 11
Equilibrium Position Initial Position at t
x =
F(t)
Positive x direction Fig. 1.1
1.70 Derive the differential equation governing the motion of the spring system shown in Fig. 1.1 if the vibrations are
free and undamped.
I The vibrations are free if no external force is applied to the spring, and they are undamped if air resistance
is zero. With F(t) and a 0, (7) of Problem 1.69 reduces to x + (k/m)x = 0.
1.71 A steel ball weighing 128 lb is suspended from a spring, whereupon the spring stretches 2 ft from its natural
length. What is the value of the spring constant?
/ The applied force responsible for the 2-ft displacement is the weight of the ball, 128 lb. Thus, F = 128 lb.
Hooke's law then gives - 128 = -k(2), or k = 64 lb/ft.
1.72 A 32-lb weight is attached to a spring, stretching it 8 ft from its natural length. What is the value of the spring
constant?
f The applied force responsible for the 8-ft displacement is the 32-lb weight. At equilibrium, this force is
balanced by the restoring force of the spring, so by Hooke's law 32 = /c(8), or k = 4 lb/ft.
1.73 A mass of 1/4 slug is attached to a spring, whereupon the spring stretches 1.28 ft from its natural length. What
is the value of spring constant?
f The applied force responsible for the 1.28-ft displacement is the weight of the attached body, which is
(l/4)(32) = 8 lb. At equilibrium, this force is balanced by the restoring force of the spring, so by Hooke's law
-8 = -fc(1.28), or k = 6.25 lb/ft.
1.74 A 10-kg mass is attached to a spring, stretching it 0.7 m from its natural length. What is the value of the spring
constant?
I The applied force responsible for the 0.7-m displacement is the weight of the attached body, which is
10(9.8) = 9.8 N. At equilibrium, this force is balanced by the restoring force of the spring, so by Hooke's law
-98 = k{0.1), from which k = 140 N/m.
1.75 A steel ball weighing 128 lb is suspended from a spring, whereupon the spring ft from its natural stretches 2
length. The ball is started in above the equilibrium position.
motion with no initial velocity by displacing it 6 in
Derive a differential equation governing the subsequent vibrations of the spring if there is no air resistance.
f This is an example of free, undamped motion. The spring constant was determined in Problem 1.71 to be
k = 64 lb/ft; the weight of the ball m 128/32 = 4 slugs. With these values, the result
is mg 128 lb, so
of Problem becomes x + (64/4)x = 0, or x -I- 16x = 0. In addition, we have the initial conditions
1.70
x(0) = 1/2 ft (the minus sign is required because the ball is initially displaced above the equilibrium position,
which is in the negative direction) and x(0) = 0.
12 D CHAPTER 1
1.76 A 32-lb weight is attached to a spring, stretching

it 8 ft from its natural length. The weight is started in motion
by displacing it 1 ft in the upward direction and giving it an initial velocity of 2 ft/s in the downward direction.
Derive a differential equation governing the subsequent vibrations of the spring if the air offers negligible
resistance.
I This is an example of free, undamped motion. The spring constant is 4 lb/ft (see Problem 1.72), and
m= 32/32 = 1 slug. The result of Problem 1.70 becomes x + 4x = 0. In addition, we have the initial
conditions x(0) = - 1 ft and x(0) = 2 ft/s.
1.77 A mass of 1/4 slug is attached to a spring, whereupon the spring stretches 1.28 ft from its natural length. The
mass is started in motion from the equilibrium position with an initial velocity of 4 ft/s in the downward direction.
Derive a differential equation governing the subsequent motion of the spring if the force due to air resistance is
-2xlb.
/ This is an example of free (no external force is applied to the body) but damped (there is air resistance)
motion. Here m= 1/4, a = 2, k = 6.25 (see Problem 1.73), and F(t) 0, sothat(7)of Problem 1.69 becomes
2 6.25
x H x H x = or x + 8x + 25x =
1/4 1/4
In addition, x(0) = 0, because initially the body is not displaced at all from its equilibrium position, and
x(0) = 4 ft/s.
1.78 A 10-kg mass is attached to a spring, stretching it 0.7 m from its natural position. The mass is started in motion
from the equilibrium position with an initial velocity of 1 m/s in the upward direction. Derive a differential
equation governing the subsequent motion of the spring if the force due to air resistance is 90x N.
I Here m= 10, a = 90, k = 140 (see Problem 1.74). and F(t) = 0, so that (7) of Problem 1.69 becomes
90 140
x H x H x = or x : + 9x + 14x =
10 10
In addition, x(0) = (the mass starts at the equilibrium position) and x(0) = 1 (the initial velocity is in
the upward, or negative, direction).
1.79 Redo Problem 1.78 if, in addition, an external force 5 sin f (in newtons) is applied to the system.
I The constants m, a, and k remain as before, but now F(t) 5 sin t and (7) of Problem 1.69 becomes
90 140 5sinf
x + x + x = or x : + 9x + 14x = jsmt
Vibrations subject to external forces are called forced vibrations.
1.80 A 128-lb weight is attached to a spring having a spring constant of 64 lb/ft. The weight is started in motion
with no initial velocity by displacing it 6 in above the equilibrium position and by simultaneously applying to
the weight an external force F(t) = 8 sin 4f. Derive a differential equation governing the subsequent vibrations
of the spring if there is no air resistance.
I This is an example of forced (there is an applied external force) but undamped (there is no air resistance)
motion. Here m = 128/32 = 4 slugs, k = 64 lb/ft, a = 0, and F(t) = 8 sin 4r lb, so (7) of Problem 1.69
becomes
64 8sin4r
..
xH x = or x+16x = 2sin4f
4 4
The initial conditions are x(0) = \ ft and x(0) = 0.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PROBLEMS

1.81 Kirchoffs loop law states that the algebraic sum of the voltage drops in a simple closed electric circuit is zero.
Use this law to derive a differential equation for the current 7 in a simple circuit consisting of a resistor, a
capacitor, an inductor, and an electromotive force (usually a battery or a generator) connected in series.
f The circuit is shown in Fig. 1.2, where R is the resistance in ohms, C is the capacitance in farads, L is the
inductance in henries, E(t) is the electromotive force (emf) in volts, and 7 is the current in amperes. It is known
BASIC CONCEPTS 13
E(t)
Fig. 1.2
that the voltage drops across a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor are respectively RI, q,
C
and L
dt
, where
q is the charge on the capacitor. The voltage drop across an emf is E(t). Thus, from Kirchhoff's loop law,
we have
dl 1
RI + L- + -q-E(t) = (I)
The relationship between q and /is / = dq/dt. Differentiating (7) with respect to t and using :his relation, we
2
dl d
obtain R + L T +
_ I
2
1 .
/
dE(t)
0, which may be rewritten as
dt dt C dt
d
2L Rdl 1 1 dE(t)
2 (2)
dt Ldi LC L dt
1.82 Derive a differential equation for the charge on the capacitor in the series RCL circuit of Fig. 1.2.
I From the last problem we have / = dq/dt and so dl/dt 2

d q/dt
2
. Substituting these equalities into (/)
of Problem 1.81 and rearranging, we obtain
2
Rdq
d q
-d^
+ +
LTt LC
1
q =
L
1
m V)
1.83 A simple series RCL circuit has R = 180 Q, C = 1/280 F, L = 20 H, and applied voltage E(t) = 10 sin t.
Derive a differential equation for the charge on the capacitor at any time t.
I Substituting the given quantities into (7) of Problem 1.82, we get
d2q 180 dq
2
+ + q = (10sint) or q + 9q + I4q = \ sin r
dt 20 dt '
20(1/280) 20
1.84 A simple series RCL circuit has R = 10 Q, C= 10

2
F, L= 1/2 H, and applied voltage = 12 V.
Derive a differential equation for the amount of charge on the capacitor at any time t.
I Substituting the given quantities into (7) of Problem 1.82, we obtain
d2q 10 dq 1 1
2+ T/2dt + (1/2)(10~ 2
(12) or q + 20q + 200q = 24
lt ) 1/2
1.85 Find a differential equation for the current in the circuit of Problem 1.84.
f Substituting the values given in Problem 1.84 into (2) of Problem 1.81, we obtain
2
d2I d dl
2
+
10 dl_
+ 2
/ =
1 d(l2)
or -T + 2
I
20 + 200/ =
dt l72^ (l/2)(10- ) 1/2 dt dt dt
1.86 A RCL circuit has R = 6 Q, C = 0.02 F, L = 0.1 H,

simple series and no applied voltage. Derive a
differential equation for the current in the circuit at any time t.
I Substituting the given quantities into (2) of Problem 1.81, we obtain

2 2
d l dl
d
T+
l 6 dl
+
1
or = + 60 + 500/ =
dr 0T^ (0.1)(0.02) 0.1 dt dt
2
dt
14 CHAPTER 1
1.87 Use Kirchoff's loop law to derive a differential equation for the current in a simple circuit consisting of a resistor,
an inductor, and an electromotive force connected in series (a series RL circuit).
I The circuit is similar to the one in Fig. 1.2, but without the capacitor. The voltage drops are given in
Problem 1.81, so it follows from Kirchoff's law that
dl dl R
RI + L -E(t) = or + -/ = -(f)
1
(7)
at at L L
1.88 A simple series RL circuit has an emf given by 3 sin 2f (in volts), a resistance of 10 Q, and an inductance of 0.5 H.
Derive a differential equation for the current in the system.
f Substituting the given quantities into (7) of Problem 1.87, we obtain
+
dl 10 dl
7 =
1
(3 sin 2:) or + 207 = 6sin2r

dt 0.5 0.5 dt
1.89 Derive a differential equation for the current 7 in a series RL circuit having a resistance of 10 Q, an inductance
of 4 H, and no applied electromotive force.
Here (0 = 0, R = 10, and L = 4, so (/) of Problem 1.87 becomes + 7 = 0.

dt 4
1.90 Use Kirchoff's loop law to derive a differential equation for the charge on the capacitor of a circuit consisting
of a resistor, a capacitor, and an electromotive force (emf) connected in series (a series RC circuit).
I The circuit is similar to the one in Fig. 1.2, but without the inductor. The voltage drops are as given in
Problem 1.81, so it follows from Kirchoff's law that RI + q/C E(t) = 0. Since 7 = dq/dt, this may be
rewritten as
dq 1 1
1.91 A series RC circuit has an emf given by 400 cos 2f (in volts), a resistance of 100 Q, and a capacitance of 0.01 F.
Find a differential equation for the charge on the capacitor.
I Substituting the given quantities into (/) of Problem 1.90, we obtain
dq
+ r^ 1
q
H = (400 cos 2f
1
) or q
H + q
H = 4cos2t (7)
dt 100(0.01) 100
1.92 Derive a differential equation for the current in the circuit of the previous problem.
I d (dq\ dq
Differentiating (/) of that problem with respect to time, we obtain {
H = 8 sin It. Using the
dt \dt) dt
relationship 7 = dq/dt, we find that dl dt + I = 8 sin 2f.
1.93 Derive a differential equation for the charge on the capacitor of a series RC circuit having a resistance of 10 Q,
a capacitance of 10" F, and an emf of 100 sin 1207rf.
3
f Substituting these quantities into (7) of Problem 1.90, we obtain q + lOOq = 10 sin 1207tf.
GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS
1.94 Derive a differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories of the one-parameter family of curves in the xy
plane defined by F(x, y, c) = 0, where c denotes the parameter.
I The orthogonal trajectories consist of a second family of curves having the property that each curve in this new
family intersects at right angles every curve in the original family. Thus, at every point of intersection, the slope
of the tangent of each curve in the new family must be the negative reciprocal of the slope of the tangent of each
curve in the original family. To get the slope of the tangent, we differentiate F(x, y. c) = implicitly with
respect to x, and then eliminate c by solving for it in the equation F(x, y, c) and substituting for it in the
derived equation. This gives an equation connecting x, y, and y', which we solve for y' to obtain a differential
BASIC CONCEPTS D 15
equation of the form dy/dx = f(x, y). The orthogonal trajectories are then the solutions of
dy 1
(/)
dx f(x, y)
For many families of curves, one cannot explicitly solve for dy/dx and obtain a differential equation of the form
dy/dx = f{x, y). We do not consider such curves in this book.
1.95 Derive a differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves y = ex
2
.
I The family of curves is a set of parabolas symmetric about the y axis with vertices at the origin. In the notation
of Problem 1.94, we have F(x, y, c) = y ex 2 = 0. Implicitly differentiating the given equation with respect to
x, we obtain dy/dx = 2cx. To eliminate c, we observe, from the given equation, that c = y/x
2
; hence,
x
dy/dx = 2y/x. We have found f(x, y) = 2y/x, so (7) of Problem 1.94 becomes
dy
dx
=
2y
.
2
1.96 Derive a differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves x + y
2
= ex.
I The family of curves is a set of circles centered at (e/2, 0). In the notation of Problem 1.94, we have
F(x, y, c) x2 + y
2
ex. Implicitly differentiating the given equation with respect to x, we obtain
dy 2 2
2x + 2y -
dx
e. Eliminating c between this equation and x2 + y
2
ex gives
dy
dx
=y
2xy
\
. We have
found f(x, y) = (y
2
x 2 )/2xy, so (7) of Problem 1.94 becomes
dx x2 ,,2'
y
1.97 Derive a differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves x2 + y
1
= c
2
.
I This family of curves is a set of circles with centers at the origin and radii c. In the notation of Problem
y, e) = x + y e
2 2 2
1.94, we have F(x, Implicitly differentiating the given equation with
. respect to x, we get
2x + 2yy' = or dy/dx = x/y. Since f{x,y)=x/y, (7) of Problem 1.94 becomes dy/dx = y/x.
x
1.98 Derive a differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves y ee .
I In the notation of Problem 1.94, we have F(x, y,c) = y ce

x
. Implicitly differentiating this equation with
respect to x, we obtain y' ce
x
0. Since y = ee
x
, it follows that y' y = or y' y. Here
f(x, y) = y, so (7) of Problem 1.94 becomes dy/dx l/y.
1.99 Derive a differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves xy = C.
ff In the notation of Problem 1.94, we have F(x, y, C) = xy C. Implicitly differentiating this equation with
respect to x, we get y + xy' = or y' y/x. Here f(x, y) = y/x, so (7) of Problem 1.94 becomes
dy/dx x/y.
1.100 Derive a differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories of the cardioid p C{\ + sin 6), expressed in
polar coordinates.
Differentiating with respect to 6 to obtain

dd
=C cos 0, solving for C
cos

du
, and substituting for C
dp
in the given equation lead to the differential equation of the given family: = p cos 6
:
-. In polar coordinates,
da 1 + sin 6
the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is obtained by replacing dp/d9 by p 2 d6/dp, which gives
us
cos0
dd
dp
=
+ sin 0)
or
dp
+ (sec 6 +
_ ,
tan 0)dO =
p{\ p
1.101 A curve is defined by the condition that at each of its points (x, y), its slope dy/dx is equal to twice the sum of
the coordinates of the point. Express the condition by means of a differential equation.
# The differential equation representing the condition is dy/dx 2(x + y).
1.102 A curve is defined by the condition that the sum of the x and y intercepts of its tangents is always equal to 2.
Express the condition by means of a differential equation.

16 CHAPTER 1
/ dy
The equation of the tangent at (x, y) on the curve is Y y = - (X x), and the x and y intercepts are,
ax
respectively, X x y
dx
dy
and Y= y x
dy
dx
. The differential equation representing the condition is
PRIMITIVES
1.103 Define essential constants in the context of a relationship between two variables.
I If a relationship between two variables involves n arbitrary constants, then those constants are essential if
they cannot be replaced by a smaller number of constants.
1.104 Show that only one arbitrary constant is essential in the relationship y = x2 +A+ B involving the variables
x and y.
I Since A + B is no more than a single arbitrary constant, only one essential constant is involved.
1.105 Show that only one arbitrary constant is essential in the relationship y = Aex + B involving the variables x and
y-
I Since y Aex+B = Ae x e B , and Ae B is no more than a single arbitrary constant, only one essential constant
is required.
1.106 Show that only one arbitrary constant is essential in the relationship y =A + In fix involving the variables x
and y.
I Since y A + In Bx A + In B+ In x, and (A + In B) is no more than a single constant, only one

essential constant is involved.
1.107 Define primitive in the context of a relation between two variables.
f A primitive is a relationship between two variables which contains only essential arbitrary constants.
Examples are y = x4 + C and y = Ax 2 + Bx, involving the variables x and y.
1.108 Describe a procedure for obtaining a differential equation from a primitive.
f In general, a primitive involving n essential arbitrary constants will give rise to a differential equation of
order n, free of arbitrary constants. This equation is obtained by eliminating the n constants between the n + 1
equations consisting of the primitive and the n equations obtained by differentiating the primitive n times with
respect to the independent variable.
1.109 Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive y = Ax 2 + Bx + C.
f Since there are three arbitrary constants, we consider the four equations
dv d2 v i
y = Ax 2 + Bx + C -f = 2Ax + B
dx
~r^
dx
= 2A
d
dx
\
\ =
The last of these, being free of arbitrary constants and of the proper order, is the required equation.
Note that the constants could not have been eliminated between the first three of the above equations. Note
also that the primitive can be obtained readily from the differential equation by integration.
1.110 Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive x2y3 + x3y5 = C.
I Differentiating once with respect to x, we obtain
2xy 3 + 3x 2 y 2 ^\
dx)
+ ( 3x
\
2
y
5
+ 5x 3 y 4 ^
dx
y\ d .. 2 /V.
dy
or { 2y + 3x j- + xy 3y +
I
.
1
, c..
5x j- )
= for xy ^
BASIC CONCEPTS D 17
as the required equation. Written in differential notation, these equations are
3
(2xy dx + 3x 2 y 2 dy) + 2
(3x y dx
5
+ 5x 3 y 4 dy) = (1)
2
and (2y dx + 3x dy) + xy (3y dx) + 5x dy) = (2)
Note that the primitive can be obtained readily from (/) by integration but not so readily from (2). To obtain
the primitive when (2) is given, it is necessary to determine the factor xy 2 which was removed from (1).
1.111 Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive y = A cos ax + B sin ax, A and B being arbitrary
constants and a being a fixed constant.
Here
dy
dx
= Aa sin ax + Ba cos ax
and 2
12
d y
= Aa
y
2
cos ax Ba 2 sin ax = a 2 {A cos ax + B sin ax) = a 2 y
dx 2
The required differential equation is

2
d y/dx
2
+ a y
2
= 0.
1.112 Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive y = Ae 2x + Be x + C.
2 3
dy d d
Here -r- = 2Ae 2x + Be" -4y = 4Ae 2x +
1
Be' -4y = -5
%Ae 2x + Be x
dx dx ax
3 2
d d y
2
dy d y d y ~{d 2 y dy
Then 2iJ2i- AAe Zx
and L
2

2Ae ,
3 2 2
dx dx dx dx \dx dx
3
-= + 2 = 0.
d y d y dy
The required equation is r 3
ax J
dx z dx
1.113 Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive y C {

e
3x
+ C 2 e 2x + C 3 e*
I Here
dv d 2y
-f-
dx
= 3C t
e
3jc
+ 2C 2 e 2x + C 3 e x
Ix 2
= 9C v
e
3x
+ 4C 2 e 2x + C 3 ex
ax
? = 27C^ 3x + SC
J 2e
2x
+ C3e
The elimination of the constants by elementary methods is somewhat tedious. If three of the equations are
solved for C l9 C 2 and C 3 using determinants, and these are substituted
, in the fourth equation, the result may
be put in the form (called the eliminant):
e
3x
e
2x
e y Illy
3x 2x
2 *
7>e 2e e* y
y 3 2 1 y'
3x 2x
,6x
= e
6x (-2y'"
+ 12y" - 22y' + 12y) =
9e 4e e* y' 9 4 1 y"
3x 2x y'"
21e Se y 27 8 1
d 3y 2
dy
The required differential equation is -^ 6 d-=y + 11- 6y = 0.
dx dx dx
1.114 Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive y = Cx 2 + C 2
I Since dy/dx 2Cx, we have
C=
2x dx
and y
Lx +L
2xdx
+
4x 2 {dx)
The required differential equation is I

- I + 2x 3 4x 2 y = 0.
\dxj dx
{Note: The primitive involves one arbitrary constant of degree two, and the resulting differential equation is
of order 1 and degree 2.)
1.115 Find the differential equation of the family of circles of fixed radius r with centers on the x axis.
18 CHAPTER 1
P(x.y)
Fig. 1.3
# The equation of the family (see Fig. 1.3) is (x C) 2 + y

2
= r
2
, C being an arbitrary constant. Then
dy
so x C y
ax
ax
(dy\ 2
and the differential equation is y
2
1 I + y
2
r
2
.
1.116 Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas with foci at the origin and axes along the x axis.
I The equation of the family of parabolas is y

2
= 4A(A + x). (See Figs 1.4 and 1.5.) Then vv' = 2/4,
2
fdy\ dy
A = \yy', and y
2
= 2yy'(\yy' + x). The required equation is y (
V

dx
I
I
+ 2x
dx
y = 0.
(-A.0)
2 2 2
x +y = (2A + x)
2
or y = 44 (M + x) y* = 4A(A +x)
Fig. 1.4 Fig. 1.5
1.117 Form the differential equation representing all tangents to the parabola y
2
= 2x.
y B - (x A)/B or, since A = \B

2
I At any point {A, B) on the parabola, the equation of the tangent is ,
By x + \B By' = 1.
2
Eliminating B between this and
. which is obtained by differentiation with respect to
2x{y') 2yy' +1=0.
2
x, we get as the required differential equation
CHAPTER 2
Solutions
VALIDATING SOLUTIONS
2.1 Determine whether y(x) = 3e
x
is a solution of y' + y = 0.
x x x
I Differentiating y(x), we get y'(x) = 3e
x
. Then y' + y = 3e + 3e = 6e ^ 0. Since y(x) does not satisfy
the differential equation anywhere, it is not a solution.
2.2 Determine whether y(x) 5 is a solution of y' + y 0.
I Differentiating y(x), we get y'{x) = 0. Then y' + y = + 5 = 5 ^ 0. Since y(x) does not satisfy the
differential equation anywhere, it is not a solution.
2.3 Determine whether y{x) = cos x is a solution to y' + y = 0.
# Differentiating y(x), we get y'(x) = sin x. Then y' + y = sin x + cos x, which is not identically zero
on any interval. Because y(x) does not satisfy the differential equation on any interval, it is not a solution.
Note that y + y is zero wherever sin x = cos x, which occurs at infinitely many discrete points. There
is, however, no interval on which sin x = cos x, so there is no interval on which the differential equation is
satisfied.
x
2.4 Determine whether y 3e' is a solution of y' + y O.
x
I Differentiating y(x), we get y'{x)=3e~ x . Then y' + y = -3e~ x + 3e~
x
= 0. Thus y(x) = 3e~
satisfies the differential equation for all values of x and is a solution on the interval (
oo, oo).
x
2.5 Determine whether y = 5e~ is a solution of y' + y = 0.
# Differentiating y(x), we get y'(x)=5e~ x . Then y' + y = 5e~ x + 5e~

x
= 0. Thus y(x) = 5e~
x
satisfies the differential equation for all values of x and is a solution on the interval (
oo, oo).
2.6 Show that y(x) = Ce~ x is a solution of y' + y = on the interval (

oo, oo) for any arbitrary constant C.
f Differentiating y(x), we get y'(x) = Ce~ x . Then y' + y = -Ce' x + Ce' x = for all real values of x.
2.7 Determine whether y(x) = 2 is a solution of y' + y

2
= 0.
f Differentiating y(x), we get y'(x) = 0. Then y' + y

2
= + (2)
2
= 4^0. Thus y(x) does not satisfy the
differential equation anywhere and is not a solution.
x
2.8 Determine whether y = e is a solution of y' + y
2
= 0.
x x 2 x 2x
f Differentiating y(x), we get y'(x) = e
x
. Then y' + y
2
= e + (e )
= e + e ^ 0. Thus y(x) does not
satisfy the differential equation anywhere and is not a solution.
2.9 Determine whether y x is a solution of y' + y

2
= 0.
f Differentiating y(x), we get y'(x) = 1. Then x 2 - 1, which is not identically y + y

2
= - 1 + (-x) 2 =
zero on any interval. Since y(x) does not satisfy the differential equation on any interval, it is not a solution.
Note that x2 1 is zero at 1; but for y(x) to be a solution, x 2 1 would have to be zero on some
interval and that is not the case.
2
2.10 Determine whether y = 1/x is a solution of y' + y = 0.
/A
f Differentiating y(x), we get y'(x) = - 1/x 2 . Then y' + y
2
= 1
j + _ =( )
2
for all nonzero x. Since
the differential equation is satisfied whenever x # 0, y(x) is a solution on any interval that does not include
the origin.
19

20 U CHAPTER 2
2.11 Determine whether y = 2/x is a solution of y' + y

2
0.
f
Differentiating y(x), we get y' = -2/x 2 . Then y' + y
2
= 2
j
/2\ 2
+ ~
I )
=
2
~z * - Since >* x ) does not
satisfy the differential equation anywhere, it is not a solution.
2.12 Determine whether y = l/(x 2) is a solution of y' + y

2
= 0.
Here y'(x) = - l/(x - 2)

2
, so y' + y
2
=
(x -
+ \x -2
( )
= for all x # 2. Since the differential
2/ 2)
equation is satisfied whenever x # 2, y(x) is a solution on any interval that does not include x = 2.
y l/(x + k) is a solution to = =
2
2.13 Show that y' + v on any interval that does not include the point x k,
where k denotes an arbitrary constant.
f Differentiating y(x), we get y'(x) = l/(x + k)

2
. Then
y' + y
2
= -
(x + m + \x + kjr)
k)
2 l
=0 forallx^fc
2.14 Determine whether y = e

2x
is a solution of y" Ay 0.
I Differentiating y twice, we find y' = 2e

2x
and y" = 4e
2x
. Then y" 4y = 4e
2x
4(e
2x
) 0, so y is a
solution to the differential equation everywhere.
2x
2.15 Determine whether y = e is a solution of y" + 4y = 0.
2x 2x 2x 2x
I As in the previous problem, y" = 4e ; then y" + 4y = 4e + 4{e ) Se = 0, so y is not a solution.
2.16 Determine whether y = sin 2x is a solution of y" + y = 0.
f Differentiating y twice, we find y' = 2cos2x and f = 4 sin 2x. Then

y" + 4y = 4 sin 2x + 4(sin 2x) = 0, so y = sin 2x is a solution to the differential equation everywhere.
2.17 Determine whether y = 2 sin x is a solution of y" + y = 0.
f Differentiating y, we obtain y' = 2cosx and y"= 2sinx. Then

y" + 4y = 2 sin x 4- 4(2 sin x) = 6 sin x, which is zero only for integral multiples of n. Since 6 sin x is not
identically zero on any interval, y = 2 sinx is not a solution to the differential equation.
2.18 Determine whether y = 2cos2x is a solution of y" + y = 0.
I Differentiating y, we find y'= 4sin2x and y"= 8cos2x. Then

y" + y = 8 cos 2x + 4(2 cos 2x) = 0, so y = 2 cos 2x is a solution to the differential equation everywhere.
2.19 Determine whether y(x) = is a solution of y" + 4y = 0.
I For the identically zero function, y' = y" = 0; hence y" + 4y = + 4(0) = 0. It follows that y(x) is a
solution to this differential equation everywhere.
2.20 Show that y(x) = Cj sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x is a solution of y" + 4y = for all values of the arbitrary constants
Ci and c2 .
I Differentiating y, we find
y' = 2c x cos 2x 2c 2 sin 2x and y" = 4c x

sin 2x 4c 2 cos 2x
Hence, y" + 4y = 4c sin 2x 4c 2 cos 2x) + 4{c sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x)

(
v x
= ( 4c + 4c )sin2x + 4c 2 + 4c 2 )cos2x =
j x (
Thus, y = Cj sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x satisfies the differential equation for all values of x and is a solution on the
interval ( oo, oo).
2.21 Determine whether y = e~ 2t is a solution of y 4y 4y + 16y = 0.

SOLUTIONS D 21
I Differentiating y, we obtain y= 2e~ 2 ',

y = 4e~ 2
', and y = Se~ 2 '. Then
y- 4y - 4y + I6y = -8e~ 2 - '

4(4<T
2
') - 4(-2e~ 2t + ) 16{e"
2
') =
Thus, y is a solution of the given differential equation for all values of t on the interval (
00, 00).
2.22 Determine whether y = e

2'
is a solution of y 4y 4y + 16y = 0.
I Differentiating v, we obtain y 2e
2t
, y 4e \
2
and y = 8e
2 '.
Then
y-4y-4y + \6y = Se
2t
- 4(4e
2
') - 4(2e
21
) + 16(e
2
') =
Since y satisfies the differential equation everywhere, it is a solution everywhere.
2.23 Determine whether v = e

3f
is a solution of y 4y 4y + 16v = 0.
f Differentiating y(t) e
3
', we obtain y 3e
3
',
y = 9e
3
', and y = 21e
3t
. Then
y-4y-4y + ify = 27e

3' - 4(9<?
3
') - 4(3e
3
') + 16(e
3
') = -5e 3 # '
Therefore, v is not a solution.
4'
2.24 Determine whether y = e is a solution of y 4y 4y + 16y = 0.
4 ', 4 '.
# Differentiating y(r) = e we obtain 3; = 4e
4t
, y = 16e
4f
, and y = 64e Then
4' 4
y- 4y>- 4y + 16y = 64e - 4(16e
4f
)
- 4(4e ') + 16(e
4r
) =
Thus y(t) is a solution everywhere.
2.25 Determine whether y = 0.5e 4 '

is a solution of y 4y 4y + 16y = 0.
4 ',
I Differentiating y(t) = -0.5e we obtain y=-2e 4 ', y=-8e 4 ', and y= -32e 4 '. Then
y_ 4y - 4y + 16y = -32e 4r - 4(-Se 4 - 4(-2e 4 + ') ') 16(-0.5e

4 ')
=
Thus y(t) is a solution everywhere.
A 4y + =
2.26 Show that y{t) = cve
2t
+ c 2 e~
2'
+ c3e '
is a solution of y 4y 16y for all values of the
arbitrary constants c x c 2 , , and c3 .
f Differentiating y{t), we get
= 2c!e 2 -2c 2 e" 2 + 4c 3 e 4

y ' '
'
y = 4c^ + 4c 2 e~
2 2
+ 16c 3 e 4 ' '
'
y = Sc e '-Sc 2 e~
2
and 2,
+ 64c 3 e 4
1
-'
Then y - 4y - 4y + 16y = 8c e 2t - Sc 2 e~ 2t + 64c 3 c4 - 4(4c,e 2 + 4c 2 e -2 + 16c 3 e 4

x
' ' ' ')
- 4[2c e 2t - 2c 2 e~ 2 + 4c 3 e 4 + 16(c,e 2 + c 2 e~ 2 + c 3 e*')

l
'
') ' '
=
Thus y(t) is a solution for all values of t.
2.27 Determine whether x(i) 2t is a solution of x 2x t.
1 Differentiating x(t), we get x \. Then x 2x 2 2(\t) = t \, which is never equal to t, the

right-hand side of the differential equation. Therefore, x(t) is not a solution.
2.28 Determine whether x(t) = \ is a solution of x 2x = t.
I Differentiating x(t), we get x = 0, so x 2x = 2( |) = \. This is equal to t, the right-hand side of

the differential equation, only when t \. Since x(t) does not satisfy the differential equation on any interval, it
is not a solution.
2.29 Determine whether x(t) = jt { is a solution of x 2x = t.
I Differentiating x(r), we obtain x = \. Then x 2x = -\ 2( {h i) = r. Therefore, x(f) is a solution

for all values of t in the interval (
00, 00).
~
22 CHAPTER 2
2.30 Determine whether x(t) = Ae 2 '

is a solution of x 2x = t for any value of the arbitrary constant A.
I Differentiating x(t), we get x = 2Ae 2

', so x - 2.x = 2Ae - 2Ae 2 = 2' '
0. This is equal to t, the right-hand
side of the differential equation, only at f = 0. Since x(t) satisfies the differential equation only at a single
point, it is not a solution anywhere.
2.31 Determine whether x(t) = -\t - \ + Ae 2 '

is a solution of x - 2x = t for any value of the arbitrary
constant A.
I Differentiating x(t), we obtain x = - \ + 2Ae 2t . Then
x - 2x = -\ + 2Ae 2 ' - 2( |f - | + Ae 2 = ') t
so x(t) is a solution everywhere.
2.32 Determine whether y(x) 2e

x
+ xe~ x is a solution of y" + 2/ + y = 0.
1 Differentiating y(x), we obtain
y'(x) = 2e~ x + e~
x
xe~ x e~ x xe~ x and y"(x) e~
x e~
x
+ xe~ x xe~ x
Substituting these values into the differential equation gives
y" + 2/ + y = xe~ x + 2{-e' x - xe~ x + ) (2e

x
+ xe'
x
) =
Thus, y(x) is a solution everywhere.
2.33 Determine whether y(x) =1 is a solution of y" + 2y' + y = x.
I From y(v) = 1 it follows that y'(x) = and y"(x) = 0. Substituting these values into the differential
equation, we obtain y" + 2y' + y + 2(0) + 1 = 1 # x. Thus, y(x) = 1 is not a solution.
2.34 Show that y(x) = is the only solution of (y')

2
+ y
2
0 on the entire interval ( oo, oo).
I By direct substitution, we find that r(\) = satisfies the differential equation identically for all values of x
in (
oo,and is, therefore, a solution. Any other function must be nonzero at some point (otherwise it would
oo)
not be different from the given function), and at such a point its square must be positive. Therefore, for such a
function, the left side of the differential equation must be positive at that point, because it is a sum of squares;
it then cannot equal zero, the right side of the differential equation. It follows that any nonzero function cannot
satisfy the differential equation at some point on oo, oo) and thus cannot be a solution over the entire interval. (
2.35 Determine whether y = x2 1 is a solution of (

y') 4 + y
2
= 1.
I Note that the left side of the differential equation must be nonnegative for every real function y(x) and any x,
since it is the sum of terms raised to the second and fourth powers, while the right side of the equation is
negative. Since no function y(x) will satisfy this equation, the given differential equation has no solution.
2.36 Show that y = In x is a solution of xy" + y on J = (0, x) but is not a solution on J = oo,
( oo)r
I On (0, oo) we have y' = 1/x and y" 1/x 2 . Substituting these values into the differential equation, we
obtain
^ + y _,(_,) + I_0
Thus, y = In x is a solution on (0, x). However, y = In x cannot be a solution on (
x, x) because the
logarithm is undefined for negative numbers and zero.
2.37 Show that y = l/(x

2
- 1) is a solution of y' + 2xy 2 = on J = ( 1, 1), but not on any larger interval
containing J.
I On (-1,1), y = l/(x
2
- 1) and its derivative y' = 2x/(x 2 l)
2
are well-defined functions. Substituting
these values into the differential equation, we have
" +2x" i=
-(^w +2x (i?yf =o
SOLUTIONS 23
Thus, y = l/(x
2
- 1) is a solution on J (1,1). However, l/(x
2 - 1) is not defined at x-l and
therefore cannot be a solution on any interval containing either of these two points.
PRIMITIVES
2.38 Explain what is meant by a primitive associated with a differential equation.
f A primitive associated with a differential equation of order n is a primitive (see Problem 1.107) that contains n
arbitrary constants and is a solution of the differential equation.
2.39 Show thaty = C x

sin x + C2x is a primitive associated with the differential equation
2
(1
d y
x cot x) ^-j2
dx
x -
dx
dy
h y 0.
# We substitute y = Cj sin x + C 2 x, y' = C x

cos x + C2 , and >'" = C, sin x in the differential equation
to obtain
(1 xcotx)( C\ sinx) x(C t cosx + C2 + ) {C sinx

x
+ C 2 x) =
C] sin x + C x
x cos x C x
x cos x C2x + C t
sin x + C2x =
so y is a solution. In addition, the order of the differential equation (2) equals the number of arbitrary constants.
x
2.40 Show that y = C x
e + C 2 xe x + C 3 e~ x + 2x 2 e x is a primitive associated with the differential equation
^l3 - ^-1 - Q. + = Se
x
dx dx 2 dx
I We have y = C e x + C 2 xe x
x
+ C i e~ x + 2x 2 e x
y= (C, + C 2 )e x + C 2 xe x - C 3 e~ x + 2x 2 e x + 4x^
y" = (C t
+ 2C2 )ex + C 2 xe x + C i e~ x + 2x 2
e
x
+ 8xe
x
+ 4e
x
and /" = (C, + 3C 2 )f x + C 2 xe x - C 3 ^" x + 2x 2 e

x
+ 12xe x + 12e
x
and y'" y" y' + y = 8e

x
. Also, the order of the differential equation and the number of arbitrary constants
are both 3.
dy
2.41 Show that y 2x 4- Ce x is a primitive of the differential equation y = 2(1 x).
dx
1 We substitute y = 2x + O* and y' 2 + Ce* in the differential equation to obtain

2 + Ce* (2x + Ce = 2 2x.
x
) Furthermore, the order of the differential equation equals the number of
arbitrary constants (2).
d2y
2.42 Show that y = C x
e
x
+ C 2 e 2x + x is a primitive of the differential equation ^ - 3
dy
+ 2y = 2x - 3.
I We substitute y =C x
e* + C 2 e 2x + x, /=C x
e
x
+ 2C 2 e 2x + 1, and y" = Cê" + 4C 2 e 2jc
in the
differential equation to obtain
C x
e
x
+ 4C 2 e 2x - 3(C e x
x
+ 2C 2 e 2x + 1) + 2{C x e
x
+ C 2 e 2x + x) = 2x - 3
Moreover, the order of the differential equation and the number of arbitrary constants in y are both 2.
2.43 Show that (y C) = Cx is a primitive of the differential equation 4x

fdy\
I
\dxj
+ 2x
dy
dx
1 y = 0.
M a a r*
Here 2(y C)
dx
= C, so that
dx
=

C)
-. Then 4x(y')
2
+ 2xy' - y becomes
2(y
C2 C C2x + Cx(y - C) - y(y - C)

2
y[_Cx - (y - C) 2 ]
4X 2+2X ~
(y - C) (y - C)
2 2
4(y-C) 2(y-C) '
Furthermore, the order of the differential equation (1) is the same as the number of arbitrary constants in the
proposed primitive.
Y
24 D CHAPTER 2
x 2x
2.44 Determine whether y c l e~ + \e is a primitive of y" y' 2y e
3x
.
# One can show by direct substitution that y is a solution of the differential equation. However, since y
contains only one arbitrary constant whereas the order of the differential equation is 2, y is not a primitive of
the differential equation.
2.45 Determine whether y = c l xe

x
+ c2x e
2 x
+ \x 2 e
x
- 1 is a primitive of y'" 3y" + 3/ y = e* + 1.
I By direct substitution we can show that y is a solution of the differential equation. However, since y contains
only 2 arbitrary constants whereas the order of the differential equation is 3, y is not a primitive.
2x 2x
2.46 Determine whether y = 3e is a primitive of y" 2y' + y = 3e .
f Since y contains no arbitrary constants while the order of the differential equation is 2, y cannot be a
primitive of the differential equation.
2.47 Determine whether y A is a primitive of y' + y = 0.
I Substituting y =A and its derivative y' = into the left side of the differential equation, we obtain
v' + y = + A A, which equals 0, the right side of the differential equation, only if A 0. If A # 0,
then y =A is not a solution. Since y A is not a solution for arbitrary A, y is not a primitive.
2.48 Determine whether y = Ax is a primitive for y - 3y = 0.
f Substituting y = /lx and y' = ,4 into the left side of the differential equation, we obtain
y' 3y A 3 Ax = A(l 3.x). If y = Ax is a primitive, it must satisfy the differential equation for all
values of A. Thus, A(l 3x) must be zero for all A, but it is zero only when x = j. That means y = Ax
does not satisfy the differential equation on any interval; for that reason it is not a solution and. therefore, not
a primitive.
2.49 Determine whether v = Cx + 2C 2 is a primitive for 2|

\dxj
) + x
dx
- y = 0.
m The derivative of y is \ = C. Then
2 (V) +*-^--y = 2C 2 + xC - (Cx + 2C 2 = )

\flx/ ax
so y is a solution for all values of the arbitrary constant C. Since y contains only the one arbitrary constant C
and the differential equation is of order 1, y is a primitive for the differential equation.
2.50 Show that y f.v 2 is a particular solution of 2 1

=
J
+x y = 0.
V dx J dx
I Here y' = $x, so
2 r*y + ,* ,_ 2 f-ix + (-iW4*'i=o

dx) dx 4 4 \ J \
2.51 Use the results of Problems 2.49 and 2.50 to show that not every particular solution of a differential equation
can be generated from a primitive of that differential equation by selecting specific values for the arbitrary
constants.
#
We have shown that a primitive for 2
fdy\
\dxj
dx
+x
dx
2
:
y = is y Cx + 2C with arbitrary constant C,
y = ^x
2
while a particular solution The primitive represents a family of straight lines, and
is the parabola .
clearly the equation of a parabola cannot be obtained by manipulating the arbitrary constant C. (A solution that
cannot be generated from a primitive is called a singular solution of the differential equation.)
2.52 Determine graphically a relationship between the primitive y Cx C 2 and the singular solution y = x 2 /4
of the differential equation y = xy' (y)
2
.
I Referring to Fig. 2.1, we see that y = Cx C 2 represents a family of straight lines tangent to the parabola
y = x 2
/4. The parabola is the envelope of the family of straight lines.
SOLUTIONS D 25
Fig. 2.1
DIRECTION FIELDS
2.53 Construct a direction field for the first-order differential equation y' y t.
I At each point in the y) plane, we compute dy/dt by substituting y and t into the right-hand side of the
(t,
differential equation; then through the point, we graph a short line segment having the derivative as its slope.
In particular, at (0, 0) we have y' = - = 0; at (0, 1), / = 1 - = 1; at (1, 0), / = - 1 = - 1; at
(1,1), /= 1 1 = 0; and at (
1, 1), y' (
1 1) = 0. The direction field for these and other points
is shown in Fig. 2.2.
/ /
,'/-
/ \
\
\
\
\
\
\
\ Fig. 2.2
2.54 Graph the solution curves that pass through the direction field obtained in the previous problem.
I The curves are shown in Fig. 2.3.
Fig. 2.3
\
26 D CHAPTER 2
2.55 Construct a direction field for the first-order differential equation y' 5y(y 1).
f y' in this case is independent of t, for any given >' the slopes of the solutions at (r,
Since y ) are the same for
all Noting that the right-hand side of this equation is zero when y is or 1, positive when y is in
t.
(oo, 0) u (1, oo), and negative when y is on (0, 1), we can readily verify that Fig. 2.4 gives a reasonable
indication of the direction field. For example, if y = \ then y' = 5(\)(-j) =
-f, so the solutions have slope
| when they cross the line y = \. Also, if y = then v = 15
16' and if y = \ then y
25
(these
16
values are indicated in Fig. 2.4).
\ \ \ \ \ \
////// Fig. 2.4
2.56 Sketch a direction field for y' y I.
f The derivative is independent of t and depends only on y. At (t, y) = (0, 0), y' = 1 = 1; at (1, 0),
y' = 0-l= -1; at (2,0), y' = 0-l = -l; at (1, 1), >' = 1 1 = 0; at (2, 1), / = 1-1=0; and at
(2, 2), y' = 2 1 = 1. The direction field at these points and others is shown in Fig. 2.5.
y-y-Y-Y?/-
\ \ N
s \ \ \
J r-A-^- Jr- Jr--V
Fig. 2.5
X \ \- -\~\~
/ / / /
C 7^ 7^
-ttttt i-
Fig. 2.6
1
SOLUTIONS D 27
2.57 Sketch a direction field for /= 1 y.
I At (t,y) = (0,0), y' = 1-0=1; at (1,0), / = 1 - = 1; at (1, y' =

1),
- = 0; at (2,
1 1 1),
/= l _ 1 = 0; at (2, 2), y
1
= 1 -2= -1; at (-2, - 1), / = 1 -(-1) = 2. The direction field at these
points and others is shown in Fig. 2.6.
2.58 Sketch a direction field for y' = y

3
y
2
.
I At (t, y) = (0, 0), / = 3

- 2
= 0; at (0, 1), / = l 3 - l 2 = 0; at (0, 2), /= 2
3
- 2
2
= 4; at (0, -2),
/ = (-2) 3 -(-2) 2 = -12, at (1,-1), /= (-1) 3- (-1) 2 = -2. The direction field at these points and
others is shown in Fig. 2.7.
/--/-->'
/ / / / /
\ \ \ \ \
-*t
Fig. 2.7
2.59 Sketch a direction field for /= 1 y2 .
I At (t,y) = (0,0), / = 1 - 2
= 1; at (1, / = 1 - 2 = 0,
1), l at (1, 2), /=l-2 2
=-3; at (0,-1),
/= 1 - (- 1) = 2
0; and at ( 1, 2), y' = 1 - 2) 2 = 3. The
( direction field at these points and others is
shown in Fig. 2.8.
"\-^K~^\ ^-^-^
y ii- / -/-
i-
*-
H-H-H-^-^
Fig. 2.8
28 CHAPTER 2
2.60 Sketch a direction field for y' = 2x, along with some of the solution curves that pass through it.
# The direction field and three curves are shown in Fig. 2.9.
slope = 4
slope = 2
Fig. 2.9
INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

2.61 Determine whether the conditions on y(x) given by y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 2 are boundary conditions or initial
conditions.
f They are initial conditions because they are given at the same value of the independent variable, here at
x = 0.
2.62 Determine whether the conditions on y(x) given by y(l) = 0, y'{2) are boundary or initial conditions.
I They are boundary conditions because they are not both given at the same value of the independent variable.
One is given at x = 1, and the other at x = 2.
2.63 Determine whether the conditions on y(r) given by y(3) = 0, y'(3) = 0, y"(3) = 1 are boundary or initial
conditions.
f They are initial conditions because they are all given at the same value of the independent variable, here at
r = 3.
2.64 Determine whether the conditions on x(f) given by x(7r) = 1, x\n) = 2, x"(n) = 3, x'"(n) = 4 are boundary
or initial conditions.
I They are initial conditions because they are all given at the same value of the independent variable, here at
t = n.
2.65 Determine whether the conditions on x(t) given by x(0) = 0, x'(0) = 0, x"(n) = are boundary or initial
conditions.
I They are boundary conditions because they are not all given at the same value of the independent variable.
Two are given at f = while the third is given at t n.
SOLUTIONS 29
2.66 Determine whether the conditions on s(t) given by s(5) = s(10) =15 are boundary or initial conditions.
f They are boundary conditions because they are not both given at the same value of the independent variable.
One is given at = 5, and the other at t t = 10.
2.67 Determine whether a single condition is a boundary or initial condition.
I A single subsidiary condition is an initial condition because it satisfies the criterion that all conditions are
prescribed at the same value of the independent variable.
2.68 Determine whether the conditions on y(x) given by y( 7.5) = 0, y'( 7.5) = 1, y"( 7.5) = 0, y
(3,
( 7.5) = 1,
y ( 7.5) = 0, and y ( 7.5) = 1 are boundary or initial conditions.

(4) <5)
I They are initial conditions because they are all specified at the same value of the independent variable, here
x = -7.5.
2.69 Determine C so that y(x) = 2x + Ce x will satisfy the condition y(0) = 3.
I When x = and y - 3, we have 3 = 2(0) + Ce and C= 3. Then y = 2x + 3c*.
2.70 Determine C so that (y C)

2
= Cx will satisfy the condition y(l) = 2.
/ When x = 1 and y = 2, we have (2 C) 2 = C and C= 1,4. Thus, (y l)

2
= x and
( y - 4)
2
= 4x.
2.71 Determine C, and C2 so that y = x + C,c x + C 2 e 2x will satisfy the boundary conditions y(0) = and
y0) = o.
f When x = and y = 0, we have C, + C2 = 0. When x = 1 and y = 0, we have

e* _ 2*
C,e + C 2 e 2 =l. Then C, = C2 = -=
e
1
e
and the required equation is ) = xH
e
=
e
.
2.72 Determine c, and c 2 so that y(x) = c t sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x + 1 will satisfy the conditions y(n/S) = and
y'(rr/8) = ^2.
# Note that
y(7r/8) = c x sin
*
-+ c 2 cos
*
-+ 1 = cx
A/2\
(
I + c2
A/2\
l ,
To satisfy the condition y(rc/8) = 0, we require c^y/2) + c^v^) +1=0, or equivalently,
c l+ c2 =-j2 (1)
Since y'(x) = 2c 1 cos 2x 2c 2 sin 2x,
yW8) = 2c 1 cos-- 2c 2 sin- = 2c i(-y) _ 2c2

\Y)
= ^ Ci ~ ^ 2
To satisfy the condition y'(7t/8) = y/2, we require y/2c { sflc 2 - yJ2, or equivalently,
Cl - c2 = 1 (2)
Solving (7) and (2) simultaneously, we obtain ct = \(\J2 1) and c2 2 (\J2 + 1).
2x x
=
2.73 Determine Cj and c 2 so that y(x) = cte + c2e + 2 sin x will satisfy the conditions y(0) and y'(0) = 1.
I Because sin = 0, y(0) = cY + c2 . To satisfy the condition y(0) = 0, we require
cx + c2 = (7)
From y'(x) l
2x
= 2c e + c 2 e + 2 cos x, x
we have y'(0) = 2c, + c2 + 2. To satisfy the condition y'(0) =1, we
require 2c, + c 2 + 2 1, or
2c, + c2 =-\ (2)
Solving (7) and (2) simultaneously, we obtain c, = 1 and c2 = 1.

30 CHAPTER 2
PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS
2.74 Find the solution to the initial-value problem y' + y = 0; y(3) = 2, if the general solution to the differential
= _x
equation is known to be y(x) c,c where C, is an arbitrary constant.
,
I Since y(x) is a solution of the differential equation for every value of c u we seek that value of c, which will
also satisfy the initial condition. Note that y(3) c l e'

i
. To satisfy the initial condition y(3) = 2, it is
sufficient to choose C, so that c x e~

2
= 2, that is, to choose c, = 2e
3
. Substituting this value for c, into y(x),
x i ~x
we obtain y(x) 2e e~
i
= 2e as the solution of the initial-value problem.
2.75 Find a solution to the initial-value problem y" + Ay = 0; y(0) = 0, y'(0) = 1, if the general solution to the
differential equation is known to be y(x) c, sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x.
f Since y(x) is a solution of the differential equation for all values of C, and c 2 , we seek those values of c, and
c 2 that will also satisfy the initial conditions. Note that y(0) = c, sinO + c 2 cosO = c2 . To satisfy the first
initial condition. y(0) = 0, we choose c2 0. Furthermore. y'(x) = 2c, cos 2x 2c 2 sin 2x; thus,
y'(0) = 2c, cosO 2c 2 sinO = 2c,. To satisfy the second initial condition. y'(0) = 1, we choose 2c, = 1,
or c, = j. Substituting these values of c, and c 2 into y(x), we obtain y(x) ^sin 2x as the solution of the
initial-value problem.
2.76 Find a solution to the boundary-value problem y" + Ay = 0; 3(71/8) = 0, yin/6) 1, if the general solution
to the differential equation
is y(x) = c, sin 2x + c, cos 2x.
m
f Note that y(rc/8) = c, sin
n
- + c2 cos
n
- = c,
/v2\
I
- -I- c
(yJ2
4
To satisfy the condition y(n/8) = 0, we require
V2\ . A/2
^-c 2 [^-j^0 (1)
_ . n n y/3

c 2
Furthermore, \imb) c, sin - -I- c 2 cos - = c, 1-
To satisfy the second condition, y(7r/6) = 1, we require
W3c, + \c 2 - 1 (2)
Solving (7) and (2) simultaneously, we find c, = -c 2 = 2/(^3 - 1). Substituting these values into y(x), we
2
obtain >*(x) = (sin 2x - cos 2x) as the solution of the boundary-value problem.
v 3 1
2.77 Find a solution to the boundary-value problem y" + Ay = 0: y(0) = 1, y(n/2) = 2, if the general solution to
the differential equation is known to be y(x) = c, sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x.
f Since \(0) = c, sinO + c 2 cos0 = c 2 we must choose c 2 = , 1 to satisfy the condition v(0) = 1. Since
y(n/2) = c, sin 71+ c 2 cos n = c 2 we must choose c 2 = -2 to
, satisfy the condition \inj2) = 2. Thus, to
satisfy both boundary conditions simultaneously, we must require c 2 to equal both 1 and -2, which is
impossible. Therefore, this problem does not have a solution.
2.78 Find a solution to the initial-value problem y" + y = 0; y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 2, if the general solution to the
differential equation is y(x) =A sin x + B cos x. where A and B are arbitrary constants.
I At x = 0, y(0)= A sinO + ScosO = B, so we must choose B to satisfy the condition y(0) = 1. 1
Furthermore, y'(x) = /I cos x B sin x, so y'(0) = .4 cos B sin = .4. To satisfy the condition y'(0) = 2,
we must choose A = 2. Then y(x) = 2 sin x cos x is the solution to the initial-value problem.
-I-
2.79 Rework Problem 2.78 if the subsidiary conditions are y(7r/2) = 1, y'(7r/2) = 2.
f At x = 7t/2, y(rr/2) = A sin (rc/2) + B cos (tc/2) = A, so we must choose .4 to satisfy the condition 1
y\n/2) 1. Also y'(7t/2) = A cos(7r/2) Bsin(7r/2) = B, so we must choose B 2 to satisfy the

condition y'(n/2) = 2. Then y(x) = sin x 2 cos x.
2.80 Rework Problem 2.78 if the subsidiary conditions are y(0) = 1, y{n/2) = 1.
SOLUTIONS 31
f The problem is now a boundary-value problem because the subsidiary conditions are specified at different
values of the independent variable x. At x = 0, y(0) = A sin + B cos = we must choose B =
B, so to 1
satisfy the first subsidiary condition. At x = n/2, y(n/2) = A sin (n/2) =

+ B cos (n/2) A, so we must choose
A 1 to satisfy the second subsidiary condition. Then y(x) = sin x + cos x.
2.81 Rework Problem 2.78 if the subsidiary conditions are y'(0) 1, y'(n/2) 1.
I The problem is now a boundary-value problem. For the given y(x), we have y'(x) A cos x B sin x. At
x = 0, y'(0) = A cos B sin = A, so we must choose A if we are to satisfy the first boundary 1
condition. At x = n/2, we have y'(n/2) = A cos (7r/2) B sin (n/2) = B, so we must choose B= 1 to
satisfy the second boundary condition. Then y(x) = sin x cos x.
2.82 Rework Problem 2.78 if the subsidiary conditions are y(0) = 1, y'(n) = 1.
I The problem is now a boundary-value problem. With y(x) = A sin x + B cos x and
y'(x) = A cos x B sin x, we have y(0) = /I sinO -f BcosO = B and y'(n:) = Acosn Bsinn = A. To
satisfy the first condition we must choose B= 1; to satisfy the second condition we must choose A = 1.
Then y(x) = sin x + cos x.
2.83 Rework Problem 2.78 if the subsidiary conditions are y(0) = 0, y(n) = 2.
I Since = A sin + B cos = B, we must choose B =

y(0) to satisfy the subsidiary condition y(0) = 0.
Since y(n) A sin n + Bcos n B, we must choose B 2 to satisfy the condition y(7r) = 2. Thus, to
satisfy both conditions simultaneously, we must require B to equal both and 2, which is impossible.
Therefore, this boundary-value problem does not possess a solution.
2.84 Rework Problem 2.78 if the subsidiary conditions are y(0) = y'(0) = 0.
I At x = 0, y(0) = A sin + B cos B, sowe must choose B to satisfy the first initial condition.
Furthermore, y'(0) = A cos B sin = A, so we must choose A to satisfy the second initial condition.
Substituting these values into the general solution, we get y(x) = sin x + cos x = as the solution to the
2.85 Rework Problem 2.78 if the subsidiary conditions are y{n/4) = 0, y(7r/6)=l.
I At x = 7i/4, we have y(n/4) -A sin(7r/4) + B cos (tt/4) = A^Jl/l) + B(yf2/2). Thus, to satisfy the
condition y(n/4) = 0, we require
Furthermore, y(7r/6) =^ sin (tt/6) + B cos (tc/6) = A{{) + B(y/3/2). To satisfy the condition y(n/6) = 1, then,
we require
A ^3
-2 2
Solving (7) and (2) simultaneously, we determine A = and B = . Substituting these values
>/3- 1 y/3- 1
2
into the general solution, we obtain y(x) = (
sin x -(- cos x).
>/3- 1
2.86 Rework Problem 2.78 if the subsidiary conditions are y(0) = 0, y'(n/2) = 1.
/ At x = 0, y(0) =A sin + B cos = B, so we must choose B to satisfy the first boundary

condition. At x = n/2, y'(n/2) = A cos(7i/2) B sin (n/2) = B, so we must choose B 1 to satisfy the
second boundary condition. Thus, we must have B equal to both and 1 simultaneously, which is
impossible. Therefore, the boundary-value problem does not have a solution.
2.87 Rework Problem 2.78 if the subsidiary conditions are y(0) = 1, y(n) = 1.
f At x = 0, y(0) =A sin + B cos = B, so we must choose B to satisfy 1 the first boundary
condition. At x n, y(n) A sin n + B cos n = B, so we must choose B 1 to satisfy the second
32 CHAPTER 2
boundary condition. Thus, B 1 is sufficient to satisfy both boundary conditions, with no restrictions
placed on A. The solution is y = A sin x + cos x, where A is an orbitrary constant.
2.88 A general solution to a certain differential equation is y(x) = c x e~

x
+ c2e
2x
2x 2 + 2x 3, where ct and c2
are arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 4.
-
I Since y = Cjfi * + c2e
2x 2x 2 + 2x 3 (7)
we have y' = c^"* + 2c 2 e

2x
4x + 2 (2)
Applying the first initial condition to (7), we obtain
Cl e~
w+c 2e
2m - 2(0)
2
+ 2(0) -3 = 1 or c, + c2 = 4 (5)
Applying the second initial condition to (2), we obtain
-Cie- (0) + 2c 2 e
2(0)
- 4(0) + 2 = 4 or -c, + 2c 2 = 2 (4)
Solving (5) and (4) simultaneously, we find that cx = 2 and c2 = 2. Substituting these values into (7), we
obtain the solution of the initial-value problem as y = 2e~
x
+ 2e
2x
2x 2 + 2x 3.
2.89 A general solution to a certain differential equation is y(x) = c,^ + c 3 xe? + xe*ln |x|, where c, and c 3 are
arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions y(l) = 0, y'(l) = 1.
x
# Since y = c,?* + c 3 xe + xex In |x| (7)
x x
we have y' = cxe + c3e + c 3 xex + e x In |x| + xe" In |x| + e* (2)
Applying the first initial condition to (7), we obtain cxe

l
+ cê 1
+ (l)e
1
In 1 = or (since In 1 = 0),
cxe + c3e = (3)
Applying the second initial condition to (2), we obtain c,?

1
+ c3e
x
+ c 3 {l)e
i
+ e
1
In 1 + (l)e
1
Inl +e 1
= 1, or
cxe + 2c 3 e = 1 e (4)
Solving (3) and (4) simultaneously, we find that ct c 3 (e l)/e. Substituting these values into (7), we
x
obtain the solution of the initial-value problem as y e x ~ (e 1)(1 l
x) + xe In |x|.
2.90 A general solution to a certain differential equation is y = e

2x
{c l cos 2x + c 2 sin2x) -f 7 sinx 4 cosx,
65 65
where c, and c 2 are arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions
y(0)=l, /(0) = 0.
I For y as given,
y' = -2e
we have
2x
(c l cos2x + c 2 sin2x) + e
2x
( -2c, sin 2x + 2c 2 cos 2x) + cosx +
74
65
sinx
65
Applying the first initial condition to y, we obtain c{ 69/65. Applying the second initial condition to y' gives
2c, -1- 2c 2 = 7/65, so that c2 = 131/130. Substituting these values for c, and c 2 , we obtain the solution
of the initial-value problem as
69 131 7 4
y
= e -2xfZ7 cos 2x + T^ sin 2x
. \
+
-,
) T7 sin x ~ 77 cos X
\od 13U J 65 65
2.91 The general solution to a certain third-order differential equation is y = cê? + c2e
2x
+ c3e
3x
, where c u c2 ,
and c 3 are arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions y{n) = 0,
y\n) = 0, y"(n) = 1.
# We have y = Cl e
x
+ c2e
2x
+ c3e
3x
x 2x 3x
y
'
= Cl e + 2c 2 e + 3c 3 e (7)
x 2x 3x
and y" = Cl e + 4c 2 e + 9c 3 e
Applying each initial condition separately, we obtain

n 2n in
cxe + c2e + c3e =
K 3n
cxe + 2c 2 e
2*
+ 3c 3 e =
2n
c { e" + 4c 2 e + 9c 3 e
3*
= 1
SOLUTIONS D 33
Solving these equations simultaneously, we find c 1 =ê~ n , c2 = -e~ 2n and , c3 = \e~

3 *.
Substituting these
~ 2{x ~ n) ~
values into the first equation of (7), we obtain y \e {x K) e + 2\e3ix K) .
2.92 Solve the initial-value problem x" - x' - 2x = e 3 '; x(0) = 1, x'(0) = 2, if the general solution to the
differential equation is x(f) = c x e~
l
+ c 2 e 2t + \e 3 ', where Cj and c 2 are arbitrary constants.
f The first initial condition yields x(0) = c x e~ + c2e

2(0)
+ |e 3<0) = 1, which may be rewritten as
c,+c 2 = l (1)
Furthermore, x'(f) = c x
e~
l
+ 2c 2 e
2'
+ |e
3r
so the second initial condition
, yields
-0
x'(0) = Cje 4- 2c 2 e 2{0) + |e
3(0)
= 2, which may be rewritten as
-c,+2c 2 =l (2)
Solving (7) and (2) simultaneously, we find cx = ^ and c2 = . Thus, x(r) = jê'
1
+ \e + 2t
\e
3t
is a
solution to the initial-value problem.
2.93 Rework Problem 2.92 if the initial conditions are x(0) = 2, x'(0) = 1.
# With x(t) = c e~ + c 2 e 2 + x
l
'
\e
3i
we have x'(t) = c Y e "' + 2c 2 e 2t + \e 3x The initial conditions then yield .
x(0) = c e~ + c 2 e
m) + 3(0) = 2 and x'(0) = -c e~ + 2c 2 e 2{0) + |e 3(0) = 1, which may be rewritten as
x i<? Y
Cy+C 2 =i
U)
c x +2c 2 =l
Solving system (7), we obtain ct = y and c2 = f, and the solution to the initial-value problem is
x{t) = ê- + ,
le
2t
+ {e
3t
.
2.94 Rework Problem 2.92 if the initial conditions are x(l) = 2, x'(l) = 1.
I Applying the initial conditions to the expressions for x(t) and x'(f) as determined in the previous problem,
we obtain x(l) = c 1 e~
1
+ c2e
2{1)
+ ie
3(1)
= 2 and x'(l) = -c x
e~
x
+ 2c 2 e 2(1) + f<?
3(1)
= 1, which may be
rewritten as
c x e~
x
+ c2e
2
= 2 \e 3
(1)
-c r
e~
l
+ 2c 2 e
2
= 1 - \e 3
Solving system (7), we obtain c, = + ê 4 and

e c2 = e~ 2 - \e. The solution to the initial-value problem
is then x(f) = (e + êê'' + (e~
2
- \e)e 2t + \e 3t .
2.95 A general solution to a certain second-order differential equation is x(f) = c { e' + c 2 e~' + 4 sin t, where c x and
c 2 are arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions x(0) = 1,
x(0)=-l.
f For x(r) as given, we have x(t) = cxe
l
c 2 e~' + 4 cos t. The initial conditions then yield
x(0) = c x e + c 2 e~ l0) + 4sin0 = 1 or cx + c2 = 1
x(0) = c1 ^-c 2 e" (0) + 4cos0= -1 or Cl -c =-5 2
Solving system (7), we obtain cx = 2 and c 2 = 3. Substituting these values into the general solution, we
get the particular solution x(r) = 2e' + 3e~' + 4 sin t.
2.96 A general solution to a certain second-order differential equation is x(r) = cxt + c2 + t

2
1, where c x and c2
are arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions x(l) = 1, x(l) = 2.
f For x(r) as given, we have x(t) = ct + 2t. The initial conditions yield
x(l) = Cl (l) + c 2 + (l) 2 - 1 = 1 or Cl + c2 = 1
x(l) = c t + 2(1) = 2 or c, =
Solving system (7), we obtain cx and c2 = 1. Substituting these values into the general solution, we get
the particular solution x(r) = (0)f + 1 -I- 1
2
- 1 = t
2
.
2.97 A general solution to a certain second-order differential equation is z(t) Ae' + Bte' -I- fV, where A and B are
arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions z(l) = 1, z(l) = 1.
34 CHAPTER 2
f For the given z(t), we have z(t) = Ae' + B(e' + te') + (2te' + t 2 e'). The initial conditions then yield
z(l) = Ae + Be + e = 1 and i(l) = Ae + B(e + e) + (2e + e) = 1. which may be rewritten as
A+ B= e-' - 1
A + 2B= -e~ -3 l
_1
Solving system (7), we obtain A 1 4- 3e"
1
and B = 2 2e . Substituting these values into the general
solution, we get the particular solution z(t) (1 + 3e~ l
)e* + 2
( 2e' 1
)te' + rV.
2.98 A general solution to a particular third-order differential equation is z(t) A + Bt + Ct

2
+ 2r
3
, where /I, B,
and C are arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions
z(l) = z(l) = z(l) = 0.
f For z(r) as given, we have z(t) =B+ 2Ct + 6t
2
and z(t) = 2C + 12r. The initial conditions yield
z(l) = /I + 5(1) + C(l) 2 + 2(1) 3 = or A + B+ C= -2

z(l) = B + 2C(1) + 6(1) 2 = or B + 2C = -6 U)
z(l) = 2C + 12(1) = or 2C = -12
Solving system (7), we obtain A = 2, 5= 6, and C = 6. Substituting these values into the general
solution, we get the particular solution z(f) = 2 + 6f 6f 2 4- 2r 3 .
2.99 A general solution to a third-order differential equation is z(t) = Ae 2 + Be~ 2t + Ce' 3 \

'
where A, B. and C are
arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions z(0) = 0, z'(0) = 9,
z"(0)= -5.
I For z(f) as given, we have r'M = 2Ae 2 - 2Be' 2 - 3Ce" 3

' ' '
and z"(t) = AAe 2 + ABe~ 2 + 9Ce' it
' '
. The
initial conditions yield
z(0)= /1<?
2,0)
+ fl<?- 2(0) + Ce- 3i0) = or /1+B+C=0
z'(0) = 2/le
2(0)
- 2Be" 2<0) - 3Ce- 3,0) = 9 or 2/1 - 2B - 3C = 9 (7)
z"(0) = 4/le
2(0)
+ 4Be
" 2(0)
+ 9Ce
" 3,0)
=-5 or 4/l + 4fl + 9C=-5
Solving system (7), we obtain A = 2, B = 1, and C = 1, so the particular solution is
z(t) = 2e
2
'-e- 2 '
-e-*'.
2.100 A general solution to a fourth-order differential equation is yis) = Ae + Be' + Ce 2s + De is +

1 5
s
2
+ 2, where
A, B, C, and D are arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions
y(0)=l, y'(0) = y"(0) = 4, y"'(0)= 10.
f For y(5) as given, we have
y\s) = Ae*- Be-* + 2Ce 2s + 3De 3i + 2s
y"(s) = Ae* + Be~* + 4Ce 2s + 9De 3s + 2
y'"(s) = Ae* - Be'* + 8Ce 2s + 21De is
Consequently, the initial conditions yield
jlO) = Ae w + Be~ w + Ce 2(0) + De M0) + (0)

2
+ 2=1
y'(0) = Ae m - Be~ w + 2Ce 2m + 3De 3{0)
+ 2(0) =4
y"(0) = Ae w + Be~ m + 4Ce + 2l0)
9De 3<0)
+ 2 = 4
y-(0) = Ae (0)
- Be~ {0) + 8O? 2,0) + 21De M0) = 10
which may be rewritten
A + B+ C+ D = -I
A-B + 2C+3D=4 (J)
A + B + 4C+9D= 2
A - B + 8C + 27D = 10
System (7) has as its solution A = D = 0. B = -2, and C= 1, so the particular solution to the
initial-value problem is y(s) = 2e~* + e
2s
+ s
2
+ 2.
1
SOLUTIONS 35
A general solution to a fourth-order differential equation = A + B9 + CO 2 + DO 3 + 4

2.101 is y(0) , where A, B, C,
andD are arbitrary constants. Find a particular solution which also satisfies the initial conditions y(- 1) = 0,
/(-1)=1, y"(-l) = 2, y"'(-l) = 0.
I For the given function y(9), we have y'(0) = B + 2C6 + 3D9 2 + 40 3 , y"(0) = 2C + 6D9 + \26 2 , and
y'"(6) = 6D + 129. Applying the initial conditions, we obtain
y(-l) = ,4 + fl(-l) + C(-l) 2 + D(-l) 3 + (-l) 4 =

y'(-l) = B + 2C(- 1) + 3D(- 1) 2 + 4(- 1) 3 = 1
y"(-l) = 2C + 6D(-l) + 12(-1) 2 = 2

y'"(-l) = 6D + 12(-1) =
which may be rewritten as
B+ C- D = -1
B-2C + 3D = 5
(')
2C -6D = -10
6> = 12
System (7) has as its solution A =B= C= 1, and D= 2, so the particular solution to the initial-value
problem is y(0) = 1 + 9 + 2 + 20 3 + 4 .
x2 + y
2
2.102 Find a particular solution to the initial-value problem y' = ;

y(l) = 2, if it is known that a general
xy
solution to the differential equation is given implicitly by y
2
= x2 In x2 + kx 2 , where k is an arbitrary constant.
I Applying the initial condition to the general solution, we obtain ( 2) 2 = l

2
In (
2
) + /c(l
2
), or k = 4.
(Recall that In 1 = 0). Thus, the solution to the initial-value problem is
y
2
= x2 In x2 + 4x 2 or y = Vx 2 lnx 2 + 4x 2
The negative square root is taken so as to be consistent with the initial condition. That is, we cannot choose the
positive square root, since then y(l) = yf\
2
ln(l
2
) + 4(1
2
) = 2, which violates the initial condition.
x
2.103 Find a particular solution to the initial-value problem y' = e /y; y(0) = 1, if it is known that a general
x
solution to the differential equation is given implicitly by y
2
= 2e + k, where k is an arbitrary constant.
f Applying the initial condition, we obtain l

2
= 2e + k, or k = 1. Thus, the solution to the initial-value
problem is
y = 2e
,2 x 1 or y = >j2e
x
1
[Note that we cannot choose the negative square root, since then y(0) = 1, which violates the initial
condition.]
To ensure that y remains real, we must restrict x so that 2e
x 1 > 0. To guarantee that y' exists [note that
y'(x) = dy/dx = e x/y\ we must restrict x so that 2e x 1 # 0. Together these conditions imply that
x
2e - 1 > 0, or x > In \.
2.104 Find a particular solution to the initial-value problem

y 5
y sin t; y(0) = 1, if it is known that the general
4
solution to the differential equation is given implicitly by 1/y = 4cosr + c u where c t is an arbitrary constant.
4
f Applying the initial condition, we obtain l/l = 4cos0 + c lt or ct = 3. Substituting this value into
1/4
l \
the general solution and solving explicitly for y, we obtain y(t) = I . This equation makes sense
\4 cos t 3/
only if 4 cos t 3 > 0. Also, since y must be defined on an interval containing (a solution to an initial-value
problem is defined on an interval that contains the initial point), we see that if is the number in (0, n/2) such
that cos = | (that is, = Arccos |), then the solution y is indeed defined on (
0, 0). Moreover,
y(r)->+oo as t -> 0" and as t -> -0 + .
Find a particular solution to the initial-value problem x cos x + (1 - 6y )y' = =

5
2.105 y(n) 0; if the general solution
to the differential equation is given implicitly by x sin x + cos x + y y 6 = c, where c is an arbitrary constant.
f Applying the initial condition to the general solution, we find n sin n + cos n + +
2
= c, or c = 1.
-
A particular solution is then x sin x + cos x + y - y = 1. We can rearrange this equation to
6
36 CHAPTER 2
x sin x + cos x + 1 = y
6 y, but since we cannot solve either equation for y explicitly, we must be content with
the solution in implicit form.
SIMPLIFYING SOLUTIONS
2.106 Verify and reconcile the fact that y = c x cos x + c 2 sin x and y = A cos(x + B) are primitives of
d2 y
t4 + ^ = o.
d?
m From y = c { cos x + c 2 sin x, we obtain first y' = c 1
sinx + c 2 cos x and then
y" = c cosx c2 sinx = y or

^y
-j-^ + y =
t 1
dx
From y = A cos (x + B), we obtain first y' = A sin (x + B) and then, again, y" A cos (x + B) = y.
To reconcile the two primitives we write
y = A cos (x + B) A{cos x cos B sin x sin B) (A cos B) cos x + A sin B) sin x =

( c, cos x + c 2 sin x
2.107 Show that In x2 + In (y /x

2 2
) = /I +x may be written as y
2
= Be1 .
# v
2 / v2 \
+x A x
Since we have In x2 + In ^ = In I x2 ^ = J
In y
2
= A + x, we may write y
2
= e^ = e e = Be*.
2.108 Show that Arcsin x Arcsin y =A may be written as xVl y 2 y Vl ^ 2 = B-
f We first let sin (Arcsin x Arcsin y) = sin A B. Then, for a difference of angles, we have
sin (Arcsin x) cos (Arcsin y) cos (Arcsin x) sin (Arcsin y) = xyjl y

2
y-Jl x2 =B
2.109 Show that In (1 + y) + In (1 + x) A may be written as xy +x + y = c.
I We first note that In (1 + y) + In (1 + x) = ln[(l + y)(l + x)] = A. Then

A
(1 + y)(l + x) = xy + x + y + 1 = e =B and xy + x + y = B-l=c.
2.110 Show that sinh y + cosh y cx may be written as y = In x + A.
I By definition, sinh y + cosh y = j(e y e~ y ) + \{e y + e~ y ) = ey = cx. Then y = In c + In x =A + In x.
,
CHAPTER 3
Separable First-Order
Differential Equations
SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

3.1 Define separable as applied to differential equations.
dy A(x)
A first-order differential equation is separable if it can be expressed in the form where A(x)
dx B(y)
is a function only of x, and B(y) is a function only of y. Such equations have the differential form
A(x) dx + B(y) dy = 0. The variables x and y may be replaced by any two other variables without affecting
separability.
3.2 Prove that every solution of the separable differential equation A(x) dx + B(y) dy = is given by
jA(x) dx + B(y) dy = c, where c represents an arbitrary constant.
j"
I Rewrite the differential equation as A{x) + B(y)y' 0. If y{x) is a solution, it must satisfy this equation
identically in x; hence, A{x) + B[y(x)]y'(x) = 0. Integrating both sides of this last equation with respect to x,
we obtain
A(x)dx + JB[y(x)~]y'(x)dx = c
In the second integral, make the change of variables y = y(x), so that dy y'{x) dx. The result of this
substitution is j A(x) dx + J
B{y) dy = c.
The two integrals may be, for all practical purposes, impossible to evaluate. In such a case, numerical
techniques may have to be used to obtain an approximate solution. Even if the indicated integrations can be
performed, it may not be algebraically possible to solve for y explicitly in terms of x. In that case, the solution
is left in implicit form.
3.3 Solve x dx y dy
2
= 0.
i For this differential equation, and B(y) A(x) = x y 2 The solution is j x dx + j y 2 )dy c, which,
.
(
after the indicated integrations are performed, becomes x 2 /2 y 3 /3 c. Solving for explicitly, we obtain the >'
solution as y (fx + /c)

2 1/3
where k 3c. ,
3.4 Solve y' = y x

2 3
.
I We first rewrite this equation in the differential form x 3 dx {l/y

2
)dy = 0. Then ,4(x) = x3 and
B(y) l/y 2
. The solution is j
3
x dx + j ( \/y 2
) dy c or, after the indicated integrations, x 4 /4 -I- l/y c.
-4
Solving explicitly for v, we obtain the solution as y = where k Ac.
xA + k'
3.5 Solve x dx + v dy 0.
f The variables are separated, so integrating each term gives \ xdx + j y dy = c or \x

2
4-
\y
2
= c. Solving
explicitly for y, we obtain the two expressions y = \Jk x 2
and v = ->fk - x 2
, where k = 2c.
3.6 Solve x dx 3
y dy = 0.
f The variables are separated, so integrating each term gives J

x dx J
3
y dy = c or x 2X
2
b4 = c. Solving
explicitly for y, we obtain the two expressions y = {k + 2x 2 1/4
)
and y = {k + 2x 2 1/4
where k =
) , -4c.
4
3.7 Solve y /= x + 1.
f This equation may be rewritten in the differential form

4
y dy (x + 1) dx = 0, which is separable. The
solution is
J
4
y dy J
(x + 1) dx = c or, after the indicated integrations are performed, jy
5
\x 2 x = c
This may be solved explicitly for y to yield y = (fx

2
+ 5x + k)
1 ' 5
, where k = 5c.
3.8 Solve y' = (x 4- l)/y.
37

38 D CHAPTER 3
f This equation may be rewritten as yy' =x+ 1 or, in differential form, as ydy - (x + 1) dx = 0. The
differential equation is separable and has the solution
J y dy \(x + 1 ) dx = c. Performing the indicated
integrations, we get \y
2
\x 2 2x = c. Solving for y explicitly, we obtain the two expressions
y = Jx 2 + 4x + k and y = y/x 2 + Ax + k, where k = 2c.
3.9 Solve y = y
2
.
I Separating variables gives, in differential form, y~ 2 dy dt. This has the solution j
y~ 2 dt = J
dt + c or
- 1/}' = t + c. Thus, y = - l/(r + c).
2 2
3.10 Solve dy/dt = y t .
This equation may be rewritten in the differential form -= dy t

2
dt 0, which is separable. The solution
y
is \
c 1
-jdy
/
\
t
2
dt = c or, after the indicated integrations are performed,
11 t
3
c . Solving explicitly
J y J y 3
for y, we get y = f
r
3
+ /c
, where k = 3c.
3.11 Solve dz/dt = z

3 2
t .
This equation may be rewritten in the differential form -r dz t

2
dt = 0, which is separable. The solution
is
J
\
Z
J
dz
J
f
2
t/f = c or, after the indicated integrations are performed, ^
22T
3
f
3
= c. Solving
:
/
i y
explicitly for z, we obtain r = +1 ^ J
, where k 2c.
3.12 Solve ~7dx + dt = 0.

x
I This equation is separable. Integrating term by term, we obtain -\x 3

+ t c. Solving explicitly for x
(assuming it is the unknown function), we obtain $M - (3t + k) '
\ where k = 3c,
3
3.13 Solve s ds + s (0
2
- 3) d0 = for s\0).
I We can rewrite this equation as s + (9 2 3)dd = 0, which has as

2
ds its solution j s~
2
ds + J(0 2 3) d0 = c.
Performing the indicated integrations, we obtain s~ + ^0 3 30 c. '
Solving explicitly for s, we find
s = (
l
j6
3
-30-cr 1
.
3.14 Solve .x = x2t + \

:
.
This equation may be rewritten as dx dt = x

2
(t + 1) or, in differential form, as r dx (f + $dt 0.
x
Integrating term by term, we obtain \t

2
= t c. which may be explicitly solved for x(t). giving
x
x= -(\t 2 +t +C)- 1
.
2
3.15 Solve xx =(t- l) .
I
This equation may be rewritten as x
dx
at
= (( l)
2
, which has the differential form x dx (t I)
2
dt = 0.
Integrating term by term, we obtain \x 2 j(t l)

3
=c or, explicitly, x= [k + f(t 3 1 2
l) ] ' , where k = 2c.
3.16 Solve x" 2 x = (f + 3)

3
.
I
This equation may be rewritten as x
_ 2,

dx
<//
= (t + 3)\ which has the differential form
- 4
v
:
dx (t + 3)
3
dt = 0. Integrating term by term, we obtain -x 1
- ^(t + 3) = c. Thus
x= - 1 [c + i(/ + 3) ].
4
'
SEPARABLE FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 39
3.17 Solve x 3 dx + (y + l)
2
dy = 0.
4
f 3
The variables are separated. Integrating term by term, we get

x
1- + l) =
(v
c. Solving explicitly for y,
we obtain y = + 1 (k - |x 4
)
1/3
, where k = 3c.
4
3.18 Solve x 2 dx + (y - 3) dy = 0.
f x3 (
y _ 3)5
The variables are separated. Integrating term by term, we get h - - = c. Solving explicitly
for y, we obtain y = 3 -I- (k fx

3 1/5
) , where k = 5c.
dx t-l
3.19 Solve 4
dt x 2
- 4x +
f This equation may be rewritten in the differential form (x 2)
2
dx (t \)dt = 0, which is separable.
(x 2)
3
(f l)
2
Integrating term by term, we get = c . Solving explicitly for x, we obtain
x = 2 + rj(f- l)
2
+ /c]
1/3
, where k = 3c.
3.20 Solve 2
dt t
/ ~. .
This equation can be written in the differential form

. . . .. . .
+ds^-^
(s ~~t
j = 2
dt
0, which is separable. Integrating
3)
_1
term by term, we get (s + 3) + t~
l
= c. Solving explicitly for s, we obtain s = 3 + t/(\ ct)
3.21 Solve $ = 2
dt s + 6s + 9
f This equation can be written in the differential form {s + 3)

2
ds t
2
dt 0, which is separable. Integrating
term by term, we get $s + 3)
3
jt
i
= c. Solving explicitly for s, we obtain s = 3 + (f
3
+ k)
lli
,
where k 3c.
3 2
, dr r + 3r + 3r + 1
3.22 Solve
dt x 2
- 2x +
m dr dx
This equation can be written in the differential form 5- :
3 2
(r+1) (x-1)
_1
Integrating term by term, we get \{r + l)"
2
+ (x 1) = c. Solving explicitly for r(x), we obtain
"2 - 2c(x - 1)" 1/2
1 +
1
3.23 Solve >' = x/(y + 2).
I We may rewrite this equation as (y + 2)y' = x, and in differential form as (v -I- 2)dy xdx = 0.
The variables are separated, so term-by-term integration produces the solution \y +

2
2y \x 2 c
or y
2
+ 4y + (k x2 )
= 0, where k = 2c. To solve explicitly for y we use the quadratic formula,
getting
y= 4v/ *6 4(fc x2 )
^_ 2 ^4 _ (fe
_ x
2
)
^_ 2 ^^2 where d =4_ k
3.24 Solve y' = x 2/(y - 1).
I We rewrite this equation first as (y l)y' x2 = and then in the differential form (y $dy x 2 dx = 0.
Integrating term by term, we obtain as the solution of this separable equation y 5X \y

2
3 c or
y
2
2y + (k |x 3 ) = 0. where k = 2c. To solve explicitly for y we use the quadratic formula, getting
2 v4 4{k 3x3)
y = = 1 + 71 _ (k - |x 3 ) = 1 JdTJx1 where d = 1

40 CHAPTER 3
3.25 Solve = y-\

dt
I This equation may be rewritten in the differential form (y - \)dy (f + \)dt = 0, which is separable.
Integrating term by term, we obtain the solution |y
2 y \t 2 = t c or y
2
- 2y + (k 2 2t) = 0, t
where k = 2c. To solve explicitly for y we use the quadratic formula, getting
2 + y/4 - 4(k - 2 -
y = -=! t 2r)
= 1 Vl -
/
(k - t
z
2
- 2f) = 1 Vt
2
r-,
2t + d where d =1-k
2
dz +2
3.26 Solve
dt
= t
z +3
.
f This equation may be rewritten in the differential form (z + 3)dz (r 2 + 2)dr = 0, which is separable.
Integrating term by term, we obtain the solution \z
2
+ 3z \t
3
2t = c or z 2 + 6z + {k ft
3
4r) = 0,
where k = 2c. To solve explicitly for z we use the quadratic formula, getting
-6V36-4(fc-jt3_4t)
= = _ 3V9 _ (fc
_ jf3 _ 4t) = _ 3 ^ t3 + 4r + <f where ^ = 9 _ fc
3.27 Solve y' = ^

y
4
+ 1
f This equation may be written in differential form as (x + 1) dx + v4

( \)dy = 0, which is separable.
x2 y
5
The solution is j (x + \)dx + J (-y 4 - lMy = c or. after integration, - + x y = c. Since it is
algebraically impossible to solve this equation explicitly for y, the solution must be left in implicit form.
x2 + 7
3.28 Solve y' =
y
9 -3/'
4
I In differential form this equation is (y
9
3y ) dx (x
2
+ l)dx 0. which is separable. Its solution is
3y ) dy J (x + 7) dx c or, after integration,

4 10
(y
J"
9
^y }y
2 5
\x
3
+ Ix = c. Since it is algebraically
impossible to solve this equation explicitly for y, the solution must be left in implicit form.
SOLUTIONS WITH LOGARITHMS

3.29 Solve y" = 5y.
f This equation may be written in the differential form 5dx (l/y)dy 0. Then the solution is
5 dx + dy = c or, after integration, 5x In |y| = c.
To solve for y explicitly, we first rewrite the solution as In |y|

= 5x c and then take the exponentials of
inM 5x ~ c inM
both sides. Thus, e = e . Noting that e |y|, we obtain \y\
= e 5x e~ c or y = e~ c e 5x The
, .
5x
solution is y = ke
given explicitly by , k e~ c
.
Note that the presence of the term 1 y in the differential form of the differential equation requires the
restriction y ^0 in our derivation of the solution. This restriction is equivalent to the restriction k # 0,
5x
since y = ke However, by inspection, y =
. is a solution of the differential equation as originally given.
5x
Thus, y = ke is the solution for all k.
3.30 Solve y' = A\\ where A denotes a constant.
I In differential form this equation is (\/y)dy A dx 0. solution is

Its
J
(l/y)dy J A dx = c or, after
integration. In \y\
Ax c, which may be rewritten as = Ax + c. Taking the exponentials
In \y\ of both
sides of this last equation and noting that e
ln|y|
= |y|, we obtain |y| = eAx+c = e e Ax Thus, c
.
Ax = Ax
y = e e c
ke , where k e c .
3.31 Solve y' = xy.
I The differential form of this equation is (1/y) dy x dx = 0. Integrating term by term, we obtain the solution
In \y\
\x 2 c, which we rewrite as In \y\
c + jx 2 Taking the exponentials of both sides of this equation,
.
we get lyl = e c+x2 2 = e e xZ 2 so'
c
. y = ke
x2 2
. where k e c
.
3.32 Solve dy/dt = y(t - 2).
I In differential form this equation - {t - 2) dt = 0. The solution is j (1/y) dy - \ (t - 2) dt = c. is (1/y) dy

The indicated integrations result in In \y\ |(r - 2
2) = c, which may be rewritten as ln|y| = c + |U - 2) 2 - .
Taking the exponentials of both sides of this equation, we get \y\ = ^+c-2) /2 _ ^^t-2^12^ so t ^ at y _ û-2^/2^
2
where = +e /c
c
.
3.33 Solve Jy/dr = -2yr 2 .
f In differential form this equation is (l/y)dy + 2f

2
dt = 0. Integrating term by term, we obtain the solution
' n |y| + f'
3
= or rewritten,
c > In \y\
= c ft 3
Taking the exponentials
. of both sides of this last equation, we
-
\ where k=e
3 2,3 i\
y = ke~
2til
get \y\
= e {2l3) = e e-
c ' c
so
c
.
3.34 Solve dy/dt = y/t.
I In differential form this equation is (l/y)dy (l/t)dt = 0. Integrating term by term, we obtain the solution
In |y|
In |f| = c, or, rewritten, In \y/t\ = c. Taking the exponentials of both sides of this last equation, we get
\y/t\ e
c
, so y/t = e c
and y = kt, where k=ec .
dz z + 1
3.35 Solve
dt
In differential form this equation is

z + 1
dz t
dt 0. Integrating term by term, we obtain the solution
z+ 1
In \z 4- 1|
In |f| = c, which we rewrite as In = c. Taking the exponentials of both sides of this last
z+ 1 z+ 1
equation, we get = e
c
or = e c
. Then z = kt 1, where k = e c
3.36 Solve dy/dx + 3y = 8.
# uy c ay p
We have dy/dx 8 3y. Separating the variables gives = dx, with solution = \dx + c
8 3v J 8 3v J
The indicated integrations produce |ln |8 3y| = x + c, which were written as In |8 3y| = 3x 3c.
3c - 3x
Taking the exponentials of both sides gives us |8 3y| = e '
e 3c e~ 3x or 8 - 3y = e~ e SO
3x
that y = f + ke~ where k ,
= \e~ 3c .
3.37 Solve dy/dx - 5y = 3.
Separating the variables, we obtain the differential form dy dx = 0. Integrating term by term
3 + 5y
gives \ In |3 + 5y| x = c, so that In |3 + 5y| 5c + 5x. Taking the exponentials of both sides gives
+ 5x 5x
|3 + 5y| = e
5c
= e
5c
e or 3 + 5y - e 5c e 5x Then y = -| + . ke
5x
, where k = \e 5c .
3.38 Solve (5 - t) dx + (x + 3) dt = for x(r).
We first rewrite the differential equation as dx - - dt = 0, which is separable. The solution,

x + 3 t - 5
x + 3
obtained by integrating term by term, is In |x + 3| In |5 t\ = c or In c. Taking the exponentials
t-5
x + 3
of both sides of this last equation, we get = e
c
. Hence, x = 3 + k(t 5), where k = ec .
t-5
3.39 Solve (5 - t) dx - (x + 3) dt = for x(f).
We rewrite the differential equation as dx + - ^ dt = 0, which is separable. Integrating term by

x + 3 t-5
term, we obtain the solution In |x + 3| + In \t = c or
5\ In |(x + 3)(r 5)| = c. Taking the exponentials
of both sides of this last equation, we get |(x + 3)(r - 5)| = e
c
. Hence, (x + 3)(f 5) = ec
and
k
x 3 H , where k e c
.
t - 5
\
42 D CHAPTER 3
3.40 Solve dy/dt = -y/t.
# In differential form this equation is (1/y) dy + (1/r) dt = 0. Integrating term by term, we get In \y\ + In |r| = c
or In \yt\ = c. Taking the exponentials of both sides gives us |yf| = e
c
or yt e c
. Thus y = k/t,
where k +e c
.
3.41 Solve ydy + (y

2
+ l)dx = 0.
We rewrite this equation as

2
dy + dx = 0, which is separable. Integrating term by term, we get
y + 1
|ln(l + y + x c or, rewritten, In (1 + y = 2c

2
)
2
) 2x. Taking the exponentials of both sides, we obtain
'
1 + y = e 2c 2x e 2c e~ 2x Then y 2 + ke~ 2x
2
. 1 , where k e 2c Solving explicitly for y, we obtain as
.
y = (-1 + ke~
2x 112
the solution ) .
3.42 Solve
2
y x dy + (y
3
- 1) dx = 0.
f
We rewrite this equation as -=
y
2
dy h 1
dx 0, which
.
is separable. Integrating term by term, we get

y
1
1 x
I In |y
3
1 1 H- In |x| = c, which we may rewrite as In |y
3
1| + 3 In |x| = 3c and then as In |(y
3
l)x
3
|
= 3c.
Taking exponentials gives |(y l)x = 3 3

|
c
3c
, so that (y
3
l)x
3
= +c 3c
. The solution in implicit form is
then y 3 1 = kx~ 3 where k = e ic , . Solving explicitly for y, we obtain y = (1 + kx~ 3 )

113
.
2
+ + = 3
+

3.43 Solve (y l)(x 1) dy (y 3y) dx.
~
.. 4Li,
y+ 3y3
dy dx
+ ^
-
x 1
0, which is separable. Integrating term by term, we
3
y + 3y
get j In |y
3
+ 3y| In |x + 1| = c, from which we find In
3
3c. Taking the exponentials of both
(x + l)
3 3
sides gives
+y 3y
3
= e
3c
, so that
y + 3yt= e J
. This yields y
3
+ 3y = k(x + l)
3
,
where
(x+ l) (x+ 1)
k e ic , as the solution in implicit form
3.44 Solve (4x + xy 2 ) dx + (y + x 2 y) dy = for y(x).
f This equation can be written as x(4 + 2

y )dx + y(l + x 2 )dy = and then separated into
= H =- = 0. Integrating term by term gives j In (1 + x2) + j In (4 + y

2
) = c, which we rewrite as
1 + xz 4 + v
In [(1 + x 2 )(4 + y
2
)] = 2c or (1 + x 2 )(4 + y
2
)
= e
2c
. Thus the general solution is (1 + x
2
)(4 + y
2
)
= k.
where k = e
2c
.
4
3.45 Solve (y
3
+ y)(t
2
+ 1) dy = (fy + 2y
2
t) dt for y(f).
^
This equation can be written as
y
- +
3
y
-^ dy - -^
t
df = 0, which is separable. Integration yields
4 2
y + 2y
iln (y
4
+ 2y
2
)
- \ In (t
2
+ 1) = c, which we rewrite as In (y
4
+ 2y
2
)
- In (f
2
+ l)
2
= 4c or In -^ -y = 4c.
After taking the exponentials of both sides, we have + 2yj =

y*
2
c
4c
, which yields the implicit solution
(t + 1)
/ + 2y 2
= k(t
2
+ l)
2
, where k = e
Ac
.
3.46 Solve xv dv - (1 + v
2
) dx = 0.
I ... .... _v_

We first separate the variables and rewrite the differential equation as j ^
1
-
+v
t- dx 0). Then,
2
+- V 2 +
integrating term by term yields ^ In (1 + v
2
)
In |x| = c, from which In
1
2
= _
2c, so that
1
^
= V
e
2c
Thus, in implicit form, 1 + t'

2
= /ex
2
, where k e
2c
.
== <
3.47 Solve 2xv dv + (v

2
- 1) dx = 0.
# 2 1
We first separate the variables and rewrite the differential equation as -r di; +- dx = 0. Then,
v
2
1 x
integrating term by term yields In \v
2
+ In
1| |x| = c, so that In \x(v
2
1)| = c. Taking exponentials gives
\x(v
2
1)| = e
c
, from which x(v
2
1) = e c
. Thus, in implicit form, v
2
1 = /c/x, where /c = e c
.
3.48 Solve 3xv dv + (2v

2
- 1) dx = 0.
I 3d
This differential equation may be rewritten as
2v 1
dv + - dx =
1
x
0, which is separable. Integrating term by
- + In |x| = c, - 4
term, we obtain fin \2v
2
1| so that In |
2v
2
l|
3
+ In |x| = 4c, and In \(2v
2 - l)
3
x 4 = 4c.
|
3 4
(2v l) x = c
2 4c
Exponentiation gives , and the solution, in implicit form, is 2v
2
1 = k/x 413
, where
k= c 4c/3 .
3.49 Solve 4xo dv + {3v

2
-l)dx = 0.
#
This differential equation may be rewritten as 4o
3o 1
dv A 1
x
dx 0, which is separable. Integrating term by
term yields In |
3v
2
1| + In |x| = c, which we rewrite as In \3v 2 1| 2 + In |x| 3 = 3c. Then
In \{3v
2
l)
2
x 3
|
= 3c, so that (3v
2
2 3
l) x = e 3c and the solution, in implicit form, is 3i;
2
1 = /cx"
3/2
,
where k e 3c/2
.
3.50 Solve x(v

2
- 1) dv + (v
3
- 3o) dx = 0.
I v
2 - 1 1
This differential equation may be rewritten as -= dv + dx = 0, which is separable. Integrating term by
v 3v x
term yields yln \v
3
3v\ + In |x| = c, which we rewrite as In |t>
3
3o| + In |x|
3
= 3c. Then
In |x
3
(i;
3
3o)| = 3c, so that |x (y
3 3
3o)| = e
3c
. In implicit form, the solution is then x 3 (v 3 3v) = e 3c .
3.51 Solve (1 + x 3 )dy = x 2 ydx for _y(x).
I 1 x2
We rewrite this equation as - dy f dx 0. Integration yields In - | In |1 + x3 = c or
+ xJ
|
y 1
y = = e
3 In In 1 + x3 = 3c, so that In 3c. Exponentiation gives us , so that, in
1 +x 3 1 +X ;
implicit form, y
3
k{\ + x 3 ), where k = e 3c .
3.52 Solve (t
2
+ 4) dx + 3f(l - 2x) dt = for x(t).

1
dx -\ 2 3f = 0. Integrating term by term, we obtain

1 - 2x " '
t + 4
2
(t + 4)
3
| In |1
2x| + |ln(f
2
+ 4) = c, which is equivalent to In 2c. Taking exponentials, we get
1 -2x
2 3
(t + 4)
= e 2c = k so that (t
2
+ 4)
3
= k{\ 2x), and in explicit form
1 -2x
2
(t + 4)- 1
x = A(t
2
+ 4)
3
where A -
2k
3.53 Solve zz = (z
2
+ l)/(t + l)
2
.
I
We rewrite this equation as 2 T dz- 2 dt = 0. Integrating term by term yields
z + \
=c ln(z + l) = 2c
2
\\n{z 2 + 1) + or
t+ 1 t + 1
Then z
2 _|_ ^ _ e 2c-2/( + l) _ e 2c e -2/(t+l) _ ^ e -2/(t+l)
and z= (-l+/cc- 2/(I+1) )

1/2
.
1
44 Q CHAPTER 3
3.54 Solve (2z + l)i = 4r(z 2 + z).
This equation has the differential form -= dz 4t dt 0. Integrating term by term, we get
z + z
In \z
2
+ z\ 2t
2
c, which we may write as In \z 2 + z\ c + 2t 2 . Then exponentiation gives
c+2 2 2
+ z\ = e
2
\z
2
= e e2 from which z 2 + z + ke 2 0, where
' c '
,
'
k e c
. We may solve for z explicitly,
1 + yj\ 4ke 2t2
using the quadratic formula to obtain z = .
3.55 Solve
1
dx
x
v*
-.
v
+
3
1
dv 0.
4
I This equation is separable. Integrating term by term, we get In |x| jln(r + 1) = c, so that
X 4
X4
In x4 In (y* + 1) = Ac and In -r = 4c. By taking exponentials we get -r = e**, which gives us
v +1 i +
4 4
x = /c(r + 1), where k = e**.
2
1 3y
3.56 Solve - dx j dv 0.
x 1 - 2r
3
f This equation is separable. Integrating term by term, we get In |x| + }ln |1

2i>
3
|
= c, from which we obtain
In x 2
+ In jl - 2u
3
|
= 2c. Writing this as In |x (l
2
- 2r
3
)|
= 2c. we then find that x 2 (l - 2r
3
) - e 2c = k.
m
3.57 Solve y
du
d
=
v 1 u
\-u 1
In differential form, this equation is -^ du dy = 0, which is separable. Integrating term by term, and
u y
noting that
A
J u J \u uj u
we have as the solution In \u\ In \y\ c, which tnav be simplified to - = c In \uv\.

u u
3.58 Solve x(l + y/v)dv + vjvdx = 0.
Separating the variables, we obtain dv + dx

x
0. Integrating term by term, after noting that
VyJV
+^ w +"-H
/^*-/(^^)*-*-
1
we get + 2
yJV
In \v\ + In |x| = c, so that, in implicit form,
yJV
2
p+ In |i"x| = c.
3.59 Solve xv dv - (1 + 2r
2
+ A i ) dx =
I _
Separating the variables, we obtain -^
_v_
V
^ 2
dv
I
dx 0. Term-by-term integration yields
(1 + r )
2c
{(1 -I- u
2
)
1
In |x| = c. which we rewrite as (1 + r
2
)
' = In x2 + In \k\, where k e .
Then -(1 + r
2 )" 1
= In \kx
2
\,
so that, in implicit form, (1 + 2
r )ln|fcx
2
|
= 1.
3.60 Solve dy/dx = y- y

2
.
f 1 r !
r
We rewrite this equation as T dy dx = 0. which is separable. The solution is = dx - \dx = c.
y y J
y ~ y J
Now, using partial-fractions techniques, we have for the leftmost term.
/A-JsrJG + iy*-w-M'->i-* i-y

The solution thus becomes In x = c or, after rearrangement and exponentiation,

\-y
\-yy
y - =e
c +x
e e
c x
, so that
1-y
y
= e c
e
x
ke
x
. To solve explicitly for y, we write y = /ce*(l - y), from
3
ke
which y x
1 + ke
3.61 Solve 4xdy ydx = x 2 dy.
This equation may be rewritten as y dx + (x

2
4x) dy = or 1
J
dx + - dy =
1
0, which is separable.
x(x 4) y
/ 1 1
The solution is dx + r
-dy = c. For the leftmost term, the method of partial fractions gives
J x(x 4) J v
1/4
=
J x(x
c(x - 4) J x
-4 J x
dx -
4
In
'
x 4
1411x In
The solution then becomes 5 In |x 4| \ In Ixl + In lyl = c or In |x 4| In Ixl + In y

4
= 4c, so that
(x - 4)y
4
(x - 4)y
4
kx 1/4
In = 4x. Exponentiation then yields +e , from which y = + , where

x x~^~4
k= +e*c .
3.62 Solve J- =
dx x(y 3)
/ y- 3 4
We rewrite this equation in the differential form dy dx = 0, which has as its solution
y x
3 (> 4
dy - dx = By the method of partial fractions,
Jy v J x
c.
I 1 " 3,,,w
*'"J'( "j)*'" ,
1
/ 7
so the solution becomes y 3 In |y|
41n|x| = c. Thus ln|y 3 x 4 =y |
c and, after exponentiation,
3 4 ~ 4
|y x = y c=
|
e e~ e\
c
so that y x
3
= ke\ where = e~ fc
c
.
3.63 Solve x 2 (y 4- 1) dx + 2
y (x - 1) dy = 0.
x y c x r y
This equation may be rewritten as dx H dy = 0, with solution dx + dy
x-1 y+1 J x - 1 J y + 1
Since
S^ dx
=${ x + ,+
^) dx ==
{
-x 2 +
2
x + lnlx - ll
'
1
and d = S{r- l+ ih) dy = y2 - y + ,nly+,
$JT[ > 2
\
the solution becomes

2
lv-2
x 4- x + + 1|
In |x - 1| + \y
2
- y + In \y = c
or
2 2
x + 2x + y -2y + 21n|x- 1| + 21n|y + 1| = 2c
or (x
2
+ 2x + 1) + (y 2 - 2y + 1) + 2 In |(x - l)(y + 1)| = 2c + 2
(x + l) + (y - l) + 2 In |(x - l)(y + 1) =k
2 2
or
where k = 2c + 2.
3.64 Solve -f = y
2
- y
3
.
dt
=
46 CHAPTER 3
#
This equation may be rewritten in the differential form dy dt = 0. with solution
3,2 _ 3,3
~2 3 dy j
dt = c. By the method of partial fractions.
1 1 1 1 1
= -5-2 + --
3,3 3,2(l_j,) y y !__v
so after the indicated integrations the solution becomes 1- In Id In ll vl t c or. rearranged.

y
1
y
In - = t + c.
1 -y y
3.65 Solve (f + \)yy = 1 - y

2
.
I y 1
This equation may be rewritten in the differential form -, dy H dt 0. with solution

)'
2
-l t+ 1
I
-= dv + f - dt = c. Integrating directly, we have ^ In I v
2
ll + In If + ll = c, so that
J v 1 + J t 1
ln|y -
2
1| + ln(f + l)
2
= 2c or In \(y
2
- l)(t + 1)
2
|
= 2c. Exponentiation then yields |(y
2
- l)(f + 1)
2
|
= e
2
or (y
2
- l)(f + l) 2 = e 2 \ from which y
2
= 1 + k/(t + l)
2
. where k = e 2c .
du U + IT
3.66 Solve y '2 4
d~y + U
This equation may be rewritten in the differential form dy +- rdu = 0, which has as its solution
y '
u + ir
4 3
r P 2 + "
L u 2+ "* 2 + "*
=
2 "
-=-
' , , r, r
, r
(/\+ rdu c. By* the method of partial fractions.
4
-. Thus, after
+ w4
*
J
y J u + ir u + ir u(\ + u u ) 1
the indicated integrations, the solution becomes In \y\ + 2 In |u| | In (1 + u 4 = c. Multiplication ) by 4 gives
\
AuH
4
4 In lyl + 8 In || In (1 + u ) = 4c. which may be written as In = 4c. Exponentiation yields
1 +u A
4 8
y u 4 '. 4 4
c which we write as y i<
8
= k{ 1 + u ). where k = e
4
1 + u
4
3.67 Solve r + x =
I dv r(r
2
+1) v
2
-
This equation may be rewritten as x = 5
l -
or
1
dx H
5
I
dr = 0. Using the method of

dx v 1 Mr- + 1)
partial fractions, we can expand this to
1 2v
dx + + T dv =
r r TT
2
\.\U- + 1)
The solution to this separable equation is In |.v| In |r| + In (c
2
+ I) = c, so that In = c and
2
+
x(n \)
= e c
. Then x(u
2
+ 1) = kv, where k - e c
.
3.68 Solve v for n( v).

dy u + 2
In differential form, this equation is -5 du + - dv = 0. which is separable. Using partial-fraction

w + u y
techniques, find that
>
|f?- L-
(^^du= J(-"^^du^ J\u )rf M = 21n|u|-ln|u+ If
= In
J u
2
+ u+lj 11 u(u + 1)
'
' ' '
u + 1
so the solution to the differential equation becomes In + In \y\

11
= c, from which we obtain = k,
u + 1 u + 1
where = e or
k
c
, yu 2 = k(u + 1). To solve for u explicitly, we rewrite this last equation as
u
2
- (k/y)u (k/y) = and then use the quadratic formula to obtain
k/y J(k/y)
2
+ A(k/y) A 2 A^/l + Ay
= where A = yfk
2 2y
3.69 Solve y{u

2
+ 2) du - (u
3
- u) dy = 0.
Separating the variables gives us -j - du dy = 0. By the method of partial fractions, we have, for the
u u y
leftmost term,
2
u + 2 3/2 \
3/2r)du 3 3
7 + L = 2 In |m| +-ln|u- ll +-ln|u+ ll
- i{u - \){u + 1) J\ u-\
3
J u u Ju(u-l)(u+l) u U+\J
Then the solution to the differential equation is
3 3
2 In \u\
I I
+ -
*S
In \u
I
ll
I
+ -In
T \u
I
+ ll
I
In \y\
I
* I
c
or -4 In |u| 4- 3 In \u - 1 1 + 3 In \u + 1 1
- 2 In lyl = 2c
(u - l)
3
(u + l)
3
(u - l) (u
3
+ l)
3
so that In
2
2c and 2
= +e 2c
u*y u*y
This yields (u
2
l)
3
= ku*y 2 , where /c = +e 2c .
3.70 Solve y(u

2
+ 2) du + (u
3
+ u) rfj; = 0.
2
I u + 2 1
Separating the variables gives us Jj - du + - dy

- 0. By the method of partial fractions, we have, for the
u + u y
leftmost term,
J u
I -i
+ u
du =
J
\
^
u(w +
i{u
2
1)
du
Jly + i
+
wj
Ju = 2
In (u
2
+ 1) + 2 In "
|i/|
Then the solution to the differential equation is ^ln(u 2 + 1) + 2 In lul + In lyl = c, which may be simplified
4 2 4 2
U V U V A
to In- - = 2c. Exponentiation gives -=
2
e
2c
, so that u y
2
= k(u
2
+ 1), where k e
2c
.
ir + 1 u + 1
3.71 Solve y(u

2
+ \)du + (u
3
- 3u) Jy = 0.
2
I +
Separating the variables gives
u
m
3i
-3u
du + - dy =
1 1
0. Using the method of partial fractions, we find that

y
2 2
u + 1 u + 1
du = du
J"U"
^ 3u J'
u(u - V3)(u + 73)
1/3 2/3 2/3 \
du
=
/H u
2
- 73 u + 73/
2
= - In \u\ + - In |u - 73| + z In |u + 73|
Then the solution to the differential equation is 3 In \u\ + fin \u \J3\ + In \u + V3| + hi |.V'|
= c. After
(u-73) 2 (u + 73) 2 V 3
multiplication by 3 and rearrangement, this solution becomes In - - = 3c, and
(u - 73)
2
(u + 73)V 2
exponentiation gives +c 3f , which we may write as (ir 3) y = /cu, where
k = +e ic .
3.72 Solve x(v

2
- 1) dv + (v
3
- Av) dx = 0.
1
48 CHAPTER 3
2
* -1
Separating the variables gives us

, ,
-=
v
v* 4v
dv H x dx =
1
- v-2
+ +
2 2
C v ~ l v { * rA/4 + 3/8 3/8 \ 3 . 3 .
= = -1 In
, , ,
, C
= \[
. .
+ -
.
- +-
.
+
J v
3
- 4v
. dv
J v{v - 2)(v + 2)
dv
J\v v
2J
)dv
4 '
t;
'
8
In \v
'
2
'8 In \v
1
2
Then the solution to the differential equation is \\n \v\ + |ln \v

+ fin \v + 2\ + In |x| = c.
2\
Multiplication by 8 and rearrangement yield In \v

2
(v 3
2) (v + 2) x = 8c, and exponentiation
3 8
|
gives
2
v {v - 2) {v
3
+ 2)
3
x8 = e 8c , which may be written as 2
v {v
2
- 4) x = k,
3 8
where k = e Sc .
3.73 Solve x(v

2
+ I) do + (v
3
- 2v) dx = 0.
f
v
-=
D
2
+ 2v
1
dv + dx =
1
x
+1 .r(Jg + -*U-*U
fi-f
-2v w 3
_ r r _
J v J
V{V
t
.
- y/2)(V
J2)( V + 72)
J2)
J \
V v
V V-yJl
v V + yfi
= -^\n\v\+l\n\v-y/2\+l]n\v + j2\
The solution to the differential equation is, therefore, \ In + f In |r |r| v2| + f In \v + v2| + In |x| = c.
(v - J2) 3 (v + j2) 3 x A
Multiplication by 4 and rearrangement yield In = 4c, and exponentiation gives
(v >/2)
3
(i> + v2) 3 * 4 = kv
2
, where k c 4c , which we may write as (v
2
2)
3
x4 = kv
2
.
3.74 Solve x(t<

2
- I) do + (v
3
+ 2v) dx = 0.
#
o
-=
tr
2
+- 2v
- dv + - dx =
1
x
0. Then, by the method of partial fractions,
c v
2
-\ , r
r
2
-l ,
r/
1/2 (3/2)p\ 1 .. 3, . _
J r
3
+ 2r J i^c 2
+ 2) J\ v v
2
+ 2) 2 '
'
4
Thus, the solution to the differential equation is \ In |t;| + |ln(f 2 + 2) + In |x| = c. After multiplication by 4
2 3 4
(v + x
and rearrangement, this becomes In - 5
2)
-= 4c, so that exponentiation gives (v
2
+ 2)
3
x
4
= kv
2
.
where k e^.
SOLUTIONS WITH TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

3.75 Solve dy/dx = y
2
+ 1.
I 1 r !
r
By separating the variables we obtain ^dy dx = 0, which has the solution ^ dy \ dx c.
The integrations yield arctan y x = c, from which y = tan (x + c).
3.76 Solve dy/dx = 2v

2
+ 3.
By separating the variables we obtain - dy dx =

^
0, which has the solution
f j dy - [dx = c. The integrations yield arctan >/ y x = c, or arctan v |.v = \ 6(x + c).
Then yf y = tan v/6(x + c), so that y = Vf tan *j6(x + c).
3.77 Solve dy/dx - y

2
+ 2y + 2.
# 1
We separate the variables to obtain
. .
2 i.. ^
dy - dx = 0. Now, since
y + 2y + 2
f ^-^dy
= r
f
^- = 2
arctan (y + 1)
J y+ 2
2y + 2 J 1 + (y + l)
the solution to the differential equation is arctan (y + 1) - x = c; hence, y = 1 + tan (x + c).

3.78 Solve dy/dx - y

2
+ 6y = 13.
We first write the equation as dy (y

2
- 6y + 13)dx and then as -= dy - dx = 0. Since
Sy 2 -6y + l3
dy =
5(y-3) 2 + 4
y -
dy = l$i +
H\-3)
2dy = \* TCl * n
-
^
the solution to the differential equation is
1
- arctan 3
x = c or arctan
y 3
= 2(x + c). Thus,
\{y ~ 3) = tan (2.x + /c), where k = 2c, or y = 3 + 2 tan (2x + /c).
3
dy y + 4y
3.79 Solve 2
dx x(y + 2y + 4)
* o
,.
L ,
+ +
y
2
y
3
2y
A
4y
+ 4 J
dy-- dx
dy
x
1
= 0. Then, by the method of partial fractions,
we obtain
3 2 2
+ arctan -
J y + 4y J y(y + 4) J + 4/
\y y 2
Then the solution to the differential equation is In \y\ + arctan (y/2) In |x| = c or, rearranged,
arctan (y/2) In |/cx/y|, where k = e c
.
3
dy y + 9y
3.80 Solve 2 2
dx x (2y + lOy + 9)
# i .__ 4t
.._. 2y
2
+ + 9 dy
+10y
y
j
3
9y
J
1
^ dx = 0. And, by the method of partial fractions,
2 2
r 2y + lOy + 9 r 2y + lOy + 9 P /l y + 10\
J y3 + 9y 'H J
y(y
2
+ 9)
J
^ = J [y + y^9 ) dy
,
1
=
/G t
+
^ + tW dy = ln |y| +
^
ln {y2 + 9) +
t arctan
+m
10 y
-1,_,.2
1
The solution to the differential equation is, then, ln \y\ + ln (y
2
9) +
, ,
arctan = c, which we write
first as
2 ln \y\ + ln (y
2
+ 9) + ln \k\ + arctan ^ = - where k = e~ 2c
and then as ln |fcy

2
(y
2
+ 9)1+^ arctan (y/3) = 2/x.
3.81 Solve (v
2
+ 2v + 2) dx + x(v-l)dv = 0.
/ o
Sepa
...
-z
tr
+ 171
2v + 2
.
dv
1
+ dx
x
0. Then, by the method of partial fractions,
we have
v-1 , r (i>+ l)-2 , r y+ 1
J r 1
2
dr
J t;
2
+ 2u + 2 J (u + l) 2 + 1 J (i> + l) + 1 J i +(v + iy
= - In O+ l)
2
+ 1] - 2 arctan (y + 1)
The solution to the differential equation is thus \ ln (v

2
+ 2v + 2) 2 arctan (u + 1) + In |x| = c, which we
multiply by 2 and rearrange to obtain ln [x
2
(t>
2
+ 2v + 2)] - 4 arctan (t; + 1) = k, where k = 2c.
3.82 Solve (u + 2e
u
) dy + y(l + 2e
u
) du = 0.
#
1
- dy
,
H
u
1 +
+

2e
2e
u
J
dw = n
0.
T
Integrating term by term then yields
y
ln |y| + ln |u + 2e
u
\
= c, which we rearrange to ln |y(u + 2e
u
)\
= c. Exponentiation then gives the solution as
y(w + 2e
u
) = k, where k e c
.
50 Q CHAPTER 3
3.83 Solve dy/dx = sec y tan x.
f Separating the variables gives us dy sec y = tan x dx. which we rewrite as cos y dy = (sin x/cos x) dx.
Then integration yields
r
cos v v =
di cos x)
rflicos.x)
or sin x In ,11,
cos x + c.
J J cos x
3.84 Solve dy/dx = tan y.
f cos v
Since tan y = sin v cos v. the differential equation mav be rewritten as dx dx 0. Integrating
sin y
term by term, we obtain the solution In |sin y\ x = c, which we rewrite as In [sin y\ = c 4- x. Then
x
sin y = ke , where k e c
. so that y = arcsin ke*.
3.85 Solve y = ey .
I Separating the variables gives us e~ y dx dt 0, and integrating term by term yields e~ y t c.

Hence e~ y
= k t. where k c, and y = In (k r ).
3.86 Solve y = te
y
.
f Separating the variables gives us e~ y dy t dt 0, and integrating term by term yields e~ y jt

2
= c.
Hence y = In (A: ^f
2
), where k c.
3.87 Solve y = ye'.
Separating the variables gives us - dy e' dt = 0. and integrating term bv term vields In \y\
e' c.
y
+ e'
Then In \y\
c + e'. so that exponentiation yields \y\
= e
c
= e e
c e '.
Thus, y = ke
e '.
where k = e c
.
3.88 Solve y = 5
y sin t.
m dx r dx (
Separating variables vields r = sin t dt and integration gives us -^ = sin i dt t- c. Therefore.

J J
y y
iy -4 = cosr + c. or = 4cosr + A:. where k = Ac.
3.89 Solve x dv - y/l-v2 dx = 0.
Separating the variables gives us di

-
dx = 0. and then integrating term bv term vields
N 1 - v
2 x
arcsin v In |x| = c as the solution in implicit form.
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
3.90 Define homogeneous with regard to first-order differential equations.
I
A first-order differential equation in standard form
dy
dx
= f(x, x) is homogeneous if fitx. tx) = fix. x)
for every real number r in some nonempty interval.

Note: The word homogeneous has an entirely different meaning in the general context of linear differential
equations. (See Chapter 8.)
3.91 Determine whether the equation y' = (y + x)x is homogeneous.
I The equation is homogeneous because
fu ,
f(tx. tx)
*
= +
ty
tx
tx
= +
t(y
tx
x)
= y +
X
x
= f(x, VI
3.92 Determine whether the equation y' = y

2
x is homogeneous.
I The equation is not homogeneous because
'
tx tx X
2xye xly
3.93 Determine whether the equation y' =z r : is homogeneous.
x + y sin (x/y)
,x " y 2
2(tx)(ty)e
_ t 2xye? ,y _ 2xyex/y
= /( *' j)
f{tX ' ty)
~ (tx)
2
+ (ty)
2
sin (tx/ty)
~ t
2
x2 + t V sin (x/y)
~ x2 + 2
y sin (x/y)
3.94 Determine whether y' = (x

2
+ y)/x
3
is homogeneous.
(txY rx fx J
4
2y* +
3.95 Determine whether y =
xy
x r is homogeneous.

4 4 4
+ (txf 2fV + x 2y + x4
/(fX ^ )
= 2(tyf
(rx)(^)
3
=
'~?V" ~^^
= /(X
f
= '
'
>)
2xy
3.96 Determine whether y' = =
r is homogeneous.
x _y
f The equation is homogeneous because

2
2(fx)(0') 2t xy 2xy
(fx)
z
(f v) rlx"
1
)^) x z
y
z
x2 + y
2
3.97 Determine whether /= is homogeneous.

xy
/('*' ty) =
(r x)
2
+
/...w..a
(tx)(ty)
(ty)
2
_
= ^-7+ =_ r
t
2
+
(x
=
t
2
2
xy
y
2
)
x2
xy
y
2
Z( x y)
'
3.98 Determine whether y' = (y x)/x is homogeneous.
,,,
f(tx, ty)
. .
= -
ty
tx
tx
= -
t(y
tx
x)
= y-x
X
= f(x, y)
3.99 Determine whether y' = (2y + x)/x is homogeneous.
=
2(ty) + rx
= t(2y + x)
= 2y + x
/(tx, ty) = f(x, y)
tx tx X
x2 + 2y
2
3.100 Determine whether y' = is homogeneous.

xy
f(tx, ty) =
(rx)
2
(tx)(ty)
+
=
2(ry)
2
t
2
(x
2
t
=
2
+
xy
2y
2
)
=
x2 +
xy
2y
2
= f{x, y)
52 CHAPTER 3
2
= 2x + y
3.101 Determine whether y' is homogeneous.
xy
2 2 2 2
2(tx) + (ty)
f(tx, ty) = tt^s =
(tx)(ty)
+xy 2tx
is
t
2
t
y
=
2x +
:
txy
ty
* fix, y)
2xy
3.102 Determine whether y' = -= = is homogeneous.
y
z
xL

2
xy
= 7T-2
2(tx){ty)
=
2t
= ~2xy = /(* y)
xK
f(tX> ty) -Tj -272 2
(ty) (tx) t (y ) y
2
x2 -
2
x2 + y
2xy
a The equation is homogeneous because
f(tx, ty) =
(tx)
^..
2
+
W .. A
2(tx)(ty)
(ty)
2
=
t V^ +
2t
2 ...,
xy
y
2
)
=
x2 +
____
2xy
y
2
= fix, y)

x + \fxy
I The equation is homogeneous for t > 0, because then
ty ty
f(tx, ty) = = f(x,y)
tx + yf(tx)(ty) tx + \t\yfxy x + y/xy
3.105 Determine whether y = j-jTj

2
is homogeneous.
xy + (xy )
f The equation is not homogeneous because

2 2 2 2 2
=
(ty) t
y t
y tf
f(tx, ty) 2 1/3 2 3 2 1/3 2 2 ,/3 2 173 * f(x> y)
(tx)(ty) + [(tx)(ty) ] t xy + (f xy ) t xy + f(xy )
txy + (xy )
x4 + 3x 2 y 2 + y
4
3.106 Determine whether /= = is homogeneous.
x3y
i The equation is homogeneous because

4 4 4
(tx)* + 3(tx) (ty)
2 2
+ (tyf f x + 3t
4
x2y2 + t*y x4 + 3x 2 y 2 + y
4
/(tx, ty)
v
= = -r-z3 = 3
,
= f(x. t k
y)
3 3
(tx) (ty) t*x y x y
3.107 What is a homogeneous function of degree nl
I A function g(x, y) of two variables is a homogeneous function of degree n if g(tx, ty) = t"g(x, y) for all real
numbers t in some nonempty interval.
3.108 Determine whether g(x, y) = xy + y

2
is homogeneous and, if so, find its degree.
I The function is homogeneous of degree 2 because
2 2
g(tx, ty) = (tx)(ty) + (ty) = t (xy + y
2
)
3.109 Determine whether g(x, y) = x + y sin (y/x)

2
g(tx, ty) = tx + ty sin = t x + y sin [

3.110 Determine whether g(x, y) = x3 + xy 2 exly is homogeneous and, if so, find its degree.
g(tx, ty) = (tx)

3
+ (tx)(ty) e
2 ,xl,y
= t
3
(x
3
+ xy 2 e x/y )
3.111 Determine whether g(x, y) = x + xy is homogeneous and, if so, find its degree.
I The function is not homogeneous because
g(tx, ty) = tx + (tx)(ty) = tx + t

2
xy
3.112 Determine whether g(x, y) = yjx

2
y
2
I The function is homogeneous of degree 1 because, for t > 0,
g(tx, ty) = J(tx)

2
- (ty)
2
= Jt 2 (x 2 - y
2
) = \t\y/x
2
-y 2 = \t\g(x, y) = tg(x, y)
3.113 Determine whether g(x, y) = 2xsinh(y/x) + 3ycosh(y/x) is homogeneous and, if so, find its degree.
f The function is homogeneous of degree 1 because
ty ty y
g(tx, ty) = 2(tx) sinh h 3(ty) cosh = 2tx sinh - y
+ 3ty cosh - = tg(x, y)
3.114 Determine whether g(x, y) = sjx + y is homogeneous and, if so, find its degree.
I The function is homogeneous of degree 1/2 because
g(tx, ty) = y/tx + ty = y/t{x + y) = yftjx + y = t

l/2
g(x, y)
3.115 Determine whether g(x, y) = Xyfx + y is homogeneous and, if so, find its degree.
I The function is homogeneous of degree 3/2 because
g{tx, ty) = txyjtx + ty = txjt(x + y) = ty/txy/x + y = t

3'2
g(x, y)
3.116 Determine whether #(x, y) x sin(y/x 2 ) is homogeneous and, if so, find its degree.
I The function is not homogeneous because
g(tx, ty) = tx sin

(*x)
ty
r
j
2
= t
tx
tX sm
Sin
.
y
tx'
:
2 ^ r"6'( x ' y)
for any real value of n.
3.117 Determine whether g(x, y) = x3 sin (x /y

2 2
) is homogeneous and, if so, find its degree.
f The function is homogeneous of degree 3 because
(rx)
2
f
2
x2 x2
g(tx, ty) = (tx)
3
sin = = t
3
x3 sin -
1z
-
T= t
3
x3 sin -^z = t
3
g(x, y)
(ty) t y* y
SOLUTIONS OF HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

3.118 Show that the differential equation M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = is homogeneous if M(x, y) and N(x, y) are
homogeneous functions of the same degree.
=
I
The differential equation may be rewritten as
dy
dx
M(x,
N(x, y)
y)
-. If M(x, y) and N(x, y) are homogeneous of
degree n, then
M(tx,ty) t"M(x,y) M(x, y)

/(tX ty) = - A^Ty) = ~7N{x7i) = = /(X y)
'
-N&J) '
3.119 Prove that if y' = f(x, y) is homogeneous, then the differential equation can be rewritten as y' = g(y/x),
where g(y/x) depends only on the quotient y/x.

.
54 CHAPTER 3
f We know that f(x, y) = f{tx, ty). Since this equation is valid for all t in some interval, it must be true, in
particular, for t = 1/x. Thus, f(x, v) = f(\, y/x). If we now define g(y/x) = f{l, y/x), we then have
/ = /(*> y) = /(! jV*) = (y/*) as required.
3.120 Show that the transformation y = vx; dy/dx = i> + x dv/dx converts a homogeneous differential equation into
a separable one.
I From the previous problem, we know that the homogeneous differential equation y' = f(x, y) can be
written as y' = g(y/x). Substituting for v' and v/x in this equation, we get v + x
dv
dx
= #(t;), which may be
rewritten as
[v g(v)~\ dx + x dv = or dx H dv
x v - g(v)
This last equation is separable.
3.121 Prove that if y' = f(x, y) is homogeneous, then the differential equation can be rewritten as y' = h(x/y),
where h(x/y) depends only on the quotient x/y.
I We have f(x, y) = f{tx, ty). Since this equation is valid for all t in some interval, it must be true in
particular for t 1/y. Thus, f(x,y)=f(x/y,l). If we now define h{x/y) = f(x/y, 1 ), we have
y' = f(x, y) = /(x/y, 1) = h(x/y) as required.
3.122 Show that the transformation x yu;

dx
ay
du
= u + y
ay '
converts a homogeneous differential equation into a
separable one.
I From the previous problem, we know that the homogeneous equation y f(x, y) can be written as
=
dx 1
y' = h{x/y), which is equivalent to the differential equation -
-. Substituting for dx/dy and x/y in this
dy h(x/y)
last equation, we get m + y

du
=
dy
-

h(u)
'
, which may be rewritten as
u = -.
h(u)
dy + v du = or
u -
du + - dy
\/h{u) y
The last equation is separable.
3.123 Solve y' = (y + x)/x.
f This differential equation is homogeneous (see Problem 3.91). Using the substitution y = r.v:

dy
dx
= v + x
dv
dx
, we obtain
, .
v + x
dv
dx
=-
+x
xv
x
. which can be simplified to
.
x
dv
dx
= J or
1
- dx
x
dv = U.
This last equation is separable; its solution is v = In |x| - c, or v = In \kx\, where k = e~ e . Finally,
substituting v = y/x, we obtain the solution to the given differential equation as y = x In \kx\.
3.124 Solve y = -^
xy

I This differential equation is homogeneous (see Problem 3.95). Using the substitution y - vx;
4 4
+

dy
dx
= v +x
dv
dx
, we- obtain
u .
v +x=
dv
dx
2(xr)
y(.\t)
^
j
v
, which can be simplified to
4 3
+
x
ax
dv
= r
3
ir
1
or
1
- Jx - ^~~-
v r +
r
1
dr =
4 4
This last equation is separable; its solution was found in Problem 3.55 to be x = A:(r + 1). Since = y v.
the solution becomes x

4
= fc[(y/x)
4
+ or x 8
= k(\
A + x4 in implicit form.
1], )
3.125 Rework Problem 3.124 using the transformation suggested in Problem 3.122.


We first rewrite the differential equation as
dx
dy
=
xv

2y + x
-
4 4
. Then, using the substitution x = yu;

dx
dy
= u + y
du

dy
, we have
,
u + y
du
dy

= 7(yu)y*
2y
4
+
-
(yuf
-j-,
, . ,
which can be simplified to
,
du u + u
5
1,2 + u
4
dy 2 + 11*
y u + u
5
4 4
This last equation is separable; its solution was found in Problem 3.66 to be y u* = k(\ + u ). Since
u = x/y, the solution becomes y\x/y) 8
= k[\ + 4
(x/y) ] or, on simplification, x8 = k(y* + x4 ) as before.
2
3.126 Solve /= (x
2
+ y )/xy.
I This differential equation is homogeneous (see Problem 3.97). Using the substitution y vx;
2 2
+

dy
dx
v + x
dv
-,
dx
we obtain
, .
v + x - =
dv
dx
x
x{xv)
(xv)
,
, .
,
which can be simplified to
, ,.
dv I 1
n
x = - or dx ,
v
,
dv
dx v x
The solution to this separable equation is In |x| 2

v /2 = c or, equivalently, v
2
= In
2
x -I- /c, where
k 2c. Substituting v = y/x, we find that the solution to the given differential equation is
)
2
= x 2 In x 2 + kx 2 .
3.127 Solve /= 2x>'/(x

2
- y
2
).
I This differential equation is homogeneous (see Problem 3.96). Using the substitution y vx;
=
dy dv dv 2x(xv)
dx
=v x
= +x
dx
v -3,, we obtain
,
v
r +x
dx x
^= -
-j
(xv)
. This last equation is separable and has as its solution
x(v
2
+ 1) = kv (see Problem 3.67). Since v = y/x, this solution may be rewritten as x[()'/x)
2
+ 1] = k(y/x) or,
2
after simplification, y + x 2
= ky.
3.128 Solve y' = (y - x)/x.
I This differential equation is homogeneous (see Problem 3.98). Using the substitution y = vx;

dy
dx
= v + x
dv
dx
, we obtain
.
v + x
dv
dx
=
vx
x
x
, which may be simplified to
x
dv
dx
= 1 or dv
,
+
1
x
,
dx = n
This last equation is separable and has as its solution v + In |x| = c. If we set c In \k\ (that is, k e c
)
and substitute v = y/x, the solution becomes y/x = In \k\ In |x| = In \k/x\, or y = x In \k/x\.
3.129 Rework Problem 3.128 using the substitution suggested in Problem 3.122.
I
We first write the diflerential equation as
dx
dy y
x
=-
- x
. Then, using the substitution x yu;
2
du

dx
= u + y
du
, we obtain u + y = yu
du
. This equation may be simplified to y = - u , which
.
is
dy dy dy y yu dy 1 u
separable and has as its solution - = c In \uy\ (see Problem 3.57). If we set c = In \k\ and
substitute u = x/y, the solution becomes = In \k\ - In |(x/v)y| = In \k/x\, or y = x In \k/x\ as before.
x/y
2xye ixly)2
3.130 Solve y' = yi 2 w,)* 2x 2 e (xly)
+ y e +
I Noting the (x/y) term in the exponential, we shall try the substitution u = x/y, which is equivalent to the
2 2
+ 2x 2 e ix,y)2
=
lxly)2
dx y + y e
substitution x = uy. To do so, we rewrite the differential equation as (x/y)2
, and
56 CHAPTER 3
then use the substitution x = uv; =u+y

fly dy
to obtain
ul 2
\+e
du
y- =
dy

2ue
5-
u
or - dv
y
y
1
1
2ue"
+ e
u
j
,
du =
This equation is separable; its solution is In \y\

In (1 + e"
2
) = c, which can be rewritten as y = k(\ + e"\
where c = In \k\. Substituting u x/y into this result, we obtain the solution of the given differential
= Uy)2
equation as y /c[l + ? ].
3.131 Solve y' = (2y + x)/x.
I This differential equation is homogeneous (see Problem 3.99). Using the substitution y = vx\
+

dy
dx
= v +x
dv
dx
, we obtain
.
v + x - =
dv
dx
2vx
x
x
, which may be simplified to x
dv
dx
v + 1. This last
equation is separable and has as its solution v = kx I (see Problem 3.35, with z and t replaced by i; and x,
respectively). Since v = y/x, the solution becomes y/x = kx 1 or y = kx 2 x.
'
dx x
We first write the differential equation as
dy
=
2y + x
. Then, using the substitution x = yu;

dx
ay
u + '
v
du

fly
. we obtain
,
u + y=
'
du
fly
+
2y
uy
uy
. which may
.......
be simplified to y
du

dy
=
2 + u
u
u=
u
u
2
+u
+2
.
This last equation is separable and has as its solution in implicit form yu 2 = k(u + 1) (see Problem 3.68).
Since u x/y. that solution becomes y(x \)

2
= k(x/y + 1) or x 2
= k(x + y). Setting A = l//c, we may
rewrite this as y = Ax 2 x, which is identical to the solution obtained in the previous problem except for the
letter designating the arbitrary constant.
3.133 Solve y' = (x

2
+ 2y 2 ) xy.
= + 2
2 2

dy
ax
= r + x
dv
</\
, we obtain r + x
dvx +
flx v(!'\)
2{vx)
ax
dv
=
1
r
1;
or, in
differential form, xvdv (1 4- v

2
)dx 0. This last equation is separable and has as its solution 1 + r
2
= fex
2
(see Problem 3.46). Since v = y/x, the solution becomes 1 + (y/x)

2
= kx 2
or y
2
= kx* x 2
.
dx xy
We
. _
first
.._
write the differential equation as
dy
~ ^
x + 2y
2
j. Then, using the substitution x = yu;
dx du du
- u + v , we obtain
,
u + y =
(v)v
= r-,
2
which
, .
,
may
,
be simplified to
. ,._
dy dy '
dy (yu)- + 2y
y
du
dy
;
~ -j
u2 +
u
2
u = u
2
+ ^
2
- ^ ms ' ast ecl uat ' on i s separable and has as its solution in implicit form
4
i/ i
:
= fc(w
2
+ 1) (see Problem 3.70). Since u x/y, the solution becomes (x/y)*y
2
k[(x/y)
2
+ 1] or
4
x = fc(x
2
+ y
2
). Setting A \/k, we may rewrite this solution as Ax* = x + y 2 2
, which is algebraically
identical to the solution obtained in the previous problem.
3.135 Solve y' = (x

2
+ 2
y )/2xy.
f This differential equation is homogeneous (see Problem 3.103). Using the substitution y = vx;

dy
== v +x
dv
,
L
we obtain i +x
dv
=
x 2
+ (vx)
2
, which
. . .
may be
.
simplified to
_ x =
di> 1 - d2
- or, in
dx dx dx 2x{vx) dx 2v
differential form, 2xvdv + (t'
2
- l)fl"x = 0. This last equation is separable and has as its solution v
2
1 = k/x
(see Problem 3.47). Since v = y/x, the solution becomes (y/x)
2
1 = k/x or y
2
=x + 2
kx.
3.136 Solve y' = (x

2
+ 2
y )/3xy.
f This differential equation is almost identical to that of the previous problem. The same substitution reduces
=
2
x2 + 2
it to i; + x dv
dx
=
3x(vx)
(t;x)
dy
dx
l-2t;
3v
or, in differential form,
= ,
3xvdv + (2v
2
- 1) dx = 0. This last equation is separable and has as its solution 2v
2 - 1 = k/x*'
3
(see
Problem 3.48). Since v y/x, the solution becomes 2y 2
x 2
= kx 2 ' 3
.
3.137 Solve y' = (x

2
+ 2
y )/4xy.
I This differential equation almost identical to those of the two previous problems. The same substitution
is
2 2
reduces it to v +x
dv
dx
= +
x (vx)
4x(vx)
- . ,. c
which may be simplified
-
, to x
dv
dx
. 1
.
4v
2
= -3v or, in differential form,.

4xvdv + (3v
2
l)dx = 0. This last equation is separable and has as its solution 3r 2 1 = kx~ 3 2 (see '
Problem 3.49). Since v = y/x, the solution becomes 3y

2
x 2
= kx 112
.
3.138 Rework the previous problem using the substitution suggested in Problem 3.122.
f ^
We r c_
first
iL
write the differential equation as
J. a .
,
.

dx
a
dy
=
\4xy
ta
x +
^2
y
j. Then, using the substitution x = yu;
y

dx
dy
=+ v -7_
dy
du
i
we obtain u + y
}
du

dy
=
(yu)
4(yu)y
=
2
+ y
=-,
2
,.
which may
,
J be simplified
y to
,..,..,
y
y
û

dy
= 5
4u
u 2
+ 1
u =
-u +
+ u
=
2
3
3w
1
.
This last equation is separable and has as its solution in implicit form (u
2
3)
2
y
3
= ku (see Problem 3.71).
Setting u x/y, we obtain [(x/y)

2
3] y = 2 3
k(x/y), which may be simplified to (x
2
3y
2 2
)
= kx and
then to 3y
2
x = Ax 112
2
, where A = yfk.
3.139 Solve y' = 2xy/(y

2
- x 2 ).
# This differential equation is homogeneous (see Problem 3.102). Using the substitution y = vx;
+

dy
dx
v + x
dv
dx
, we obtain
.
v + x
dv

dx
- =
(vx)
2x(t>x)
=
x
=-,
.
which may be simplified to x

di?
dx
= -=
v
2y
1
v
y
v
3
3v
or, in differential form, x{v

2
\)dv + (v
3
3v)dx = 0. This last equation is separable and has as its solution
x 3 (v 3 3v) k (see Problem 3.50). Since v = y/x, the solution becomes y
3
3yx 2 = k.
3.140 Solve y = 3xy/(y

2
- x 2 ).
I This differential equation is similar to that of the previous problem. The same substitution reduces it to
v + x
dv
= 3x(wc)
5 j,
, .,.,._,
,

dv
=
v3 + 5
4v .

dx (vxf x dx ir 1
x(v
2
\)dv + (v
3
4v)dx 0. This last equation is separable and has as its solution
2
v (v
2
4)
3
x8 = k (see
Problem 3.72). Since v y/x, the solution becomes y (y

2 2
4x 2 3
)
k.
3.141 Solve y' = 3xy/(y

2
+ x2 ).
m
This equation is similar to that of the previous problem. Using the substitution y vx;
dy
dx
= v + x
dv
dx

dv

=
3x(vx)
ma Jy be
wmcn may
. . ..... ^ =

-u 3
+ 2i;
we obtain v + x - r
2
^ T
2
2
'
, which De simplified
* to x -
=
2
dx (vx) + x dx v +
i 1
1
x4 =
2
x(v
2
+ 1) dv + (v
3
2t;) dx = 0. This last equation is separable and has as its solution (v 2)
3
kv
2
(see
Problem 3.73). Since v = y/x, the solution becomes (y

2
2x 2 3
) = ky 2
.
3.142 Solve y' = 3xy/(x

2
- y
2
).
f This problem is similar to Problem 3.139. The same substitution reduces the equation to
3
+
v
dv
+ x -7- = -5
:
2
dx- x
3x(vx)
(vx)
r-,,
2
which may be simplified
v to
.
x
x
dx
dv
= v
1 - v j-
2v
;
2
x(v
2
\)dv + (v
3
+ 2v)dx = 0. This last equation is separable and has as its solution (v
2
+ 2)
3
x4 = kv
2
(see
2 2 3 2
Problem 3.74). Since v = y/x, this solution becomes (y + 2x )
= ky .
3.143 Solve
x + -Jxy
i This differential equation is homogeneous (see Problem 3.104). Using the substitution y = vx;
dy
-f- =v+x
dv
, we obtain
. .
v + x
dv
dx
=
vx
.
dx
=
dv -vy/v
= or,
dx dx x + y/x(vx) I + Jv
.
58 D CHAPTER 3
in differential form, x(l + -Jv) dv + Vyjvdx = 0. The solution to this last equation is -2/yfv + In \vx\ = c
(see Problem 3.58). Since v = y/x, the solution becomes 2yfx/y + In \y\
= c.
4 4
+ 3x 2 y 2 +
3.144 Solve y' = x
/
x y

v

dy
dx
= v + x
dv
dx
, we obtain
dv x4 + 3x 2 (ux) 2 + (vxf dv 1 + 2v
2
+ v*
dx x (vx) dx v
or, in differential form, xvdv (1 + 2v 2 + v 4 )dx = 0. The solution to this last equation is
(1 + i;
2
) In \kx\
2
= 1 (see Problem 3.59). Since v y/x, this solution becomes (x
2
+ 2
y )ln \kx
2
\
x2
or y
2
= -x 2 ( 1 + 2
In \kx
3.145 Solve (x
3
+ y
3
) dx - 3xy 2 dy = 0.
I This equation is homogeneous of degree 3. We use the transformation y = vx; dy = v dx + xdv, to

obtain x 3 [(l + v
3
)dx 3v (vdx
2
+ xdv)~\ = 0, which we simplify to (1 2f
3
) dx
3v
2
xdv = and then
2
dx 3v dv
write as " ^-j = 0. The solution to this equation is x 2
(l - 2tr) = k (see Problem 3.56). Since
1 - 2v
2
~x~
v y/x, we have x 2 [l 2(y/x) ]
3
= k or x3 2y
3
= /ex.
3.146 Solve x dy - ydx- yjx

2
- 2
y dx = 0.
I The equation is homogeneous of degree 1. Using the transformation vx; dy = vdx + xdv
y and
dividing by x, we get vdx + x dv vdx sj\ v
2
dx = or x dv y/l v dx = 0,
2
which we write as
dv dx .
- = 0. The solution to this equation is arcsin v In |x| = c (see Problem 3.89). Since v = y/x,
y/\ -V 2 X
we have arcsin (y/x) = c + In |x| = In \kx\, where c = In k.
3.147 Solve [2x sinh (y/x) + 3y cosh (y/x)] dx - 3x cosh (y/x) dy = 0.
I This equation homogeneous of degree 1. Using

is the transformation y = vx; dy = vdx + xdv and
dividing by x, we obtain 2 sinh vdx 3x cosh v dv 0. Separating the variables yields
2 3 dv = 0. Integrating, we get 2 In x 3 In sinh v = In c, so that x2 = c sinh

3
v. Since
x sinh v
v y/x, this becomes x2 c sinh
3
(y/x).
3.148 Solve (2x + 3y) dx + (y - x) dy = 0.
I This equation is homogeneous of degree 1. The transformation y = vx; dy = vdx + xdv reduces it to
(2 + 3v) dx + (v - l)(v dx + x dv) = or (v

2
+ 2v + 2)dx + x(v - 1) dv =
The solution to this last equation is In [x (v

2 2
+ 2v + 2)] 4arctan(i; + 1) = k (see Problem 3.81). Since
x + y
v = y/x, the solution becomes In (y
2
+ 2xy + 2x 2 ) 4 arctan = k.
x
3.149 Solve ( 1 + 2e xl >) dx + 2e* /y (l - x/y) dy = 0.
I This equation is homogeneous of degree zero. The appearance of the quantity x/y throughout the equation
suggests the substitution x = uy;

dy
= u + y
dy
or, equivalently, dx udy + ydu. This transforms the
differential equation into (1 + 2e

u
)(u dy + ydu) + 2e
u
(\ u)dy = 0, which we simplify to
(u + 2e
u
) dy + y(l + 2e
u
) du = 0. The solution to this last equation is y(u + 2e") = k (see Problem 3.82).
Since u x/y, the solution becomes x + 2ye xly = k.

MISCELLANEOUS TRANSFORMATIONS
3.150 Solve dy/dx = ( y - Ax)
2
.
I The transformation y 4x = v, dy = A dx + dv
reduces this equation to 4 dx + dv = v
2
dx or
dx =
dv
7 = 0- Then integration gives x +
lf -ln
+2
r- = c,, so that
v + 2
In- - = In c - 4x.
it 4 A v 2 v - 2
Exponentiation then yields

-
= ce
4jc
, and substitution for i; yields - -
= ce~* x
v 2 y Ax 2
3.151 Solve tan (x

2
+ y) dx - dy = 0.
f The transformation x + y v; dy = dv dx reduces this equation to
tan
2
v dx (dv dx) or dx ^ =
2
or dx cos 2 v dv =
1 + tan v
Integrating gives x \v sin 2v cx which, after substitution for v and simplification, becomes
2(x y) = c + sin 2(x + y).
2 2
3.152 Solve (2 + 2x y 1/2 )y dx + (x y
1/2
+ 2)x dy = 0.
2 2
# y 2w 4i>
The transformation x y '
v; y r\ dy rdv =- dx reduces the given equation to
x* x x3
2
v (2v Av 2 \
(2 + 2v) -; dx + x(v + 2)[ -j dv r dx 1 = or v(3 + v)dx- x{v + 2) dv =
. . dx 2 dv 1 dv
Then the method of partial fractions gives = 0, and integration yields
x 3 v + 3
3 v
3 lnx 21n v ln(i' + 3) = In c { ,
from which x3 = c{
2
v {v + 3). Finally, substitution gives
1 = c x
xy(x y
2 x ' 2
+ 3) or xy(x y 1/2
2
+ 3) = k.
3.153 Solve (2x

2
+ 3y
2
- 7)x dx - (3x
2
+ 2y
2
- 8)y dy = 0.
f The transformation x 2 u; y 2 v reduces this equation to (2w + 3i> 7) du (3u + 2v 8) dv 0.
Then the transformation u s + 2; u = t + 1 yields the homogeneous equation

(2s + 3t) ds (3s + 2t) dt 0, and the transformation s = rt; ds = rdt + tdr yields
~ > . ~ ^ , ^dt 2r + 3 ^dt \ dr 5 dr

2(v 1 ) dt
,
+ (2r + 3)f r
,
= 0. Separating the variables,

, ,
we get 2 h -j r dr
,
2 h
t r
2
- \ t 2 r + 1 2 r - 1
Then integration yields 4 In t In (r + 1) + 5 In (r 1) = In C. Exponentiation and successive substitutions

then yield
t\r - l)
5
_ (s - t)
5
_ (u - v - l) 5 _ (x
2
- y 2 - l) 5 _
r r \ s + t u + v 3 x 2 + y2 - 3
so that (x
2
- y
2
- l)
5
= c(x
2
+ y
2
- 3).
3.154 Solve x 2 (x dx + y dy) + y(x dy y dx) = 0.
f Here x Jx + y dy = i^(x
2
+ y
2
) and x y Jx = x 2 d(y/x) suggest the
(iy transformation x2 + y
2
= p
2
;
y/x = tan y = p sin 0;

fl, or x p cos 0; dx = p sin 9d6 + cos dp; dy = p cos 6 d0 + sin dp. The
0(p dp) + p sin 0(p dO) =
2 2 2
given equation then takes the form p cos or dp -(- tan sec dO 0.
x+ = 1
Integration gives p + secfl = c,, so that yjx

2
+ y
2
c,, which may be written
(x
2
+ 2
y )(x+ l)
2
= cx
2
.
3.155 Solve y(xy + 1) dx + x(l + xy + x 2 y 2 ) dy - 0.
f x di> v dx , .
The transformation xy = u; dy = -.
,
reduces this equation to
x^
- (v + 1) dx + x(l + v + v
2
)
= = 0, which can be simplified to v
3
dx - x(l + v + v
2
) dv = 0.
X X
60 D CHAPTER 3
........
Separating the variables yields
dx dv
T
do
T

dv
= 0. Integration then gives In x H
11 r 4-
2
In t> = c,, so
x ir v v 2v v
that
2
2v In (v/x) 2v 1 = cv
2
. Finally, substitution of v = xy yields 2x 2 y 2 In y 2xy 1 = cx 2 y 2 .
3.156 Solve (> xy 2 ) dx (x + x 2 y) dy = or, rewritten, y(l xy) dx x{\ + xy) dy = 0.
r x dv v dx
-T-.
The transformation xy = v; dy = = reduces this equation to
xz
v x dv v dx
-(1 - v)dx -x(l 4 v) 5
z
= or 2v dx - x(l + v) dv =
x x
Then 2 dv 0, and integration gives 2 In x In v v = In c, from which x 2 /v = ce

v
, and
x u
xy
x = cye .
3.157 Solve (1 - xy + x 2 y 2 ) dx 4- (x
3
y - x 2 ) dy = or, rewritten, y(l - xy 4 x 2 y 2 dx 4 ) x(x y
2 2
- xy) dy = 0.
I
~,
The transformation
r
xy = u; ay
t
= xdv j vdx ,
reduces this equation to
v .. ,. , xdv v dx
(\ - v + v
2
)dx
.
+ x{v
.
2
- v)
,
^
.2
= or vdx + x(v
2
- v) dv =
X X"
Then dx/x + (v \)dv = 0, and integration gives \n x + jv

2
v = c, from which In x = xy \x 2 y 2 + c.
3.158 Solve (x + y) dx + (3x + 3y - 4) dy = 0.
f The expressions (x + y) and (3x + 3y) suggest the transformation x + y We use

t. y = t x;
dy = dt - dx to obtain t dx + (3f - 4)(dt - dx) = or, rewritten, (4 - 2t) dx -

+ (3f 4) dt = 0, in which
It -4 2
the variables are separable. We then have 2 dx + dt = 2 dx 3 dt + df = 0. Integration yields
2x 3r 2 In (2 f) = c,, and after substitution for t we have 2x 3(x + y) 2 In (2 x y) = c ls from

which x + 3y + 2 In (2 x y) = c.
3.159 Solve (2x - 5y + 3) dx - (2x + Ay - 6) dy = 0.
I We first solve 2x 5y + 3 = and 2x 4- 4y 6 = simultaneously to obtain x =h= 1, y = A: = 1.
Then the transformation
x x' + h x' + 1 : d.\ = dx'
y = y' + /c = y' + 1; dy = dy'
reduces the given equation to (2x' 5y')dx' (2x' +0, 4y')dy' =

which is homogeneous of degree 1. (Note
that this latter equation can be written without computing the transformation.)
Using the transformation y' = i x': dy' = v dx' + x' dv, we obtain
(2 - 5v) dx' (2 + 4v)(v dx' + x' dv) = or (2 7v - 2
4v )dx' - x'(2 + 4v) dv = 0. which we separate into
dx 4 </r 2 dv
1 1 = 0. Integrating, we get In x' 4- 5 In (4r 1) + In (r + 2) In c,, or
x 3 4r 1 3 v + 2
3 2
x' (4u- l)(r + 2) =c.
Replacing v by y'/x gives us (4y' x')(y' + 2x') 2 = c, and replacing x' by x 1 and y' by y 1
yields the primitive (4y x 3)(y + 2x 3) 2 = c.
3.160 Solve (x - y - 1) dx + (4y +x- \)dy = 0.
f Solving x y 1 = and 4y + x 1 = simultaneously, we obtain x =h= 1, y = k = 0. The

transformation
x = x' + ft = x' + 1; dx dx'
y = y + k = y'; dy = dy'
reduces the given equation to (x' y')dx' + (4y' + x')dy' 0, which is homogeneous of degree 1. [Note that
this transformation x 1 = x', y = y' could have been obtained by inspection, that is, by examining the
terms (x y 1) and (4y 4- x 1).]
Using the transformation /= vx'; dy' = v dx' + x' dv, we obtain (1 - v)dx' + (4v + l)(v dx' + x dv) = 0.
Then
dx' 4t> + 1
J
dx 1 8u dv
4?TT * " T + 2 4^TT * + 47TT =
+
IT
Integration gives In x' + \ In (4v
2
+ 1) + 5 arctan 2t> =which we rewrite as In (x') 2 (4v 2 + 1) + arctan 2v
c, - c.
2 2
Substitution for v then gives In (4y' + x' ) + arctan (2y'/x') = c, and substitution for x' and y' yields
In [4y
2
+ (x - 2
l) ] + arctan = c.
x 1
INITIAL-VALUE PROBLEMS
3.161 Discuss how to solve the initital-value problem A(x) dx + B(y) dy = 0; y(x ) = y .
I The solution may be obtained by first solving the separable differential equation for its general solution and
then applying the initial condition to evaluate the arbitrary constant. Alternatively, the solution may be obtained
directly from
x
(
Jxo
A(x)dx+ P B(y)dy = (7)
Jyo
This last approach may not determine the solution uniquely; that is, the integrations may produce many solutions
(in implicit form), of which only one will satisfy the initial-value problem.
3.162 Solve e* dx - y dy = 0; y(0) = 1.
f The solution to the differential equation is j e x dx + J y)dy = c or, ( after evaluation, y

2
= 2e
x
+ k,
k = 2c. Applying the initial co ndition (s ee Problem 2.103), we find that k 1 and that the solution to
y -J2e
x
the initial-value problem is x > In \. 1 ,
3.163 Use (/) of Problem 3.161 to solve the previous problem.
I Here x = and y = 1, so (7) of Problem 3.161 becomes ê x dx + \$ y)dy = 0. Evaluating these
integrals, we get
y
x -v 2
= or e -e + ^_-(-i) =
lo 2
Thus, y
2
= 2e* 1 and, as before, y = \J2e* 1 , x > In j.
3.164 Solve x cos x dx + (1 6y

5
) dy 0; y(n) 0.
I Here x = n, y = 0, A(x) = x cos x, and B(y) 6y 5

Substituting these values into (7) of Problem
1 .
j* x cos x dx + j& (1 6y ) dy =
5
3.161, we obtain 0. Evaluating these integrals (the first one by integration
by parts), we find
x sin x\
|
+ cos x* +
\n
(y
J
b
y )\
J
|0
=0 or x sin x + cos x + 1 = y
J
6
y
J
Since we cannot solve this last equation for y explicitly, we leave the solution in implicit form. (See also Problem
2.105).
3.165 Solve sin x dx + y dy 0; y(0)= 2.

# The differential equation is separable, so we have Jo sm xdx + \l 2
y
ydy = 0. Evaluating these integrals, we
get
cos x| +
|o
?y
1J
2
\
-2
=0 or cos x + 1 + |y
z
2
2 =
from which y
2
= 2 + 2cosx, or y = -J2 + 2cosx. The negative square root is chosen to be consistent
with the initial condition.
3.166 Solve (x
2
+ $dx + (l/y)dy - 0; y(-l)=l.
f The differential equation is separable, so we have ji ,

(x
2
+ 1) dx + $\ (1/y) dy = 0, from which
(ix
3
+ x)|* +ln|y|T =0 or |x 3 + x - (-^ - 1) + In |y|
- In 1 =
i
62 CHAPTER 3
-(* 3 + 3*+4)/3
Then In \y\
= -(x 3 + 3x + 4)/3, and y = e The plus sign in front of the exponential is consistent
with the initial condition.
3.167 Solve xe* dx

2
+ (y
5 - 1) dy = 0; y(0) = 0.
f The differential equation is separable, so we have Jo xe

x2
dx + J (y
5
- \)dy = 0. The indicated integrations
give
yxT + (b 6 ~ y)L = or y* - i + iv 6 - y - =
2
from which we obtain y
6
6y + 3(e* 1) = 0, which is the solution in implicit form.
3.168 Solve y' = (x

2
y - y)/(y + 1); y(3) = -1.
I v + 1
Separating the variables, we find that the differential equation has the form dy (x
2
\)dx 0. The
solution to the initial-value problem then is '

11+) dy (x
2
\)dx 0. The indicated integrations give
y
(v + In
|y|)|
- (W - x)\\ = or y + In \y\
- {- + 1 In 1) - (|x
3
- x) + 9 - 3 =
x
from which we obtain y + In \y\

= ,x
3
x 7.
3.169 Solve y' + 3y = 8; y(0) = 2.
ix
I The solution to the differential equation was shown in Problem 3.36 to be y(x) = f + ke' . Applying the
initial condition, we get 2 = y(0) = \ + ke~ 3l0
\ so that k = f. Thus, the solution to the initial-value
ix
problem is y(x) = f \e~ .
3.170 Solve the preceding problem if the initial condition is y(0) = 4.
f The solution to the differential equation remains the same. Applying the new initial condition, we get
-3 *.
4 y(0) f + ke~ M0 \ so that k = *. Thus, the solution to this initial-value problem is y(x) | + fe
3.171 Solve Problem 3.169 if the initial condition is y(l) = 0.
f The solution to the differential equation remains the same. Applying the new initial condition, we get
= y(l) = f -(- ke~ Ml) so that k = fe 3 The solution to this initial-value problem is then
, .
y(x) = f-feV 3*
= f(l- e - 3 *- , ).
3.172 Solve Problem 3.169 if the initial condition is y( 2) = 1.
1 The solution to the differential equation remains as before. Applying the new initial condition, we get
1 = )'( 2) = f + kc M 2
\ so that k:
= - \e
6
. The solution to this initial-value problem is then
= f _ êê- ix = - Mx 4 :,
y(x) }(8 5e~ |.
3.173 Solve Problem 3.169 if the initial condition is y( 2) = 1.

I The solution to the differential equation remains as before. Applying the new initial condition, we get
1 2) = I + ke' M ~ 2)
y( , so that k "e' 6 . The solution to this initial-value problem is then
=f - ê' b e~ = ^(8 -
ix 3(vf 2)
y(x) lle- ).
3.174 Solve Problem 3.169 if the initial condition is y(4) = 3.
# The solution to the differential equation remains as before. Applying the new initial condition, we get
3 = y(4) f + ke~ M4 K so k ê 12 . The solution to the initial-value problem is then
y(x) = Z-ê e-
"
i2 ix
= (&-ne- 3u 4, )/3.
3.175 Solve dy/dt - s

y sin f; y(0) - 1.
4
f The general solution to the differential equation was shown in Problem 3.88 to be 1/y = 4 cos f + cv As a
=
/ 1 V /4
-arccos -
3
< <
3
result of Problem 2.104 we have y(t) I , where t arccos -, as the solution to
\4cosf 3/ 4 4
the initial-value problem.

3.176 Solve the previous problem if the initial condition is y(0) = {.
I The general solution to the differential equation remains as before. Applying the initial condition, we get
+ = 4cos0 + c so c,=2 4 -4=12. The solution to the initial-value problem becomes
/ \i /4
1/y
4
= 4 cos t + 12 or, explicitly, y(t) =
i
. The solution y is defined fur all t, since
^4 cost + 12
4cosf +12 is always positive.
3.177 Solve y
1
+ y = 0; y(3) = 2.
I The general solution to the differential equation was shown in Problem 3.30 to be y = ke~ x (Here, A . of
1.) 3 ~x
Problem 3.30 is equal to As a result of Problem 2.74, we have y(x) 2e as the solution to the
3.178 Solve y = y
2
; y(0) = 4.
f The general solution to the differential equation was shown in Problem 3.9 to be y(t) = l/(f + c).
Applying the initial condition, we get 4 = >'(0) = 1/(0 + c), so that c = \. The solution to the
initial-value problem then is y(t) = - l/(r - |) = -4/(4f - 1).
3.179 Solve the previous problem if the initial condition is y( 1) = 2.
m The solution to the differential equation remains the same. Applying the new initial condition, we get
2 = y( 1) = l/( + c), so 1 that c = . The solution to the initial-value problem is then
y(t)= -l/(f + f)= -2/(2f + 3).
Observe that this solution is not valid in any interval containing t = Since a solution to an initial-value .
problem must be valid in some interval containing the initial time, in this case t = 1, it follows that the
above solution is valid only on the interval ( f, oo). By similar reasoning, the solution to the previous problem
is valid only on (
oo, ).
3.180 Solve Problem 3.178 if the initial condition is y(0) = 2.
I The general solution to the differential equation remains as before. Since y(0) = 2, we have c \. Then
y(t) = l/(f + j) = 2/(2f + 1) is the solution to the initial-value problem. Since this solution is defined only
for / -},
f and since must be in the interval for which y is defined, it follows that (
\, oo) is the interval of
definition for y.
3.181 Solve dz/dt = z

3 2
t ; z(2) = 3.
The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.1 1 to have the form ^ -t 3 c.
Applying the initial condition, we get ^ -(2)

3
= c, so that c = -f and the solution becomes, in
1/2
/ \
explicit form, z = I ^ ^ i
J
, where the positive square root is chosen consistent with the initial condition.
3.182 Rework the previous problem if the initial condition is z(2) = -3.
f The solution to the differential equation remains the same. Applying the initial condition, we get
(2)
3
= c, so again c = f. Now, however, the solution to the initial-value problem in explicit
Z\ J) j
form becomes z (^
i Y /2
where the negative square root is chosen to be consistent with the initial
( jT ) >
condition.
3.183 Solve dy/dt = y(t - 2); y(2) = 5.
'~ 2)1/2
f The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.32 to be >-(f) = ke {
. Applying the initial
~ 2)2 2
condition, we get 5 = ke {2 '
= ke - k, so the solution to the initial-value problem is y(t) = 5e""
2)2/2
.

64 CHAPTER 3
3.184 Solve dy/dt = -2yt 2 \ y(2) = 3.

2'3
I The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.33 to be y(t) ke . Applying the initial
16 16
condition, we get 3 = y(2) = ke
2{2)3
= ke , so k = 3e~ . Then the solution to the initial-value problem is
16 2 ' 3 - 2)3
y(t) = 3e- e = 3e
2{,
.
3.185 Solve 4x dy - y dx = x 2 dy, y(5) = -1.
4
I The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.61 to have the form (x 4)y /x k.
Applying the initial condition, we get (5 4)( l)

4
/5 k, so k =| and the solution to the initial-value
= T
x T /4
problem is y(x) , where the negative fourth root is taken consistent with the initial condition.
|_5(x - 4) J
3.186 Solve x 2 (y +l)dx + 2

y (x - \)dy = 0; y(-l) = 2.
f The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.63 to have the form
(x + \) 2 + (y I) 2 + 2 In |(x l)(y + 1)| = k. Applying the initial condition, we get
k = (-l + l) 2 + (2- l) 2 -h 2 In 1)(2 + |( 1 l)| =1+ 2 In 6. The solution to the initial-value problem is then
(X ~ 1} + 1}
(x+ l)
2
+(y- l)
2
+ 21n|(x- l)(y + 1)| = 1 + 2 In 6 or (x + l)
2
+ (y- D 2 + In
(
/ = 1
36
3.187 Solve dy/dt = y

2
- y
3
;
y(l) = 2.
f The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.64 to be 1/y + In \y\ In |1 y\ t = c.
Applying the initial condition, we get \ + In 2 In 1 1 = c, so c ^ -0.80685. The solution to the

initial-value problem is thus - 1/y + In \y\ In - y\ -0.80685. j
1
I The solution obtained in Problem 3.64 is the solution to the differential equation only when y ^ and
y ^ 1, because the partial-fraction decomposition used to generate the solution is undefined at these two values
of y. Here y = 0, so we are in one of these special cases. By inspection, we note that two constant solutions
to the differential equation are y = and y = 1. Since the first of these also satisfies the initial condition,
it is the solution to the initial-value problem.
3.189 Solve dy/dx = y- y

2
; y(0) = 2.
f ke*
The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.60 to be y(x) =- x
. Applying the
1 + ke
ke k
initial condition, we get 2 = y(0) = ^ = - - so k = 2. The solution to the initial-value
I +ke l+k
-2e x 2
problem is then y(x) =
\-2e x 2-e~ x
3.190 Solve the previous problem if the initial condition is y(0) = 1.
I The solution obtained in Problem 3.60 is the solution to the differential equation only when y ^ and
y ^ 1, because the partial-fraction decomposition used to obtain the solution is undefined at these two values of
y. Here y 1, so we are in one of these special cases. By inspection, we note that two constant solutions to
the differential equation are y = and y = 1. Since the latter solution also satisfies the initial condition,
it is the solution to the initial-value problem.
3.191 Solve dy/dt = 2ty

2
; y(0) = yQ .
m V /*> d\ ft
If y ^ 0, then by separation of variables we have = = 2t and hence = = 2f dt. The
y Jyo y J"
integrations result in 1 = t
2
or - = f
2
, so that v(r) = - y as long as y t
2
# 1. If
y y y y l - y t
y > then y(t) +x as t l/vyo> an ^ so solutions to this equation "blow up" in finite time
whenever the initial condition is positive. Note, however, that if y < 0. then y exists for all t > and
y(r) >0 as f +oo.

Note also that if y = 0, then the solution becomes y(t) = 0, which is the solution to dy/dt = 2ty
2
:
y(0) = 0. Thus, y(t) as found above solves the initial-value problem for all values of y .
3.192 Solve y' = (y + x)/x; y(- 1) = -2.
# The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.123 to be y = xln \kx\. Applying the initial
condition, we get -2 = y(-l) = -1 In \k(- 1)|, so In \k\ = 2 and the solution to the initial-value problem
is y(x) = x In \kx\ x(ln \k\ + In |x|) = x(2 + In |x|).
3.193 Solve y' = (x

2
+ 2
y )/xy; y(l) = -2.
I The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.126 to be y

2
x 2 lnx 2
Applying -I- kx 2 .
the initial condition, we obtain ( 2) = (l) In (l) + /c(l)

2 2 2 2
, or k = 4. Thus, the solution to the initial-value
or y = yfx \nx + Ax
2
problem is y = x2 In x2 + 4x 2 2 2 1
. The negative square root is taken consistent with
the initial condition.
3.194 Solve y' = (x

2
+ 2
y )/2xy; y(l)=-2.
i The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.135 to be y 2 x 2 + kx. Applying the
initial condition, we get ( 2) = (l) + k(l), or k =
2 2
3. The solution to the initial-value problem is then
y = Jx + 3x, where the
2
y = x2 + 3x or, explicitly,
2
negative square root is chosen consistent with the
initial condition.
3.195 Solve y' = 2xy/(y

2
- x 2 ); ><(4) = 0.
I The solution to the differential equation was found in Problem 3.139 to be y

3
3yx 2 = k. Applying the
initial condition, we get k (0)
3
3(0)(4)
2
= 0, so the solution to the initial-value problem is y
3
3yx 2 0.
3.196 Solve y= x,
4
+
3xV + y 4
x 3y
;
y(2)=l.
I
The &
general solution to the differential equation
M was found in Problem 3.144 ' to be y
J
2
= x2 1 +
\ In \h
\ 4
Applying the initial condition, we get (l)
2
= -(2)
2 (
I 1 -(- -
1
J,
so In |4/c| = -. Then the general
solution becomes
2
-x 2 |Y 2
+ 2
ln|(4/c)(x /4)|J In \4k\ + In (x /4) -4/5 + ln(x /4)J
5
or, explicitly, y = x 1 +
-4 + 5 ln(x /4)Jj
2
CHAPTER 4
Exact First-Order
TESTING FOR EXACTNESS

4.1 Define exact as regards a differential equation.
I A differential equation M (x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = is exact if there exists a function g(x, y) such that
dg{x, y) = M(x, y) dx + N{x, y) dy.
4.2 Develop a test for determining whether a first-order differential equation is exact.
I If M(x, y) and N(x, y) are continuous functions and have continuous first partial derivatives on some
rectangle of the (x, y) plane, then the differential equation M(x, y) dx + N{x, y) dy = is exact if and only if
dM(x, y) dN(x, y)
dy dx
4.3 Determine whether the differential equation 2xydx + (1 4- x 2 )dy = is exact.
I dM dN
Here M(x, y) = 2xy and N(x, y) =1+ x
,
. Since -r = = 2x, the differential equation is exact.
dy ox
4.4 Determine whether the differential equation (x + sin y) dx + (x cos y 2y) dy = is exact.
I dM dN
Here M(x, y) = x + sin y and N(x, y) = x cos v 2 v. Since = cos y = -5, the differential
dy ex
equation is exact.
xy xy
4.5 Determine whether the differential equation xe dx + ye dy is exact.
I
Here
dM d{xe

dy
xy
= ; =
dy
) ,
x z e xy and
J
dN
^ =
dx
= y*e
d(ye
-
dx
xy
) ,
y
. Since these two partial derivatives are not equal,
.
, J . .
the differential equation is not exact.
4.6 Determine whether the differential equation (x> j

+ x 2 )dx + ( \)dy = is exact.
I dM cN n . dM cN
Here, M(x, y) = xy + x'
,
and N(x, y) = 1; hence -^ = x and = 0. Since ^^ # ^ , the
oy dx 5y dx
equation is nof exact.
4.7 Determine whether the differential equation (2xy + x) dx + (x

2
+ y) rfy = is exact.
# 3M ^
5N ,
= 2x =
. .
Here M(x, v) = 2xy + x and N(x, y) = x^ + y. Since , the equation is exact.

dy dx
4.8 Determine whether the differential equation (y + 2xy 3 )cix + (1 -I- 3x 2 y 2 + x)dy = is exact.
I dM , cN
=
, , ,
Here M(x, y) = y + 2x1^ and N(x, y) = 1 + 3x"V + x. Since ^^ = + 1 6xy^ , the equation is
dy ex
exact.
xy
4.9 Determine whether the differential equation ye dx + xe xy dy is exact.
I
Here M(x, y) = ye* y and N(x, y) = xe* y . Since
dM
= e
xy
+ xye
xy
=
dN
,
,
the equation
. .
is exact.
4.10 Determine whether the differential equation sin x cos y dx sin y cos x dy = 0.
I dM
Here M(x, y) = sin x cos y and JV(x, y) = sin y cos x. Since the partial derivative
.
, , . .
^ = sin x sin y
dN . .
is not equal to the partial derivative ^ = sin v sin x,

,
the equation is not exact.
dx
66
EXACT FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 67
4.1 1 Determine whether the differential equation y dx + x dy = is exact.
Here M(x, y) = y and JV(x, y) = x. Since = = 1 , the equation is exact.
4.12 Determine whether the differential equation (x y) dx + (x + y) dy = 0.
Here M(x, y) = x - y and N(x, y) = x + y. Since dy - = -1 and =

dx
1 are not equal, the
equation is not exact.
4.13 Determine whether the differential equation (y sin x + xy cos x) dx + (x sin x + 1) dy is exact.
Here M(x, y) = y sin x + x>' cos x and N(x, y) = x sin x + 1. Since =

dy
sin x + x cos x =
dx
, the
equation is exact.
4.14 Determine whether the differential equation x 2 dy + 2

y dx = is exact.
# Here M(x, y) = y
2
[recall that M(x, y) is the coefficient of dx~] and N(x, y) = x2 . Since the partial
dM dN
.
derivatives
.
= 2y and
J
= 2x are not equal, the equation is not exact.
dy dx
4.15 Determine whether the differential equation x sin y dy + \x 2 cos y dx = is exact.
Pi A /f
Here M(x, y) = \x 2 cos y and N{x, y) = x sin y. Since the partial derivatives = \x 2 sin y and
dy
^^ = sin y are not equal, the equation is not exact.

dx
4
4.16 Determine whether the differential equation (3x y
2
x 2 ) dy + (4x y
3 3
2xy) dx = is exact.
Here M(x, y) = 4x 3 y 3 2xy and N(x, y) = 4

3x y 2 x2 . Since =
dy
12x 3 y 2 2x = dx
, the equation
is exact.
3 xi
4.17 Determine whether the differential equation e* (3x
2
y x 2 ) dx + e dy = is exact.
Here M(x, y) = 3x 2 ye*

3
x 2 e*
3
and N(x, y) = x
e \ Since = 3x 2 e*
3
= , the equation is exact.
dy dx
4.18 Determine whether the differential equation given in the previous problem is exact after it is divided by the
x
nonzero quantity e \
I The new equation is (3x y

2
x 2 ) dx + dy = 0, in which M(x, y) = 3x 2 y x2 and N(x,y)\. Since
dM = , , dN ,._ . . .
3x and ^ = are not equal, the

, ,
new differential
,
dy dx
4.19 Determine whether the differential equation x y

=
dx
xy
r dy = is exact.
Here M(x, y) = x" 1

x
_2 _1
y and N(x, y) = x~ l y~ 2 . Since = x _2 y -2 = , the equation is
dy dx
exact.
4.20 Determine whether the differential equation (2x y

3
+ 4y
3
) dy + 3x 2 y 2 dx = is exact.
f Here M(x, y) = 3x 2 y 2 [recall that M(x, y) is the coefficient of dx] and yV(x, y) = 2x 3 y -I- 4y
3
. Since
dM
dN
=
,
= 6x _ y ,
t
the equation is exact.
cy ox
=
68 CHAPTER 4
4.21 Determine whether the differential equation (2r

3
+ 3y)dt + (3r + y l)dy = is exact.
Here M(t, y) = 2f
3
+ 3y and N(t, y) = 3f + y - 1. Since = 3=-, the equation is exact.
dy dr
4.22 Determine whether the differential equation (t

2
y) dt t dy = is exact.
Here M(f, y) = t
2
y and AT(f, y) = t. Since = = 1 , the equation is exact.
dy dt
4.23 Determine whether the differential equation y(t 2) dt t

2
dy = is exact.
I dM
cN
Here M(t, y) = v(t 2) and N(t,y)=-r. Since =t2 and = -It are not equal, the
dy dt
4.24 Determine whether the differential equation dt yja

2
t
2
dy = is exact when a denotes a constant.
I r~. 5- cM cN It
Here M(t, y) = 1 and N{t, y) = y/a z r. Since ^^ = ^ -^ = 2 the equation is not exact.
dy dt
Ja _ r
2
4.25 Determine whether the differential equation (3e

3
'_y 2f) <ir + e
3'
dy = is exact.
Here M(f, v) = 3e
3
')' 2t and N(t, y) = e
3 '.
Since = 2>e
3'
, the equation is exact.
dy dt
4.26 Determine whether the differential equation (cos > + >' cos t) dt + (sin t t sin y) dy = is exact.
I cM dN
Here M(t, y) = cos y + y cos t and N(t, y) = sin t t sin y. Since ^^ = sin v + cos t = -z , the
rv or
equation is exact.
4.27 Determine whether the differential equation for x(f) denned by (2r + 3x + 4) dt + (3f + 4x + 5)dx is
exact.
f With t as the independent variable and x as the dependent variable, we have M(f, x) = 2f + 3x + 4 and
6 M dN
N(t, x) = 3f + 4x + 5. Then ^ = 3 = -r- , so the equation is exact.
CX ( f
4 4
4.28 Determine whether the differential equation for x(t) defined by (6f
5
x3 + 4t
3
x 5 )dt + (3f
6
x2 + 5t x )dx = is
exact.
I With t as the independent variable and x as the dependent variable, we have M(t, x) = 6t
5
x3 + 4t
3
x5 and
/V(r, x) = 3t
6
x2 + 5t
4 4
x . Then = 18f
5
x2 + 20f x
3 4
= -, so the equation is exact.
ox dt
4.29 Determine whether the differential equation for x(f ) defined by (2r + 3x + 4) dx + (3f + 4x + 5) dt = is exact.
# With t as the independent variable and x as the dependent variable, we have M(t, x) = 3f + 4.x + 5, because
M is always the coefficient of the differential of the independent variable; then also N(t, x) = It + 3x + 4.
dM dN
Since
dx
=4 - and dt
= -
.
2 are not equal, the equation is not exact.
2
4.30 Determine whether the differential equation for x(f) defined by 2t{xe' - 1) dt + e'
2
dx = is exact.
2
f With f as the independent variable and x as the dependent variable, we have M(t, x) = 2r(xe' - 1) and
cM dN
N(t, x) = e'
2
. Then = 2te'
2
= , so the equation is exact.
dx dt
2 2
4.31 Determine whether the differential equation for x(r) defined by 2f(xe' - 1) dx + e' dt = is exact.
2
f With f as the independent variable and x as the dependent variable, we have M(t, x) = e' , because M(t, x)
,
is the coefficient of the differential of the independent variable; then also N(t, x) = 2t(xe'
2
- 1). Now

dM
= and
dN
= 2(xe'
2
- I) + (2t)(2txe')
Since these partial derivatives are not equal, the equation is not exact.
4.32 Determine whether the differential equation for x(t) defined by 3 + -z-
2
1 dt 2 - dx = is exact.
V t j t
x2 x dM dN

Here M(t, x) = 3 + -=- and N(t, x) = -2. Since = 2xt~
2
= - , the equation is exact,
r t dx dt
4.33 Determine whether the differential equation for z(t) defined by (t

2
+ z
2
) dt + (2tz z) dz = is exact.
f dM dN
Here M{t, z) = r + ,
z^ and N(f, z) = 2rz - z. Since = 2z = , the equation is exact.
dz dt
4.34 Determine whether the differential equation for z(t) defined by (t + z cos r) dt -f (sin t 3z
2
+ 5) dz = is exact.
# dM dN
Here M(t, z) = t + z cos r and N{t, z) = sin f 3z^ + 5. Since ^ = cos = f , the equation is
dz dt
exact.
4.35 Determine whether the differential equation for u(v) defined by 2(u
2
+ uv 3) du + (u
2
+ 3v
2
v) dv = is
exact.
f Here M(v, u) u
2
+ 3u
2
v, because we associate M with the coefficient of the differential of the
dM dN
= =
. .
independent variable; then N(v, u) = 2(tr + uv 3). Since 2u , the equation is exact.
du dv
4 2
4.36 Determine whether the differential equation for u(v) defined by (4u m
3 3
+ \/v)dv + (3v u \/u)du = is
exact.
Here M(v, u) = 4v u
3 3
+ - and N(v, u) = 3f u
4 2
. Since - = -
12d u
3 2
= , the equation is
v u du dv
exact.
2 u" 2
4.37 Determine whether the differential equation for v(u) defined by (v e + 4m 3 ) du + (2uve
uv2
3v
2
) dv is
exact.
u"2
f Here u is the independent variable and v is the dependent variable, so M(u, v) = v e
2
+ 4u 3 and
dM . dN
N(u, v) = 2uve
uv
- 3i>
2
. Since = 2ve
uv 2
+ 2v ue
3 uv 2
= , the equation is exact.
dv du
2pe 2e d6
2e
4.38 Determine whether the differential equation for p(0) defined by (1 + e )dp + = is exact.
Here M{0, p) = 2pe

28
and N(0, p) = 1 + e
2e
. Since = 2e
2e
= -, the equation is exact.
dp du
4.39 Determine whether the differential equation (tyjt

2
+ y
2
- y)dt + (y^Jt
2
+ y
2
- t) dy = is exact.
Here M(t, y) = tsjt

2
+ y
2
- y and N{t, y) = yjt 2 + y
2
- t. Since = ty(t
2
+ y
2 )~ ,/2
- 1 =
+ ye"2
4.40 Determine whether the differential equation y = .
is exact.
2y xe"
70 CHAPTER 4
f Rewriting this equation in differential form, we obtain (2 + ye

xy
) dx + {xe
xy
2y) dy = 0. Here,
vM dN
M(x, y) 2 + ye
xy
and N(x, y) xe xy 2y. Since = e
xy
+ xyexy , the differential equation is
dy ex
exact.
4.41 Determine whether the differential equation dy/dx y/x is exact.
I y y
In differential form, this equation may be written as dy dx = or dx dy = 0, which is not exact.
x x
The original differential equation also has the differential form y dx xdy 0, but this equation also is not
exact. If, however, we write the original differential equation as (1/x) dx + (1/y) dy 0, then M(x, y) = 1/x
dM dN
and N(x, y) 1/y, so that = = and the equation is exact. Thus, a differential equation has manv
i
y < x
differential forms, some of which may be exact. Exactness is a property of differential equations in differential
form (see Problem 4.1).
4.42 Determine whether the differential equation dy/dx = y/x is exact.
I y
This equation has the differential form - dx + dx = 0, which is not exact. If, however, we write the original
x
cM dN
equation as ydx + x dx = 0, then we have M(x, y) = v and N(x, y) = x, so that = 1 = and
dy ex
SOLUTIONS OF EXACT EQUATIONS

4.43 Develop a method for solving an exact differential equation.
# If the differential equation A/(.\\ y)dx + N{x, y)dy = is exact, then it follows from Problem 4.1 that there
exists a function g(x, y) such that
dg(x,y) = M{x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy (1)
But also dgix, y) =d J^ ox

dx + J^lA dy
d
dy
(2)
so g(x, y) must satisfy the equations
It follows from (/)

^ ( a
that the exact differential equation

= M(x,y) and
may be
^
written as
dy
= *<*,,)
dg(x, y) = = Odx. Integrating this

with respect to x and noting that y is itself a function of x, we obtain the solution to the exact differential
equation in implicit form as
g(x, y) = c (4)
where c denotes an arbitrary constant. The function #(x, y) is obtained by solving (5).
4.44 Solve 2.\y dx + ( 1 + x 2 dy

) = 0.
I This differential equation is exact (see Problem 4.3). We must determine a function g(x, y) that satisfies (i) of
Problem 4.43. Substituting M(x, y) 2xy into (3) of Problem 4.43, we obtain dg/dx = 2xy. Integrating
both sides of this equation with respect to x, we find
f^dx = $2xydx or g{x, y) = x 2y + Hy) (J)
Note that when we integrate with respect to x, the constant (with respect to x) of integration can depend on y.
We now determine h(y). Differentiating #(x, y) of (/) with respect to y, we obtain dg/dy x 2 + h'(y). Then,
substituting this equation along with N(x, y) = 1 + x2 into (3) of Problem 4.43, we obtain
x2 + h'(y) = 1 +x 2
or h'(y) = 1
Integrating this last equation with respect to y, we obtain h(y) y + c x (c t constant). Substituting this expression
into (/) yields y(x, y) = x2y + y + cv Thus, the solution to the differential equation, which is given implicitly
by gix, y) = c, is x 2y +y= c2 , where c2 = c -c x

. Solving for y explicitly, we obtain the solution as
=
y
x^T
4.45 Solve (x + sin y) dx + (x cos y - 2y) rfy = 0.
f It follows from Problem 4.4 that this equation is exact. With M(x, y) = x + sin y and
N(x, y) = x cos y - 2y, we seek a function #(x, y) that satisfies of Problem 4.43. Substituting Mix, y) in (i) of
(J)
Problem 4.43, we obtain dgfdx = x + sin y. Integrating both sides of this equation with respect to .x, we find
I dg
dx
dx = I (x + sin y) dx
or c/(x, y) = jx
2
+ x sin y + hiy) (J)
To find hiy), we differentiate (7) with respect to y, obtaining dg/dy = xcosy + h'(y), and then substitute this
result along with Nix, y) = x cos y 2y into (5) of Problem 4.43. Thus we find
x cos y + /j'(y) == x cos y 2y or h'(y) = 2y

from which it follows that hiy) = y 2 + c v Substituting this h(y) into (7), we obtain
g(x, y) = \x
2
+ x sin y y + c 2
x
. The solution of the differential equation is then given implicitly by gix, y) = c,
or by \x
2
+ x sin y y 2 = c 2 , where c2 c c,.
4.46 Solve (2xy + x) dx + (x

2
+ y) dy = 0.
f This equation is exact, with M(x, y) = 2xy + x and N(x, y) = x2 + y (see Problem 4.7). We require
dg/dx = Mix, y), so dg/dx = 2xy + x. Integrating this with respect to x, we obtain
g(x, y) =
J dx = J(2xy + x) dx - x2y + |x
2
+ h(y) (7)
To find /j(y), we first differentiate (7) with respect to y, obtaining dg/dy = x2 + h'iy). Since we require
dd/dy ^(x y\ 't follows that x 2
+ h'iy) = x 2
+y or h'iy) = y. Upon integration, we find that
hiy) = \y
2
+ c,, so (7) becomes g(x, y) x2y + ^x 2 + |y
2
+ c,. The solution to the differential equation
is then gix, y) c, or x2y + {x 2 + \y
2
= c2 where c2 = c c,.
4.47 Solve (y + 2xy 3 dx + ) (1 + 3x y

2 2
+ x) dy = 0.
I This equation is exact, with M(x, y) = y + 2xy 3 and W(x, y) = 1 + 3x 2 y 2 + x (see Problem 4.8). We
require dg/dx Mix, y), so dg/dx = y + 2xy 3 Integrating this with respect to x, we obtain
.
gix, y) = f--dx = + 2xy 3 ) dx - xy + x 2 y 3 + hiy) (7)

J(y
To find hiy), we first differentiate (7) with respect to y, obtaining dg/dy = x + 3x 2 y 2 + h'iy). Since we require
dg/dy = Nix, y), it follows that
x + 3x 2 y 2 + h'iy) = 1 + 3x 2 y 2 + x or h'iy) = 1
Upon integrating this last equation with respect to y, we find h(y) y + cx ,

so (7) becomes
gix, y) xy + x y + y + c v
2 3
The solution to the differential equation is then gix, y) c, or
2 3
xy + x y + y = c2 where c2 = c Cj.
xy xy
4.48 Solve ye dx + xe dy = 0.
xy
f This equation is exact, with M(x, y) = ye*yN(x, y) = xe and (see Problem 4.9). We require
dg/dx = Mix, y), so dg/dx = ye
xy
. Integrating this with respect to x, we obtain
xy
gix, y) = dx = JV> dx = e + h(y) (7)
j ||
To find hiy), we first differentiate (7) with respect to y, obtaining dg/dy = xe xy + h'iy). Since we require
dg/dy = Nix, y), it follows that xe
xy
+ h'iy) = xe
xy
, or h'(y) = 0. Upon integrating this last equation
xy
with respect to y, we find hiy) = c,, a constant, so becomes
(/) gix, y) = e + cv The solution to the
differential equation is #(x, y) = c, or e
xy
= c2 where c 2 = c cv
72 CHAPTER 4
4.49 Solve 3x 2 y 2 dx + (2x y

3
+ 4y
3
) dy = 0.
I This equation is exact, with M(x, y) = 3x 2 y 2 and 7V(x, y) = 2x 3 y + 4y

3
(see Problem 4.20). We require
dg/dx = M(x, y), so dg/<?x = 3x y 2 2
. Integrating this with respect to x, we obtain
*3
C
g (x, y) = f 4- dx = f 3x
2 2
y dx = x3y2 + h(y) (7)
To find h(y), we first differentiate (7) with respect to y, obtaining cg/cy = 2x 3 y + h'(y). Since we require
dy/dy N(x, y\ it follows that
2x 3 y + h'(y) = 2x 3 y + 4y
3
or h'(y) = 4y
3
4
Upon integrating this last equation with respect to y, we find h(y) y + cu so (7) becomes
g(x, y) = 3
x y 2
+ y
4
+ cv The solution to the differential equation is g{x, y) = c, or x 3 y 2 + y4 = c2 where
c2 =c-c v
4.50 Solve ydx + xdy = 0.
I This equation is exact, with M(x, y) = y and 7V(x, y) = x (see Problem 4.11). We require
dg/dx = M(x, y), so cg/dx = y. Integrating with respect to x. we obtain
dg
g(x, y) =
J
\dx = \y dx = xy + h(y) (7)
dx >>
To find /i(y), we first differentiate (/) with respect to y, obtaining cg/cy = x + h'(y). Since we require
dg/dy = 7V(x, y), it follows that x + h'(y) x or h'(y) 0. Upon integrating this last equation with respect
to y, we find h(y) = cu so (7) becomes g(x, y) = xy + c v The solution to the differential equation is
g(x, y) = c, or xy = c2 where c 2 c c v
4.51 Solve (y sin x + xy cos x) dx + (x sin x + 1 ) dy = 0.
f This equation is exact, with M(x. y) = y sin x + xy cos x and N(x, y) = x sin x + (see Problem 4.13). 1
We require dg/dx = M{x, y), so dg dx = y sin x + xycosx. Integrating this with respect to x, we obtain

dx
dx=
J
( v sin x + xv cos x) dx = y cos x + (xy sin x + y cos x) = xy sin x 4- h(y) (7)
It follows that dg dy = x sin x + h'(y). We require cg/dy = 7V(x, y), so we have
x sin x + /j'(v) = x sin x + 1 or h'(y) = 1
Upon integrating this last equation with respect to y, we find h(y) = y + c,, so (/) becomes
#(x, y) = xy sin x + y + c,. The solution to the differential equation, #(x, y) = c, may then be written as
xy sin x + y + c, = c, or y = c2 xy sin x where c2 =cc x
.
4.52 Solve (3x y

4 2
- x 2) Jy + (4xV - 2xy) dx = 0.
I This equation is exact, with M(x, y) = 4x 3 y 3 2xy and JV(x, y) = 3x 4 y 2 x2 (see Problem 4.16). Then
we have
g(x, y) = JM(x, y) dx = f(4x 3 y 3 - 2xy) dx = x*y 3 - x 2y + h(y) (7)
4
from which cg/cy = 3x y 2 - x 2 +
4
h'(y). Now since dg cy = N(x, y) = 3x y 2 x2 , we have h'(y) = 0.
4
Then h(y) - cu and (7) becomes y g(x, y) =x 3
x y 2
+ cv The solution to the differential equation is then
x 4y 3 x2y = k, where k is an arbitrary constant.
xi
4.53 Solve e
x
\3x 2 y - x 2 dx + ) e dy = 0.
I This equation is exact, with M(x, y) = 3x 2 ye* - x 2 e xi 3

and N(x, y) = e
x}
(see Problem 4.17). Then
4( X ,
y)=\-f
dx = jM(x, y) ix = |(3x 2 yrv3 - x V 3
) dx = y^ -
3
ê
xi
+ h(y) (7)
must equal N(x, y) = e x \ we have /i'(y) = 0, so that

3
from which dg/dy = e* + h'(y). Since this last
xi
h(y) = cv Then (7) becomes ^(x, y) = ye y^ 3 + c u and the solution to the differential equation is
3 xi
ye* 3f
x3
= A' or v = ke~ + \, where k is an arbitrary constant.
EXACT FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS D 73
4.54 Solve ? dx = dy = 0.
xzy xy
_1
f This equation is exact, with M(x, y) = x - x~ 2 y~ 1
and N(x, y) = -x~ y~ 2 l
g(x, y) = - dx = JM(x, y) dx = JV - 1
x" 2 y~ l
)<*x = In |x| + x~ y~ l + l
My) (7)
J*
_1 -2
from which we may write dg/dy = x~ 1 y~ 2 + h'{y) = N(x, y) = x y This gives us h'(y) = 0, from .
-1 _1
which h(y) = c v Then (7) becomes g(x, y) = In |x| + x y + c u and the solution to the differential
_1 _1
equation is In |x| + x y = k, where k is arbitrary. This solution may also be written as
_1 _1
In |x| + In \C\ = x y where In |C|, from which In |Cx| = 1/xy or y = - l/(x In |Cx|).k=
4.55 Solve {It
3
+ 3y) dt + (3t + y - 1) dy = 0.
/ This equation is exact, with M(t, y) = 2r

3
+ 3y and N(t, y) = 3r + y 1 (see Problem 4.21). Then
d
= S M{U y) dt = i (2f3 + = *
g(t, =$ dt 3y) dt + 3ty + Hy)
y)
f t \
l (1)
from which we may write dg/dy = 3r + h'(y) = N(t, y) = 3r + y 1. This yields h'{y) = y + 1, from which
h(y) {y = 2
+ y + cv Then (7) becomes g(t, y) = \t* + 3ry + \y 2 + y + c lt and the solution to the differential
4
y k where k is an arbitrary constant. If we rewrite the solution ls
2
equation is jt + 3fy + \y +
4
y
2
+ (6f + 2)y + (f + C) = where C 2k, then we can use the quadratic formula to solve for y
explicitly, obtaining
4
(6r + 2) V(6t + 2)
2
- 4(t + C)
y = = (3t + 1) yjyt + ot t +K K= C I
4.56 Solve (t
2
- y)dt-tdy = 0.
I This equation is exact, with M(t, y) = t

2
y and N(t,y)=t (see Problem 4.22). Then
X
g(t, y) = dt = JM(t, y) dt = 2
-y)dt= -t i -ty + h(y)
jf t
J(r (7)
from which we may write dg/dy = t + h'(y) = N(t, y) = t. This yields h\y) = 0, from which h(y) = cv
Then (7) becomes g(t, y) = \t
3
ty + c lt and the solution is ^r
3
ty = k or, explicitly, y = %t
2
- k/t,
with k arbitrary.
4.57 Solve
3
(3e 'y - It) dt + e
3'
dy = 0.
I This equation is exact, with M(t, y) = 3e y

3,
- It and N(t, y) = e
3'
d
g (t, y) = j Jj-dt = JM(t, y)dt = J(3e
3
'y - 2t)dt = e 'y
3
- r
2
+ %) (7)
from which we may write dg/dy = e + h'(y) = N(t, y)

3 ' = e
3
'. This yields h'(y) = 0, so that h(y) = cv Then
(7) becomes g(t, y) = e 'y - t
3 2
+ c x and the solution ,
is
3
e 'y - t
2
= k or y = {t 2 + k)e~ 3t , with /c arbitrary.
4.58 Solve (cos y + y cos f) dt + (sin t r sin y) dy = 0.
f This equation is exact, with M(t, y) = cos y + y cos r and 7V(r, y) = sin r - t sin y (see Problem 4.26).
Then
g (t, y)= f -j-dt = ilM(t, y) dt = f(cos y + y cost) dt = cosy + t y sin t + h(y) (1)
from which we may write dg/dy = - 1 sin y + sin f + ft'(y). Since this must equal N(t, y) = sin t - t sin y, we
have h'(y) = 0, so that h(y) = cv Then (7) becomes g(t, y) = t cos y + y sin t + c{ , and the solution is,
implicitly, t cos y + y sin r = k.
4.59 Solve (tVt

2
+y 2 -y)dt + (yjt 2 + y 2 -t)dy = 0.
I This equation is exact, with M(t, y) = rV'

2
+ y
2
- y and N ( l> y) = y^f^^y 2 - t (see Problem 4.39). Then
d
g{t , y) = Jl dt = j M (t, y) dt = j[t(t
2
+ 2
y y>
2
- y] dt = i (r 2 + y
2 3'2
)
- ty + fc(y) (7)
j
.
74 CHAPTER 4
from which we may write dg/cy = y{t 2 + y 2 ) 1 2 '

- t + h\y) = N{t, y) = y[t 2 + y
2
)
1 2
- t. This yields h'(y) = 0,
from which h(y) = c v Then (7) becomes g(t, y) = ^(t + y
2 2 3 2
- ty + c u '
)
and the solution is, implicitly,
(t
2
+ y
2 3'2
)
- 3ty = k.
4.60 Solve (2f + 3.x + 4) dt + (3t + 4x + 5) dx = 0.
f We presume that t is the independent variable and x is the dependent variable, so we are seeking x(t). Then
this equation is exact, with M(t, x) = 2r + 3x + 4 and iV(r, x) = 3r 4- 4x + 5 (see Problem 4.27). Now
C
g (t, x) = f 4- dt = (M(t, x) dt = Ult + 3x + 4) dt = t
2
+ 3tx + 4f + h(x) (7)
from which we write cg/cx 3t + h'(x) N(t, x) 3t + 4x + 5. This yields h'(x) 4x + 5, from which
h(x) = 2x 2
+ 5x + Cj. Then (7) becomes t
2
+ 3tx + 4t + 2x 2 + 5x + cu and the solution
is. implicitly,
t
2
+ 3fx + 4t + 2x 2 + 5x = k. This solution may be rewritten as 2x 2 + (3f + 5)x + (r 2 + 4f - k) = and
. . -(3r + 5) v(3r + 5) 2 - 8(t 2 + 4t - k)
,. .
then solved explicitly for x with the quadratic formula, to yield

,
. . .
f ,
.
x = ^ -.
4
x 4 ) dx
4
4.61 Solve (6f
5
x3 + 4f
3
x5) dt + (3f
6
x2 + 5t = 0.
I We presume that t is the independent variable, x is the dependent variable, and we want x(f). Then this
4 4
equation is exact, with M(t, x) = 6f
5
x3 + 4r
3
x5 and N(t, x) = 3f
6
x2 + 5f x (see Problem 4.28). Now
g (t, x) = f ^ dt = JM(t, x)dt - f(6f x

5 3
+ 4f
3
x 5 ) dt = f
6
x3 + r
4
x5 + h(x) (1)
from which we may write dg/dx = x2 +

3f
6
5f
4
x4 + h'(x) = N(t, x) = 3t 6 x 2 + 5f 4 x 5 This yields h'(x) = . 0,
from which fc(x) = cv Then (/) becomes g(t, x) = x + 4 x 5 + c lt and the solution is. implicitly,
6 3
f f
6 4
f x3 + f x5 = k.
2 2
4.62 Solve 2t(xe' -l)dt + e' dx = 0.
f We presume that t is the independent variable, x is the dependent variable, and we want x(t). Then this
2
equation is exact, with M(t, x) = 2r(xe' 1) and N(t, x) = e'~ (see Problem 4.30). Now
ig
g(t, a) = - dt - f M(f, x) dt = f2f(xe'
2
-\)dt = xe'
2
- t
2
+ h(x) (/)
J*
from which we write cg/cx = e'~ + h'(x) = N{t, x) = e'

2
. This yields h'(x) = 0, from which h(x) = cv Then
2
(7) becomes g(t, x) = xe'
2
t
2
+ c,; the solution is xe'
2
t
2
k or, explicitly, x(t) = (f
2
+ k)e~' .
4.63 Solve (t
2
+ z
2
) dt + (2tz - z) dz = for r(f).
f This equation is exact, with M(t, z) = t

2
+ z
2
and N{t, z) = 2tz z (see Problem 4.33). Then
g(t, z)= (T-dt = M(t, z) dt = JV 2 + z

2
) dt = -t 3 + tz
2
+ h(z) (7)
from which we have cg/dz = 2tz + h'(z) = N(t, z) = 2tz - z. This yields h'(z) = -z, from which
h(z) = -\z 2 + c,. Then (7) becomes g(t, z) = \t
3
+ tz
2
- \z 2 + c,; the solution is 2f
3
+ 6fr
2
- 3r
2
= k
=
fk-2t 3
V 2
or. explicitly, z(t) 1
4.64 Solve ( 3 + ^- j dt - 2- dx = 0.
I x2 x
This equation is exact, with M(r, x) = 3 + -y and N{t, x) = 2 - (see Problem 4.32). Then
g(t, x) = j^dt = jM(r, x) dt =

J
h + ^-J A = 3r - y + h(x) (7)
= - +
X
from which we may write
cq
ex
2x
t
h'{x) = N{t, x) = 2 '-.
t
This yields h'(x) = 0. so that
V
x2
h{x) = cv Then (/) becomes g(t, x) = 3t + ct; the solution to the differential equation is 3t - - = k
l t
,
or, explicitly, x(t) = y/3t 2 - kt.
4.65 Solve (t + z cos t) dt + (sin t - 3z

2
+ 5) dz = for z(t).
# This equation is exact, with M{t, z) = t + z cos t and N(z, t) = sin t 3z

2
+ 5 (see Problem 4.34). Then
g(t, z)= f -~dt = JM(t, z) dt = f (t + z cos t) dt = - t

2
+ z sin t + hi:) (7)
from which we write dg/dz = sin t + h'(z) = N(t, z) = sin t 3z

2
+ 5. This yields h'(z) = - 3z 2 + 5, so that
h(z) = -z + 5z + c,. Then
3
(7) becomes g(t, z) = \t
2
+ z sin t - z
3
+ 5z + c ls and the solution is. implicitly,
\t
2
+ zsinr - z 3 + 5z = /c.
4.66 Solve 2(u

2
+ ud - 3) du + (u
2
+ 3i>
2
- v) dv for u(v).
I This equation is exact, with M(v, u) = u

2
+ 3i?
2
d and N(v, u) = 2u
2
+ 2uv - 6 (see Problem 4.35).
Then
g(v, u) =
J
ydv= { M(v, u)dv = Uu 2 + 3v
2
-v)dv= vu
2
+ v
3
-- v
2
+ h(u) (1)
from which we may write dg/du = 2uv + h'(u) = N(v, u) = 2u 2 + 2uv 6. This yields h'(u) = 2u 2 6, from
which h(u) = f u 3 6u + c v Then (7) becomes g(v, u) = vu 2 + v 3 \v 2 + f u 3 6u + c ,; the solution is,
after fractions are cleared, 4u 3 + 6v 3 + 6i>u 2 3i; 2 36u k.
4.67 Solve (4pV + l/v) dv + {3v*u

2
- l/u) du = for u(v).
= 4
This equation is exact, with M(v, u) Av 3 u 3 + - and N{v, u) 3v u
2
v u
A
g ( Vy u ) = f j- dv = JM{v, u)dv= f Uv 3
u
3
+ dv = v u
3
+ In |o| + h(u) U)
-J
A
from which we may write dg/du 3v u
2
+ h'{u) N{v, u) 3v*u
2
l/u. This yields h'(u) = 1/w, from
which h(u) = In \u\ + cv Then (7) becomes g(v, u) v u
A 3
+ In |t;| In \u\ + cx ; the solution is, implicitly,
v*u
3
+ In \v/u\ = k.
4.68 Solve (v e
2 uv2
+ 4u 3 )du + (2uve
uv2
- 2
3v )dv = tor v(u).
ul 2 u" 2
I This equation is exact, with M(u, v) = v e
2 '
+ 4u 3 and N(u, v) = 2uve - 3v 2 (see Problem 4.37).
Then
2 4
g (u, v) = f j- du = jM(u, y) Ju = JV> + 4u 3 ) Ju - e
uv2
+ w + /i(r) (7)
from which we write = 2uve

m2 +'
= N{u, v) 2uve m
' 2
3v
2
This yields = 3v 2 from which
dg/dv h'(v) . h'(v) .
h(v) = -v + 3
c,. Then (7) becomes g(u, y) = e m + u 4 v 3 + c^
' 2
the solution is, implicitly, e'"~ + u
4
v
3
= k.
4.69 Solve (1 + e
2e
) dp + 2pe
2e
d9 = for p(0).
2e
f This equation is exact, with M(6, p) = 2pe
2e
and 7V(0, p) = 1 + e (see Problem 4.38). Then
g(6, p) = j^M = $M(0, p)d9 = J2pe 2e

d0 = pe
20
+ h(p) (7)
from which we write dg/dp = e

20
+ h'{p) = N{0, p) = 1 + e
20
. This yields h'(p) = 1, so that h(p) = p + cv
20 ie
Then (7) becomes pe
20
+ p + cv The solution is pe + p = k or, explicitly, p = fc/(l +e ).
xy
2 + ve
4.70 Solve y=
2y xe x
76 CHAPTER 4
I It was shown in Problem 4.40 that this equation is exact in the differential form
(2 + yexy)dx + (xex>- 2y)dy = 0. Here M(x, y) = 2 + ye" and N(x, y) = xe*> - 2>\ Since
eg ex M(x, y), we have
= dx = + yO dx = 2x + e xy
+
J j-
g(x, y) h(y) (7)
J*(2
from which we may write cg/cy xexy + h'(y); then equating this to N(x, y) yields xe* y + h'{y) xexy 2y,
from which h'(y) 2y. It follows that h(y) = y + c v 2
Then (7) becomes g(x, y) 2x + e
xy
y
2
+ cu
and the solution to the differential equation is given implicitly by 2x + e
xy
y
2
c2 , where c2 = c cv
4.71 Solve dy/dx y/x.
I It was shown in Problem 4.41 that in the differential form (\/x)dx + [l/y)dy 0. this equation is exact
with M(x, y) = 1/x and N(x, y) = 1/y. Then
g(x, y) = j-JLdx = JM(x, y) dx =

J"
dx = -In |x| + h(y) (7)
from which we may write cg/cy = h'(y) 7V(x, y) = 1/y. This yields h'(y) l/y, so that h(y) = In |y| + cv
Then (7) becomes g(x, y) = In |x| + In \y\ + c,, or g{x, y) = In |y/x| + c,. The solution to the differential
equation is In \y/x\ k, or y = Cx where C = e\
4.72 Solve dy/dx = -y/x.
I It was shown in Problem 4.42 that in the differential form y dx + xdy = 0. this equation is exact with
M(x, y)= y and N(x, y) x. Then
g(x, y) = -^ dx = Af (x, y) dx = jy dx = xy + h\
y) (7)
J J*
from which we may write dg/dy = x + h'(y) = N(x, y) = x. This yields h'(y) 0, so that h{y) cv Then
(7) becomes g(x, y) = xy + c,, so the solution to the differential equation is xy = k or, explicitly, y = k/x.
v 1
4.73 Solve - -^ dx + - d y = 0.
x x
I
Here Mix, y) = -
A
y
x
, and N(x, y)
/V(x, =
1
-,
x
and since =
,'M
dy
= x
1
r
;
TV
-r-
cx
the differential equation is exact.
Then
= =
9(X '
>'> =J ^ JX = J M(X -
V) dX '
/(?)
dX
x
+ * (7)
from which we write

PI
=-+
-- h'(v) = N(x, y) =
1
-. This yields h'(y) = 0, from which h{y) = cv Then (7)

ay x x
becomes g{x, y) = y/x + cu and the solution to the differential equation is y x = k or y = /ex.
1 x
4.74 Solve - dx - -j dy = 0.
>' >'
Here A/(x, y) =
1
- and 7V(x,y)=
7V(x, y)

= yy,
?,
2
x
-
so
^ = =
dM
cy
cN
T~ y
1
r
^
cx
and the equation is exact. Then
y y
9(x, y) = f^-dx= fM(x, y) dx = f - dx =-+ Hy) (/)

J cx J J y y
from which we can write -f-

dy
= y
=-
2
+ h'(y) = 7V(x, y) = y
5-. This yields h'(y) = 0, so that Hy) =c v
Then (7) becomes #(x, y) = x/y + cu so the solution to the differential equation is x y = k, or y = Cx
where C= l/k.
=
~y
4.75 Solve dx + * , d>- = 0.
, ,
x
2
+ y
2
x2 + y
2
I u x dM -x dN 2 2
Here is/
M(x,
^
y) = -."^ 5 -
^
and *
7v(x, y)
*
= -= _-,
z
so = y 2
= - 2
and the equation
. .
is exact.
* + y * + y dy (x + y )
2
dx
Then
y
dx = Jc M{x, y) dx = Jc
Jdg 2 2
dx = arctan
y
- + h'(y) (1)

da

j-
dy
-5-
x +
x
= ~^^ +
y
2
h'(y)
/i'(y) = N(x,
7V(x, y) =
-^
x
x
+ y
j. This yields /i'(y) = 0, from which
Hy) cv Then (/) becomes g(x, y) = arctan (y/x) + c lt and the solution to the differential equation is
arctan (y/x) = k. This may be rewritten as y/x = tan k, or as y Cx where C= tan k.
4.76 Solve (1/x) dx + (1/y) dy = 0.
Here M(x, y) = 1/x and N(x, y) = 1/y, so = = and the equation is exact. Then
dy dx
= dx = jM(x, y) dx = - dx = +
J j-
g(x, y) In |x| h(y) (/)
dx J*
from which we write dg/dy h'{y) = JV(x, y) = 1/y. This yields h'(y) = 1/y, from which h(y) In |y| + cx .
Then (7) becomes #(x, y) = In |x| + In \y\ + c, = In |xy| + c 1? and the solution to the differential equation is
In |xy| = k, or y = c/x where c e k .
4.77 Solve xy 2 dx + 2
x y dy = 0.
Here M (x, y) = xy 2 and JV(x, y) = x 2 y, so =

dy
2xy =
dx
and the equation is exact. Then
= dx = jM(x, dx = JxyJ 2 dx = x2y2 +

J j-
g(x, y) v y)'
J ]- h(y) (1)
dx J J 2
from which we may write = x 2 y + h'(y) = N(x, y) = x 2 y. This yields h'(y) = 0,

dg/dy so that h{y) c1 .
Then (1) becomes g(x, y) = \x y + c u so the solution to the differential equation is

2 2
\x y
2 2
= k or,
explicitly, y = c/x where c = \J2k.

"
4.78 Solve X
n y"" +1 dx + x~ n + y~"dy = l
0, for real numbers n # 1.
Here M(x, y) = x ~"y~ and iV(x, y) = x~ n + l

y' n , so dy - = {-n + l)x "y " =
dx
- and the
equation is exact. Then
g(x, y) =
J
r da
- dx =
<
J
r
M(x, y) dx
r
= jx-"y-" + '
dx =
x"" +1 v" n+1
J^-- + /j(y) (/)
from which we may write dg/dy = x~ n + 1

y~" + h'(y) = N{x, y) = x~ n+l y~". This yields h'(y) = 0, so
that /i(v) = cv Then (/) becomes g(x, y) =

-(xy)~"
+ +1
c l9 and the solution to the differential equation
(xv)~" +1 C
=
1
is - = fc. This may be rewritten as (xy)" '

~~
-, or as y = where
l/(n-l)
c=
4.79 Solve -^2 2

dx + , ,
2
dy = 0.
x + y x2 + y
/
Here M(x, y) = -^
x
5 and iV(x, y) = -j-y 2,
so
8M
-=
2xy
,
2 2
=
dN
and the equation is
= x I -
78 CHAPTER 4
exact. Then
9(x, y) = j ~dx = J*M(x, y) dx = ^ * dx = - In (x 2 + y

2
) + h(y) (1)
j A
dg
from which we may write = -= y T + h'(y) = N(x, y) = .
xL
y
T . This yields h'{ y) = 0, from which
dy x* + y + v
h(y) = cv Then (/) becomes g(x, y) = \\n(x 2 + y
2
+c) Y ; the solution to the differential equation is
\ In (x
2
+ y
2
) = k, which we may rewrite as x 2
+ y = e
2k
2
, or explicitly as >' = yJC x 2 where C= e
2k
.
x
4.80 Solve 2
+
=- dx
2
+ .2
y
^- dy
2
= for real numbers n # 1.
(x v )" (x + >' )"
'
Here
.,,
M(x, y)
,
=
(x
2
*
+ v )
and
. ,
N(x, y) =
{x +
y
y )
so
cM
=
ay + (x
2
-2nxy
2
y f
l
=
dN
dx
and the equation
is exact. Then
* * - J dx - /"<* ** - J r?^? * - a .-i^' + ^- + ** (/
OQ
-T- == j-^
y
,
2
j
,
2
+ h'(y) = N(x, y) = =-^-
y -
2 ,
2
j . This yields h'(y) = 0, so that
< v + (x y )" (x + y )"
/i(y) = c,. Then (/) becomes g(x, v) = -

2(
-,
\){x
2
+ y
._. +
)
c,. and the solution to the differential equation
is ^t~ - .w
Hi, l)(x
-1
>'
2
+
t,
2

)"
r =
.
k.
_..
This may be rewritten as
us n
.
(x
. ,
2
+ y
,.._.
2
'
)" "
'
-1
=
2k(n-
, and then explicitly as
y '
1)
-1 l/(n- 1)
y = Vc 2
where c
_2fc(n- 1)
~ ~
4.81 Solve axa 1 b
y dx + bxayb 1
dy = for nonzero values of the real constants a and 6.
f rv
Here M(x, y) = ax l
y* and N(x,y) = bx"y
b l
, so - =
<\\/
afrx"
l
y* '= and the equation is exact.
oy ox
Then
(
</(.v. y) = f / dx = fM(x, y)dx = fax '

V</x = x"/ + /i(y) (7)
from which we may write dg/cy = frx'V '

+ />'(>') = N(x, y) = bx a y h ~ l
. This yields /j'(y) = 0, from which
Ky) c \- Then (/) becomes x ay b =
h
g(x, y) = x"y + c x the solution to the
\ differential equation is k, or
y = Cx-" where C = k h
lb l
.
INTEGRATING FACTORS
4.82 Define integrating factor for a differential equation of the form M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy 0.
I A function I(x, y) is an integrating factor for such a differential equation if
/(x, y)[M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy] = is exact.
4.83 Determine whether 1/x

2
is an integrating factor for ydx x dy 0.
I Multiplying the given differential equation by 1/x 2 yields
-1 (y dx x d\)
=- or -yr dx H 1
dy =
x x x
This last equation is exact (see Problem 4.73); hence - 1/x

2
is an integrating factor for the equation.
4.84 Determine whether 1/xy is an integrating factor for y dx x dy = 0.
I Multiplying the given differential equation by 1/xy yields
xy
( v dx - x dy) = or x
dx + - dy =
y
This last equation is exact; hence 1/xy is an integrating factor for the equation.

4.85 Determine whether 1/y 2 is an integrating factor for ydx xdy 0.
2
I Multiplying the given differential equation by 1/y yields
1 1 x
-5- (y dx - xdy) = or - dx T dy =
y y y
2
This last equation is exact (see Problem 4.74); hence 1/y is an integrating factor for the equation.
4.86 Determine whether l/(x 2 + y

2
) is an integrating factor for ydx xdy 0.
f Multiplying the given differential equation by l/(x + 2

y
2
) yields
1
-2 j (y dx x dy) = or y dx H
x
^ dy
x" + y- r+y 2 ^ ^
x* + y
2
This last equation is exact (see Problem 4.75); hence l/(x
2
+ y ) is an integrating factor for the equation.
4.87 Show that 1/xy is an integrating factor for y dx + x dy = 0.
# Multiplying the given differential equation by 1/xy yields

xy
(y dx + x dy) = or dx + - dy =
x y
Since this last equation is exact (see Problem 4.76), 1/xy is an integrating factor.
4.88 Show that xy is an integrating factor for y dx + x dy 0.
I Multiplying the given differential equation by xy yields
xy(y dx + x dy) or xy 2 dx + x 2 y dy =
Since this last equation is exact (see Problem 4.77), xy is an integrating factor.
4.89 Show that l/(xy)

n
is an integrating factor for ydx + xdy 0, for any real number n.
n
I Multiplying the given differential equation by l/(xy) yields
n
(ydx + xdy) = or x~"y~" +l dx + x~" +l y~" dy =
(xy)
n
Since this last equation is exact for all real values of n (see Problems 4.76 and 4.78), l/(xy) is an integrating
factor.
4.90 Show that (x

2
+ y
2 )""
is an integrating factor for xdx + ydy 0, for any real number n.
m x y
Multiplying the given differential equation by (x
2
+ y
2 )""
yields ^ j dx + ^ ^ dy = 0.
2 2 )~"
Since this last equation is exact (see Problems 4.79 and 4.80), (x + is an integrating factor. Observe
y
that if n = 0, then (x
2
+ y
2
)
= 1 is an integrating factor, which implies that the differential equation is
exact in its original form.
b~
4.91 Show that x ~ y
a l x
is an integrating factor for ay dx + bx dy = for any real-valued constants a and b.
a ' b ~
I Multiplying the given differential equation by x
l
y
1
yields
-
ax a ~'y b dx + bx a y b =
1
dy (1)
Here M(x, y) - ax a ~ V and N(x, y) = bx"/' 1 . Since dy - = abx a ~ y b ~ 1 l

-
ox
, (7) is exact; hence
a-iyb-i an integrating factor for the original differential equation.

x js
4.92 Show that , for Mx - Ny not identically zero, is an integrating factor for the equation
Mx Ny
M dx + N dy = yf {xy) dx + xf {xy) dy =x 2 0. Investigate the case Mx - Ny = 0.
x
80 CHAPTER 4
Multiplying the given equation by

m.x - zvy
yields
*y[/i(xy)
/^- / ... dx + r
,?***,
n
- /2 (*y)] . ^= 0-
2 (*y)] *y[/i(*>')
This equation is exact because
5/i , /s/j r/2 \ . a/i ,

. a/2
cy V cy cy ) _ cy cy
"
- h)\ * 2 (fi ~ h) 2 ~ 2
cy
dylx(f
L-x(/, i -f 2 )] x(h-f 2)
, (/l
_ /2l ^_ /2 ^_^ ,%-!
-M-l ox
r(/i-/2
\ex
)
2
ex J ex ex
M/!-/2 )
2
and /i
-l-Ar_A_i
<M / 2
/2 -y
V
^+
o'
3/A
<?/i
+ *
ex J
/i
/
V"
v -
c/2
o'
x
r/2
Sx
dy *(/i - f2 )\
u Sx IW/, - fa2 )j
0xb(/i-/ )\ xyif, - /2 )
2
This last is identically zero because y cf(xy)/cy = x df(xy)/dx.

If Mx Ny = 0, then M/N = y/x and the differential equation reduces to xdy + ydx = 0, with
solution xy = C.
4.93 If M + N dy =
rfx has an integrating factor f.i which depends only on x. show that // = e1
**** 4*,
where
f(x) = (M y N x )/N, M y
= dM/cy, and Nx = 3JV 3x. Write the condition that /< depends only on y.
I
By hypothesis, /iM </x + /.iN dy = is exact. Then dy =
r(/iAf) d(jiN)
-
(
. Since /i depends only on x, this last
equation can be written
CM _ dN d\i dfi _ (dM cN\

dy dx dx dx \ cy dx J
T
Thus
. dnM
= y
- Nx J
dx dx
f{x)
H N
and integration yields In n = \f(x)dx, so that // = e
ifix)dx
. If we interchange M and N, x and y, then we
see that there will be an integrating factor n depending only on y if (N x y
)/M = giy) and that in thisM
case /< - e
i9Wdy .
4.94 Develop a table of integrating factors.
f From the results of Problems 4.83 through 4.91, we obtain the first two columns of Table 4.1. The last
column follows from Problems 4.71 through 4.81, where in each case we have suppressed the c t
term in
gix, y) for simplicity.
SOLUTION WITH INTEGRATING FACTORS

4.95 Solve (y
2
- y) dx + x dy = 0.
f No integrating factor is immediately apparent. Note, however, that if terms are strategically regrouped, the
differential equation can be rewritten as
~iydx-xdy) + 2
y dx = (V)
The group of terms in parentheses has many integrating factors (see Table 4.1). Trying each integrating factor
I(x, y) = l/'y
2
separately, we find that the only one that makes the entire equation exact is . Using this
integrating factor, we can rewrite (/) as
_ydx-xdy
+ldx = Q {2)
y
Since (2) is exact, it can be solved by the method of Problem 4.43. Alternatively, we note from Table 4.1
that (2) can be rewritten as -dix/y) + 1 dx = 0, or as dix/y) = 1 dx. Integrating, we obtain the solution
x x
x + c or y =
y x + c
^
EXACT FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Q 81
TABLE 4.1
Group of Terms Integrating Factor I(x, y) Exact Differential
1 xdy-ydx Jy\
ydx x dy
~x~2 x2 \x)
1 ydx xdy j{*\

ydx xdy
7 y
2
\y)
i Xdy - ydX
ydx xdy = d(\n y_
xy xy \ X )
xdy-ydx
= d (\ arctan xj
y\
1
ydx xdy 2 2
5
2
:
2
x + y x + y
1 ydx + xdy
ydx + x dy = d(\n \xy\)
xy xy
ydx + xdy
ydx + x dy , n > 1
l
(xyf (xyf l(n-\)(xyT- \
1 ydy + xdx ir1 / , ,^_.

2
= d[\n(x 2
,
ydy + xdx 2
+ y )]
x +y 2
x 12 +l
y*2
ydy + xdx -1
ydy + xdx
(x
2
1
+ yY '
+
(x
=i
2
y
^
2
)"
d
_2(n- l)(x
2
+ y
2 )"- 1
_
ay dx
(a,
+ bx dy
b constants)
x a-y-i x a- y - l^ dx + bx dy _ d x y j
(
a b)
4.96 Solve (y - xy 2 ) dx + (x + x 2 y 2 ) dy = 0.
I No integrating factor is immediately apparent. Note, however, that the differential equation can be rewritten
as
(ydx + xdy) + (-xy 2 dx + x 2 y 2 dy) = (1)
The first group of terms has many integrating factors (see Table 4.1). One of these factors, namely
= l/(x_y) 2 is an integrating factor for the entire equation.
/(x, y) ,
Multiplying (J) by \/{xy) 2 yields
ydx+xdy xy 2 dx + x 2 y 2 dy ,

+ = or, equivalently,
2
.
(xyY (xy)
ydx + xdy \
--22 = -dx-\dy (2)
(xy) x
ydx + xdy ( 1
From Table 4.1, = d\ so that (2) can be rewritten as d I 1 = - dx \dy. Integrating
(xyY xy \xy ) x
both sides of this last equation, we find = In Ixl y + c, which is the solution in implicit form.
xy
4.97 Solve / = (y + l)/x.
I Rewriting the equation in differential form, we obtain (y + \)dx - xdy = 0, or
(ydx- xdy) + Xdx = (1)
The first group of terms in (7) has many integrating factors (see Table 4.1); one of them, 7(x, y) = - 1/x
2
,
is
ydx xdy (
an integrating factor for the entire equation. Multiplying (7) by 7(x, y) yields -= + dx = 0.
which we write as dI- j

+ dI -j = 0. Integrating this last equation, we get -+-= c or y = ex 1
as the solution to the differential equation.

82 CHAPTER 4
4.98 Solve y' = y/(x - 1).
I Rewriting the equation in differential form, we obtain y dx (x \)dy 0, or
(ydx-xdy)+ \dy = (7)
The first group of terms in (7) has many integrating factors (see Table 4.1); one of them, I(x, y) = 1/y
2
, is
an integrating factor for the entire equation. Multiplying (7) by I{x, v) yields 5
1- = dy = 0, which
y y
we write as d\ + ) d\ I = 0. Integrating this last equation, we obtain, as the solution, = r, or

\y) V y) y y
y k(x 1) where k 1/c.
4.99 Solve y' = (x

2
+ y + y
2
)/x.
I We rewrite the equation as (x

2
+ y + y
2
) dx xdy = 0, or
( v dx - x dy) + (x
2
+ y
2
) dx = (7)
The first group of terms in (7) has many integrating factors (see Table 4.1), one of which, 7(x, y) l/(x
2
+ y2 ),
y dx + x dy
is also an integrating factor for the entire equation. Multiplying (J) by 7(x, y) yields z
l
1 dx = 0,
x1 + y
which we write as di arctan d(x) = 0. Integrating this last equation, we obtain as the solution
J
arctan (y/x) x c or, explicitly, y = x tan (x + c).
4.100 Solve /= -y(l+x 3y 3 )/x.

I We rewrite the equation as >(1 + x i y i )dx + xdy 0, or
{ydx + xdy) + xV dx = (7)
The first group of terms in (7) has many integrating factors (see Table 4.1). one of which. 7(x, >) = l/(xv)
3
,
y dx + x dy
is also an integrating factor for the entire equation. Multiplying (7) by 7(x, y) yields -^ 1- 1 dx = 0,
Ixy)
which we write as d \ d(x) = 0. Integrating this last equation, we obtain as the solution
2{xyf
+ x = c or, explicitly, y = l/xV2(x c).

2(xyY
4.101 Solve (>- + x 4 ) dx - x dy = 0.
I We rewrite the equation as ydx xdy + x* dx = 0. The combination ydx xdy suggests several
2
integrating factors (see Table 4.1), but only 1/x leads to favorable results, i.e., to
ydX Xdy
~
2
+ x>dx = or -d(y-) + dl~\ =
x V.x / V 3
v x
Then integration gives 1 = c or, explicitly, y = 3X 4 ex.
4.102 Solve (x
3
+ xy 2 - y) dx + x dy = 0.
f We rewrite the equation as x(x

2
+ v
2
) dx + x dy ydx = and multiply by the integrating factor
I{x, y) = l/(x + y
2 2
to obtain )
x*c + ^ = or ,g) + ,(,a-i| =

" 2
Then integration gives y + tan l
-= c or, explicitly, y = x tan (c - ^x ).
4.103 Solve x dy + y dx - 3x 3 y 2 dy = 0.

I The terms xdy + ydx suggest I(x, y) = l/(xy)

fc
, and the last term requires k = 3. Upon multiplication
y
by the integrating factor l/(xy) 3 the equation becomes ,
, f - - dy = 0, whose primitive is
xJyJ y
-^--31ny=C 1.
Then 61ny = lnC--^
z z
or y
6
= Ce" 1/(x2y2)
2x y x y
4.104 Solve xdx + y dy + 4y

3
(x
2
+ y
2
) (/y = 0.
2 2
f The last term suggests I(x, y) = l/(x + y ) as an integrating factor, and multiplication by I(x, y) yields

x dx
A
2
+
"T"
y dy
_y
2 "
^ dy = 0, which is exact. Its primitive is \ In (x
2
+ y
2
) + y
4
= In C x
or (x
2
+ y
2
)e
2y " = C.
4.105 Solve x dy -ydx -(I- x 2 ) dx = 0.
# Here 1/x
2
is the integrating factor, since all other possibilities suggested by xdy ydx render the last term
2
inexact. Multiplication by 1/x yields
Z*-(-l)<x_0 or
^-ngJ + ^-O
Integration yields the solution
y
x
I
1
x
\- x C or y + x2 + l = Cx.
4.106 Solve (x + x4 + 2x 2 y 2 + y
4
) dx + y dy = or x dx + y dy + (x
2
+ y
2 2
) dx = 0.
An integrating factor suggested by the form of the equation is I{x, y) = z

z
zr=.
z
Using it, we get
(x + y Y
x dx +
-z
v dy
z-zr + dx = 0, whose primitive
.... is -
1
z- + x = C, or (C + 2x)(x^
,
+
,
=
2 2 2 v z
2 2 y ) 1.
(x + y ) 2(x + y )
4
4.107 Solve y' = -y(l + x y)/x.
/ This equation has the differential form (ydx + x dy)+ x 4 y 2 dx = 0. An integrating factor for the first
I(x, y) = l/(xy)
2
group of terms that also renders the entire equation exact is Using it, we get .
ydx
y + xdyy , /-l\ (\ \
^2 + x 2 dx = or d\ + ) d -x 3 =0
,
(xy) \xyj \3 J
4
Integrating yields h - x3 = c or, explicitly, y = (^x cx)~
l
.
xy 3
4.108 Solve y' = -y/(y

3
+ x2y - x).
I This equation has the differential form (ydx xdy) + y(x

2
+ y )dy
2
= 0. An integrating factor for the first
group of terms that also renders the entire equation exact is I(x, y) = l/(x
2
+ y
2
). Using it, we get
2E*j-,*-0 or iîy^.O
Integrating yields the solution arctan (y/x) \y
2
= c.
4.109 Solve xy 2 dx + (x
2
y
2
4- x 2 y) dy = 0.
dx + x dy) + (xy) dy = 0, from which we find (ydx + x dy) + xydy = 0.

2
f Rearranging gives us (xy){y An
integrating factor for the first group of terms that also renders the entire equation exact is /(x, y) = 1/xy.
Using it, we get
xd + y dx
+idy =
>'
or d(ln Ixyl) + d(y) =
xy
Integrating yields, as the solution in implicit form, In \xy\ + y = c.
4
4.1 10 Solve (x
3
y
2
-y)dx + (x
2
y -x)dy = 0.
y
84 CHAPTER 4
y dx) x y dx x y dy = 0.
3 2 2 4
f Rearranging yields (x dy + An integrating factor for the first group of terms
I(x, y) = l/(xy)
2
that also renders the entire equation exact is . Using it, we get
(xy)
2 W<r-o or d (=)- d
\xyj
(lA- d (lf) =
\2 J \3
Integrating, we obtain as the solution in implicit form x2 y3 c, or 3x 3 y + 2xy 4 + kxy = 6

xy 2 3
where k = 6c.
3yx 2
4.111 Solve y' =
' x3 + 2/
I Rewriting the equation in differential form, we have (3yx )dx
2
+ x 3 2y 4 )dy 0. No integrating factor
(
is immediately apparent, but we can rearrange this equation as x (3ydx xdy) 2\ A dy = 0. The group in
2
parentheses is of the form ay dx + bxdy, where a 3 and b = 1, which has an integrating factor
x 2 y~ 2 Since the expression in parentheses is already multiplied by x 2 we /(x, y) = y~
2
. , try Multiplying by .
y~ 2 yields
x 2 y " 2 (3y dx - x dy) - 2

2y dy =
which can be simplified (see Table 4.1) to
3
d(x y~
l
) 2
2y dy. Integration then yields x 3 y~ ' = |y
3
+ c as
the solution in implicit form.
4112 Solve y'= -%(y/x).
I Rewriting the equation in differential form gives us y dx + 3x dy 0, which is of the form ay dx + bx dy =

with a 1 and b 3. An integrating factor is /(x, y) = x 1_1 y 3_1 = y 2 Multiplying by /(x, y), we get .
3
y dx + 3xy 2 = or d(xy
3
) 0. Integrating then yields xy 3 =c or, explicitly. y = (c/x) 113 .
4.113 Solve y'= -(2y 4 + l)/4xy

3
.
f Rewriting the equation in differential form gives 4xy 3 dy + (2y 4 + 1) dx 0, which we rearrange to
3
y (2ydx + 4xdy) + 1 dx 0. The terms in parentheses here are of the form ay dx + bx dv with a 2 and
4~
6 = 4, which suggests the integrating factor /(v. y) = x
2
'
' = xy 3 . Since the expression in parentheses is
already multiplied by r\ we try /(v. y) = x. Multiplying by x yields
4 4
( 2vv dx + 4x y dy) 2 3
+ x dx = or d(x y
2
) + d{\x
2
) =
4
x 2 y4 + ^x 2 = {cx' 2 1
Integrating, we obtain the solution in implicit form as c or, explicitly, as y f)
4.114 Solve y' = 2xy x.
I Rewriting this equation in differential form, we have ( 2xy + x)dx + dy 0. No integrating factor is
immediately apparent. Note, however, that for this equation M(x, y) = 2xy + x and N(x. y)=l. so that
1 fdM dN\ _ (-2x) - (0) _

~ ~
N \8y ~dx) 1
~ 2jc)dx 2
is a function of x alone. Then from Problem 4.93, we have /(x) = e
JI
= e~* as an integrating factor.
2
Multiplying by e~* yields
(-2xye' x2 + xe~ x2 )dx + e~ x2 dy =
which is exact. To solve this equation, we compute
g(x, y) = j
(
2xye~ xl + xe~ x2 )dx = ye~
x2
\e~
xl
+ h(y)
xl
from which we write cg/cy = e'
x2
+ h\y) = N(x, y) = e~ . This yields h\y) = 0, from which h(y) = cv
xl
Then g(x, y) = ye~ \e~
x2
+ cv The solution to the original equation is ye~
x2
\e~
x2
= k or
xl
y - ke + |.
4.1 15 Solve 2
y dx + xy dy = 0.
f Here M(x, y) = y
2
and N(x, y) = xy; hence,
1 fcN cM\_y-2y_ 1
M\dx dy J y
2
y
-
is a function of y alone. From Problem 4.93, then, /(>>) = e~ {ll,,)dy = e lny = 1/y. Multiplying the given
differential equation by /(y) yields the exact equation ydx + xdy = 0, which has the solution y = c/x.
An alternative method would be first to divide the given differential equation by xy 2 and then to note that the
resulting equation is separable.
4.116 Solve y' = l/x

2
(l -3)0-
f We rewrite this equation in the differential form (3x y

2
x 2 ) dx + 1 dy = 0, with M(x, y) = 3x 2 y - x
2
dM/dy - dN/dx 3x 2
- ,
and N(x, y) = 1. Then = = 3x
, .
is a function only of x, so it follows from
ix2dx x
Problem 4.93 that an integrating factor is I(x) e! e \ Multiplying by /(x), we obtain
xi xi
e (3x y x dx + e dy = 0,
xi
2 2
which is exact.
) Its solution (see Problem 4.53) is y = ke~ + 5.
4.117 Solve y= l/(2xy).
I In differential form this equation is 1 dx Ixydy = 0, with M(x, y) = 1 and N(x, y) = 2xy. Then
dN/dx -dM/dy
=
-2y-0
= 2y is a function only of y, so it follows from Problem 4.93 that an integrating
M 1
factor is I(y) = e! ~
2ydy
= e~
y2
. Multiplying by it, we obtain e~
y2
dx 2xye~
y2
dy = or d(xe~
y2
) = 0.
y2 y2
Integrating this last equation yields xe~ = c, or x = ce . This may be rewritten as y
2
= In |fcx|, where
k = 1/c, or as y = J\n \kx\.
-3yy '
4.118 Solve /= x(2m .
+ y3 )
I In differential form, this equation is 3y dx + x(2 + y

3
) dy 0, with M(x, y) = 3y and N(x, y) x(2 + y
3
).
dN/dx - dM/dy (2 + y
3
- 3 1 1
,..
= ) . '
Then
M 3y
=-f
3
2
3y
is a function only of y, so it follows from Problem 4.93 that
an integrating factor is
Jty\ e Hy
2
l$-Uiy)dy _ e
y3/9-(l/3)ln|>.| _ g
(- l/3)ln|y|gy 3 /9 _ ^ln |y "3 l
ey
3
/9 _ -1/3^/9
Multiplying by it, we obtain 3y 2/ V 3/9

dx + (2xy~ ll3 e + xy 8/
2l3 yi/9 =
yi/9
V 3/9
) dy = 0, or d(3xy 2/ V ,3/9
) = 0.
Integrating yields the solution in implicit form as 3xy e c, or after both sides are raised to the ninth
x9y6e
y3 9
power, k where k = (c/3) .
4.119 Solve (x
2
+ y
2
+ x) dx + xy dy = 0.
Because = 2y and ^ y, the equation is not exact. However,

dy dx
I )
= = - = /(x), and e
sf{x)dx
= e
)dx,x
= e
lnx
= x is an integrating factor. Multiplying
iV \ dy dx J xy x
by the integrating factor, we obtain
(x
3
+ xy 2 + x 2 dx + ) x 2 y dy = or x 3 dx + x 2 dx + (xy dx
2
+ x 2 y dy) -
x4 x 3
Then, noting that xy 2 dx + x 2 ydy = d(^x y

2 2
), we integrate to obtain - + +-x y
1
2 2
= C x
or
4
3x + 4x 3 + 6x 2 y 2 = c.
4.120 Solve (2xy V + 2xy 3

+ y) dx + (x
2
y V-x y 2 2
- 3x) dy - 0.
Here = 8xyV -+- 2xyV + 6xy 2 + 1 and - = 2xyV - 2xy 2 - 3, so the equation is not exact.
dy dx
However,
dM
dy
8N
= 8xvV + 8xy
dx
-
, , ,
2
+
.
4 and (dM
M\dy1 dN\
r =
dxj
4
y
.
Then
I( y ) - e
-*f<iyiy = e
-4in>- _ 1/^,4 j s an integrating factor; upon multiplication by /(y) the equation takes the form
[ 2xe y + 2 - + -t dx + x 2 ey - ) ( ^- 3 -^
r)
) dy = 0, which is exact.
V y y J \ y
2
X X
Now g(x, y) = f
(
2xe^ + 2
X
-+ -3
1 \
1 dx = x 2 ey + + -3 + h(y), from which we may write
.
86 CHAPTER 4
2
do x x x
- = xV
v
T -3-r + /i'(j') = xV =- 3t. This yields h'(y) = 0, so that h(v) = c and the primitive
oy y y y y
is xV + + 4 = c -
r >'
4.121 Solve (2x y

3 2
+ 4x 2 y + 2xy 2 + xy* + 2y) dx + 2(y
3
+ x2y + x) dy = 0.
f rM f V
Here = 4x 3
y + 4x 2 + 4xv + 4xy 3 + 2 and ^ = 2(2xv + 1): so the equation is not exact. However,
oy ex
dN\
fcM
1
= 2x. and an integrating factor is I(x) = e'
zxax
e
x
. When l(x) is introduced, the given
N \cy ex J
4 x~
equation becomes (2x y
3 2
+ 4x 2y + 2xy + xy + 2
2y)e dx + 2(y
3
+ x 2y + x)e
x~
dy 0. which is exact.
Now
g (x, y) = J(2x y
3
xl
2
+ 4x 2 y + 2xy 2 + xy 4 +
2
2y)e
xl
dx = J*(2xy
2
+ 2x 3 y V 2
dx + Uly + 4x 2 y)e* dx + j xy A ex2 dx
2
= x2y2 e + 2xyex2 + ^yV + h(y)
xl
from which we may write cg/cy 2x 2 ye + 2xex2 + 2y i e x2
= + h'(y) = 2(y
3
+ x 2y + x)e
x ~.
Thus h\y) = and
h(y) c, and the primitive is
2 2
(2x y + 4xy +
A )e x C. '
\
4.122 Solve v' =-

x
I Rewriting this equation in differential form yields y(l xy)dx + x(\)dy = 0. Based on Problem 4.92, we
choose =
1
-^
_ -1 an integrating Multiplying by we obtain
/(.v, y) -tj as factor. /(x. y).
r
x[y(l
, t
- xy)] - yx (xy)
2
x*y dx
5 = dy = 0. which is exact. Its solution is y = 1 (x In \Cx\) (see Problem 4.54).
xy
4.123 Solve y\x y

2 2
+ 2) dx + v(2 - 2x 2 y 2 )dy = 0.
The given equation is of the form yf.(xy)dx + xf2(xy)dy 0. so

Mx Ny 3x y
=
r-y is an integrating
x 2 )- 2 + 2 2 2x2y2
factor (see Problem 4.92). When it is introduced, the equation becomes
sx y
r-= dx H =-=
3X y
dy 0,
which is exact.
Now
P xV + 2, r /
=
1 2 \ ,
1 1
(^ 3xV J *
dx + n + *W
**> V)
= J
"W" = J 3
'
* " 3xV
2x y 2 2
=
3fl 2 2
dy
=
5x
. , , + h'(y) This
3x y
_ ,
i
"- . yields h'(y) 2/3y, and so
y
h(y)= flny. The primitive is then

3
1 .
In x ==
3x~y-
1
3
lnv = lnC,. and x Cv 2 e l x ' y '.
4.124 Solve y(2xy + 1 ) dx + x( 1 + 2xy - x 3y3 ) dy = 0.
I
The given equation is of the form yfAxy)dx + xf2 (xy)dy = 0. so 1
= r-
1
Mx Ny \v
integrating factor (see Problem 4.92). When it is introduced, the equation becomes
2 1 \ / 1 2 1
+ 4r^-3 dx + -^r
3 4
+ 2rr3 I rfv = 0, which is exact.
x 3y2 x y / \x y x y y
Now o(x. y)= f (

-^-^ + T-.^ ) dx = =-y - , , , + /j( y). from which we may write
J \x y x y J x y 3x y
^- = -^ + -5-j- + /i'(y) = -5-r

J
+ -T-T - - This yields /j'( v )=-lv. so that /i(v)=-lnv. The
Cy x y x y x y x y y
primitive is then -In v - -^

x y 3x y
^=C lt and v = Ce- (3x, +1,(3jc3,3)
'
.
!
4.125 Obtain an integrating factor by inspection for (2xyV + 2xy 3 + y)dx + (x

2
yV - x 2
y
2
- 3x)dy = 0.
f When the given equation is written in the form
y*(2xe y dx + x V dy) + 2xy 3 dx - x 2 y 2 dy + y dx - 3x dy =

4
the leftmost term isthe product of y and an exact differential. This suggests 1/y 4 as a possible integrating
factor. To show that it is an integrating factor, we may verify that it produces an exact equation.
4.126 Obtain an integrating factor by inspection for (x

2
y
3
+ 2y)dx + (2x 2x 3 y 2 )dy = 0.
# When the given equation is written in the form 2(y dx + xdy) x y dx 2x y 2 dy = 0, the term
+ 2 3 i
(ydx + xdy) suggests l/(xy)

fc
as a possible integrating factor. An examination of the remaining terms shows
that each will be an exact differential if k = 3. Thus, l/(xy) 3 is an integrating factor.
4.127 Obtain an integrating factor by inspection for (2xy

2
+ y)dx + (x + 2x 2 y x*y 3 )dy 0.
f When the given equation y dx)

is written in the form (x dy + + 2xy(x dy + y dx) x 4 y 3 dy = 0, the first
k
two terms suggest l/(xy) as an integrating factor. The third term will be an exact differential if k = 4; thus,
4
l/(xy) is an integrating factor.
4.128 Solve x2 /
dx
+ xy + y/l - x2y2 = 0.
I In differential form, this equation is x(x dy + y dx) + >/l x 2 y 2 dx 0. The integrating factor
1 .
reduces it to
x dy + y dx
H dx
= 0, whose
....
primitive is arcsm xy
.
+
,
In x

= C.
xVl - xV Vl - x y 2 2 x
dy y x>' 2 x3
4.129 Solve
dx x + x 2y + y
3
I In differential form, this equation is (x

3
+ xy 2 y)dx + (y
3
+ x2y + x)dy = 0. When it is rewritten as
(x
2
+ >'
2
)(xdx + y dy) + x dy ydx = 0, the terms xdy y dx suggest several possible integrating factors.
2 2
By trial and error we determine that l/(x + y ) reduces the given equation to
xdy -ydx ( xdy - ydx ) /'x
2
5 = x dx + y dy H = 0.
a j . .
xdx + y dy H 5 , Its primitive is

x2 + y2 + (y/x) 2
1
jx + jy + arctan (y/x) = C, or x + y + 2 arctan (y/x) = C.

2 2 2 2
4.130 Solve x(4y dx + 2x dy) + 3

y (3y dx + 5x dy) = 0.
x
I Suppose that the effect of multiplying the given equation by x yp is to produce an equation
+i p+l
(4x* y dx + 2x*
+ 2
y" dy) + (3xV + 4 dx + 5x
3 +
/+ 3
dy) = ( /)
each of whose two parenthesized terms is an exact differential. Then the first term of (/) is proportional to
d{x
a +2
/+ '
) = (
a + 2 )x
* +
'
/ +l dx + (p+l )x a + 2
y" dy (2)
That is,
?Ll = i or a - 2/? = (5)
Also, the second term of (7) is proportional to
d{x'
+ l
y
e+4
) = (a + )*V + 4 dx +
1
(P + 4)x
a +
/+ 3
dy (4)
That is,
î = ^ti or 5a - 3/? = 7 (5)
Solving and (5) simultaneously, we find a = 2 and

(J) = 1. When these substitutions are made in (/), the
3 2
equation becomes (4x y dx + 2x*ydy) + (3x
2 5
y dx + 5x 3
y*dy) = 0. Its primitive is x 4 y 2 + x 3 y 5 = C.
4.131 Solve (8y rfx + 8x dy) + 2 3

x y (4y dx + 5x dy) = 0.
p produce an equation
f Suppose that the effect of multiplying the given equation by x"y is to
a
(8x y*
+ '
dx + 8x"
+
y dy) + (4x*
+
V + 4
dx + 5x a +
V +3
dy) = (7)
y "
88 CHAPTER 4
each of whose two parenthesized parts is an exact differential. The first part is proportional to
d(jc
+1
/ +1 ) = (a + l)xV +1 dx + (0 4- l)x
+
V dy (2)
That is.
y
-^ =
8
^ 8
or y. - = (3)
The second part of (/) is proportional to
d(x*
+
V T4
) = (a 4- 3)x"
+
V +4
dx 4- (0 4- 4)x*
+
V + 3
dy (4)
That is,
a+
=
4
3 "ft +
5
4
or 5a - 4/5
P = 1 (5)
Solving and (5) simultaneously, we find y 1 and

(3) = 1. When these substitutions are made in (7),
the equation becomes (8xy 2 dx 4- 8x 2 y dy) 4- (4x 3 y 5 dx 4- 5x 4 y 4 dy) = 0. Its primitive is 4x 2 y 2 4- x 4 y 5 = C.
[Note: In this and the previous problem it was not necessary to write statements (2) and {4) since, after a little
practice, (3) and (5) may be obtained directly from (/).]
4.132 Solve x V(2y dx + x dy) - ( 5y dx + 7x dy) = 0.
7
f Multiplying the given equation by x y" yields
(2x
a +
V +4
dx + +
x' *yt+3 dy) - (5x/ +1 dx + 7x"
+
V dy) = (7)
If the first parenthesized term of (7) is to be exact, then +4 = +4

x
- -
and a 20 = 4. If the second part
of (/) is to be exact, then - = and 1-x 50 = 2. Solving these two equations simultaneously,
we find y. = 83 and = 10/3. Then (7) becomes
Cv 1
V 3
dx + x
4
\v '
3
dy) - (5x
H
V" 3
<** + 7x
-3 3 y" 10 3
dy) =
4 3 " 3
Each of its two terms is exact, and its primitive is iv "V 2 3
+ 3x
?
y = Cj. This may be rewritten as
or x 3 y 3 + 2 = Cx 5 y" 3
4
v
J
y
2 s
+ 2x 5/3
j
" 3 = C 3
.
2
:
+
4.133 Solve = +-
dy
di
v t
-.
t
y
2
I This equation has the differential form (y
2
4- t
2
+ t) dx 4- y dy = 0. or (t dt + y dy) + (f
2
+ y ) df = 0.
2
Multiplication by the integrating factor 1 (r + y ) (see Table 4.1) yields
tdt + yi * y
2
+ l A= or d[i In (f
2
+ v
2
)] + d(t) -
f + \-
Integrating. we obtain the solution \ In (r 4-

y
2
)+ t = c, which we may rewrite as
t
2
+y = e 2 (2c-2t) =e 2c
e
-2t -2t = ke OT as y
'
= { ke~ 2 - '
t
2
)
1 Z
.
dy 3f - 2v
4.134 Solve -f-
= -.
dr f
I This equation has the differential form (2y - 3f) dt + dy = t 0. or (2y dt 4- f dy) - 3t dt = 0. In the latter
equation, the terms in parentheses have the form aydt + btdy with a = 2 and b = 1, which suggests the
integrating factor f
2 ~ '
1 " ' = r. Multiplying by it, we get
(2yf dt 4- 1
2
dy) - 3f
2
= or d(r y)
2
- d(r
3
)
=
Integrating yields the solution f
2
y - f
3
= c, or y = (f
3
+ c)/t
2
.
4.135 Solve
df 2yr
I This equation has the differential form 2yf dy 4- (f - y ) dr = 0, or y(-y dt

2
4- 2f dy) + r df = 0. In the
latter equation, the terms in parentheses have the form 1 ay dt + bt dy with a = - and b = 2, which
1_1 2_1
suggests the integrating factor r" y = f~ 2 y. Since the expression in parentheses is already multiplied
"2
by y, we try 7(f, y) = f Multiplying by it, we get
.
(_y 2 r 2 df + 2yr 1 dy) + r 1

dt = or d(ry)4-d(ln|r|) =

2
Integrating yields t~ y
1
+ In \t
\
= c, which we may write as t~ 'y
2
= -In |r| - In \k\ where c=-ln|/c|,
and then as y yf t In \kt\.
2 2
dx + x 2) +t
, n
4.136
, c
Solve
,
=
dt
3t (t
x
.
I This equation has the differential form x dt - [3t

2
{t
2
+ x2) + t~\ dt = 0, or (xdt - t dx) - 3t
2
(t
2
+ x 2 ) dt = 0.
Multiplying the latter equation by I(t, x) = l/(f + 2
x 2
), we get
t dx x dt 2, / x
= d(arctan-) -
,
2
3t dt or d{t
3
) =
f + x2
Integrating yields arctan (x/f) - f
3
= c, or x = t tan (t
3
+ c).
dx x + In t
4.137 Solve
dt
# This equation has the differential form -tdx + (x + In t)dt = 0, or (xdf - fdx) + In t dt = 0. Multiplying
the latter equation by I{t, x) = 1/f
2
(see Table 4.1), we get
tdx xdt Int , ,/x\ lnf

; =-dt
2
= or d ^<ft
2
=
t \t t
x 1 1
Integrating yields + -lnt + - = c, or x = ct - 1 - In t.
t t t
__
4.138
,
Solve
dx
=
3t
2
+ x2
dt 2xt
i This equation has the differential form x 2 ) dt - 2xt dx = 0, or x(x dt

(3t
2
+ - It dx) + 3t
2
dt = 0. The
terms in parentheses in the latter equation have the form axdt + btdx with a = 1 and b 2, which
~
suggests the integrating factor t
l
~ l
x~ 2 !
= x~ 3 . Since the expression in parentheses is already multiplied by x,
-4
we try xI{t, x) =
Multiplying by it, we get (x 2 . dt 2x~ 3 t dx) + 3t
2
x~*dt 0, which is not exact even
though the first two terms can be expressed as d(x~ 2 t).
In the first differential form above, however, we have M(t, x) 3t
2
+ x2 and N(t, x) = 2xt, and
cM/dx-dN/ct
- =
2x-(-2x)
- = 2
, a function only of t. It
,
follows from Problem 4.93 (with y replaced by x and
~ 2
x replaced by f) that an integrating factor is I(t) es
_(2/,)d(
= e" 21
" 1
'
1
= e
int
= t~
2
. Multiplying the equation
in differential form by /(f) yields I 3 + -y 1 dt 2 dx 0, which is exact. Its solution is x yj3t

2
kt
(see Problem 4.64).
dx x
4.139 Solve 2
dt t{t x + 1)
I This equation has the differential form xdt + t(t

2
x + 1) dx = 0, or {xdt + t dx) + t
3
x dx = 0. An
integrating factor for the terms in parentheses in the latter equation is l/(tx)
n
for any n; taking n = 3 gives an
integrating factor for the entire equation. Multiplying by it, we get
xdt tdx -1
H
x
1
7
2
,
dx or
2{xt)
2
~\
{xtf
Integrating yields 2 2
= c or ct
2
x2 + t
2
x + \ = 0, which may be solved for x explicitly with the
x
quadratic formula.
4.140 Solve
dy
-f- H
dx
2xy
+ ^-^ =
+X 1
0; y{2) = 3.
I The solution to this differential equation in differential form was found in Problem 4.44 to be
2
v = c 2 /(x
2
Applying the initial condition, we get
+ 1). 3 = c 2 /[(2) + 1], from which c2 = 15. Thus, the
2
solution to the initial-value problem is y = 15/(x + 1).
:
90 CHAPTER 4

f The solution to the differential equation remains y = c 2 /(x
2
+ 1). Applying the new initial condition, we get
- = 1 c 2 /[(0)
2
+ 1], from which c2 = - 1. The solution to the initial-value problem is now y = l/(x 2
-I- 1).
4.142 Solve
dv
-f
dx
=-
2y
x

+ sin v
x cos y
; y(2) = n.
\x 2 + x 2
Applying the initial condition, we get c 2
sin y y = c2 . = i(2)
2
+ 2 sin n n2 = 2 - n2 . The
solution to the initial-value problem is \x 2 + x sin y y 2 = 2 n 2 .
4.143 Solve (x sin x + 1) dy/dx + (sin x + x cos x)y = 0; y(n/2) = 3.
m The solution to this differential equation in differential form was found in Problem 4.51 to be y = c 2 xy sin x.
Applying the initial condition, we get 3 = c2 (n/2)(3) sin (n/2), from which c 2 = 3 + \n. The solution to
the initial-value problem is y = 3 + n xy sin x.
dv
4.144 Solve t
-f- + y = t
2
: v(-l) = 2.
at
/ The solution to this differential equation in differential form was found in Problem 4.56 to be
y = \t
2
- k/t. Applying the initial condition, we get 2 = \{- l) 2 - fe/( 1) or fe = |. The solution to the
initial-value problem is y \(t
2
5/f).
4.145 Solve e
3t
-/ + 3e y
3t
= It; v(2) = 1.
dt
2
+ k)e
M Applying the condition, we = 2
+ k)e~
M2) from which 6
The
y (t . initial get 1 (2 , k e 4.
b
solution to the initial-value problem is y = (f
2
+ e 4)e~
3 '.
4.146 Solve
dy
dt
- +-
y
t
-
- yjt +
ty/t
2
2
r
+y
==y
2
0; ><4) = 3.
|r r>
I
1
- 3ty = k. Applying the initial condition, we get (4
2
+ 3
2
)
3 2
- 3(4)(3) = k, from which
k = 125 36 = 89. The solution to the initial-value problem is given implicitly by (f
2
+ y
2 3 2
)
'
3ty = 89.
4.147 Solve (3r

6
x2 + 5r
4 4 dx
x ) +
<//
6t
5
x3 + 4t
3
xs = 0; x(0) = 0.
4 6 4
t
6
x3 + f x5 = k. Applying the initial condition, we get
3
+ 5
= k, or k 0. The solution to the
6 3 4 5 4
= 0. Since is the
initial-value problem is r x + f x = 0, which may be written as f x 3 (r 2 + x2 ) f
independent variable which must take on all values in some interval that includes the initial time, it follows that
either x3 = or r +x = 2
0. The last equation is impossible, so x3 = or x(f) = is the only solution.
dv
4.148 Solve x
dx
= v - v
2
; v( - 1) = 2.
I The solution to this differential equation in differential form was found in Problem 4.95 to be y = x/(x + c).
Applying the initial condition, we get 2 = ( 1)/( 1 -I- c), from which c = \. The solution to the initial-value
problem is v = x/(x + H
1 The solution to the differential equation remains as before. Applying the new initial condition, we get
2 = 0/(0 + c), which cannot be solved for c. This initial-value problem has no solution.
4.150 Solve y' = y/(x-l); y(0)=-5.

f The solution to this differential equation was found in Problem 4.98 to be y = k(x 1). Applying the
initial condition, we get 5 = /c(0 1), from which k = 5. The solution to the initial-value problem is
y = 5(x-l).
4.151 Solve y' = (x

2
+ y + y
2
)/x; y(2) = 2.
# The solution to this differential equation was found in Problem 4.99 to be arctan ( y/x) - x = c.
Applying the initial condition, we get arctan (2/2) -2-c or c = \n-2. The solution to the initial-value
problem is y x tan (x + \n 2).
4.152 Solve y' = -y(l + x 4 y)/x; y(- 1) = -2.
The solution to this differential equation was found in Problem 4.107 to be h - x3 = c. Applying
the initial condition, we get c = - + - (- 1)

3
= --. The solution to the initial-value problem is
4
y = l/(ix + fx).
4.153 Solve 3xy' + y = 0; y( - 1) = 2.
I The solution to this differential equation was found in Problem 4.112 to be xy 3 = c. Applying the initial
condition, we get c = 1)(2) = 8. The

(
3
solution to the initial-value problem is y = 8/x) 1/3
( .
2 2
*i*a
4.154 c
Solve
i

*y = y + *
+ <
y(
, ~
2)= ,
1.
at y ;
I The solution to this differential equation was found in Problem 4.133 to be t 2 + y 2 = ke~ 2t Applying .
~ 2
the initial condition, we get 2) + ( l) =
(
2 2
ke~ 2i
\ from which k = 5e~ 4 The solution to the .
+
initial-value problem is y = (5e~ 4 e~ 2t 2 t )
1 ' 2
= (5e~ 2{, 2) r 2 1/2 where the negative square root is taken
) ,
consistent with the initial condition.
-/= *~
'
y
4.155 Solve ; y(-5) = 3.
dt t
I The solution to this differential equation was found in Problem 4.134 to be t 2 y t 3 = c. Applying the
initial condition, we get ( 5) 2
(3) 5) =
(
3
c or c 200. The solution to the initial-value problem is
y = (r
3
+ 200)/t
2
.
dx
=x+
In f
4.156 Solve ; x(l) = 100.
dt t
f The solution to this differential equation was found in Problem 4.137 to be x = ct 1 In t. Applying
the initial condition, we get 100 = c(l) 1 In 1, from which c = 101. The solution to the initial-value
problem is x = 101 f - 1 In t.
2 2
4.157 Solve
dx
dt
=
3r
2xt
4- x
; x(2) = -4.
I The solution to this differential equation was found in Problem 4.138 to be x = y/3t 2 kt. Applying
the initial condition after squaring both sides of this last equation, we get ( 4) 2
= 3(2) 2 /c(2), from which
k = 2. The solution to the initial-value problem is x = y/3t 2
+ 2t, where we have chosen the negative
square root consistent with the initial condition.
CHAPTER 5
Linear First-Order
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
Spix)dx
5.1 Show that I(x, y) = e is an integrating factor for y' + p(x)y 0, where p(x) denotes an integrable
function.
I Multiplying the differential equation by I(x, y) gives
eS
PMdxy + p(x)e ;
p(x)dx
=
y (/)
which is exact. In fact, (/) is equivalent to

ax
(ye
Sp(x)dx
) = 0.
5.2 Find the general solution to the first-order differential equation y' 4- p(x)y = q{x) if both p(x) and q(x) are
integrable functions of x.
lp{x)dx
I We multiply the differential equation by I(x, y) = e . Then, using the results of the previous problem,
we rewrite it as
ax
^SpM^y) = es
p(x)dx
q(x). Integrating both sides with respect to x gives us
C
(e
S p(x)dx
dx = C
eS PM"x q{x) dx Qr el
p(x)dx
+ = C
eS
P(x)dx
g(x) dx (/)
y) y Ci
Finally, setting c, c and solving (1) for y, we obtain
y = ce
-ip<*)d*
+ e
-lpi*)d* [ Splx)dx
e q(x)dx (2)
5.3 Solve /- 5y = 0.
" 5)dx 5x
f Here p(x) 5 and I(x, y) =^ ,
= e~ . Multiplying the differential equation by /(x, y), we obtain
e'
5x y' - 5e'
Sx
y = or
dx
(ye~
5x
)
=
5x 5x
Integration yields ye~ = c, or y ce .
5.4 Solve y' + lOOy = 0.
l00dx l00x
f Here p(x) = 100 and /(x, y) = es = e . Multiplying the differential equation by /(x, y), we obtain
l00x y' 100x

e + 100e
100jc
y = or ^- (ye ) =
dx
100x 100x
Integration yields ye = c, or y ce~ .
5.5 Solve dy/dt = y/2 for y(t).
We rewrite the equation as -p - = Then - -\ and = es

'^' 2)dt = e~" 2 Multiplying
\y 0. p(t) I(t, y) .
dt
the differential equation by I{t, y), we obtain
dt 2 dt
Integration yields ye"" 2 = c, or y{t) = ce'

12
.
56
. So!ve
f+1C= 0.
92
LINEAR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS D 93
I Here p(t) = 1/20 and I(t, Q) = ^ (I/20)<" = e"

20
. Multiplying the differential equation by l(t, Q), we obtain
20
d
e" " 20
r+^
at20
e Q= or t
df
(e^'
/2
) - o
Integrating yields Qe" 20 = c, or Q= ce~" 20 .
5.7 Solve rfg/rft + 0.040 = 0.
I Here = and = 004d = 004

p(t) 0.04 I(t, Q) es '
e '. Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, Q), we obtain
e
0Mt
^+ 0.04e
04,
e= or 4 (e
OO4,
=
04 '
Integrating yields te = c, or Q = ce~ ' 04 *.
5.8 Solve dN/dt = kN for N(t) if fc denotes a constant.
f We rewrite the equation as dN/dt /ciV = 0. Then p(r) = /c and I(t, N) = es ~

kdt
= e~
kt
. Multiplying
the differential equation by I(t, N), we obtain
e-
kt<
^-ke- N k,
= or (MT*') =
Integrating yields Ne' kt c, or N(t) ce
kt
.
5.9 Solve y' + 2xy = 0.
= = l2xdx x
I Here p(x) 2x and /(x, v) e = e \ Multiplying the differential equation by /(x, y), we get
e* y'
2
+ 2xe y
x2
= or
dx
{ye
x2
) =
x2
Integrating yields ye = c, or y ce~
x2
.
5.10 Solve y' - 3xy = 0.
~ 3xdx
# Here p(x) = 3x and I(x, y) = e* = e~
3x2 ' 2
. Multiplying the differential equation by I(x, y), we get
e
~ sxWy - 3 xe
- ** 2 i2 = o or -r-(ye~
3x2/2 =
y )
dx
3x2/2 3x2 ' 2
Integrating yields ye~ = c, or y ce .
5.11 Solve y'-3x 2 y = 0.
~ 3x2dx
f Here p(x) = 3x 2 and I(x,y) = e5 =e~ x \ Multiplying the differential equation by I(x, y), we get
e~
x3
y' 3x 2 e~
xi
or
dx
(ye~
xi
) =
xi
Integrating yields ye~ = c, or y = ce \
x
5.12 Solve dy/dt + t

3
y = 0.
3<
f Here p(t) = t
3
and /(, y) = e;
'
" = e'"
/4
. Multiplying the differential equation by I{t, y), we find
e'
4
/y + r V 4/4
y = or 1
-f {ye'* *) =
A/4
Integrating yields ye'"
14,
c, or y = ce~' .
5.13 Solve dy/dt + (t - l)y = 0.
~ l)dt
/ Here p(t) = t - 1 and /(r, y) = e
i(t
= e
t2/2 ~'.
Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, y), we find
e'
2/2 -'^ + (t- \)e
,2l2 -'y = c or ^-(ye'
212 '')
=
at dt
2/2_,
Integrating yields ye' = c, or y = ce'~
,2/2
.
94 CHAPTER 5
5.14 Solve dy/dt + e'y = 0.
I Here p(t) = e' and I(t, y) = e

Se ' dt
= e
e '.
Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, y), we get
e
e'
4-
dt
+ e'e 'v
e
= or (ye e
') =
dt
Integration yields ye
e '
= c, or y = ce
e '.
5.15 Solve dx/dO - x sin 6 = 0.
f Here p(0) = -sin and I(d, x) = es -

sin6de
= e
cos9
. Multiplying the differential equation by I{6, x), we get
e
cosfl
-^ - xe
eos0
sin 9 = or (xe cose
) =
Integration yields xe
cos6
c, or x = ce~ eose .
dx
5.16 Solve
dt
+-x =
1
t
0.
i Here p(f) = 1/f and /(f, x) = e

!il 't)dt
= e
]nUl
= |r|. Multiplying the differential equation by /(f, x), we get
dx Ifl cix
1/1
1
h -^- x = 0. When t > 0,
" =
Ifl f and this equation becomes t-r- + x = 0. When f < 0, M = -f
|f|
'
df f dt
dx
and the differential equation becomes t x= 0, which reduces to the same equation. Thus
dx
t
- + x is appropriate for all t " 0. It may be rewritten in differential form as d (fx) = 0, and
dt dt
integration yields fx c, or x = c/t.
5.17 Solve -^ + -x = 0.
dt t
= = ii2 nd = 2inUi
= ln 2
= 2
I Here p(t) lit and I(t. x) c '
e e
'
t . Multiplying the differential equation by /(f, x),
dx d , ,
we obtain t~
7
+ 2t\ - or (r\) = 0. Integration yields f
7
.v = c, or x = c/t.
dt dt
5.18 Solve +
df
-N
f
= 0.
I Here p(t) = 5/l and /(t, N) = ^< 5 ">* = e

s ,n '
= eln| '5
' = \t
s
\. Multiplying the differential equation by
/(f, N), we get |f

5
|
+
dN 5|f
-
5
- |
N = 0. Using the logic of Problem 5.16. we can show that this becomes
.dN
f - + 5rN = for all f ^ 0. This last equation may be rewritten in the differential form d (rN) =
,
0,
df df
and integration yields t
5
N- c, or N= ct
?
.
5.19 Solve N= 0.
df f
I Here p(t)=-5/t and /(;. /V) = t'

f( 5 '"" = e
51n| ' 1
= ?
ln " 5|
= |r 5
|. Multiplying the differential equation
by /(f, N) and simplifying field t 5t~

4
N= or (f" 5
N) = 0. Integration then gives t~
5
N= c.
dt dt
or Af rf
5
.
5.20 Solve rJV-0.

df r
f Here />(r)=-5/f 2 and /(f. A/) = e S(
5 ,2)<"
= f
5' 1
. Multiplying the differential equation by /(f, N) and

simplifying, we get
_,
5 '"'
e -y? 5 '
A/ = or -(Ne 5 '
) =
df r df
Integration yields Ne 5 = '

c, or N= ce~ 51 '.
LINEAR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 95
du 2xu
5.21 Solve 2
dx x + 2
I , du 2x 2x
We rewrite the equation as
,
z u = 0, from which p(x) = and
dx xl + 2 x 2
+ 2
Ji x u\ _ e
M-2xHx2 + 2)]dx _ e
-ln(x2 + 2) _ g
ln(x2 + 2) ' _
x2 + 2
Multiplying the rewritten equation by I(x, u), we obtain
1 du 2x
2
u = or
x2 + 2dx (x + 2)
2
dx \x 2 + 2
Integration yields 1 ; c, or u = c(x

2
+ 2).
x + 2
5.22 Solve -^
dx x2 + 1
We
.
rewrite the equation as

..

du
dx
_
x 2
\
+ 1
m = 0, from which p(x) = l/(x 2 + 1) and
*a + " arc an
/(x, u) = ef[_1/( 1)1 *'
= e
'
*. Multiplying the rewritten equation by I(x, u), we obtain
e
- ctan x
,
du 1
^ - arctan ^=q Qr _d (
ue
" "" *) =
ax x^ + 1 dx
Integrating yields ue
arc,an *
= c, or u = ce
arclan *.
5.23 Solve e* dT/dx + (e* - 1)T = 0.

# -
d"7
dx
H
e*
e
1
7= 0, and then as
dT
- +
dx
(1 e
x
)7 = 0. Now p(x) = 1 - e
+ e_x
and /(x, 7) = e^ 1 '''**** = e* . Multiplying the rewritten equation by I(x, 7), we get
AT
e
x+e " dx
+ (1 -e- x )e x+e "T = or
A
-(7e* + e ~*) =
dt
~ x (x+e ~ x)
Integrating yields Tex+e = c, or T= ce~ .
5.24 Solve (e* - \)dT/dx + e

x
T= 0.
f d7
We rewrite this equation as -
dx
I
e
x
e*
1
7= 0. Now p(x)
e
x
e*
1
and
I(x, 7) = e
J^/(^-l)dx^ e ln|e--l| = |g*_ j|_
Multiplying the rewritten equation by I{x, 7) and simplifying, we get
dT
(e* - 1)

dx
- + e
x
T= or d
dx
[T{e
x - 1)] =
(The equation on the left is the differential equation in its original form. Thus, some work could have been
saved if the original equation had been recognized as being exact.) Integrating yields T(e
x 1) = c,
or 7= c/{e
x - 1).
5.25 Solve (sin d) dT/d9 = 7 cos 0.
We rewrite this equation as dU

:
sin 9
- 7 = 0. Then p(9) = - cos 0/sin and
1(0, 7) = eS
-< cose / sinfl >'' 9 g-ln|sin8| _ ^ln |sin " fl| _ 1
Multiplying the rewritten equation by 1(0, 7)

sin
96 CHAPTER 5
and simplifying, we get
dT cos d ( T
sin
1
d6 sin
2
7= or (^^1 =
d6\sin0
Integrating yields 7/sin = c or T= c sin 0.
5.26 Solve dT/dO + T sec = 0.
= isecede i"lc + "l

# Here p(9) sec and 1(9, T) = e = e = |
sec + tan 9\. Multiplying the differential
equation by 1(9, T) and simplifying, we get
(sec 9 + tan 9) +
dT
d9
(sec
2
+ sec 9 tan 0)7 = or [T(sec0 + tan0)] =
dt
Integrating yields T(sec + tan 0) = c or T= c/(sec + tan 0).
5.27 Solve dz/dt + z In t = 0.
f Here p(0 = In * and (via integration by parts) I(t, z) = ?"""" = ?" n '~'. Multiplying the differential
equation by I(t, z), we obtain
nn '- ,<
e ^
dt
+ ze'
in,
-'\nt = or
dt
n
(ze" '-') =
Integrating yields ze'

in ' ' = c, or z ce 1 ""'.
5.28 Solve
<fc
dx
+ -=
X* + X
=
2z
0.
I Here p(x) = 2/(x

2
+ x) and (via partial fractions)
I(\ Z) ef
2 ^x2 + x)dx = e
llZ * 2/(*+ !))<** _ g 2ln|x|-21n|x+l| _ glnx 2 -In(x+1) 2 _ ^lnl*- u+ l) 2 ] _
2
(X + l)
Multiplying the differential equation by I(x, z) and simplifying, we obtain
.x dz 2x d zx
2
+- ttt z = or =
(x+l) dx (x+1) 3 dx (x+\) 2
zx
Integrating yields = c, or z = c(x + l)
2
/x
2
= c(l + 1/x)
(x + IV
NONHOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
5.29 Solve y' - 3y = 6.
f Here p(x) = 3. Then j" p(x)dx = J

-3dx = -3x, from which /(x, y) = e~
3x
. Multiplying the
differential equation by I(x, y), we obtain
~
3x y' 3e
ix
y = 6e
3x
or
Av
</x
(ye
3x
) = 6e
-3x
ix
Integrating both sides of this last equation with respect to x yields ye
ix
J
6e dx 2e 3x
+ c, or
y = ce
3x
2.
5.30 Solve y' + 6y = 3.
= = |6d* = 6 *.
we
f Here p(x) 6 and /(x, y) e e Multiplying the differential equation by I(x, y), get
e
6x y'
+ 6e
6x
y = 3e
6x
or d
dx
(ye
tx
) = 3e
6x
Integration yields ye
6x
= \e
bx
+ c, or y =%+ ce
5.31 Solve dl/dt + 50/ - 5.
50<" 50
f Here p(t) = 50 and I(t, 1) = e! = e '. Multiplying the differential equation by this integrating factor,
we get
e
50 '
^ + 50e
dt
50
7= 5e
50 '
or - (Ie 50
dt
') = 5e
50t
50 ' 50 ' -50t

Integrating yields Ie = io^ + c , or I = iô + ce
5.32 Solve dq/dt + 10g = 20.
XOdt
f Here p(t) = 10 and I(t, q) = es = e
10t
. Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, q), we get
10 '
e>"><^L+I0e
4- lo
+ ê 10 'q = 20e
10r
l0t
or - (qe i(u
) = 20e
10 '
dt dt
l0t 10 ' 10 '

Integrating yields qe 2e + c, or q = 2 + ce~
5.33 Solve dl/dt + ^l = 6.
I Here p(t) = 2g and I(t, I) = e

Si20l3)dt
= e
i20/3)t
. Multiplying the differential equation by this integrating
factor, we get
e
(2o/3)t "J_
+ e
(2o/3> _ / _ 6e <20/3)(
or (Ie (20,3) ') = 6e (20l3)t
dt 3 dt
Integrating yields le
{20l3)t
= -ê i20,3)t + c, or / = -fc + ce-
(20/3)t
.
5.34 Solve q + \0q = \.
10 '.
I Here p(t) =10 and /(f, /) = es
10<"
= e Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, I), we get
e
l0
'q + We 10 'q = |e
10 '
or ~ (qe 10t
) = \e
l0t
dt
10 ' 10 '
Integrating yields qe = 26e + c, or q = jq + ce~ 10 '.
5.35 Solve dv/dt + \v = 32.
= * )dt
f Here p(t) { and I(t,v) = e iill = 1
e' *. Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, v), we get
dv d
e
ti* ?1 +
1
L e m v = 32 e"4
., . A
or -f {ve^)
= 32e"
4
dt 4 dt
Integrating yields ve"* = 128e

,/4
+ c, or v = 128 + ce
r/4
5.36 Solve dv/dt + 25r; = 9.8.
= = ;25<" = 25 '.
f Here p{t) 25 and /(r, y) e e Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, v), we get
e
25 '
^ + 25e
dt
25
't; = 9.8e
25 '
or ^- (ve
dt
25t
) = 9.8e
25 '
25 2S ' 25t
Integrating yields ve '
= 0.392<? + c, or u = 0.392 + ce~ .
_
5.37
__ _ ,
Solve
dv
dt
1
m k
i? = g
. ,
for k, m, and # constant.
I Here = SWm)dt kt,m

we
p(t) k/m and /(r, u) e e . Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, v), get
dt m dt
Integrating yields ve"'"" = ^-

h
e
k,/m
+ c, or v = ce~
kttm
^.
Ir
k
98 CHAPTER 5
5.38 Solve t + kT = \00k for k constant.
I Here p(t) = k and I{t, T) = el

kdt
= e*
r
. Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, T), we get
7e*' + ke 'T
k
= 100/ce*' or d{T^) = lOOfce*'
Integrating yields TV" = J

100/ce*' dt = lOOe*' + c, so 7= 100 + ce~
kt
.
5.39 Solve t + kT = ak for a and fc constant.
f Here p(t) = k, so /(f, T) = e 1 *"" = e*'. Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, T), we get
7V" + ke kl
T= ak^' or <*(7V") = aJke*'
Integrating yields TV" = J

a/ce*" dr = ae
kt
+ c; therefore, T= a + ce~
k '.
5.40 Solve dv/dt = -|.
f Here p(f) = 0, so I(t, v) e

0dt
e 1, which indicates that the differential equation can be integrated
directly. Doing so, we obtain v = \t + c.
5.41 Solve dv/dt = g for g constant.
I Here p(t) = and l(t, v) 1, as in the previous problem, so we may integrate the differential equation
directly with respect to time. Doing so, we obtain v gt + c.
5.42 Solve y' 2xy = x.
I Here, p(x) = 2x and I(x, y) = e

ip{x)dx
= e~ \
x
Multiplying the differential equation by I(x, y), we obtain
e~ x \' 2xe~
x2
y = xe
x2
or
dx
(ye~
x2
) = xe~ x2
Integrating yields ye~"

2
= J
xe~
x2
dx = \e~ x2 + c, or y = ce
x2
\.
5.43 Solve dy/dx + 2xy = Ax.
I Here p(x) 2.x and J

p(x)dx = J
2xdx = x 2 , so /(x, y) = e xl is an integrating factor. Multiplication
x2
and integration then yield ye
x2
= J
4xe
x2
dx 2e + c, or y 2+ ce~
x2
.
5.44 Solve y' + y = sin v.
ix
I Here p(x) 1; hence I(x, y) = e1
'
= e
x
. Multiplying the differential equation by /(x, y), we obtain
d
e
x
y + e
x
y = x
e sin x or
dx
(ye
x
) = e
x
sin x
To integrate the right side, we use integration by parts twice, and the result of integration is
ye
x
= ê*(sin x cos x) + c, or y = ce~
x
+ \ sin x \ cos x.
5.45 Solve y' + (4/x)y = x4 .
x4
lnx '
/ Here p(x) = 4/x; hence /(x, y) = e
lp(x)dx
= e = . Multiplying the differential equation by I(x, y), we
find
4
x 4 y' + 4x 3 y = x8 or - (yx ) = x8
dx
Integrating with respect to x yields yx 4 = ^x 9 + c, or y = c/x

4
+ ^x 5 .
5.46 Solve x dy/dx 2y = x 3 cos 4x.

m 1
d >
We write the equation as y = x 2 cos4x. Then p(x) 2/x and an integrating factor is
dx x
_ _ _ -2
e
u-2/x)dx
e
-2in* înx-2
% -2 Multiplying by x , we have
-2 - _3
x 2x y = cos4x or - (x ~ 2
y) = cos 4x
dx dx
Then by integrating we find x ~ 2y = \ sin 4x + c, or y = x

2
sin 4x + ex
2
.

5.47 Solve x -/ = y + x3 + 3.x

2
- 2x.
ax
I dy 1
We
.
rewrite the equation as

,
y = x + 3x 2. Then p(x) = 1/x and

ax x

ax
J =-ln|x| so e
- ,n W= is an integrating factor. Then we have
y- = J-(x 2 + 3x - 2)dx = (x + 3 --\dx = -x 2 + 3x - 21nx + c,

J
or 2y = x3 + 6x 2 4x In x + ex.
5.48 Solve
d<2
-^ +
<ft

100
3
t
^ =
6 2.
I Here p(r) = 3/(100 - t) and
/(t, Q) = ^3/(100-r)dr _ e
-31n|100-t| _ ^ln |( 1 00 - f) " ^| _ I^qq _ (j-3|
~
Multiplying the differential equation by I{t, Q), we get |(100 - f)
_3
|
-j-
at
+ "
100 t
Q= - |(100 - t)~
3
\2.
By reasoning similar to that in Problem 5.16, we can show that this reduces to
(100- ty 3 -=- + 3(100 -t)-

4
= 2(100 -0" 3
for all t # 100. This last equation may be written as
[(100 -ty 3
Q] = 2(100 -t)
-3
- Integrating then yields (100 - r)"
3
2= (100 - t)~
2
+ c, or
at
Q= 100 - +t c(100 - f)
3
.
<W 2
5.49 Solve -^ + * =
Q 4.
df 10 + 2r
f
Here p(r) =
2
and I(t,Q) = e!2 ll0+2,)dt = g
' ln l
10+2f " = [10 + 2t\. Multiplying the differential
equation by I(t, Q) and simplifying, we get
(10 + 2t)-j- + 2Q = 4(10 + It) or [(10 + 2t)Q] = 40 + 8r
Integrating yields (10 + 2t)Q = 40f + 4f

2
+ c, or Q= +
40t 4f
2
+ c
.
5.50 Solve ^ + ^g
dt - t*
=
20
4.
I 2
Here p(t) = and I(t, Q) = e i2n2
-' )dt
= e -^m-t\ = e
lni2 - ,r2 = (20 - t)~
2
. Multiplying the
differential equation by /(t, Q), we get
d
(20 - t)~
2
Q + 2(20 -t)~ 2
Q= 4(20 -t)~ 2 or ^- [(20 - t)~
2
Q] = 4(20 - t)~
2
dt dt
Integrating yields (20 - t)~

2
Q = 4(20 - t)~
l
+ c, or Q = 4(20 - t) + c(20 - r)
2
.
5.51 Solve dl/dt + 201 = 6 sin It.
520dt 20 '.
I Here p(t) = 20 and I(t, I) = e = e Multiplying the differential equation by this integrating factor,
we get
d 20r 20 '
e
20t J_ + 20e
20 '/ = 6e
20t
sin 2t or -f- (7? ) = 6e sin 2r
dt dr
x x
100 CHAPTER 5
Integrating (and noting that the right side requires integration by parts twice), we obtain
- 20 ' -
Ie
20 ' = (-f^-sin 2f j^rcos 2t)e + c, or / = r^-sin2r -rrCos2t + c<T 20 '.
5.52 Solve dq/dt + q = 4 cos 2r.
= sldt
I Here p(t) = 1 and I(t, q) e = e'. Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, q), we get
dq
e' + e'q 4e' cos 2r or d (qe') = 4e' cos 2t
dt dt
Integrating both sides of this equation (with two integrations by parts required for the right side), we obtain
qe' f e' sin It + f e' cos 2f + c, or q = f sin 2f + f cos2r + ce~'.
5.53 Solve + 5/ =
dt 3
sin 1207cr.
/ Here p(t) 5 and I(t, I) = es

5<"
= e
5
'. Multiplying the differential equation by this integrating factor, we get
e
5'
+ 5e
dt
5,
I =
3
e
5'
sin 1 207tf or
dt
(e
s,
I) = 3
e
5'
sin 1 207rt
Then Ie
.
5'
=
110 r
3 J
e
,,
5 '
sin
.
1
m
20nt dt =
,
110
3
e
,,
5'
5sinl207rr- 1207rcosl207rf

25 + -n^
14,4007t
7
2
+ c
22 sin 120nr - 24ncos 1207rr

2
3 1 + 576rc
5.54 Solve q + lOOq = 10 sin 120t.
100<" 100 '.

I Here p{t) = 100 and I(t, q) = e1 = e Multiplying the differential equation by /(r, q), we get
,00 'q 100

qe
1001
+ 100e = 10<? 'sin 1207rf or ^(qe 100 = ') 10e
loo
'sin 1207tf
dt
100 r .on,
i00
^ lftn
100 ,'
lOOsin 1207rf - 1207rcosl20rrf
Then qe
H
'
= 10 e '
sin 1207tr dt
,
= \0e =
2
+ A
J 10,000 + 14,4007r
,, 10 sin 1207if - 12ncos 1207rf

2
100 + 144tt
1 sin 1 207tf - 1 2n cos 1 207tf

or q
H
= =
2
+ Ae~ 100 '
100 + 144tt
-0.04r
5.55 Solve dQ/dt + 0.040 = 3.2e
04<" 4 '.
I Here p(t) = 0.04 and /(f, Q) = es = e Multiplying the differential equation by I(t, Q), we get
e
o.o4,
^+ at
.04e
04r
Q= 3.2, or ^
at
(Qe
04 ') = 3.2. Integrating yields Qe 4' = 3.2* + c, or
04t
Q = 3.2te- + ce- *'.
5.56 Solve dv/dx xv=x.

I Here p(x) = x and /(x, y) = e5 ~
xdx
e~
x2 ' 2
. Multiplying the differential equation by /(x, v), we get
e
-jc 2 /2
'
dx
xe
- x- 2L
vxe -xx '* 2 /2
or "
dx
-
(ve
-xxlz
1 I2\
)=xe -x*/2 '
x2/2 xl 2
Integrating yields ve~ e~
x2 ' 2
+ c, or v = 1 + ce .
A 1 ">
5.57 Solve ~--v^-x*.

dx x 3
~ 2 ' x)dx
I Here p(x) = -2/x and Z(x, i>) = e*
{
= e~ 2inM = e
ln ix2) = 1/x
2
. Multiplying the differential
equation by
,
I(x, v), we get 1r

I dv 2
-v = -x 2
2 ,
or /t?\
rf
I = ) =-
2 ,
*.
_
Integrating then yields
. ...023
-^ = - + J
c,
x dx x i
3 dx \x z J 3 x" 9
2
or t; = - x 3S + ex*.
2
9
5.58 Solve v' + \xv = 3x.
i(xl2)dx x2 ' A
I The integrating factor here is /(x, v) = e = e . Multiplying the differential equation by it, we obtain
e*
2/
V + \xe x2
'*v = 3xe
x2/4
or
dx
(ve
x2 '*)
= 3xe x2 '*
2
Integrating yields ve* '* 6e*
2/4
+ c, or v 6 + ce~
x2/4
.
2
5.59 Solve v' v= -2.
x
I The integrating factor here is I(x, v) 1/x

2
, the same as in Problem 5.57. Multiplying by it, we obtain
1 2 -2 d ( v\ -2 v 2
V Jr v = z5- T fJ
=-+
. .
xz
, -
x x
or -7- (
ax \x /
? =
x
r- I
Integrating then yields -^z
x x
c, or u = 2x + ex 2 .
5.60 Solve u' v= -5x 2 .
x
~ 5/x)dx 51n x
"
I The integrating factor here is I(x, v) = e i{ = e" l l
= e
ln|x 51
= |x"
5
|. Multiplying the differential
equation by it and simplifying, we obtain x~V 5x~ 6 v = 5x -3 or

ax
(yx~
5
) = 5x~ 3 . Tnen
ux
5
= j 5x 3
dx = fx
2
+ c, and f = fx
3
+ or
5.61 Solve v' v = ex .
ldx x
I The integrating factor here is I(x, v) = es ~ = e~ . Multiplying the differential equation by it, we get
v'e~
x ve~
x
= 1 or
dx
(ve~
x
)=l. Then ve~
x
= \{\)dx x + c, and v = (c x)e
x
.
dv
5.62 Solve
dt
+-
1
t
v = cos t.
I The integrating factor here is I{t, x) = e

S{ll,)dt
= e
1 " 1
' 1
= |r|. Multiplying the differential equation by it and
simplifying, we get tv' + v = t cos t or (tv) = t cos t. Then tv = J

t cos t dt = r sin t + cos r + c, and
dt
1 c
v = smt + -cosr + -.
t t
dv 3
5.63 Solve
dr
+
2t
v = 6f.
ta " 3/2 3/2

I The integrating factor here is I(t, x) = e
Si3l2t)dt
= e
(3/2,ln|(|
= e l
= |f |. Multiplying the differential
equation by it and simplifying, we get
t
3/2 _+_
dt 2
t
l >2
v = 6f
5/2
or
dt
(vt
312
) = 6t
5!2
Then vt
ut
3 '2
3/2
= ji6t
6/
5/2
sl2 112
dt = ^-t'7l2
+ c, t and v
d =
i? t 2 + cT 3/2 .
dv
,
5.64
* r,
Solve
,
2
+ -v = 4.
dt t
21 " 2 2
I The integrating factor here is l(t, v) = e S(2l
' )dt
= e 1
'
1
= e
ln '
= t . Multiplying the differential equation by
it, we obtain t
2 + 2tv = At
2
or
dt
{vt
2
) = At
2
. Then vt
2
= j 4f
2
dt = ff
3
+ c, and t> = ft + ct~
2
.
dt
5.65 Solve (x - 2) dy/dx = y + 2(x - 2)

3
.
We rewrite the equation as -y = 2{x-2) 2 . Then jp(x)dx=-| -=-ln|x-2|,

ax x 2 J x l
,
102 CHAPTER 5
and an integrating factor is e

-ln|x-2| _ Multiplication by it and integration yield
x-2
1 r 1 f
y -= 2 (x - 2)
2
dx = 2 (x - 2)dx = (x - 2)
2
+ c or y ={x- 2)
3
+ c(x - 2)
x 2 J x 2 J
eoiX
5.66 Solve dy/dx + y cot x = 5e .
JCO,xd;c
I An integrating factor is e = e
ln|sinx|
= |sinx|, and multiplication by it and integration yield
_5 e cosi + c
y sin x = 5 \
J
e
cosx
sin xdx 5e cosx + c. Therefore, y = :
.
sin x
5.67 Solve x 3 dy/dx + (2- 3x 2 )y = x3 .
- -
I
dy
Jx
H
2
3
3x 2
y =
,
1.
T1 L
Then we have
r 2
I 3
3x 2
J
dx = _ 1
^
,
3 m -x '
and
an integrating factor is , x 2~
. Multiplication by it and integration yield
x e
> r dx 1
3 IT* 7
3 1/x2 ~ lx + cl or 2y = x3 4- cx 31/*
i
e
2
x e J x e 2e
5.68 Solve dy/dx - 2y cot 2x = 1 - 2x cot 2x - 2 esc 2x.

' l2col2xdx
= <>- |n sin2x =
I An integrating factor is e i l
|csc2x|. Then
y esc 2x = j
(esc 2x 2x cot 2x esc 2x 2 esc
2
2x) dx = x esc 2x + cot 2x + c
or y =x+ cos 2x + c sin 2\.
5.69 Solve y In y dx + (x - In y) dy = 0.
With x taken as the dependent variable, this equation may be put in the form 1
x = -.
dy y In y y
Then <J Jv < vln >>
= îniinyi _ j n y j s an integrating factor. Multiplication by it and integration yield
\ In v = In v = In 2 v + K, and the solution is 2x In y = In

2
y + c.
J y 2
5.70 Solve dv dx + 2v cos x = sin

2
x cos x.
cosxdx
f Here e
2 S
= f
2 s'n * is an integrating factor. Then multiplication by it and integration yield
2sinx nx 2sin
- 2sinx
ve = {e
2 *'
s\n
2
xcosxdx = ^? *sin
2
x ie
2sinA:
sinx + ê + c
o:2 2sini
or v = 1
j sin^x 1
j sin x + \ + ce .
5.71 Solve dv/dx + v 4 sin v.
f The integrating factor here is I(x. v) e ndx = e

x
. Then multiplication by it and integration give
ve
x
4 e sin
x
x dx = 2e (sin x
x cos x) + c or v 2(sin x cos x) + ce~
x
5.72 Solve dv/dx v x.

m Using the integrating factor e~ x we obtain ,
x
ve~
x
= \ xe~ x dx xe~ x + e~
x
+ c or 1; = x + 1 + ce
5.73 Solve
dv 2
v = -1 =-.
dx x x*
I Using the integrating factor I(x, v) = ei(

' 2x)dx
= e~
2l " M= e
inx
' 2
= 1/x
2
, we obtain
,-3
1
4-J(-x-)*c = + ex 2
x
+ c or v x
=
BERNOULLI EQUATIONS
5.74 Develop a method for obtaining nontrivial solutions to the Bernoulli equation,
dx
+ p(x)y = q{x)y",
for n # 0, 1.
# Observe that the trivial solution y = is always a solution. To find others, set v = y~ n+1 . Then
y =y i/(- + i)
and =- - v
"H-" +l >
. Substituting these relationships into the Bernoulli equation
yields
^H-n+l)J. + yH-n + l) = xyH-n+l) - - = -( -

n + p^x q^ Qr ( l)p(x)p l)</(x)
1 dx dx
This last equation is linear and may be solved by the method of Problem 5.2.
5.75 Solve y' + xy = xy 2 .
+ _1
I This is a Bernoulli equation with p(x) = q(x) = x and n = 2. Setting v = v~
2 1
= v = 1/y,
dy de 1
we have y = l/v and ~t~
^y^~-
2
The original differential equation then becomes
dx v dx
-\dv
(- x-
1
= X =
1
or
dv
XV X
v dx v v dx
This equation is linear, and its solution is v 1 + ce

x2/2
(see Problem 5.56). Since y = l/v, we have
y = jpr as a set of nontrivial solutions to the original differential equation.

x
1 + ce
5.76 Solve
dy
dx
--y=x y
x
3
4
. ,.,
1/3
-
+
I This is a Bernoulli equation with p(x) = 3/x, q(x) x4 , and n 1/3. Setting v y~ ll3 1
y
213
,
A 1 A
we have y = v
312
and
dx
=-
2
v
1 ' 2
-.
dx
The original differential equation thus becomes
3 n dv. 3 xn . ... dv 2 2 .
-v 112 - v 3l2 = x 4 v 1/2 or y = -x 4

2 dx x dx x 3
This last equation is linear, and its solution is v + ex 2

|x 5 (see Problem 5.57). Thus, for the original
equation, y
213 = |x 5 + ex 2 or, explicitly, y = (|x + ex 2 5
)
312
.
5.77 Solve y xy
dx
4
I This is a Bernoulli equation with p(x) 1, q{x) x, n 5. The transformation y = v,
y~'- - reduces it to \- 4v = 4x, for which an integrating factor is e

4idx = e*
x
. Then
dx 4 dx dx
ve
4x
4 J
xe
4jc
dx = xe 4jc + ^6
,4x
+ c, so that, for the original equation,
y *e = xe* x + -1a
e*
e
x
+
4
c or -j
^
y
4
1
= x 4+ 'a
-
4
+ ce
5.78 Solve xy' + y = xy 3 .
f This is a Bernoulli equation with /? = 3. Setting i> = y" 3 + 1

=y 2
, we have y = v~ 112
and
}>' = \v~ 3l2 v'. The original differential equation then becomes - iT 3/ V + - r
_1/2
= y" 3/2
, or
2
i/ u = 2. This last equation is linear, and its solution is v = 2x + ex 2 (see Problem 5.59). Then for the
x
original equation, y = 2x + ex or y = r
/-
i
j.
104 D CHAPTER 5
5.79 Solve / + xy = 6x~Jy.
+
I This is a Bernoulli equation with n = \. Setting v = y~ 1/2 1
= y
112
, we have y = v
2
and y' 2vv'.
The original differential equation then becomes 2vv' + xv 2
= 6xv, or v' + \xv = 3x. The solution to this
last equation is given in Problem 5.58 as v = 6 + ce~
xl A
'
Then, for the original equation, 1/2

= 6 + ce~
x2/A
.
y ,
2/4 2
or y = (6 + ce~* ) .
5.80 Solve y' + y = y

2
.
I This is a Bernoulli equation with n 2. Setting = y~ 2+l = y~ l we have

v , y = v' 1
and
y' v~ 2
v'. The original differential equation then becomes i?~V + v~ l = v~ 2 , or v' v = 1. This
~ ldx x
last equation is linear with integrating factor I(x, v) es e~ . Multiplying by it, we obtain
e Ve x
v e x
or
ax
d
(ve
x
) = e x
Then integration yields ve~

x
= J e~ x )dx =
( e~
x
+ c, so that v 1 + ce
x
. Thus, for the original equation,
y~ ' = 1 + ce
x
, and y = (1 + ce x )~ '.
5.81 Solve y' + y = y- 2 .
I This is a Bernoulli equation with n 2. Setting v = y 2 + 1 =y 3 , we have y = v

1 ' 3
and
y' ^v~ 2l3
v'. The original differential equation thus becomes jv~ 2l3
v' + v
1 ' 3
= v~ 2li
or v' + 3v 3.
i3dx 3x
This last equation is linear with integrating factor e e . Multiplying by it, we get
e
3x
v' + 3e
3x
v = 3e
3x
or
ax
(ve
3x
) = 3e
3x
3x 3x
Then integration yields ve = J 3e 3x dx = e + c, so that i; = 1 + ce~
3x
. Thus, for the original equation,
3x
y
3
=\+ce~ ,
or y = (1 + ce~ 3x 3 )
x
.
5.82 Solve xdy + ydx = x 3 y b dx.
We rewrite the equation first as x>'' + y x 3 y6 and then as y' +y= x2y6 , to obtain a Bernoulli
x
equation with n = 6. Setting v = y~ 6 + =y l 5

, we have y = v~ 115
and y = - v~ 6l$ v'. Our equation
then becomes 5
y
_6/
V + v~ v
1/5
= x 2 t;" 6 5
, or v'
x
v = 5x 2 . The solution to this last equation is
v = fx
3
+ ex 5 (see Problem 5.60); hence y = v~
1/5
= (fx
3
+ cx 5 )~ ,/5
.
x
5.83 Solve dy + y dx = 2
y e dx.
I This equation may be rewritten as y' + y = 2 x

y e , which is a Bernoulli equation with n = 2. Setting
v= y~ 2 +
= y~\ we i
have y = v" and y' = v~ 2
1
v'. The rewritten equation then becomes
r~ V + iT = v~ 2 e x 1
, or v' v= e x The solution . to this last equation is v (c x)e"
(see Problem 5.61), so y v'
1
e~ x/{c x).
- x= (
dx I 1
5.84 Solve
dt \ It 2
I This is a Bernoulli equation in the dependent variable x and the independent variable t, with n = 3.
Setting i' = x~ 3 + = x~ 2 1
, we have x = r~
12
and = 2
dt
iT 3/2
dt
. The differential equation thus
becomes
2
1
v
n dv
_,3/z
dt It
1
1;
.
'
,
=
/
\
1
2
cos
\
My - i,z
3/2
or
dv
-
dt
+
1
-t;
t
= cost
J
1 c
The solution to this last equation is v = sin t + - cos f + - (see Problem 5.62). Thus,
= 1/2
=
1
- cos
cV 1/2
x v I sin t H t H
3
dx
5.85 Solve - x = -2tx
dt It
1
4
.
I This is a Bernoulli equation for x(t) with n = 4. Setting d = x~ 4+1 =x~ 3 ,

we have x = v~ '
3
and
, dx
- =
dt
3
1
v
_ .., dt;
' _The
dt
.
.._
differential
.
,
equation becomes
.
1 _ ,,dv 1 _,., dv 3
-t
3
'
-T--Z-V
dt It
' = ~2tv
_ 4/3
or +
dt It
v = 6t
~ 312
The solution to this last equation is v = ^t 2 + ct (see Problem 5.63). Therefore,
x = |,-l/3 = (llf 2 + cr 3/2) -l/3
dz
5.86 Solve -
dr 2t
1
z = -z 5 .
/ This is a Bernoulli equation for z(t) with = 5. Setting w = z _5+1 =z~ 4 , we have z = v~ l>4 and
dz
= 1
t;
..*.
'
dv
The differential equation becomes
.
dv 2
4
1
: tf
. IA
-5/4
dt
tT
1
2t
...
1/4
= -tT 5/4
,.
or + -p
di;
dt
=4
t
The solution to this last equation is v = ft + ct'

2
(see Problem 5.64), so z v~
114
= (ft + 2
ct~ )~
1/4
.
5.87 Solve -/
dx
+ 2xv -I- xy 4 = 0, or y
-4
/
dx
+ 2xy~ 3
= -x.
The transformation y~ 3
= v; 3y -4 = reduces either equation to 6xv 3x. Using the
dx dx dx
6xdx 3x
integrating factor e~ s = e~ \ we obtain
ve~
3*2
=
J
\ 3xe~ 3 * dx
2
= 2
e~
3x2
+ c or 3r =
2
h ce
3x2
5.88 Solve ^ + I y = I(l-2x)/, or y" 4 ^ +V 3

= 1(1 - 2x).
dx 3 3 dx 3 3
The transformation y' 3 =

dx
v;
dx
3y ~ 4 = -
reduces either equation to
dx
v = 2x 1 , for which e
is an integrating factor. Then integrating by parts gives
1
ve = I (2x l)e
x
dx = 2xe x e
x
+ c or ^=\2x + ce x
5.89 Solve +y=y 2

(cos x sin x), or y
2
+y ' = cos x sin x
dy dv
-=
dv
The trQncfnrmntirin
TVi* transformation yt
- 1
*'
=
y;
y - z^
it
,
- reduces either equation to
.
t> = sin x cos x, for

dx dx dx
which e~ x is an integrating factor. Then multiplication and integration give
- 1
r
(sin x cos x)e * dx = e x
sin x + c or - = sin x + ce
x
J v
-
5.90 Solve x dy - \y + xy 3 (l + In x)l dx = 0, or y -/ - - y~ 2 = 1 + In x.
dx x
I
The transformation y
2
= v; -2y
_ ,
3

dy
dx
dv
= -
dx
reduces either equation to
dv
dx
+-
x
2
v = -2(1 + In x), for
which e
s2dx,x = x2 is an integrating factor. Then multiplication and integration give
4 2 x2 2 /2 \
yx
2
= -2 f(x
2
+ x 2 lnx)dx = --x 3 --x 3 lnx + c or -j = -- x 3 I- + lnx + j
c

106 Q CHAPTER 5
MISCELLANEOUS TRANSFORMATIONS
5.91 Develop a method for solving the differential equation /'(v)

dy
ax
+ f(y)P{x) = Q(x) for ><x).
Set u = f{y) so that

dv
dx
= f'(y)
dy
dx
. Then the given differential equation may be written as

dv
dx
+ P(x)i/- = Q(x), which is linear and may be solved by the method developed in Problem 5.2.
5.92 Show that the Bernoulli equation is a special case of the differential equation described in the previous problem.
I dy
The Bernoulli equation, - \- p{x)y = y"q(x), may be written as
dx
+
{-n + l)y-"^ + (-n + l)p(x)y-
n l
= {-n + l)q(x)
dx
Set <2(x) = n + ( l)q(x) and P(x) n + ( l)p(x); then the Bernoulli equation has the form
dy n+
(
n + l)y " \-
y P(x) = Q(x), which is identical to the differential equation described in the previous
dx
problem for the special case f(y) = y' n+ l
.
5.93 Solve sin y

dy
dx
= (cos x)(2 cos y sin
2
x).
I
We rewrite this equation as sin
dx
dy
y- h (cos y)(2 cos x) = sin
2
x cos x, which has the form required by
= P(x) = 2cosx, = = cosy

2
Problem 5.91 with /(y) cosy, and Q(x) sin x cos x. The substitution r
transforms the rewritten equation into

dx
-
h (2cosx)u = sin xcosx,
2
which is linear. Its solution is
v j sin
2
x | sin x + { + ce' 2s,nx (see Problem 5.70). The solution to the original equation is, implicitly,
~
cos y = \ sin
2
x | sin x + \ + ce 2 s,n x .
5.94 Solve
dy
-
dx
h 1 = 4e y
sin x.
I dy
We rewrite this equation as ey 1- ey = 4sinx, which has the form required by Problem 5.91 with
dx
dv
f(y) = ey , P(x) = 1, and Q{x) = 4 sin x. The substitution v ey transforms it to - + v = 4 sin x,
dx
whose solution is given in Problem 5.71 as v 2(sin x cosx) + ce~
x
. Then the solution to the original
equation is, implicitly, e y = 2(sin x cos x) + ce~
x
and, explicitly, y = In [2(sin x cos x) + ce~
x ~\.
dy
5.95 Solve x 2 cos y - = 2x sin v 1.
dx
2V -1
I
We write this equation as cos y
dy
dx
+ smy
(
sinyj -
\ xy
j", which has the form required by Problem 5.91 with
f(y) = sin y, P(x) = 2

, and Q{x) -1y- The substitution v = sin y
,
transforms it to
dv 2
v =
-1
^-,
whose solution is given in Problem 5.73 as v = ^x" 1
+ ex
2
. Then the solution to the original equation is,
implicitly, siny = ^x" 1

+ ex
2
and, explicitly, y = arcsin 1 + kx 3
, where k = 3c.
5.96 Solve sin y

dy
dx
= (cos y)( 1 x cos y).
We rewrite this equation as 5 = x, which has the form required by Problem 5.91 with
cos y dx cos y
f{y) - 1/cosy, P(x)=-1, and Q(x) = -x. The substitution 1;= 1/cosy transforms it to --v=-x,
dx
whose solution is given in Problem 5.72 as v =x+ 1+ a?*. Then the solution to the original equation is,
x
implicitly, 1/cosy =x+ 1 + ce and, explicitly, y = arcsec(x + + cex 1 ).
dy
5.97 Solve x y + 3x 3 y x2 = 0, or xdy ydx + 3x 3 y dx x 2 dx = 0.
dx
Here (x dy y dx) suggests the transformation y/x = v. Then 5 h 3x 2 dx dx = is

x2 x
reduced to -
dx
h 3x 2 v = 1, for which e*
3
is an integrating factor. Multiplication and integration then
3 3 xl xi xi
yield ue* = j e* dx + c or y xe~ \ e dx + cxe~ . The indefinite integral here cannot be evaluated
in terms of elementary functions.
5.98 Solve (4r s

2
- 6) dr + r
3
ds = 0, or (rds + s dr) + 3s dr = (6/r
2
) dr.
I The first term of the second equation suggests the substitution rs = t, which reduces the equation
to dt +
t
3 - dr
r
= -=
r
6
dr, or
<it
dr
+
3
r
*
6
= -=-. Then
r
r
,
3
is an integrating
.
factor, and the solution is
3 c
4
tr
3
= r s = 3r
2
+ c, or s = -= + -r.
r r
. . ,_ * i x sin 9 d6 + cos 9 dx
5.99 Solve x sin 9 d9 + (x
J
Ix 1 cos + cos
rt
9) dx
,
= 0, or 5 h 2 cos 9 dx = xdx.
xz
I x sin d0 + cos 9 dx
The substitution xy = cos 0;
,
ay = 5
L
,
t ^
reduces the second equation to

x
dy x2
dy + 2xy dx = x dx, or h 2xy = x. An integrating factor is e , and the solution is
dx
xl
ye = e
x2
= I e
x2
x dx = - e x2 +K or 2 cos 9 x+ cxe~ x2
x J 2
5.100 Solve y- 5y = 0; y(0) = 3.
5x
I The solution to the differential equation is given in Problem 5.3 as y ce . Applying the initial condition
5x
directly, we have 3 = ce
5(0)
c, so the solution to the initial-value problem is y = 3e .
5.101 Solve y'-5y = 0; y(3) = 0.
I The solution to the differential equation is the same as in the previous problem. Applying the initial
condition, we get = ce
3{i
\ or c = 0. The solution to the initial-value problem is y = 0.
5.102 Solve y'-5y = 0; y(3) = 4.
I The solution to the differential equation is the same as in Problem 5.100. Applying the initial condition,
we find that 4 = ce
3(3)
= ce
9
, or c = 4e~ 9
. The solution to the initial-value problem is
3x ~
v = 4e~ 9 e 4e
3(x 3)
.
5.103 Solve y' - 5y = 0; y(n) = 2.
I The solution to the differential equation is the same as in Problem 5.100. Applying the initial condition, we
3n 3x ~ n)
obtain 2 = ce
3{n
\ or c = 2e~
3n
. The solution to the initial-value problem is y = 2e~ e = 2e
3(x
.
5.104 Solve y' + 2xy = 0; y(3) - 4.
x2
f The solution to the differential equation is given in Problem 5.9 as y = ce~ . Applying the initial
9
condition directly, we have 4 = ce~
{3)2
= ce~
9
, or c = 4e . The solution to the initial-value problem is
2 -
= 4e e~
9 x2
= 4<?- * 9)(
y .
108 CHAPTER 5
5.105 Solve >' + 2xy = 0; y{-2) = 3.
# The solution to the differential equation is the same as in the previous problem. Applying the initial
~ 2)2 4 4
condition, we have 3 = ce~ {
= ce~ , or c = 3e . The solution to the initial-value problem is
= 3e e~
4 x2
= 3e~
(x2 -*\
y
5.106 Solve dy/dt + (t - l)y = 0; y(l) = 5.
2
I The solution to the differential equation is given in Problem 5.13 as y = ce'~'
' 2
' 12 2
condition, we get 5 = ce
1 '
ce 112
, or c = 5e~
l/2
. The solution to the initial-value problem is
-' 2/2 - 1/2
y =5e-
1/
V-' 2/2 = 5e
f
.
5.107 Solve dy/dt + (t - \)y = 0; y(- 3) = 0.
f The solution to the differential equation is the same as in the previous problem. Applying the new initial
<_3)_<_3)2/2
condition, we obtain ce = ce~ 1512
,
or c = 0. The solution to the initial-value problem is
y = 0.
5.108 Solve N= 0; N{\) = 1000.

dt t
I The solution to the differential equation is given in Problem 5.19 as N= ct

5
condition, we have 1000 = c(l)

5
= c, so the solution to the initial-value problem is N= lOOOf
5
.
5.109 Solve N= 0; N(2) = 1000.

dt t
condition, we obtain 1000 = c(2)

5
= 32c, or c = 31.25. The solution to the initial-value problem is
N= 31.25f
5
.
5.110 Solve y-3y = 6; y(0) = 1.
I The solution to the differential equation is given in Problem 5.29 as y = ce

3x 2. Applying the initial
condition directly, we have 1 = ce 3{0)

2 c 2, or c = 3. The solution to the initial-value problem is
ix
y = 3e - 2.
5.111 Solve >'-3y = 6; y{l) = 0.

condition directly, we have = ce Ml) 2, so that 2 = ce

3
or c = 2e~ 3
. The solution to the initial-value
problem is y 2e' 3 e ix 2 2e 3{x ~ 2. 1)
5.1 12 Solve y- 3v = 6; y( -5) = 4.

f The solution to the differential equation is the same as in Problem 5.110. Applying the initial condition,
~ 5)
ce M 2, = ce~ is 15
we find that = 4 so that 6 or c 6e The solution to the initial-value problem
. is
y = 6e
15
e
3x
-2 = 6e
3{x + 5)
- 2.
5.113 Solve dq/dt + lOq = 20; q(0) = 2.
10 '.
f The solution to the differential equation is given in Problem 5.32 as q = 2 + ce~ Applying the initial
condition, we get 2 = 2 + ce~ 10(0)

, or c 0. The solution to the initial- value problem is q = 2.
5.114 Solve dq/dt + lOq = 20; q(0) - 500.
f The solution to the differential equation is the same as in the previous problem. Applying the initial
condition to it, we find that 500 = 2 + ce~

10(0)
= 2 + c, or c = 498. The solution to the initial-value
- 10t
problem is q = 2 + 498e .
5.115 Solve dq/dt + lOq = 20; q(4) = 500.
I The solution to the differential equation is the same as in Problem 5.113. Applying the initial condition,
= 2 + ce~
10(4) = 4
= 498e 40 The solution problem
-
we have 500 , so that 498 ce' or c . to the initial-value

40 10 10( '- 4)
is q = 2 + 498e e- = '
2 + 498e" .
5.116 Solve dv/dt + 25u = 9.8; u(0) = 5.
/ The = 25 '.
solution to the differential equation is given in Problem 5.36 as v 0.392 + ce~ Applying the
initial condition, we get 5 = 0.392 + ce~ 25i0 \ or c- 4.608. The solution to the initial-value problem is
-25 '.
v = 0.392 + 4.608e
5.117 Solve dv/dt + 25v = 9.S; t<0.1) = 5.

/ The solution to the differential equation is the same as in the previous problem. Applying the new initial
= 25(01) = 25 = 25 = 56.137. The solution
condition, we get 5 0.392 + a?~ ,
so that 4.608 ce~ or c 4.608e
25 '.
to the initial-value problem is v = 0.392 + 56.137e~
5.118 Solve y' + y = sin x; y(n) = 1.
I From Problem 5.44 the solution to the differential equation is y = ce~

x
+ jsinx \cosx. Applying the
initial condition directly, we obtain 1 = ce~
n
+ \, or c \e
n
. Thus
y = je"e~
x
+ | sin x \ cos x = K x
\(e ~ + sin x cos x).
5.119 Solve x dy/dx 2y x 3 cos 4x; y(n) = 1.
I The solution to the differential equation is given in Problem 5.46 as y = 2

^x sin 4x + ex
2
. Applying the
initial condition, we obtain 1 = \k 2
sin 47r + en 2
= en 2
, or c l/n
2
. The solution to the initial-value
problem is >' = ^x 2 sin 4x 4- (x/7r)
2
.
5.120 Solve x dy/dx 2y = x 3 cos 4x; y(l) = n.
I The solution to the differential equation is the same as in the previous problem. Applying the new initial
condition, we find that n = |(l

2
)sin4 -(- c(l
2
), or c n ^sin4 = 3.331. The solution to the initial-value
problem is y = \x 2 sin 4x 4- 3.33 lx
2
.
5.121 Solve y' + xy = xy 2 ; y(0) = 1.
The solution to the differential equation is given in Problem 5.75 as y = ^h- Applving the initial
1 4- ce '
condition, we find that 1 = , or e = 0. The solution to the initial-value problem is y = 1.

1 + c
5.122 Solve y' + xy = xy 2 ;

y(l) = 0.
Applying this initial condition to the solution found in Problem 5.75, we have = - rjj, which has
1 + ce '
no solution. Thus, there is no value of c that will satisfy the initial condition. However, a Bernoulli equation
also admits the trivial solution y = 0, and since this solution does satisfy the initial condition, it is the
solution to this initial-value problem.
5.123 Solve y' + xy = 6xyjy; y(0) = 0.
xZ 4
m In Problem 5.79 we found a nontrivial solution to the differential equation to be y = (6 + ce~ )
2
.
or c 6. One solution to the initial-value

2
Applying the initial condition, we obtain = (6 -(- ce ) ,
problem is thus y = 36(1 e~ x2/4 2 The trivial solution to the Bernoulli equation, y = 0, also satisfies the
')
.
initial condition, so it is a second solution to the initial-value problem.
5.124 Solve x dy + y dx = x 3 y 6 dx; y(l) = 5.
I A nontrivial solution to this Bernoulli equation is given in Problem 5.82 as y = (fx ex 5 3

3
+
Applying )
'
.
= 5 5~ 5

the initial condition, we obtain 5 (f + c)~
1 '
,
so that =f + c or c 2.49968. The solution to
the initial-value problem is y = (2.5x
3
- 2.49968x 5 )"
l 5
.
5.125 Solve x dy + y dx = x 336

6
y dx; y(l) = 0.
i A nontrivial solution to the differential equation is given in the previous problem. Applying the initial
_1/5
condition, we have = (4
2 + c) or = , which has no solution. However, the trivial solut
5/2 + c
y = 0, does satisfy the initial condition; hence it is the solution to the initial-value problem.
CHAPTER 6
Applications of First-Order
POPULATION GROWTH PROBLEMS

6.1 A certain population of bacteria is known to grow at a rate proportional to the amount present in a culture
that provides plentiful food and space. Initially there are 250 bacteria, and after seven hours 800 bacteria are
observed in the culture. Find an expression for the approximate number of bacteria present in the culture at
any time t.
I The differential equation governing this system was determined in Problem 1.53 to be dN/dt = kN, where
N(t) denotes the number of bacteria present and k is a constant of proportionality. Its solution is N ce*'
(see Problem 5.8).
At t we
0, are given N= 250. Applying this initial condition, we get 250 = ce*
(0)
= c, so the
solution becomes N= 250e'".
At t = 7, we are given N 800. Substituting this condition and solving for k, we get 800 = 250e* (7) ,
or k 4lnf 0.166. Now the solution becomes
N= 250? ,66 '

(7)
which is an expression for the approximate number of bacteria present at any time t measured in hours.
6.2 Determine the approximate number of bacteria that will be present in the culture described in the previous
problem after 24 h.
# We require N at t = 24. Substituting t = 24 into (/) of the previous problem, we obtain

166,24)
N= 250e = 13,433.
6.3 Determine the amount of time it will take for the bacteria described in Problem 6.1 to increase to 2500.
I We seek a value of t corresponding to N = 2500. Substituting N 2500 into (/) of Problem 6.1 and
= 250? lh(", so that 10 = 01661 = =
solving for t, we find 2500 e and t (In 10) 0.166 13.9 h.
6.4 A bacteria culture is known to grow at a rate proportional to the amount present. After one hour, 1000
bacteria are observed in the culture; and after four hours. 3000. Find an expression for the number of bacteria
present in the culture at any time t.
I As in Problem 6.1. the differential equation governing this system is dN/dt = kN, where N(t) denotes the
number of bacteria present and k is a constant of proportionality, and its solution is N ce
kl
.
At t=l, N=1000; hence, 1000 = ce

k
.
At t = 4, N = 3000; hence, 3000 = ce

Ak
.
= = 0.366 and 366

Solving these two equations for k and c, we find k 3 In 3 c = 1000? = 694.
Substituting these values of k and c into the solution yields N - 694c0366 '
as the number of bacteria present
at any time t.
6.5 In the previous problem, determine the number of bacteria originally in the culture.
I We require N at t = 0. Substituting f into the result of the previous problem, we obtain

/V = 694e (0
- 366)<0)
= 694.
6.6 A bacteria culture is known to grow at a rate proportional to the amount present. Find an expression for
the approximate number of bacteria in such a culture if the initial number is 300 and if it is observed that the
population has increased by 20 percent after 2 h.
f As Problem 6.1, the differential equation governing

in this system is dN/dt = kN, where k is a constant of
proportionality, and its solution is N = ce ". 1
At f = 0, we are given N= 300. Applying this initial condition, we get 300 = ce

ki0)
= c, so the solution
becomes N= 300e'".
At t = 2, the population has grown by 20 percent or 60 bacteria and stands at 300 + 60 = 360.
360 = 300<? or k = \ In | = 0.09116.

i,2)
Substituting this condition and solving for k, we get The number
110
APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 111
of bacteria present at any time t is thus
JV = 300e 0091H" fin hours (/)
6.7 Determine the number of bacteria that will be present in the culture of the previous problem after 24 h.
# We require N at t = 24. Substituting this value of t into (/) of the previous problem, we obtain
N= 300e 009116,24) = 2675.
6.8 Determine the number of bacteria present in the culture of Problem 6.6 after 1 week.
I We require N at t 7(24) 168 h. Substituting this value of t into (/) of Problem 6.6, we obtain
= 09116<l68)
jV 300e- = 1.34 x 10
9
.
6.9 Determine the amount of time it will take the culture described in Problem 6.6 to double its original population.
I We seek the value of f associated with N= 2(300) = 600. Substituting N= 600 into (7) of Problem 6.6
and then solving for t, we get

6 600 = 300e
091 16 ',
or t = 0.09116
= 7.6 h.
6.10 A certain culture of bacteria grows at a rate that is proportional to the number present. If it is found that the
number doubles in 4 h, how many may be expected at the end of 12 h?
*
Let x denote the number of bacteria present at time t hours. Then =
dx
dt
kx, or
dx
x
= k dt.
First Solution: Integrating the second equation, we have In x = kt + In c, so that x = ce

kt
. Assuming that
x = x at time t 0, we have c =x and x = x e
k
'\ at time t = 4. we have x = 2x ; then
Ak Ak
= 4*) 3
2x = x e and e = 2. Now when t 12, x x e i2k =x (e = x (2
3
) = 8x ; that is, there are eight
times the original number.
Second Solution: Again we integrate the second equation, this time between the limits t = 0, x x and
f = 4, x = 2x . We write - = k \
dt, from which In 2x In x = 4/c so that 4k = In 2. Now if
we integrate between the limits t = 0, x = x and t 12, x x, we get - = k \ dt, from which
In = 12/c = 3(4*) = 3 In 2 = In 8. Then x = 8x , as before.
6.11 If, in the previous problem, there are 10

4
bacteria at the end of 3 h and 4 x 10 4 at the end of 5 h, how many
were there to start?
4
f First Solution: When t 3, x = 10 ; hence, the equation x = ce
kt
of the previous problem becomes
4
10
4 x 10 4
4 4
10 = ce
3k
, and so c = -^-. Also, when t = 5. x = 4 x 10 ; hence, = ce
5k
and so
4 4
4 x 10 4
c = jt . Equating these values of c gives us
10
^- =
4 x 10
^ from which e
2k
= 4 and e
k
2. Thus,
4 4
10 10 ,
the original number is c -^ = - bacteria.

e* 8
Second Solution: Integrating the differential equation of the previous problem between the limits t = 3,
4 x 1
4 dX f5
- k \ dt, from which In 4 = 2k, and k = In 2.
J10 4
x J3
4
/1 o4 dx f3
Integrating between the limits f = 0, x = x and t = 3, x = 10 gives us |
- = k I dt, from which
4 4
10 10
= -
,

In = 3k = 3 In 2 = In 8. Then x as before.
x 8
6.12 In a culture of yeast the amount of active ferment grows at a rate proportional to the amount present. If the
amount doubles in 1 h, how many times the original amount may be anticipated at the end of 2| h?
I Let N(t) denote the amount of yeast present at time t. Then dN/dt = kN, where k is a constant of
proportionality. The solution to this equation is given in Problem 5.8 as N= ce
kt
. If we designate the initial
112 CHAPTER 6
amount of yeast as N , then N=N at t = 0, and it follows that NQ = ce

k{0)
= c. We may then rewrite
the solution as N Nq^.
After 1 h, the amount present is N = 2N ; applying this condition and solving for k, we find
2N = N Ml k
= = =
e \ so that e 2 and k In 2 0.693. Thus, the amount of yeast present at any time t is
693 '.
N=N e -
After 2.75 h the amount will be N=N e

- 693 < 2 - 75
= 6J2N . This represents a 6.72-fold
increase over the original amount.
6.13 The rate at which yeast cells multiply is proportional to the number present. If the original number doubles in
2 h, in how many hours will it triple?
m Let N(t) denote the number of yeast cells present at time f. Then it follows from the previous problem that
N=N e
kl
, where N designates the initial number present and k is a constant of proportionality. At t = 2,
we know that N 2N . Substituting this condition into the equation and solving for k, we get
2iV =N e
k(2
\ from which e
2k
= 2, or k = \ In 2 = 0.3466. Thus, the number of yeast cells in this culture
0i46(".
at any time t is N=N e
We which N = 3N N and solving we obtain 3N N 03466 ',
seek t for ; Substituting for for t, e from
ln(3iV /N
which t
= )
= 3.17 h.
0.3466
6.14 Bacteria are placed in a nutrient solution and allowed to multiply. Food is plentiful but space is limited, so
competition for space will force the bacteria population to stabilize at some constant M. Determine an
level
expression for the population at time t if the growth rate of the bacteria is jointly proportional to the number
of bacteria present and the difference between M
and the current population.
I Let N(t) denote the number of bacteria present at time t. The differential equation governing this system
was determined in Problem 1.55 to be = kN(M

dN
at
N), where k is a constant of proportionality'. If we
rewrite this equation in the differential form dN k dt 0, we see it is separable. Integrating term
N(M - N)
1/M
by term and noting that bv partial fractions
1
= 1/M -I- -, we get

N{M N) N M N
N - - = In = c + kt,
M
In
M In (M y
N) kt c, or
M M -N
from which
N cM +A cM
where C= e
M -N
CM
Solving for N, we obtain N = -^ _ kM
kMt'
. If we now denote the initial population by N , then at t = this
C+ e'
CM No
becomes Nn = . and C =- Thus, the solution can be written
M-N
.
C+ 1
MiV
N_
N + (M - N )e~
kSU
which is an expression for the bacteria population at any time t. Equation (/) is often referred to as the logistics
equation.
6.15 The population of a certain country is known to increase at a rate proportional to the number of people
presently living in the country. If after 2 years the population has doubled, and after 3 years the population is
20,000. find the number of people initially living in the country.
f Let /V denote the number of people living in the country at any time f, and let N denote the number of
dN
people initially living in the country. Then. kN = 0. which has the solution N= or. At t = 0.
iV =N : hence, it follows from that N = ce

ki0
\ or that =Nc . Thus, the solution becomes ,V =N e
kt
.
At t = 2, N = 2N . Substituting these values, we get 2N = N e

2k
. from which k :
= | In 2 = 0.347.
Thus, the solution finally becomes N NqC 03 * 1 '.
(0 347)(3)
At r = 3. N= 20,000. Substituting these values, we obtain 20,000 = /V e
-
= JV (2.832), or
N = 7062.
APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS D 113
6.16 If the population of a country doubles in 50 years, in how many years will it treble under the assumption that the
rate of increase is proportional to the number of inhabitants?
# dy
Let y denote the population at time f years, and y the population at time f = 0. Then = ky, or
at
dy
= kdt, where k is a proportionality factor.
y
First Solution: Integrating the second equation gives us In v = kt + In c, or y = 1

ce ". Let y = y at time
t = 0; then c = y and y = y e
k '.
50k 50k
At t= 50, we know y = 2y Then we have 2y . = y e or e = 2. When y = 3y , y = y ^'
50 "= 50kt = 79
gives 3 = e
kt
. Then 3 e = {e 50k y = 2', and so t years.
Second Solution: Integrating this time between the limits t = 0, y = y and t = 50, y = 2y gives us
f
2yo
= /c
f
Jo
5

dr, from which In 2y - In y = 50/c, and so 50/c = In 2. Also, integrating between the
Jyo y
limits f = 0, y = y and r = f, y = 3y gives us f =k \ dt, from which In 3 = /ct. Then
50 In 3 = 50/cf = f In 2, and f =
50 In 3
, ^ = m
79 years.
In 2
DECAY PROBLEMS
6.17 A certain radioactive material is known to decay at a rate proportional to the amount present. If initially there
is 100 mg of the material present and if after 2 years it is observed that 5 percent of the original mass has
decayed, find an expression for the mass at any time t.
I Let N(t) denote the amount of material present at time t. The differential equation governing this system is
dN/dt kN, and its solution is N ce*' (see Problem 5.8). At t 0, we are given TV 100. Applying
this initial condition, we get 100 = ce
k{0)
= c. Thus, the solution becomes TV = lOOe*'.
At t = 2, 5 percent of the original mass of 100 mg, or 5 mg, has decayed. Hence, at t 2,
N{2) 100 5 = 95. Substituting this condition in the equation TV = lOOe*" and solving for k, we get
95 = 100e
k(2)
, or k = -
1
In 95 = 0.0256. The amount of radioactive material present at any time t is,
2 100
therefore,
TV = lOOe" 00256 '

f in years (7)
6.18 In the previous problem, determine the time necessary for 10 percent of the original mass to decay.
I We require t when JV has decayed to 90 percent of its original mass. Since the original mass was 100 mg,
we seek the value of t corresponding to N= 90. Substituting TV - 90 into (7) of the previous problem
90= 00256 ', so that -0.0256r = In 0.9, and = -(In 0.9)/0.0256 = 4.12 years.
gives us lOOe" t
6.19 A certain radioactive material is known to decay at a rate proportional to the amount present. If initially there
is50 mg of the material present and after 2 h it is observed that the material has lost 10 percent of its original
mass, find an expression for the mass of the material remaining at any time t.
I Let N denote the amount of material present at time t. Then dN/dt - kN = and, as in Problem 6.17,
N= ce**. At t = 0, we are given N= 50. Therefore, 50 = ce

k(0
\ or c = 50. Thus, we now have
N= 50e*'.
At t = 2, 10 percent of the original mass of 50 mg, or 5 mg, has decayed. Hence, at t = 2,

TV = 50 - 5 = 45. Substituting these values into the last equation and solving for k, we get 45 = 50e
2fc
,
or
k = - In = -0.053. The amount of mass present at any time t is therefore

2 50
OO53r
N= 50e~ t in hours (/)
6.20 In the previous problem, determine the mass of the material after 4 h.
I We require /V at t =
4. Substituting t = 4 into (7) of the previous problem and then solving for N, we
"
find that N = 50e (

053,,4)
= 50(0.809) = 40.5 mg.
114 CHAPTER 6
6.21 Determine the time at which the mass described in Problem 6.19 has decayed to one-half its initial mass.
f We require t when N- 50/2 = 25. Substituting N= 25 into (7) of Problem 6.19 and solving for t, we
find 25 = 50e~ 0053 ', so that -0.053t = ln| and t= 13 h. (The time required to reduce a decaying
material to one-half its original mass is called the half-life of the material. For this material the half-life is 13 h.)
6.22 A certain radioactive material is known to decay at a rate proportional to the amount present. If after 1 h it
is observed that 10 percent of the material has decayed, find the half-life of the material.
f Let N(t) denote the amount of the material present at time f. Then dN/dt kt, where k is a constant of
proportionality. The solution to this equation is given in Problem 5.8 as N ce
k
'.
If we designate the initial
mass as NQ , then N = NQ at t 0, and we have NQ = ce*
(0)
= c. Thus, the solution becomes
N=N e
kt
.
At t 1, 10 percent of the original mass 7V has decayed, so 90 percent remains. Hence N= 0.9N at
t = 1. Substituting this condition and solving for k, we get 0.9A =N e
kn)
, from which 0.9 e
k
and
,
k = In 0.9 = 0.105. The amount of radioactive material present at any time t is thus
0105
N=N e' '
t in hours (7)
The half-life is the time associated with N \N . Substituting this value into (7) and solving for t, we obtain
105 ', =
i/V =N e'
-
so that -0.105r = ln and t 6.60 h.
6.23 Find the half-life of a radioactive substance if three-quarters of it is present after 8 h.
I Let N(t) denote the amount of material present at time t. Then it follows from the previous problem that
NN e
kt
, where N denotes the initial amount of material and k is a constant of proportionality. If
three-quarters of the amount is present after 8 h. it follows that |/V = N ek<8) from which e Sk f
initial ,
and A: = g In 4 = 0.03596. Thus the amount of material present at any time f is N N e~ 00359f".
We require t when N \ô- Substituting this value into the previous equation and solving for r, we get
003596 ', " 003596
\N = JV <r from which e '
= \ and f - (In \) ( -0.03596) = 19.3 h.
6.24 Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present. If half the original amount disappears
in 1600 years, find the percentage lost in 100 years.
I Let R(t) denote the amount of radium present at time t. It follows from Problem 1.52 that dR/dt = kR.
where k is a constant of proportionality. Solving this equation, we get R ce
kt
. If we designate the
initial amount as R (at t 0) and apply this condition, we find RQ = ce
k<0)
c, so the solution becomes
R = R e
kl
.
Since the half-life of radium is 1600 years, we have the condition R = |/? when = 1600. Applying r
kilb00) i(,00k
this condition to the last equation and then solving for k give %R = R e from which \ = e and , .
k = (In H 1600 = -0.0004332. The amount of radium present at any time t is thus
0000 * ii21
R - R e~ t in years (/)
The amount present after 100 years will be R = ^-0.0004332000) _. o.958i? , so the percent decrease from
R
the initial amount R is - 100 = 9587?
4.2 percent.
6.25 A certain radioactive material is known to decay at a rate proportional to the amount present. If initially \ g
of the material is present and 0.1 percent of the original mass has decayed after 1 week, find an expression
for the mass at any time f.
f Let N(t) denote the amount of material present at time f. Then dN/dt = kt, where k is a constant of
proportionality, and the solution to this equation is N= ce
kI
(see Problem 5.8). Since N=\ at t = 0, we
have \ ce
kW = c, so the solution becomes N = \d*.
If we take the time unit to be 1 week, then 0.1 percent of the initial mass has decayed at t = 1, and
99.9 percent remains. Thus, at t = 1, we have N= 0.999(|) = 0.4995 g. Applying this condition to the last
equation, we get 0.4995 = \eHl \ from which e* = 0.999, so that k = In 0.999 = -0.001. The amount
of radioactive material present at any time r is thus
N== y-o.oou fin weeks (7)
6.26 Determine the half-life of the material described in the previous problem.
f The half-life is the time t associated with the decay of one-half the original mass. Here the original mass is
\ g, so we seek the time when N= \. Substituting this value into (/) of the previous problem and solving
for t, we obtain \ = |e" 0001 ', from which -O.OOh =\vl\ and t = 693 weeks. The half-life is 693 weeks
or 13.3 years.
6.27 Rework Problem 6.25 using a time unit of 1 day.
I Our work through the derivation of the equation N = \e kt

in Problem 6.25 remains valid. Now after
1 week, or 7 days, the mass has been reduced to 0.4995 g, so N= 0.4995 at t = 7. Applying this condition,
we get 0.4995 = V" 7) , from which e
lk
= 0.999 and k = 4 In 0.999 = -0.0001429. The amount of
radioactive material present at any time f is thus
N = i e - o.ooo 1429, t i n days (/)
6.28 Use the result of the previous problem to determine the half-life of the material.
I is \ g, we require t when
Since the original mass = %. Substituting this value into (/) of the previous N
00001 * 29 '
problem, we obtain \ = \e~ 5
from which -0.0001429t = ln and r = 4850. The half-life is
4850 days or 13.3 years (as we found in Problem 6.26).
6.29 A certain radioactive material is known to decay at a rate proportional to the amount present. If initially 500 mg
of the material is present and after 3 years 20 percent of the original mass has decayed, find an expression
for the mass at any time f.
I Let R{t) denote the amount of radioactive material present at time Then f. dR/dt = kR, where k is a
constant of proportionality. The solution to this equation is given in Problem 5.8 (with R replacing N) as
R ce
kt
. At f = 0, N= 500; applying this condition yields 500 = ce
k(0)
c, so the solution becomes
R = 500e*'.
If we take the time unit to be 1 year, then 20 percent of the original mass has decayed at t 3, and
80 percent remains. Thus, at t = 3, R 0.8(500) = 400. Applying this condition to the last equation, we
get 400 = SOOe*'
3
', so that e
3k
= 0.8 and fe = ^ln 0.8 = -0.07438. The amount of radioactive material
present at any time t is then
07438
K = 500e-- '
fin years (J)
6.30 For the material described in the previous problem, determine the amount remaining after 25 years.
I We require R when 25. t Substituting t 25 into (/) of the previous problem, we obtain
K = 500e- OO7438(25) = 77.9mg.
6.31 For the material described in Problem 6.29, determine the amount remaining after 200 weeks.
I Since the time unit in Problem 6.29 is 1 year, we require R when t = 200/52 = 3.846 years. Substituting
= 07438(3 846)
t 3.846 into (/) of Problem 6.29, we get R= 500<T
-
= 375.6 mg.
6.32 Determine the amount of time required for the material of Problem 6.29 to decay to 30 percent of its original
amount.
# We require f when R = 0.3(500) = 150. Substituting R - 150 into (/) of Problem 6.29, we obtain
= 007438 ', -0.07438r = ln^g and =
150 500e~ from which t 16.2 years.
6.33 Determine the amount of time required for the material of Problem 6.29 to decay to 250 mg.
I We require t when R = 250. Substituting R = 250 into (/) of Problem 6.29, we obtain
= -007438 ', - 0.07438f = and = Note that 9.3 years
250 500e from which In fgg t 9.3 years. is the half-life
of the material.
6.34 After 2 days, 10 g of a radioactive chemical is present. Three days later, 5 g is present. How much of the
chemical was present initially, assuming the rate of disintegration is proportional to the amount present?
f Let N(t) denote the amount of chemical present at time t. Then dNjdt = kN, where k is a constant of
proportionality, and the solution to this equation is N= ce
k
'. Measuring time in units of 1 day, we have

116 CHAPTER 6
N= 10 at t = 2; hence, 10 = ce
2k
. Moreover, N= 5 at f = 5 (3 days later); so 5 = ce
5
'. Solving
In 2
these last two equations simultaneously for k and c, we find 2 e~ 3k , so that k = = 0.231, and
"- 231>
c = 10e" 2, = 15.87. Substituting these values of c and k into N= ce
k
', we obtain N= 15.87<r-
231r
as an expression for the amount of radioactive chemical present at any time r. At t 0, this amount is
JV = 15.87<r
- 231<0) = 15.87 g.
6.35 Under certain conditions it is observed that the rate at which a solid substance dissolves varies directly as the
product of the amount of undissolved solid present in the solvent and the difference between the saturation
concentration and the instantaneous concentration of the substance. If 40 kg of solute is dumped into a tank
containing 120 kg of solvent and at the end of 12 min the concentration is observed to be 1 part in 30, find the
amount of solute in solution at any time f. The saturation concentration is 1 part of solute in 3 parts
of solvent.
f If Q is the amount of the material in solution at time t, then 40 Q is the amount of undissolved
material present at that time, and Q/120 is the corresponding concentration. Hence, according to the given
information,
dQ
= ,, An
k(40 -Q)[ A Q\
= k ^2
(40 - QY
*
dt *'V3 120/ 120
This is a simple separable equation for which we have Q

-Q)
(40
d
t =
^^ j
2
120
k
;
dt,
dt.
u
with solution
,
= -^
40
l
k
-Q 120
t + c.
Since Q = when t 0, we find that c = ^. Also, when t 12, Q 3^(120) 4, so we have
k 1
= 12 H from which
40-4 120 40 120 4320
Then the solution becomes

-
= +
1 t 1
, from which we find that Q = 40

4320
40 Q 4320 40 t + 108
6.36 A certain chemical dissolves in water at a rate proportional to the product of the amount undissolved and the
difference between the concentration in a saturated solution and the concentration in the actual solution.
In 100 g of a saturated solution it is known that 50 g of the substance is dissolved. If when 30 g of the
chemical is agitated with 100 g of water, 10 g is dissolved in 2 h, how much will be dissolved in 5 h?
I Let x denote the number of grams of the chemical undissolved after t hours. At that time the concentration
of the actual solution is

30 - x
, and that of a saturated solution is 50
. Then
dx ( 50 30 - x\ x + 20 dx dx k
Integrating the latter equation between f = 0, x = 30 and t = 2, x = 30 - 10 = 20, we get
nodx_r2o_dx fc
J30 x J30 x + 20 5 J
fromwhich ^| lni= _ .46.
dx dx
Integrating now between f = 0, x = 30 and t = 5, x = x, we get
Cx fX
I = -k fs
I dt.
x
from which In
5x
= k = -0.46. Then =-
+ 20
3
e
-0 46-
= 0.38, and x - 12. Thus, the amount

3(x + 20) x 5
dissolved after 5 h is 30 12 = 18 g.
6.37 Chemical A dissolves in solution at a rate proportional to both the instantaneous amount of undissolved
chemical and the difference in concentration between the actual solution C a and saturated solution Cs A .
porous inert solid containing 10 lb of A is agitated with 100 gal of water, and after an hour 4 lb of A is
dissolved. If a saturated solution contains 0.2 lb of A per gallon, find the amount of A which is undissolved after 2 h.
I Let x lb of A be undissolved after t hours. Then
dx ( 10 -x\ Mx+10)

APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Q 117
where c /c/100. Separating the variables and integrating, we get
ln = c' +c
J x(x+ io)~ioJVx x+ \o) To *TTo '
Using the conditions t 0, x = 10 and r = 1, x 6, we find x =

5(3/4)'
. When t = 2 h,
x = 3.91 lb of A undissolved.
6.38 Find the time required to dissolve 80 percent of the chemical A described in the previous problem.
f Substituting x = 0.8(10) = 2 into the last equation of the previous problem and solving for t, we have
5(3/4)'
2= from which we find 6 $' = 2 or (|)' =f Then t = (In i)/(ln |) = 3.82 h.
l-(l/2)3/4r
COMPOUND-INTEREST PROBLEMS
6.39 A depositor places $10,000 in a certificate of deposit account which pays 7 percent interest per annum,
compounded continuously. How much will be in the account after 2 years?
I Let P(t) denote the amount of money in the account at time t. The differential equation governing
the growth of the account was determined in Problem 1.57 to be dP/dt 0.07P for an annual interest
rate of 7 percent. This equation is linear and separable; its solution is P ce 001 At t = 0, the initial '.
principal is P $10,000. Applying this condition, we find 10,000 ce 7(0) = c, so the solution becomes
P = 10,000? '.
7
We require P when t 2 years. Substituting this value of t into the last equation, we find
P= 10,000?
7,2)
= $11,502.74.
6.40 How much will the depositor of the previous problem have after 5 years if the interest rate remains constant
over that time?
f Substituting t 5 into the solution derived in the previous problem, we obtain

7<05)
P = 10,000? = $14,190.68.
6.41 A woman places $2000 in an account for her child upon his birth. Assuming no additional deposits or
how much will the child have at his
withdrawals, eighteenth birthday if the bank pays 5 percent interest per
annum, compounded continuously, for the entire time period?
f Let P(t) denote the amount of money in the account at time t. The differential equation governing the
growth of the money was determined in Problem 1.57 to be dP/dt 0.05P for an annual interest rate of
5 percent. The solution to this differential equation is P ce 005 At t 0, we have P = $2000, so '.
2000 = ce 05( = c, and the solution becomes P = 2000? 5

)
'.
We require the principal at t 18. Substituting this value of t into the last equation, we obtain
5<18)
P = 2000? = $4919.21.
6.42 How long will it take for the initial deposit to double under the conditions described in the previous problem?
I We seek the value of t corresponding to P = $4000. Substituting this quantity into the solution derived
In (4000/2000)
in the previous problem, we obtain 4000 = 2000?" , from which t =- - = 13.86 years.
6.43 Solve Problem 6.41 if the interest rate is 6.5 percent.
65 '.
f For this new interest rate, the solution derived in Problem 6.41 becomes P= 2000? Then, at t = 18,
065(18)
we have P = 2000? = $6443.99.
6.44 Solve Problem 6.41 if the interest rate is 9\ percent.

925 '.
f For this new interest rate, the solution derived in Problem 6.41 becomes P = 2000? Then, at f = 18,
O925(18)
we have P= 2000? = $10,571.35.
6.45 A man places $700 in an account that accrues interest continuously. Assuming no additional deposits and no
withdrawals, how much will be in the account after 10 years if the interest rate is a constant 1\ percent for
the first 6 years and a constant 8 percent for the last 4 years?
118 CHAPTER 6
# For the first 6 years, the differential equation governing the growth is given by Problem 1.57 as
0075 =
dP/dt = 0.075P, which has as its solution P = ce '
(0 < t < 6). At t 0, P- 700; hence
700 = ce
0015{0)
and the solution becomes P = 700? 0075
= c, At the end of 6 years, the account will have '.
075,6)
grown to P = 700e = $1097.82. This amount also represents the beginning balance for the 4-year period.
Over the next 4 years, the growth of the account is governed by the differential equation dP dt = 0.0825P,
which has as its solution P - Ce 00825 (6 < f < 10). At t = 6, P - 1097.82: hence 1097.82 - Ce 0825 ,
'
and C - 1097.82e" 495 - 669.20. The solution thus becomes P = 669.20*? 825 and at year 10 the account ',
will have grown to P = 669.20? 0825 10 = $1527.03. < >
6.46 How long will it take a bank deposit to double if interest is compounded continuously at a constant rate of
4 percent per annum?
I The differential equation governing the growth of the account is dP/dt 0.04P (see Problem 1.57); this
equation has as P = ce00*'.

its solution If we denote the initial deposit as P , we have P = ce
4, )
= c,
and the solution becomes P = P e 4 '.
We seek t corresponding to P = 2P . Substituting this value into the last equation and solving for f, we
o)
obtain 2P - P e
4 ',
from which t = | = 17.33 years.
6.47 How long will it take a bank deposit to double if interest is compounded continuously at a constant rate of
8 percent per annum?
I With this new interest rate, the solution derived in the previous problem becomes P = P e 8 We seek '.
t
8 '. 8
corresponding to 2P ; hence we write 2P = P e so that 2 = e and t = (In 2)/0.08 = 8.66 years.
'
6.48 A woman plans to place a single sum in a certificate of deposit account with a guaranteed interest rate of
6^ percent for 5 years. How much should she deposit if she wants the account to be worth $25,000 at the end
of the 5-year period?
t The differential equation governing the growth of this account was determined in Problem 1.57 and is
dP/dt = 0.0625 P; its solution is P = ce 00625t . Since we want P = 25.000 at t = 5, we have

25,000 = a? 625(5) , from which c = 25,000e - 3125 = 18,290.39. Thus the solution becomes
P= 00625 625(0)
18,290.39e '. At f = 0, the initial amount must be P = 18,290.39? = $18,290.39.
6.49 A man currently has $12,000 and plans to invest it in an account that accrues interest continuously. What
interest rate must he receive, if his goal is to have $15,000 in 21 years?
I Let P(f) denote the amount in the account at any time t. and let r represent the interest rate (which is
presumed fixed for the entire period). The differential equation governing the growth of the account is given in
Problem 1.57 as dP/dt = (r/100)P, which has as its solution p = C e (rl00) At t = 0. P = 12.000; hence '.
{r 100,|0
12.000 = ce = c, so the solution becomes P - 12,000? ,r 10 ".

We require r corresponding to P - 15,000 and t 2.5. Substituting these values into the last equation
and solving for r, we obtain 15,000 = 12,000? (r ,00,,2 5) which reduces to 1.25 = e' 40 and yields .
r = 40 In 1.25 = 8.926 percent.
6.50 What interest rate must the man in the previous problem receive if his goal is $16,000 in 3 years?
I Substituting P = 16.000 and t 3 into the solution derived in the previous problem, we obtain
16,000-= 12.000?
,r 100,
\ from which we find that r = 3
In
12,000
= 9.589 percent.
y
COOLING AND HEATING PROBLEMS

6.51 Newton's law of cooling states that the time rate of change of the temperature of a body is proportional to the
temperature difference between the body and its surrounding medium. Using Newton's law of cooling, derive a
differential equation for the cooling of a hot body surrounded by a cool medium.
I Let T denote the temperature of the body, and let Tm denote the temperature of the surrounding medium.
Then the time rate of change of the temperature of the body is dT/dt, and Newton's law of cooling can be
formulated as dT/dt k(T- TJ. or as

dT
+ kT = kT m (1)
1
where k is a positive constant of proportionality. Since k is chosen positive, the minus sign in Newton's law is
required to make dT/dt negative for a cooling process. Note that in such a process, 7" is greater than 7m thus ;
7 Tm is positive.
6.52 A metal bar at a temperature of 100F is placed in a room at a constant temperature of OF. If after 20 min
the temperature of the bar is 50F, find an expression for the temperature of the bar at any time.
# The surrounding medium is the room, which is being held at a constant temperature of OF, so Tm =
IT
and (7) of Problem 6.51 becomes - + kT 0. This equation is linear; it also has the differential form
at
dT+kdt = 0, which is separable. Solving either form, we get T= ce~

kt
. Since 7= 100 at ( = (the
temperature of the bar is initially 100F), it follows that 100 = ce' km or 100 = c. Substituting this value
~ kt
into the solution, we obtain 7 = 100? .
At t = 20, we are given that 7 50; hence, the last equation becomes 50 = lOO?" 20 *, from which
k =
-1
20
In
100
50
=
-
20
(
0.693) = 0.035. The temperature
F of the bar at any
y time t is then
7=100?- 035 '

(7)
6.53 Find the time it will take for the bar in the previous problem to reach a temperature of 25F.
# We require when t 7= 25. Substituting 7= 25 into (7) of the previous problem, we obtain
25= 100?' 035 or '
-0.035f = In i Solving, we find that t = 39.6 min.
6.54 Determine the temperature of the bar described in Problem 6.52 after 10 min.
f We require 7 when = 10. Substituting t t = 10 into (7) of Problem 6.52, we find that
0035 ** 10
7= lOOe*- = 100(0.705) = 70.5 F.
'
It should be noted that since Newton's law is valid only for small temperature differences, the above calculations
represent only a first approximation to the physical situation.
6.55 A body at a temperature of 50F is placed outdoors where the temperature is 100F. If after 5 min the
temperature of the body is 60F, find an expression for the temperature of the body at any time.
I With Tm = 100 (the surrounding medium is the outside air), (7) of Problem 6.51 becomes
dT/dt + kT = 100/c. This equation + 100 (see Problem 5.38).
is linear and has as its solution T ce~
kl
Since 7=50 = 0, it follows that 50 = ce~

when + 100, or c=-50. Substituting this value into
t
k(0)
the solution, we obtain T = 50? "*' + 100.

At t = 5, we are given that T 60; hence, from the last equation, 60 50?"
5k
+ 100. Solving for k,
we obtain -40 = -50?" k = |lnf = -|(-0.223) = 0.045.
5
so that Substituting this value, we obtain
*,
the temperature of the body at any time t as
T= -50e 0045 + 100 '

(7)
6.56 Determine how long it will take the body in the previous problem to reach a temperature of 75F.
f We require t when T = 75. Substituting T= 75 into (/) of the previous problem, we have
e~ 0M5
75 = -50?
0045 + 100 or ' ' = Solving for f, we find -0.045r = lni or t=15.4min.
j.
6.57 Determine the temperature of the body described in Problem 6.55 after 20 min.
f We require T when t = 20. Substituting = 20 into t (7) of Problem 6.55 and then solving for T, we find
045 >< 20 = -50(0.41) + 100 = 79.5F.
T = _50e<- >
+ 100
6.58 A body at an unknown temperature is placed in a room which is held at a constant temperature of 30F. If
after 10 min the temperature of the body is 0F and after 20 min the temperature of the body is 15F, find an
expression for the temperature of the body at time t.
I Here the temperature of the surrounding medium, Tm is held constant at 30 F, so (7) of Problem 6.51 ,
becomes dT/dt + kT = 30k. The solution to this differential equation is given by Problem 5.39 (with a = 30)
as T=ce~ k + '
30.
10k l0k
At t = 10, we are given that 7 = 0. Hence, = ce~ + 30 or ce~ = -30.
20 *
At f = 20, we are given that 7=15. Hence, 15 = ce~
20k
+ 30 or ce" = - 15.
120 D CHAPTER 6
Solving these last two equations for k and c, we find k = -^ In 2 = 0.069 and c = - 30e 10 * = - 30(2) = - 60.
Substituting these values into the solution, we obtain, for the temperature of the body at any time t,
T= -60e- 069 '

+ 30 (1)
6.59 Find the initial temperature of the body described in the previous problem, just as it is placed into the room.
f We require 7 at t = 0. Substituting = f into (/) of the previous problem, we find that

T = -60e -- 069,(0) + 30 = -60 + 30 = -30F.
,
C
6.60 A body at a temperature of F is placed in a room whose temperature is kept at 100 F.
D
If after 10 min the
=
temperature of the body is 25 F, find an expression for the temperature of the body at time t.
I Here the temperature of the surrounding medium is the temperature of the room, which is held constant at
Tm 100. Thus, (/) of Problem 6.51 becomes dT/dt + kT = 100/c; its solution is given by Problem 5.38 as
7 = 100 + ce k At = 0, we have 7 = 0; hence
'. f = 100 + ce* ,0) = 100 + c. Thus c = - 100 and the
solution becomes 7= 100 lOOe*'.
At t = 10. we have 7 = 25; hence 25 = 100 - 100e* ,,0) , or e
10k
= 0.75, so that k = -0.02877.
Thus, the last equation becomes 7 = 100 - 100e~ 02877 '.
6.61 Find the time needed for the body described in the previous problem to reach a temperature of 50F.
f We require r when 7= 50. Substituting 7= 50 into the result of the previous problem and solving for
= - 002877 02877
= = =
t, we find 50 100 lOOe' '
or e"
-
'
0.5. Then t (In 0.5)/(- 0.02877) 24.1 min.
6.62 Find the temperature of the body described in Problem 6.60 after 20 min.
= - 02877 =
I Substituting t 20 into the result of Problem 6.60, we have 7= 100 100e" < 2 >
43.75F.
6.63 A body at a temperature of 50F is placed in an oven whose temperature is kept at 150 F.
C
If after 10 min the
temperature of the body is 75 F. find an expression for the temperature of the body at time f.
I Here the temperature of the surrounding medium is the temperature of the oven, which is held constant at
7m = 150 F. Thus (/) of Problem 6.51 becomes dT/dt + kt 150k; its solution is given by Problem 5.39
(with a =150) as T=\50 + ce~ lu At f = 0. we have 7=50. Hence 50 = 150 + ce' k{0 \ so .
c = - 100 and the solution becomes 7 = 150 - 100e"*'.

At = 10. we have 7 = 75. Hence 75 = 150 - 100^-'I(10)
t or >- 10 * = 0.75, so that k = 0.02877
_0 2877
and the last equation becomes 7 = 150 - 100e '.
C
6.64 Find the time required for the body described in the previous problem to reach a temperature of 100 F.
-0 02877
I Substituting 7= 100 into the result of the previous problem, we find that 100 = 150 - lOOe
-
'
or
e
- 0.02877, = 050 Then t = (i n o.50)/(- 0.02877) = 24.1 min.
6.65 Find the time required for the body described in Problem 6.63 to reach a temperature of 70F.
- 002877
I Substituting 7=70 into the result of Problem 6.63, we find that 70 = 150 100e" '. Then
f = (In 0.80)/(- 0.02877) = 7.76 min.
6.66 Find the time required for the body described in Problem 6.63 to reach a temperature of 200F.
I Since a body can never reach a temperature higher than that of the surrounding medium, which here is
Tm 150 the body of Problem 6.63 can never attain a temperature of 200 F.
.
C
6.67 A body whose temperature is initially 100C is allowed to cool in air whose temperature remains at a constant
20 C. Find a formula which gives the temperature of the body as a function of time t if it is observed that
after 10 min the body has cooled to 40 C.
I If we let 7 denote the instantaneous temperature of the body in degrees Celsius and t denote the time in minutes
since the body began to cool, then the rate of cooling is =

dT
dt
k(T 20). This equation can be solved either
as a separable equation or as a linear equation. Regarding it as a separable equation, we rearrange it to
= k dt. Integration yields In (7 20) = kt + In \c\, from which we write = e*' and find that
7-20

T= 20 + ce
kl
. Since 7= 100 when t = 0, it follows that c = 80, so that
7= 20 + 80e*' (/)
To determine the value of k, we use the fact that 7= 40 when t = 10. Under this condition, (/) becomes
10 10k
40 = 20 + 80e *, or e
{. = We
can solve approximately for k by writing 10/c = -In 4 % - 1.386, so
that k % 0.1386. The instantaneous temperature of the body is then given by 7 = 20 + 80e~ 01386 '.
6.68 Find an alternative expression for the temperature in the previous problem.
# Rather than solving approximately for k, we can solve explicitly for e\ obtaining e
k
(j)
1/10
. Then (/) can be
/10
written as 7= 20 + 80(/)' = 20 + 80(|)' .
6.69 Find an alternative expression for the solution to Problem 6.52.
-20
I Upon applying the second boundary condition in that problem, we obtained 50 = lOOe *, which can be
20
written as \ = (e~ ) = 1120
k k
to give us e~ (j) . Then the result of Problem 6.52 becomes
7 = 100?-*' = I00(e- k )' = 100(i)
,/2 .
6.70 Rework Problem 6.53 using the expression obtained in the previous problem.
I We require t when 7= 25. Substituting 7= 25 into the result of the previous problem, we obtain
25 = 100(i)' /2 , which we rewrite as (f/20) In i = In 0.25. Then t = (20 In 0.25)/(ln \) = 40 min. The difference
between this answer and the one obtained in Problem 6.53 is due to round-off error in computing k in
Problem 6.52.
6.71 Find an alternative expression for the solution to Problem 6.55.
_
I Upon applying the second boundary condition in that problem, we obtained 40 = 50e 5k , which can be
-
written as 0.8 ê *)
5
to give e~ k (0.8)
1/5
. Then the result of Problem 6.55 becomes
7 = -50(e- k + )' 100 = -50(0.8) ,/5 + 100.
6.72 Rework Problem 6.57 using the expression obtained in the previous problem.
f We require T when t = 20. Substituting t = 20 into the result of the previous problem, we find
4
T= -50(0.8) + 100 = 79.5F.
6.73 According to Newton's law of cooling, the rate at which a substance cools in air is proportional to the difference
between the temperature of the substance and that of the air. If the temperature of the air is 30 and the substance
cools from 100 to 70 in 15 min, find when the temperature will be 40.
M
Let T be the temperature of the substance at time t minutes. Then
at*
- = k(T
at
30) or =
T
Anr
30
kdt.
(Note: The use of k is optional. We shall find that k is positive here; but if we used +k, we would find k to
be equally negative.)
Integrating between the limits t = 0, T= 100 and t = 15, T= 70, we obtain
70 AT 5
f
= -k C dt, so that In 40 -In 70= -15/c = lnf and 15* = In *
2 = 0.56.
Jioo j_ 30 Jo
'
Integrating between the limits t = 0, 7=100 and t = t, T= 40, we obtain

/mo
dT=~k\ /*t
dt,
so that In 10 - In 70 = kt. Multiplying by - 15 and rearranging, we obtain 15/cf = 15 In 7, from which

t = (151n7)/0.56 = 52min.
FLOW PROBLEMS
6.74 A tank initially holds V gal of brine that contains a lb of salt. Another brine solution, containing b lb of salt
per gallon, is poured into the tank at the rate of e gal/min while, simultaneously, the well-stirred solution leaves
the tank at the rate of/ gal/min (see Fig. 6.1). Find a differential equation for the amount of salt in the tank
at any time t.
I Let Q denote the amount salt in the tank at any time. The time rate of change of Q, dQ/dt, equals
(in pounds) of
the rate at which salt enters the tank minus the rate at which salt leaves the tank. Salt enters the tank at the
rate of be lb/min. To determine the rate at which salt leaves the tank, we first calculate the volume of brine in
122 CHAPTER 6
e gal/min
Fig. 6.1
the tank at any time t, which is the initial volume V plus the volume of brine added et minus the volume of
brine removed ft. Thus, the volume of brine in the tank at any time is V + et ft. The concentration of
salt in the tank at any time is then Q /(V + et ft), from which it follows that salt leaves the tank at the rate of
f[Q/(V + et- ft)] lb/ min. Thus, dQ/dt = be - f[Q/(V + et - ft)], so that
dQ / Q = be U)
dt V + (e f)t
At t = 0, Q a, so we also have the initial condition Q(0) = a.
6.75 A tank initially holds 100 gal of a brine solution containing 20 lb of salt. At f = 0, fresh water is poured into
the tank at the rate of 5 gal/min, while the well-stirred mixture leaves the tank at the same rate. Find the
amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
Here, V = 100, a = 20, b = 0, e =f= 5, and (1) of Problem 6.74 becomes +Q =

dt 20
0. The
20
solution to this differential equation is given in Problem 5.6 as Q ce'' . At t = 0, we are given that
Q a 20. Substituting these values into the last equation, we find that c = 20, so that the solution can
be rewritten as Q = 20e~' i2 .
Note that as t -* oo, Q - as it should, since only fresh water is being added.
6.76 A tank initially holds 100 gal of a brine solution containing 1 lb of salt. At t = another brine solution
containing 1 lb of salt per gallon ispoured into the tank at the rate of 3 gal/min, while the well-stirred mixture
leaves the tank at the same rate. Find the amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
I Here = 100, a = 1, 6=1, and e =f= 3; hence, (1) of Problem 6.74 becomes
dQ 3'
+ 0.032 3. The solution to this linear differential equation is Q= ce~ -I- 100.
dt
At = 0, Q = a = 1. Substituting these values into the last equation, we
t find 1 = ce + 100, or
c = -99. Then the solution can be rewritten as Q = -99e~ 003 + 100. '
6.77 Find the time at which the mixture described in the previous problem contains 2 lb of salt.
I We require t when Q 2. Substituting Q = 2 into the result of the previous problem, we obtain
2 = -99<r - 03 '
+ 100 or e
0.03t 98
99' from which t
i
0.03 In 99 U = 0.338 min.
6.78 A At f = 0, a brine solution containing 1 lb of salt per
50-gal tank initially contains 10 gal of fresh water.
gallon poured into the tank at the rate of 4 gal/min, while the well-stirred mixture leaves the tank at the rate of
is
2 gal/min. Find the amount of time required for overflow to occur.
f Here a = 0, 6=1, e = 4, / = 2, and V = 10. From Problem 6.74, the volume of brine in the tank at
any time t is V + et ft 10 + It. We require when 10 + It 50; t hence, t = 20 min.
6.79 Find the amount of salt in the tank described in the previous problem at the moment of overflow.
For this problem, (/) of Problem 6.74 becomes +

dt +
Q=
10 It
4. This is a linear equation
M whose solution
2
40t + 4f + c
is given
B in Problem 5.49 as Q
* .
10 + It
At f = 0, Q= a = 0. Substituting these values into the last equation, we find that c = 0. We require Q
at the moment of overflow, which is t = 20. Thus, * = = 48 lb
10 + 2(20)
6.80 A tank initially holds 10 gal of fresh water. At t =

a brine solution containing \ lb of salt per gallon
0, is
poured into the tank at a rate of 2 gal/min, while the well-stirred mixture leaves the tank at the same rate. Find
the amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
Here V = 10, a = 0, b = \, and e = / = 2. Hence (/) of Problem 6.74 becomes + -0 =

dt 5
1; its
solution Q = ce~" + 5 (see Problem 5.39 with k = y, a = 5, and T replaced by 0.

is
5
At 0,t =
Q = a = 0; hence = ce~ 015 + 5 = c + 5, and c= 5. Thus the last equation becomes
(2 = 5e~' 15 + 5, which represents the amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
6.81 Determine the concentration of salt in the tank described in the previous problem at any time t.
I The volume V of liquid in the tank remains constant at 10 gal. The concentration is Q/V = je'" 5 + \.
6.82 A tank initially holds 80 gal of a brine solution containing \ lb of salt per gallon. At t = 0, another brine
solution containing 1 lb of salt per gallon is poured into the tank at the rate of 4 gal/min, while the well-stirred
mixture leaves the tank at the rate of 8 gal/min. Find the amount of salt in the tank at any time f.
I Here V = 80, a = |(80) - 10, b = 1, e = 4, and /= 8. Then (1) of Problem 6.74 becomes

dQ
dt
+
80 +
8
(4 - 8)r ^
= 1(4)
l ;
or
dQ
dt
+
20
2
- 1* = 4
The solution of this equation is given in Problem 5.50 as Q = 4(20 r) + c(20 t) 2 Applying the initial
.
condition Q(0) = a = 10, we get 10 = 4(20) + c(20)

2
, so that c = 7/40. Therefore, the amount of salt in
the tank at time t is Q = 4(20 - f) - ^(20 - t)
2
.
6.83 Determine when the tank described in the previous problem will be empty.
I We seek t corresponding to a volume V 0. From Problem 6.74, we have V= = 80 + At St,
so that t = 20 min.
6.84 Determine when the tank described in Problem 6.82 will hold 40 gal of solution.
I We seek t corresponding to a volume V= 40. From Problem 6.74, we have V = 40 = 80 + 4f St, so

that t = 10 min.
6.85 Find the amount of salt in the tank described in Problem 6.82 when the tank contains exactly 40 gal of brine.
f The amount of salt in the tank at any time f is given in Problem 6.82 as Q = 4(20 t) 4^(20 t)
2
. From
Problem 6.84, the tank will contain 40 gal of solution when t = 10. At that time,
Q= 4(20 - 10) - ;&(20 - 10)
2
= 22.5 lb.
6.86 Determine when the tank described in Problem 6.82 will contain the most salt,
f The amount of salt in the tank at any time t is given in Problem 6.82 as
Q = 4(20 - t) - 3^(20 - f)
2
(7)
Since d Q/dt
2 2
is always negative, the maximum value of Q occurs when dQ/dt = 0. Setting the derivative of (7)
equal to zero, we get 4 + j^(20 t) = 0, from which t = 8.57 min. At that time, there will be 22.857 lb of
salt in the tank.
6.87 A tank contains 100 gal of brine made by dissolving 80 lb of salt in water. Pure water runs into the tank at the
rate of 4 gal/min, and the mixture, kept uniform by stirring, runs out at the same rate. Find the amount of salt
in the tank at any time t.

124 CHAPTER 6
I Here V =100, a = 80, b = 0, and e = 4. Then (7) of Problem 6.74 becomes dQ/dt + 0.04Q = =f 0,
which has as its solution Q = ce~ 00 *' (see Problem 5.7). Applying the initial condition Q(0) = a - 80, we
obtain 80 = c' 04(0) = c, so the amount of salt in the tank at time r is Q = 80e" 4 '.
6.88 Find the concentration of salt in the tank described in the previous problem at any time t.
I Since the outflow equals the inflow of liquid, the volume of liquid in the tank remains a constant V= 100.
-0041
From the result of the previous problem, it follows that the concentration is C = Q/V = 0.8e .
6.89 Assume that the outflow of the tank described in Problem 6.87 runs into a second tank which contains 100 gal
of pure water initially. The mixture in the second tank is kept uniform by constant stirring and is allowed to
run out at the rate of 4 gal/min. Determine the amount of salt in the second tank at any time t.
004
I For the second tank, V = 100, a 0, b = 0.8e~ '
(see the previous problem), and e f = 4. Then
_004
(/) of Problem 6.74 becomes dQ/dt + 0.04Q = 3.2e ', which has as its solution Q= 3.2te~
4
+ a? -0 04
'
- '
(see Problem 5.55). At t = 0, Q= a = 0; hence = 3.2(0)<T

04(0)
+ ce~ 04(0)
= c. The amount of salt in
the second tank at any time t is thus Q = 3.2te~ 4 '.
6.90 Determine the amount of salt in each of the two tanks described in Problems 6.87 and 6.89 after 1 h.
I Using the results of the two problems with t 60 min, we have Q %0e~ 04(60)
= 7.26 lb of salt in the first
tank, and Q = 3.2(60)e" 004<60) = 17.42 lb of salt in the second tank.
6.91 Determine when the amounts of salt in the tanks described in Problems 6.87 and 6.89 will be equal.
4' 4 ',
I We equate the results of the two problems to obtain S0e~ = 3.2te~ from which t = 80/3.2 = 25 mm.
6.92 A tank contains 100 gal of brine made by dissolving 60 lb of salt in water. Salt water containing 1 lb of salt per
gallon runs in at the rate of 2 gal/min, and the mixture, kept uniform by stirring, runs out at the rate of 3 gal/min.
Find the amount of salt in the tank at the end of 1 h.
I Here V = 100, a = 60, b = 1, e = 2, and /= 3. Then (7) of Problem 6.74 becomes
+
dt 100 - t
= 2, which has as its solution Q = 100 - t + c(100 - f)
3
(see Problem 5.48).
At f = 0, Q= a = 60; hence 60 = 100 + c(100)

3
, so that c = -0.00004 and the solution becomes
Q = (100- f)-0.00004(100- r) At 3
. t = 60 min, this equation yields
= -
Q (100 60) - 0.00004(100 - 3
60) = 37.44 lb.
6.93 A cylindrical tank contains 40 gal of a salt solution containing 2 lb of salt per gallon. A salt solution of
concentration 3 lb/gal flows into the tank at 4 gal/min. How much salt is in the tank at any time if the
well-stirred mixture flows out at 4 gal/min?
I Let the tank contain A lb of salt after t minutes. Then
Rate of change of amount of salt = rate of entrance rate of exit
dA lb lb gal A lb gal
= 3
A
x 4
t
x 4
dt min gal min 40 gal min
Solving the equation

dA
= 12
A
subject to A = 40(2) = 80 at t = 0, we find A = 120 - 40e" rI0 .
6.94 A right circular cone (Fig. 6.2) is filled with water. In what time will the water empty through an orifice O of
cross-sectional area a at the vertex? Assume the velocity of exit is v = kyjlgh, where h is the instantaneous
height (head) of the water level above O, and k is the discharge coefficient.
I At time t the water level is at h. At time t + dt, dt > 0, the water level is at h + dh, where dh < 0. We
have
Change in volume of water = amount of water leaving

nr 2 dh av dt = akyjlgh dt
.
Fig. 6.2
From similar triangles OAB and OEF, r = Rh/H. Then the above equation becomes jj^- dh = ak^flgh dt.
H 2
:
2nR
Its solution, subject to the condition h H at t = 0, is t = (H 512 - h
512
). The time required
5akH 2 J2g
for emptying is the time when h 0, or t

%R 2
= -
5ak \J
/
l2H

g
6.95 A hemispherical tank of radius R is initially filled with water. At the bottom of the tank, there is a hole of radius
r through which the water drains under the influence of gravity. Find an expression for the depth of the water
in the tank at any time t.
t Let the origin be chosen at the lowest point of the tank, let v be the instantaneous depth of the water, and let x
be the instantaneous radius of the free surface of the water (Fig. 6.3). Thenan infinitesimal interval dt, the
in
water level will fall by the amount dy, and the resultant decrease in the volume of water in the tank will be
dV = nx 2 dy. This, of course, must equal in magnitude the volume of water that leaves the orifice during the
same interval dt. Now by Torricellfs law, the velocity with which a liquid issues from an orifice is v = \flgh,
where g is the acceleration of gravity and h is the instantaneous height, or head, of the liquid above the orifice.
x'+(y-R) 2 ^R 2
Fig. 6.3 Vertical plane section through the

center of a hemispherical tank.
In the interval dt, then, a stream of water of length v x dt = \J2gy dt and of cross-sectional area nr
2
will emerge
from the outlet. The volume of this stream of water is dV = area x length = nr 2 yjlgydt. Now, equating the
magnitudes of our two expressions for dV, we obtain the differential equation
nx 2 dy nr Igydt U)
The minus sign indicates that as t increases, the depth y decreases.

Before this equation can be solved, x must be expressed in terms of y. This is easily done through the use of
the equation of the circle which describes a maximal vertical cross section of the tank: x2 + (y - R) 2 R2 , or
x 2
= 2yR - y
2
. With this relation, (7) can be written as n(2yR 2
y )dy = nr 2
yj2gydt. This is a simple
separable equation that can be solved without difficulty. Separation yields (2Ry 1/2 - y
3l2
)dy = -r 2 Jig dt, and

126 D CHAPTER 6
%Ry il2 - = \R S2
5' 2
integration then gives = -r 2 sjlg t +
\y c. Since y = R when t 0, we find = c,
and thus Ry 32 - f>-

5 2
'
= -r 2 jlgt + jf R 5/2 .
6.96 Determine how long it will take the tank described in the previous problem to empty.
I We require t corresponding to y = 0. From the result of the previous problem, we have
= - r 2 yjlg + t
jf K
5/2
, from which t =
15 r 2
V2s
6.97 A 100-gal tank is filled with brine containing 60 lb of dissolved salt. Water runs into the tank at the rate of
2 gal/min and the mixture, kept uniform by stirring, runs out at the same rate. How much salt is in the tank
after 1 h?
I Let s be the number of pounds of salt in the tank after t minutes, so that the concentration then is s/100 lb/gal.
During the interval dt, 2 dt gal of water flows into the tank, and 2 dt gal of brine containing
2s
100
dt = dt
s
50
lb
5
of salt flows out. Thus, the change ds in the amount of salt in the tank is ds = dt. Integrating yields
50
s = ce -tlso
50
At t = 0, s = 60; hence, c 60 and the solution becomes s = 60?
'
. When t 60 min.
s = 60^" 6/5 = 60(0.301)= 18 1b.
6.98 The air in a certain room with dimensions 150 x 50 x 12 ft tested at 0.2 percent C0 2 . Fresh air containing
0.05 percent C0 2 was then admitted by ventilators at the rate of 9000 ft
3
min. Find the percentage of C0 2
after 20 min.
I Let x denote the number of cubic feet of C0 2

in the room at time t, so that the concentration of C0 2
then is
x/90,000. During the interval dt, the amount of C0 2 entering the room is 9000(0.0005) dt ft
3
, and the
x
amount leaving
6 is 9000 '-
dt ft
3
. Hence, the change
fc
dx in the interval dt is
90,IXX)
x-45
dx = 9000 0.0005 dt dt. Integrating yields 10 In (v - 45) = + t In c, or
90.000/ 10
x = 45 + ce"' "'.
At t= 0, x = 0.002(90.000) = 180. Then c = 180 - 45 = 135. and the solution becomes

x = 45 + 135? "' 10
. When t = 20, x = 45 + 135e
:
= 63. The percentage of CO, is then
63
= 0.0007 = 0.07 percent.
*
90,000
6.99 Under certain conditions the constant quantity Q in calories second of heat flowing through a wall is given by
Q = kA dT/dx, where k is the conductivity of the material, A (cm 2 ) is the area of a face of the wall
perpendicular to the direction of flow, and T is the temperature x cm from that face such that T decreases as x
increases. Find the heat flow per hour through 1 m2 of a refrigerator room wall 125 cm thick for which
k = 0.0025, if the temperature of the inner face is -5 C and that of the outer face is 75 C. (See Fig. 6.4.)
125 cm
direction of flow Fig. 6.4

.
Let x denote the distance of a point within the wall from the outer face. Integrating dT = dx from
kA
s 125
x = 0, T=75 to x=125, T = -5, we get f~ dT = --% f dx or 80 = -^-(125), from which
J ' 5
kA J kA
2
%0kA 80(0.0025)(100)
Q = -rrr = TXT = 16 cal/s. Thus, the flow of heat per hour is 3600Q = 57,600 cal.
6.100 A steam pipe 20 cm in diameter is protected with a covering 6 cm thick for which k = 0.0003. Find the heat
loss per hour through a meter length of the pipe if the surface of the pipe is at 200 C and the outer surface of
the covering is at 30C. (See Fig. 6.5.)
direction of flow Fig. 6.5
f At a distance x > 10 cm from the center of the pipe, heat is flowing across a cylindrical shell of surface area
2nx cm 2 per centimeter of length of pipe. From Problem 6.99,
AT AT A
Q= -kA
dx
= -2nkx
dx
or InkdT = -Q
x
Integrating between the limits T= 30, x - 16 and T= 200, x = 10, we get
2nk rdT= -Q- f

l
, or 340ti/c = ()(ln 16 - In 10) = Qln 1.6. Then g = ^?^cal/s, and the
J3o
J30 ji6
Jib x I n i_6
heat loss per hour through a meter length of pipe is 100(60)

2
Q = 245,000 cal.
6.101 Find the temperature at a distance x > 10 cm from the center of the pipe described in the previous problem.
I 340nk dx
InkdT = -
,. .
Integrating between the

,
limits T 30, x = 16 and T= T, x = x, we get
In 1.6 x
rr
dT
,
= 170 r*

dx
, or

7-30=--
170 , x
In. ^
Then
,
T=

30 +
170 ,
16
n
J30 lnl.6Ji6 x In 1.6 16 In 1.6 x
Check: When x = 10, T= 30 + 170

In 1.6
In 1.6 = 200C. When x = 16, T= 30 + = 30C.
6.102 Find the time required for a cylindrical tank of radius 8 ft and height 10 ft to empty through a round hole of radius
1 in at the bottom of the tank, given that water will issue from such a hole with velocity approximately
v = 4.8 yfh ft/s, where h is the depth of the water in the tank.
f The volume of water that runs out per second may be thought of as the volume a cylinder 1 in in radius and of
height v. Hence, the volume which runs out in dt seconds is nl J

(4.S s/h)dt = (4.8^)^- Denoting by
dh the corresponding drop in the water level in the tank, we note that the volume of water which runs out in time
dt is also given by 64rc dh. Hence,
=
128 CHAPTER 6
n iao /Z\j 64(144) dh dh

ca j,
-(4.%yjh)dt=-64ndh or
j
dt = - = -1920
144 4.8
Jh
Integrating between f = 0, h = 10 and f = t, h = 0, we get P dt = Jo

10

d/i
Jh
, from which
r = -3$40y/h\ = 3840 VlOs = 3 h 22 min.

io
6.103 As a possible model of a diffusion process in the bloodstream in the human body, consider a solution moving
with constant velocity v through a cylindrical tube of length L and radius r. We suppose that as the solution
moves through the some of the solute which it contains diffuses through the wall of the tube into an
tube,
ambient solution of the same solute of lower concentration, while some continues to be transported through
the tube. As variables, we let x be a distance coordinate along the tube and y(x) be the concentration of the
solute at any point x, assumed uniform over the cross section of the tube. As boundary conditions, we assume
that y(0) = >' and y(L) = y L(<y ) are known. Find an expression for the concentration y(x) at any point
along the tube.
I As a principle to use in formulating this problem, we have Frick's law: The time rate at which a solute diffuses
through a thin membrane in a direction perpendicular to the membrane is proportional to the area of the membrane
and to the difference between the concentrations of the solute on the two sides of the membrane.
We begin by considering conditions in a typical segment of the tube between x and x + Ax (Fig. 6.6). The
concentration of the solution entering the segment is y(x); the concentration of the solution leaving the segment is
y(x + Ax). In the time Af that it takes the solution to move through the segment, an amount of solute equal to
concentration x volume = 2
Ax enters the left end of the segment, and the
y{x)nr amount y(x + Ax)rcr 2 Ax
leaves the rightend of the segment. The difference, [y(x) y(x + Ax)]rcr 2 Ax, must have left the segment by
diffusion through the wall of the tube. The expression for this amount, as given by Frick's law, is
Rate of diffusion x time = k(2nr Ax)[y(x + 9 Ax) c] Af
where x + 0Ax, for < 9 < 1, is a typical point between x and x + Ax at which to assume an "average"
value of the concentration, and c, assumed constant, is the concentration of the solute in the fluid surrounding the
tube. Equating the two expressions we have found for the loss of solute by diffusion, we have
[y(x) - y(x + Ax)]7tr

2
Ax = k(2nr Ax)[ y(x + 9 Ax) - c] Af
j/y\ +J y _1_ Av\ "JL

Since Ax = t>Af, this simplifies to -= [y(x + 0Ax) c] and, taking limits (as though
Ax rv
the system were continuous), we get dx

dy
=
Ik
rv
r
\y{x) c\.
By hypothesis, y > c; hence y{x) c ^ 0, and we can solve this equation by separating variables to
dy 2k 2k
obtain = dx. Integration then gives In (y c) = x + In B. Putting x = and y = y
y c rv rv
,
\i r 2k
we find that In B= ln(y c), and the solution becomes In = x, or y = c + (y - c)e~
2kxlrv
.
y -c rv
Ax = v At
I ii I I
y(0) = y y(x) y(x + Ax) y(L)=y L
x = xtttttx + Ax X=L
Fig. 6.6 Solve diffusing from a tube through which a solution is flowing.

6.104 An RL circuit has an emf of 5 V, a resistance of 50 Q, an inductance of 1 H, and no initial current. Find the current
in the circuit at any time f.
. .
I Here = 5, R = and L=l,

50, so (7) of Problem 1.87 becomes dl/dt + 50/ = 5. Its solution is
- 50
/ = ce + 1o '
3
(see Problem 5.31). At = 0, t 7 = 0; thus, = aT 50(0) + ,', or c=-&. The
current at any time t isthen / = 3V" 50 + To- '
-50
The quantity --foe in this result is called the transient current, since this quantity goes to zero ("dies
'
out") as t -* oo. The quantity jq is called the steady-state current. As t -* oo, the current / approaches
the value of the steady-state current.
6.105 An RL circuit has an emf given (in volts) by 3 sin 2f, a resistance of 10ft, an inductance of 0.5 H, and an initial
current of 6 A. Find the current in the circuit at any time t.
# Here E= 3>sm2t, R = 10, and L= 0.5, so (7) of Problem 1.87 becomes dl/dt + 20/ = 6 sin It.
Its solution, from Problem 5.51, is I ce~

20 '
+ i^sin It t^j cos It. At t = 0, / = 6; hence,
6 = 20<0)
ce~ + j$[ sin 2(0) - t^cos 2(0) or 6 = c - y^, whence c = ff . The current at any time t is
then 7 = fgfe-
20r
+ 1 ^ r
sin2r- T^T cos2f.
-20
As in Problem 6.104, the current is the sum of a transient current, here fofe ', and a steady-state current,
t$i sin It
y^x cos 2r.
6.106 Rewrite the steady-state current of Problem 6.105 in the form A sin (It (p). The angle <ft
is called the phase
angle.
I Since A sin (2f (p) = A(s\n 2t cos </> cos 2f sin 0), we require
7S = ji sin It ytn cos 2t =A cos </> sin 2t A sin </> cos 2t
Thus, we have A cos <p = ^ and /I sin <ft

= ygy. It now follows that
(tw)
2
+ (ttjt)
2
= ^ 2 cos 2 + A2 sin
2
= /4
2
(cos
2
+ sin
2
(/>) = A2
and tan <p

,

/I sin
=
3/101
=
1
. Consequently,
,
"
7 5S has the required
n
..,,.,
form if A
/ 909
Acos<p 30/101 10 V( 101 r Viol
and = arctan
10
6.107 Determine the amplitude and frequency of the steady-state current in the previous problem.
I r = 2 1
The amplitude is A 3/v 101, and the frequency is /=
27t n
6.108 A resistor of 15 Q and an inductance of 3 H are connected in series with a 60-Hz sinusoidal voltage source having
amplitude 110 V. Find an expression for the steady-state current at any time t if initially there is no current in
the system.
I Here R = 15, L= 3, and E = Il0sm2n(60)t = UOsmUOnt. Thus, (7) of Problem 1.87 becomes
dl/dt + 5/ = (110/3) sin 1207tr; its solution, from Problem 5.53, is
22 sin 1 207rt - 24n cos 1 20nt _ ,.

/ = =
2
+ ce
5'
3 1 + 576/r
- 24ne~ 5
=
'
22 sin 24rc cos 1207tt
When r = 0, 7 = 0. Then c = ,
22(24tt)
'
2x
2
and /
1207rt
-=
2
-I-
.
3(1 + 576tc ) 3 1 + 576/c

22 sin I20nt - 247rcos 1207rf , . , . ,
As t - oo, 7 - ;
2
, which is the steady-state current.
3 1 + 576tc
6.109 Rewrite the steady-state current of the previous problem in the form A sin (1207tt <p).
i - - A cos =
22
Since Asin(l20nt </>) =A sin 1207rf cos(p I20nt sin <p, we must have .4 cos (ft
^ g ^ 2
3(1 + 576rr )
(22)(24tt)
and /I sin 6 =r.
2 )'
It now follows that
3(1 + 576tc
2
22 (22)(24tc) 22
2
+ 2
= A 2 cos 2 (f>
+ A2 sin
2
(p = A2 or A=
3(1 4- 576tt ) 3(1 + 576tc ) 3>/l + 576tt
2
130 CHAPTER 6
and tan
.
<p =
A sin $
= 22(24tt)/3(1 + 576ti
2
= 24n)
or = arctan 24;r = 1.56 rad
A cos 22/3(1 + 5767T)
6.110 Determine the amplitude and frequency of the steady-state current of the previous problem.
m
The amplitude is A = ,
")0
2
0.097, while the frequency is f =
1 Of\
= 60.
3>/l + 576tc 2tt
6.111 Determine the period of the steady-state current in Problem 6.109.
I The period is the reciprocal of the frequency. The results of the previous problem show that the period is 1/60.
6.112 The steady-state current in a circuit is known to be py sin t yiCOS t. Rewrite this current in the form
A sin (t 4>).
I Since A sin (f = A sin cos

<f>)
t A cos sin 0, we must have A c os = -^
t <f>
and /I sin = iV It then
follows that (^)
2
+ (fV) = A cos
2 2 2
+ A 2 sin 2 - /I 2 so A = y/2/VJ. Also,

,
(f>
sin A sin 3/17 3 3 r

tan cp = = = =- or q> = arctan - = 0.54 rad.
,
The current is V2/17 sin (f 0.54).
cos0 Acoscp 5/17 5 5
6.113 Rewrite the steady-state current of the previous problem in the form A cos(r <p).
I Since A cos (t <f>)

= A cos t cos <p + A sin t sin <f>,
it follows that -4 cos -/> = -pj and Asincpj^.
Then I
J
-I- 1 J
= A 2 cos 2 (f)
+ A2 sin
2
(p = A2 , so A=yJ2/l7, as before. Now, however,
tan (/>
=
sin<p
coscf)
= Asincf)
Acoscp
= 5/17
3/17
= 5
3
so (p
,
arctan (
, , v ,
f) = 1.03
, ,
rad.
T1
The current is
72/17 cos (f + 1.03).
6.114 Determine the amplitude and frequency of the steady-state current in the previous three problems.
The amplitude is A = yjl/ll, while the frequency is /=

2n
(the numerator of/ is the coefficient of t).
6.115 Determine the period of the steady-state current in Problem 6.112.
I From the results of the previous problem, we have period = 1//= 2n.
6.116 An RL circuit with no source of emf has an initial current given by / . Find the current at any time t.
In this case (/) of Problem 1.87 becomes

at
H L / = 0. Its solution (see Problem 5.8 with / replacing N and
k=-R/L) is 1 = ce~ {RIL)x . At t = 0, / = / ; hence I = ce~ {RlL)i0) = c, and the current is, as a
{R u
function of time, / = I e~ '.
6.117 Determine the steady-state current for the circuit described in the previous problem.
f As t -> oo, / tends to zero. Thus, when the steady state is reached, there is no current flowing through the
circuit.
6.118 Determine the current in a simple series RL circuit having a resistance of 10 fl, an inductance of 1.5 H, and an emf
of 9 V if initially the current is 6 A.
f dl 20
+
, . .
Here w=
E(t) 9, R - 10, and L=1.5. Then (7) of Problem 1.87 becomes / = 6; its solution is
dt 3
/ = ^ + ar (20/3) '
(see Problem 5.33). At t = 0, 7-6; hence 6 = ^ + c^- (20/3)(0)
, so that
r
c

o
f. _
_9_
10
_
51
j
.
ThlK
inus, i/

-2- 4-
10 -t-
5i^-(20/3)f
10 e
6.119 Identify the transient component of the current found in the previous problem.
I As t->oo, 7^7, = ^. The transient component is 7, = 7 - 7S - ^ + fê" ,20 '

3) '
- & = f^" (2 3 ".
6.120 An RC circuit has an emf (in volts) given by 400 cos It, a resistance of 100 Q, and a capacitance of 10" 2
F.
Initially there is no charge on the capacitor. Find the current in the circuit at any time t.
f We first find the charge q on the capacitor and then the current using the formula / = dq/dt. Here
E = 400 cos It, /? = 100, and C = 10" 2 Then (7) of Problem 1.90 becomes dq/dt + q = 4 cos It,
.
its
_, 8 4
solution is q = ce + - sin It + - cos It (see Problem 5.52).
At t = 0, q = 0; hence, = ce <0)
+ - sin 2(0) +
8 4
- cos 2(0), so that c = 4
. Thus
= = - e _,
4 _, 8 4 dq 4 16 8
- e +
.
,
q - sin it + - cos 2t and / H cos it sin It.

5 5 5 dt 5 5 5
6.121 A resistor R = 5Q and a condenser C = 0.02 F are connected in series with a battery E 100 V. If at
t = the charge on the condenser is 5 C, find Q and the current /for t > 0.
# With =100, R = 5, and C = 0.02, (7) of Problem 1.90 becomes d<j/df + \0q = 20; its solution is
<?= 2 + ce" 10 (see Problem 5.30). At'

= 0, t <j = 5; hence, 5 = 2 + ce~ 10(0)
and c = 3. Thus
i0
q = 2 + 3e~ and / = dq/dt = -30e"
'
10 '.
6.122 Specify the steady-state and transient components of the current found in Problem 6.120.
f The current is I = fe"' + ^cos 2r f sin 2t. As r - oo, the current approaches the steady-state value
7 S = ^cos It The component = r
f sin 2t. transient is I, I Is fe~ .
6.123 Determine the amplitude, frequency, and period of the steady-state current of the previous problem.
f
The amplitude A -
/7l6V
+(
7
8V = 8
the frequency /= 2
=
1
, and the period
1
=
is
V\
/(
5 /V /V5
1
5
I p; is
27T7T
is
/
71.
6.124 Rewrite the steady-state current in Problem 6.122 in the form A cos(2r + <j>).
I Since A cos (2f + </)) = A cos It cos </> /I sin 2t sin </>, we have A cos = ^ and /I sin $ = f . From the
previous problem, we know the amplitude A is

r
8A/5. Also, tan =
Asin<j)
= 8/5

1
-, so
A cos 1 6/5 2
1 8
4> = arctan - = 0.4636 rad. Thus h = -7= cos (2f + 0.4636).
2
6.125 An i?C circuit has an emf of 5 V, a resistance of 10 Q, a capacitance of 10" F, and initially a charge of 5 C on the
capacitor. Find an expression for the charge on the capacitor at any time t.
I Here E{t) = 5, R = 10, and C = 0.01, so (7) of Problem 1.90 becomes q + lOq = ; its solution is
q = Jg + ce" 10( (see Problem 5.34). At t = 0, q = 5; hence 5 = ^ + ce - 10(0)

, so that c = f. Thus,
q = ^(l+99e- 10 ').
6.126 Determine the current flowing through the circuit described in the previous problem.
# _dq __99 0t
f
dt 2
6.127 Find the charge on the capacitor in a simple 7?C circuit having a resistance of 10 Q, a capacitance of 0.001 F, and
an emf of 100 sin 1207rf V, if there is no initial charge on the capacitor.
I Here E{t) = 100 sin 1207rt, 7? = 10, and C= 0.001. Then (7) of Problem 1.90 becomes
q
^ + 100(7
^ = 10 sin 1207xr, and its solution is q =
10 sin 1207rf

100
-
+
J In cos
1447T
2
1207rt
+ Ae 100r
(see Problem 5.54).
A. I. Q, <, = 0; hence =
J
~
|^ 2
+ A, or A = ^^. Then
lOsin 1207rf - 127rcos 1207tf 3tt _ 100t

q= 2
36n 2 *
100 + 144tt 25 +
.
132 CHAPTER 6
6.128 Determine the steady-state current in the circuit described in the previous problem.
# dq 10cosl207rt + 127rsinl207rt
_,
The current is I
,
= = tft%
1207T r
3007T
-^2 1001
As t -> x,
dt 100 + 144tt 2 25 + 36;r
10 cos \20nt + 127rsin 120;rf
/-/.= 1207T
100 + 144ti 2
6.129 Find the charge (as a function of time) on the capacitor in a simple RC circuit having no applied electromagnetic
force if the initial charge is QQ .
With = = = RC
E(t) 0, (/) of Problem 1.90 becomes q H <? 0. Its solution is q ce~' (see Problem 5.8
RC
= - l/RC). = 0, = RC RC
with q replacing N and fc At t g Q : so Q = ce~ l0)
= c, and q =Q e~' .
6.130 Find the current in the circuit described in the previous problem.
By differentiating the result of that problem, we get / = e~' RC .
RC
6.131 Determine the steady-state current in the previous problem.
I As t -> oo, / - = /s .
6.132 Find an expression for the charge on the capacitor of a simple series LC circuit (consisting of an inductor and a
capacitor only) if the initial charge on the capacitor is Q and there is no initial current in the circuit.
dl d^Q
Applying Kirchoffs loop law (see Problem 1.81). we have L = L 2
for the potential drop across L and
dt dt
for the potential drop across C. Then L + =: = 0.
Since
d
Q- =
dt
,
/, we Lhave
d 'Q
-=- = -- = -
dt
2
dl
dt
dl
dQ
dQ
dt
=
dl
/
dQ
u
so that the
L ,
last equation
M
.
becomes
L
LI -
dl
dQ
Q
C
=I
n
2
Q , Q
-dQ = {LI 2 + = =
,
or LI dl + 0. Integration then yields C,
Since / = when Q= Q . we have C, = Qq/2C. Substituting for C, and solving for / yield
= - =
1
I yjQl Q2 , which is separable. Integration then yields

dt LC
dQ
a\L C dt
ai Q = f
r
f
7
: = + ,
or sin
-il - - H == + ,
C-,
Velô JLC Qo LC
Since Q=Q for f = 0, we find C2 rc/2. Thus, we have sin =-+ or Q =Q cos
Go LC \LC
6.133 Find the amplitude, period, and frequency of the charge in the previous problem.
f The amplitude is Q , the period is 27r N LC, and the frequency is the reciprocal of the period, l/2n\LC.
6.134 Determine the current in the circuit described in Problem 6.132.
dQ Qo t
Since Q Q cos sin
VLC dt LC .LC
6.135 Determine the amplitude, frequency, and period of the current in the previous problem.
# The amplitude is g /VLC, while the frequency and period are identical to those of the charge (see Problem 6.133).
MECHANICS PROBLEMS
6.136 Derive a first-order differential equation governing the motion of a vertically falling body of mass m that is
influenced only by gravity g and air resistance, which is proportional to the velocity of the body.
f Assume that both gravity and mass remain constant and, for convenience, choose the downward direction as
the positive direction. Then by Newton's second law of motion, the net force acting on a body is equal to the time
rate of change of the momentum of the body; or, for constant mass, F=m
dt
, where F is the net force on
the body and v is the velocity of the body, both at time t.

For the problem at hand, there are two forces acting on the body: (1) the force due to gravity given by the
weight w of the body, which equals mg, and (2) the force due to air resistance given by kv, where k > is a
constant of proportionality. The minus sign is required because this force opposes the velocity; that is, it acts in
the upward, or negative, direction (see Fig. 6.7). The net force F on the body is, therefore, F = mg kv, so
that we have
=m
dv dv
mg kv
dt
or
dt
k
+ -v = g
m U)
as the equation of motion for the body. If air resistance is negligible, then k = and (7) simplifies to dv/dt = g.
| |
Falling Body
mm
f Positive x direction pj g# ^j
6.137 A body of mass 5 slugs is dropped from a height of 100 ft with zero velocity. Assuming no air resistance, find
an expression for the velocity of the body at any time t.
I Choose the coordinate system as in Fig. 6.8. Then, since there is no air resistance, (7) of Problem 6.136
becomes dv/dt = g; its solution is v = gt + c (see Problem 5.41). When t = 0, v = (initially the body
has zero velocity); hence = g(0) + c, so that c = 0. Thus, v = gt or, for g = 32 ft/s
2
, v = 32f.
Fal
Falling Body
/*k
~\0
Ground
x = 100
Positive x direction Fig. 6.8
6.138 Find an expression for the position of the body in the previous problem at any time t.
f Position [as measured by x(t)] and velocity are related by v = dx/dt. It then follows from the result of the
previous problem that dx/dt = 32t. Integrating both sides of this equation with respect to time, we get
134 D CHAPTER 6
x = 16t
2
+ c. But x = at t = (see Figure 6.8), so we have = 16(0)
2
+ c from which c = 0.
Thus, the position of the body at any time t is x = 16r

2
.
6.139 Determine the time required for the body described in Problem 6.137 to reach the ground.
f The position of the body is given by the result of the previous problem. We require f when x 100; hence
we have 100 = 16f 2 or t = 2.5 s.
6.140 A body of mass 2 slugs is dropped from a height of 800 ft with zero velocity. Find an expression for the velocity
of the body at any time t if the force due to air resistance is \v lb.
Here m= 2 and k j.
2 With q 32, (/) of Problem 6.136 becomes - + - v 32. The solution to
dt 4
this differential equation is given in Problem 5.35 as v 128 + ce~
xlx
. At f = 0, v = 0: hence
= 128 + ce, or c = 128. The velocity at any time t (before the body reaches the ground) is then
v = 128 - 128e"' /4 .
6.141 Find an expression for the position of the body described in the previous problem.
1 dx
Since v = dx/dt, it follows from the result of the previous problem that
dt
= 128 128?
"4
. Integrating
directly with respect to time, we obtain x = 128f + 512e~" 4 + c.
Since the positive x direction is downward

we take the origin to be the point at which (see Problem 6.136),
the body was released; then the ground is at x = 800. At t = 0, x = 0: so = 128(0) + 512e + c, or
c 512. The position of the body at any time t (before it reaches the ground) is then
x= -512+ 128f + 512* '\
6.142 Find an expression for the limiting (or terminal) velocity of a freely falling body satisfying the conditions of
Problem 6.136.
I The limiting (or terminal) velocity is that velocity for which dv/dt = 0. Substituting this requirement into
(/) of Problem 6. 136. we find

-\
in
i = q or v leT = mg/k.
This equation is valid only when k ^ 0. If k :

= 0, then (/) of Problem 6.136 becomes dv/dt = g. In that
case, the condition dv dt cannot be satisfied; thus, there is no limiting velocity in the absence of air
resistance.
6.143 Determine the limiting velocity of the body described in Problem 6.140.
I With m= 2, k = \, and g = 32. we have r [cr = 2(32)/i = 128 ft/s. (Note that as t - oo, the
velocity derived in Problem 6.140 also tends to v = 128.)
6.144 A mass of 2 kg is dropped from a height of 200 m with a velocity of 3 m/s. Find an expression for the velocity
of the object if the force due to air resistance is 50r N.
I dv
Here m= 2 and k = 50. With a = 9.8, (7) of Problem 6.136 becomes
dt
+ 25u = 9.8. Its solution
is i=0.392 + ce" 25 '

(see Problem 5.36). At t = 0, v = 3; hence 3 = 0.392 + ce or c = 2.608. The
velocity at any time t (before the mass reaches the ground) is then v 0.392 + 2.608e~ 25 '.
6.145 Determine the limiting velocity for the object described in the previous problem.
f Here we find r ter = mg/k 2(9.8) 50 = 0.392 m/s. which may also be obtained by letting t -* oo in the
result of Problem 6.144.
6.146 A body weighing 64 lb is dropped from a height of 100 ft with an initial velocity of 10 ft/s. It is known that air
resistance is proportional to the velocity of the body and that the limiting velocity for this body is 128 ft/s. Find
the constant of proportionality.
I Here mg = 64 and i?
ler
= 128. It follows from the result of Problem 6.142 that 128 = 64/fc, or k = \.
6.147 Find an expression for the velocity of the body described in the previous problem at any time f before that body
reaches the ground.
I With mg = 64. it follows that m= 2 slugs. We have from the previous problem that k = \. so (/) of
dv
Problem 6.136 becomes + -4
dt
1
v = 32, which has as its solution v = 128 + ce~'

/4
(see Problem 5.35). At
f = 0, t' = 10; hence 10 = 128 + ce, or c = 118. The velocity is then t; = 128 - 118e~"
4
.
6.148 A body of mass 10 slugs is dropped from a height of 1000 ft with no initial velocity. The body encounters air
resistance proportional to its velocity. If the limiting velocity is known to be 320 ft/s, find the constant of
proportionality.
I With m= 2 and vt = 320, the result of Problem 6.142 becomes 320 = 2(32)/fe or fc = .
6.149 Find an expression for the velocity of the body described in the previous problem.
With m 2, k j, and g = 32, (/) of Problem 6.136 becomes +v=

- 32; its solution is
dt 10
v = 320 + ce-' no (see Problem 5.37). At t = 0, v = 0; hence = 320 + a? , so c = -320. The
velocity at any time r (before the body reaches the ground) is v = 320(1 e~" 10 ).
6.150 Find an expression for the position of the body described in Problem 6.148.
I dx
Using the result of the previous problem along with v dx/dt, we may write = 320
dt
320c?
r/1 .
we obtain x = 320t + 3200e -,/1 + c. Since the positive direction is

Integrating directly with respect to time,
assumed to be downward (see Problem 6.136), we take the origin to be the point where the body was released
(and the ground as x = 1000). Then x = at f = 0, and = 320(0) + 3200e + c so that c=-3200.
~'
The position of the body is then x = 320f - 3200 + 320c- /10 .
6.151 Determine the time required for the body described in Problem 6.148 to attain a speed of 160 ft/s.
f Substituting v = 160 into the result of Problem 6.149 gives us 160 = 320(1 - e~" l ), from which
e
-r/io =i Then f = _io In | = 6.93 s.
6.152 A body of mass m is thrown vertically into the air with an initial velocity v . If the body encounters air
resistance proportional to its velocity, find the equation for its motion in the coordinate system of Fig. 6.9.
ii Positive x direction
Rising Body
* =
Fig. 6.9
I There are on the body: (1) the force due to gravity given by mg and (2) the force due to air
two forces
resistance given by feu, which impedes the motion of the body. Since both of these forces act in the downward or
negative direction, the net force on the body is -mg - feu. Then from Newton's second law of motion,
m = -mg -
dv
we have, as the equation of motion, kv or
dv
+ -v=-g
m
k
(/)
dt
136 D CHAPTER 6
6.153 Find an expression for the velocity of the body described in the previous problem.
_( * / 'n),
I The solution to (J) of the previous problem is given in Problem 5.37 as v = ce mg/k. At t = 0,
v = v ; hence v = C e~
(klm)0
(mg/k), or c = t- + (mg/k). The velocity of the body at any time t is then
mg mg
v = \v n + (klm)t
'
6.154 Find the time at which the body described in Problem 6.152 reaches its maximum height.
# The body reaches its maximum height when v 0. Substituting this value into the result of the previous
problem, we obtain
;<b+
!5).--._a or
-(* mil _ 1
1 + v k/mg
Taking the logarithms of both sides gives us

m
f = In
1 + v
1
k/mg
-, from which we find t
k
In (
\
1 +
mg
6.155 An object is thrown vertically upward from the ground with initial velocity 1960 cm/s. Neglecting air resistance,
find its velocity at any time t.
I With k = 0, (7) of Problem 6.152 becomes dv/dt g, which may be integrated directly to yield
v = gt + c. At t = 0, v = 1960; hence we have 1960 = g(0) + c = c. With this value of c and
g = 980 cm/s
2
, the velocity becomes v = 1960 - 980f.
6.156 Determine the total time required for the object described in Problem 6.155 to return to the starting point.
I We require f when x = 0. Since v dx/dt, it follows from the result of the previous problem that
dx/dt = 1960 - 980f. Integrating this equation with respect to t, we get x = 1960f - 490f
2
+ c. At t = 0,
x = 0; hence we have = 1960(0) 490(0)

2
+ c c, and the position of the object is given by
x= 1960r-490f 2 U)
Setting x = in (/) and solving for r, we obtain = 1960f - 490f

2
= 490f(4 - t), so that t = or 4. The
time needed for the object to return to the ground is t 4 s.
6.157 Determine the maximum height attained by the body described in Problem 6.155.
I The maximum height occurs when v = 0. Substituting this value into the result of Problem 6.155, we get
= 1960 980f, or f = 2 s. For that value of t, (7) of the previous problem yields
x = 1960(2) - 490(2)
2
= 1960 cm.
6.158 A body of mass 2 slugs is dropped with no initial velocity and encounters an air resistance that is proportional
to the square of its velocity. Find an expression for the velocity of the body at any time r.
The force due to air resistance is to 2 , so that Newton's second law of motion becomes m = mg to
dt
2
or 2 = 64 to 2
. Rewriting this equation in differential form, we have dv dt = 0, which is
dt 64 -to 2
separable. By partial fractions.
1/8 1/8
+
64 -to 2 (8 - Vto)(8 + y/kv) 8 - y/kv 8 + yfkv
so our differential equation can be rewritten as - ( =- H =- dv dt 0. Integration gives

8 \8 - v to 8 + y/kv J
~ yjk
In |8 - Vto| + 4- 1" |8 +
y/k
y/kv\
J
- = t c
8 + Vto = S + y/kv
which can be rewritten as In 8Vto + Sy/kc or as = c i e*^\ where cr = e 8>fcc
8 -y/kv 8 -y/kv
. . =
At r = 0, we are given v = 0. This implies c, = 1, and the velocity is given by -^F^ = e

8v '"
or
%-yJkv
o
i> = pr tanh4y/kt. Without additional information, we cannot obtain a numerical value for the constant k.
6.159 A 192-lb object falls from rest at time t = in a medium offering a resistance of 3v 2 (in pounds). Find an
expression for the velocity of this object.
^ 192 dv dv
From Newton
,
s second law,
. .
m dv/dt = mg
. , ~
3v
->
z
, so that
,
dt
= 192 - 3v
2
, or 2 = 64 - v
2
g dt
Then, separating variables and integrating, we get
dv +v =
y^^ = h
C c dt 1 , 8 t
ln +C
"' T6 8^; 2
8 +v e
M- e~
Xt
Since v = at t = 0, we find that c 0. Then 1
16
In
8-i?
=
t
-,
2
and v = 8 4
e '
+ e
_4tt.'
6.160 Find an expression for the position of the object described in the previous problem.
I Since v dx/dt, we integrate the result of Problem 6.159 subject to x = at t = 0, to fird, for the
distance traveled, x = 2 In = 2 In cosh 4f
6.161 Determine the limiting velocity for the object described in Problem 6.159.
~
# e
*t _ e
-*t
l- e
8t
The limiting velocity is lim 8 r-t zrr, = lim 8 r. = 8 ft/s, which can also be obtained by setting
r-oo e + e tôo 1 + e
2
dv

dt

= 32 - =
2
v
0.
Observe that the result of Problem 6.142 is not valid here, because the resistance of the medium is not
proportional to the velocity of the object. It is proportional instead to the square of the velocity.
6.162 A boat of mass m is traveling with velocity v . At r = the power is shut off. Assuming water resistance
proportional to v", where n is a constant and v is the instantaneous velocity, find v as a function of the distance
traveled.
f Let x be the distance traveled after time t > 0. The only force acting on the boat is the water resistance,
dv
so we have m = kv", where k is a constant of proportionality. Then we have
dt
m=m
dv
dt
dv dx
dx dt
= mv
dv
dx
= kv. which we write as
.
mv
, _
dv=kdx.
,
Case 1, n#2: With v = v at x = 0, integration gives v

2 ~" = vl~" (2 n)x.
m
kx,m
Case 2, n = 2: Again with v = v at x = 0, integration now yields v = v e~ .
6.163 A ship weighing 48,000 tons starts from rest under the force of a constant propeller thrust of 200,000 lb. Find
its velocity as a function of time t, given that the water resistance in pounds is 10,000t>, with v the velocity
measured in feet/second. Also find the terminal velocity in miles per hour.
I Since mass (slugs) x acceleration (ft/s

2
) = net force (lb) = propeller thrust resistance, we have
48,000(2000) dv
=
200,000 - 10,000i;, from which
, . ,
+
dv
dt300
=
20
300
v
- -.
T
Integrating gives
.
32 dt
^r/300
300 J
(V /30 dt = 20e"
300
+ C. Because v = when t = 0, we have C= -20, so that
v = 20 - 2Qe- ,l30 = 20(1 - e-" 300 ).
As t -* oo, v -> 20; the terminal velocity thus is 20 ft/s = 13.6 mi/h. This may also be obtained from
the differential equation with dv/dt -* 0.
138 D CHAPTER 6
6.164 A boat is being towed at the rate of 12 mi h. At the instant (f = 0) that the towing line is cast off, a man in
the boat begins to row in the direction of motion, exerting a force of 20 lb. If combined weight of the man
the
and boat is 480 lb and the resistance (in pounds) is equal to 1.75t\ where v is measured in feet/second, find the
speed of the boat after \ min.

2
) = net force (lb) forward force resistance, we have
480 dv dv 7 4 _ 4 60 J, _ SOgll 60
= 20 - 1.75r from which + l'
~ 3"
Integrating gives
71/60 f It ,
Q
32 dt dt 60
12(5280) 88 216
When f 0, v =
(60)
2
so that C= . Then v = ^ + 2ge - ltl60
.
Now when t = 30, v =W+ 216

35 e~
35 = M.6ft/s.
6.165 A mass is being pulled across ice lb. The resistance

on a sled, the total weight including the sled being 80
offered by the ice to the runners pounds equal to five times the
is negligible, and the air offers a resistance in
velocity (v ft/s) of the sled. Find the constant force (in pounds) that must be exerted on the sled to give it a
terminal velocity of 10 mi/h, and the velocity and distance traveled at the end of 48 s.

2
) = net force (lb) = forward force resistance, we have
80 dv dv
=F 5v, or f 2v == - F, where F (in pounds) is the forward force. Integrating then yields
32 dt" dt 5
F F F
v ce When t = 0, r = so that c = and v (\-e -'). As t ,
F 44 220
"* l,er
_
"
10(5280)
"(60)
= . The required force thus is F = lb.
5 3
Substituting this value for F gives us r = ^(l e *') So, when t 48,
9b
we have v = ^(1 - e~ ) = ^ ft/s. The distance traveled is s = j^
8
vdt = ^$ s
(1 - e~
2,
)dt = 697 ft.
6.166 A spring of negligible weight hangs vertically. A mass of m slugs is attached to the other end. If the mass is moving
with velocity v ft/s when the spring is unstretched, find the velocity v as a function of the stretch x in feet.
I According to Hooke's law, the spring force (the force opposing the stretch) is proportional to the stretch. Thus,
we have
dv
m = mg
dt
,
kx,
, ,
which we can write as m
dx
^
= mv
l" dx
dx
dt
= mg
dv
kx,
.
since
dx
dt
V.
Integrating then gives mv 2 = 2mgx kx 2 + C. Now v = v when x = so that C = mr 2 ,. and

mi'
2
= 2mgx kx + mv 2 2
,.
6.167 A parachutist is falling with speed 176 ft s when his parachute opens. If the air resistance is Wv 2 256 lb, where
W is the total weight of the man and parachute, find his speed as a function of the time f after the parachute opens.
- Wdv Wv 2
f Since net force on system = weight of system air resistance, we have from which
g dt 256
dv dt
Integrating between the limits r = 0. r = 176 and f t. V = V gives
v
2
- 256 T'
-
dv
dt or 1
In
r 16 t
J 1^6 r -256 r. 32 v + 16
v- 16
~
_
v- 16 5
from which we get In 4t. Exponentiation then gives ~6 e or
v+ 16 v+ 16
6+ 5e-
v= 16 ''
6-5e" 4
Note that the parachutist quickly attains an approximately constant speed the terminal speed of 16 ft/sec.
6.168 A body of mass m slugs falls from rest in a medium for which the resistance (in pounds) is proportional to the
square of the velocity (in feet per second). If the terminal velocity is 150 ft s. find the velocity at the end of 2 s and
the time required for the velocity to become 100 ft/s.
I Let v denote the velocity of the body at time f. Then we have

dv
net force on body = weight of body resistance, and the equation of motion is m mg Kxr. Some
APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS U 139
simplification is possible if we choose to write K = 2mk 2 . Then the equation of motion reduces to
dv
= 2(l6-k
dv ,
2
v
,
2
) or -J-:
/rtr
=
16
-2dt.
dt
, kv 4 kv 4
Integrating now gives In- = 16/ct + lnc, from which = ce
ibk '.
Since i; = when
kv + 4 fcu + 4
f = 0, we find c= 1 and + 44 =e~

fcu
/a?
7
16kt
. Also, i; = 1 50 for t -* oo, so fc =-
2
75
and our
solution becomes = e -043 '.
t>+ 150
When t
~ 15 = -e' 086 = -0,423 and
= 2,
V
y = 61 ft/s.
y+150
u=100, e 43 = 0.2 = e -16 so
-0
When = 3.7 -
'
, r s.
6.169 A body of mass m falls from rest in a medium for which the resistance (in pounds) is proportional to the velocity (in
feet per second). If the specific gravity of the medium is one-fourth that of the body and if the terminal velocity
is 24 ft/s, find the velocity at the end of 3 s and the distance traveled in 3 s.
I Let v denote the velocity of the body at time t. In addition to the two forces acting as in Problem 6.136, there is
a third force which results from the difference in specific gravities. This force is equal in magnitude to the
weight of the medium which the body and
displaces, it opposes gravity. Thus, we have
net force on body = weight of body buoyant force resistance, and the equation of motion is
A 1 1
m = mg mg Kv = - mg Kv. With g 32 ft/s
2
and K taken as 3mk, the equation becomes
dv dv
= 3(8 kv) or

= 3 dt. Integrating from t = 0, v to t = t, v v gives
dt 8 kv
k
In (8 - kv)\"
|o
= 3f I'
|o
, from which -In (8 - kv) + In 8 = 3kt, so that kv = 8(1 - e~
3kt
). When t -* oo,
v = 24, so fe=l/3 and v = 24(1 - e~ l

). Thus, when t = 3, v = 24(1 - e~ 3 )
= 22.8 ft/s.
dx
Since i; = - = 24(1 e '), we integrate between t = 0, x = and t = 3, x = x to find
dt
xfo = 24(r -I- e~')\" or x = 24(2 + e~ 3 ) 49.2 ft as the distance traveled in 3 s
6.170 The gravitational pull on a mass m at a distance s feet from the center of the earth is proportional to m and
2
inversely proportional to s . (a) Find the velocity attained by the mass in falling from rest at a distance 5R from
the center to the earth's surface, where R 4000 mi is the radius of the earth, (b) What velocity would
correspond to a fall from an infinite distance; that is, with what velocity must the mass be propelled vertically
upward to escape the earth's gravitational pull? (All other forces, including friction, are to be neglected.)
I The gravitational force at a distance s from the earth's center is km/s 2 To determine k, we . note that the force is
mg when s = R; thus mg = km/R 2 and k = gR 2 The equation of motion is then .
mgR~
dv dsdv dv
m = m = mv = 1'
=
5
2
, or vdv
= gR 2
gR'-r-,
, ds
, the minus sign indicating that v increases as s
dt idt ds ds s s
decreases.
cv t*R ds
(a) Integrating from v = 0, s = 5R to v = v, s = R, we get vdv = gR 2 -j, from which
-
2
v
2
= gR 2 (--
\R

jRI
= ) - gR,
5
so that v
2
= - (32)(4000)(5280).
5
Then v = 2560^165 ft/s or
approximately 6mi/s.
(b) Integrating now from v - 0, s - 00 to v = v, s = R, we get I vdv = -gR I -^, from
which v
2
= 2gR. Then v = 6400^33 ft/s or approximately 7 mi/s.
6.171 A uniform chain of length a is placed on a horizontal frictionless table so that a length b of the chain dangles over
the side. How long will it take for the chain to slide off the table?
f Suppose that at time t a length x of the chain is dangling over the side (Fig. 6.10). Assume that the density (mass
dv
per unit length) of the chain is a. Then the net force acting on the chain is ogx, and we have agx = aa.
,
140 CHAPTER 6
Fig. 6.10
= - = =
dv dv dx dv dv gx
Now, since
dt dx dx dt
v this becomes v
dx a
. Integrating and using the fact that x = b when
v = 0, we get v =
dx
dt
= /-
v a
yjx
2
b
2
. Separating the variables, integrating again, and using x b when
x + y/?
r = 0, we get, finally, In t. Since the chain slides off when x a, the time taken is
a + Ja -
2 2
[a b
T= /-In
V0 b
GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS
6.172 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves y = ex
2
.
I It follows from Problem 1.95 that the orthogonal trajectories satisfy the differential equation
dx
=
2y
.
This equation has the differential form xdx + 2ydy = 0, which is separable. Its solution is .
J
x dx + J 2y dy = c, or \x 2 + y
2
c, which is the family of orthogonal trajectories. These orthogonal
trajectories are ellipses. Some members of this family, along with some members of the original family of
parabolas, are shown in Fig. 6.11. Note that each ellipse intersects each parabola at right angles.
Fig. 6.11
6.173 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves x2 + y

2
= c
2
.
m
dy
dx
=
x
y
. Its
solution (see Problem 4.71 or Problem 3.34 with x replacing f) is y = kx, which is the family of orthogonal
trajectories.
The original family of curves is a set of circles with centers at the origin, while the orthogonal trajectories
Fig. 6.12
are straight lines through the origin. Some members of each family are shown in Fig. 6.12. Observe that each
straight line intersects each circle at right angles.
6.174 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves xy = C.
# It follows from Problem 1.99 that the orthogonal trajectories satisfy the differential equation >' = x/y or, in
differential form, xdx ydy = 0. This equation is separable; integrating term by term, we get \x
2
- \\
2
= k
2 2
or x - y = C, where C= 2k. Both the original family of curves and its orthogonal trajectories are
hyperbolas, as shown in Fig. 6.13.
Fig. 6.13
6.175 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves x2 + y

2
= ex.
Ixy
m
dy
dx
=
x
=
2
=-,
2
y
whose solution is given in Problem 3.127 as x2 + y
2
ky. Both the original family of curves and its orthogonal
trajectories are circles.
6.176 Pind the orthogonal trajectories of the family of cardioids p = C{\ + sin 9).
I It follows from Problem 1.100 that the orthogonal trajectories satisfy the differential equation.
dp/p -i- (sec 9 + tan 9) d6 0. This equation is separable; integrating term by term we obtain the equation for
the orthogonal trajectories as
C cos9
In p + In (sec 9 + tan 9) In cos 9 = In C or p = = C(1 -sin0)
sec 9 + tan
x
6.177 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves y = ce .
I It follows from Problem 1.98 that the orthogonal trajectories satisfy the differential equation dy/dx = l/y
or, in differential y dy + 1 dx 0. This equation
form, is separable; integrating term by term, we obtain the
equation for the orthogonal trajectories as \y + x = c.
2
2
6.178 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves y = 4cx.
dy 2c
I Differentiating the given equation with respect to x, we obtain 2yy' = Ac or Since y
2
= 4cx,
dx v
dy^
it follows that c = 2
y /4x. Substituting this result into the last equation, we obtain = y_
as the differential
dx 2x
equation for every member of the given family of curves. The differential equation for its orthogonal trajectories
(see Problem 1.94) is then

dx
=dy 2x
or, in differential form, ydy + 2xdx = 0. This equation is separable;
y
\y + x = k
2 2 2
integrating term by term, we find where the integration constant has been written as a square
,
to emphasize the fact that it cannot be negative since it is equal to the sum of two squares. Typical curves of the
two families are shown in Fig. 6.14.
142 CHAPTER 6
Fig. 6.14
6.179 Show that the family of confocal conies

x
L
2
H
w
v
2
-=
A,
1, where C is an arbitrary constant, is self-orthogonal.
Differentiating the equation of the family with respect to x yields

C
-\
V- r-
= 0. where p
dy
dx
. Solving
Xx Xpy
this for C, we find C= so that C X = When these replacements are made in the equation
x + yp x + yp
of the family, the differential equation of the family is found to be (x + yp){px y) Xp 0.
Since this equation is unchanged when p is replaced by 1/p, it is also the differential equation of the
orthogonal trajectories of the given family. The graphs of several members of this family are shown in Fig. 6.15.
If C> A, then the graph is an ellipse; if C< /, it is a hyperbola.
Fig. 6.15
2
6.180 At each point (x, >') of a curve the intercept of the tangent on the y axis is equal to 2xy (see Fig. 6.16). Find the
curve.

The differential equation of the curve is y x
dy
dx
- 2xjr,
,
or
y dx x dy
= 2x dx. Integrating yields
y
x2 + c or x x2 v = c\. The differential equation may also be obtained directly from the figure as
y
dy y 2xy 2
dx x
Fig. 6.16
6.181 At each point (x, y) of a curve the subtangent is proportional to the square of the abscissa. Find the curve if it
also passes through the point (1, e).
The differential equation of the curve is y

dy
= /cx
2
or =
x2
=k , where k is the proportionality factor.
y
Integrating yields k In y = \- C. When x = 1, y = e; thus fc = +C 1 or C= fc + 1, and the

x
curve has the equation /c In y = 1/x + fc + 1.
6.182 Find the family of curves for which the length of the part of the tangent between the point of contact (x, y) and
the y axis is equal to the y intercept of the tangent.
We have x
V
/l+(
\dx
)
I
y x
ax
, or x2 y
2
2xy
dx
. The transformation y vx reduces the
dx 2v dv
latter equation to (1 + v )dx + Ivxdv = 0, which we write as h 0. Integrating then gives
1 +v 2
In x + In (1 -I- v
2
) = In C. Since v = y/x, we have xl 1 + ^ I
= C or x2 + y
2
= Cx as the equation of
the family of curves.
6.183 Determine a curve such that the length of its tangent included between the x and y axes is a constant a > 0.
f Let (x, y) P on the required curve and (X, Y) any point Q on the tangent line AB (Fig. 6.17).
be any point
The equation AB, passing through (x, y) with slope y', is Y y = y'{X x). We set X
of line and
Y= in turn to obtain the y and x in tercepts OA y xy' and O B = x y/y' = (y xy')/y'. Then
the length of AB, apart from sign, is y/OA 2 + OB 2 = (y - xy')Vl + y' 2 //- since tms must equal a, we have
on solving for y,
ay ap
y = xy' xp + where y =p (i)
ViT7 ViT?
*X
Fig. 6.17
To solve (7), we differentiate both sides with respect to x to get
/=p=x _ + p _____
dp dp a
or
d
x + =
dx (1 + 7f]
ac
Case 1, dp/dx = 0: In this case p = c and the general solution is y = cx "
x/iTT 2
144 CHAPTER 6
Case 2, dp/dx ^ 0: In this case, using (/) we find x = -\ and y

' +-
-
P
from which
(l+ p
2)3/2
(1+p2) 3/2'
,2/3
a 2/3 p 2
,2/3
and ' so that x 213 + y
2'3
- a
2'3
This is a singular solution and is the equation
l+p
.
2 2
1 p +
of a hypocycloid (Fig. 6.18), which is the envelope of the family of lines found in Case 1 and is the required curve
Fig. 6.18
6.184 Through any point (x, v) of a certain curve which passes through the origin, lines are drawn parallel to the
coordinate axes. Find the curve given that it divides the rectangle formed by the two lines and the axes into two
areas, one of which is three times the other.
f There are two cases, illustrated in Figs. 6.19 and 6.20.
Fig. 6.19
Case I: Here (3)(area OA P) = area OPB. Then 3 jo v dx xy j y dx, or 4feydx = xy. To obtain
the differential equation, we differentiate with respect to x, obtaining Ay = y + x

dy
dx
or
dy

dx x
An
integration yields the family of curves y = Cx 3 .
dy _y_
Case 2: Here area OA P = (3)(area OPB) and 4 j y dx = 3xy. The differential equation is and
dx 3x'
the family of curves has the equation y
3
= Cx.
Since the differential equation in each case was obtained by a differentiation, extraneous solutions may have
been introduced. It is necessary therefore to compute the areas as a check. In each of the above cases, the curves
satisfy the conditions.
6.185 The areas bounded by the x axis, a fixed ordinate x a, a variable ordinate, and the part of a certain curve
intercepted by the ordinates is revolved about the x axis. Find the curve if the volume generated is proportional
to (a) the sum of the two ordinates, and (b) the difference of the two ordinates.
I (a) Let A be the length of the fixed ordinate. The differential equation obtained by differentiating
2
= + 2
= y(C = from which
n j* y dx k(y A) is Try kdy/dx. Integrating then yields nx) k, y
C nx
Then
2
k dx
n y
Ja y
2
dx = n = k(y -A)* k(y + A)
C nx C
\
Ja (C nx) na
Thus, the solution is extraneous and no curve exists having the property (a).
1
(b) Repeating the above procedure with n ft y 2 dx = k(y - A), we obtain the differential equation
ny 2
= k dy/dx, whose solution is v(C - nx) = k. It can be shown (as we tried to do in part a) that this
equation satisfies the condition and thus represents the family of curves with the required property.
6.186 Find the curve such that, at any point on it, the angle between the radius vector and the tangent is equal to
one-third the angle of inclination of the tangent.
f Let 9 denote the angle of inclination of the radius vector, z the angle of inclination of the tangent, and ip
the angle between the radius vector and the tangent. Since \jj = t/3 = {\j/ + 9)/3, we have \jj = \9 and
tan if/ = tan j9. Now
tan y/ = p
dO
dp
=
9
tan -
2
so that
,

dp
= in
cot - d9
2
p
Integrating then yields In p = 2 In sin \9 + In C ls or p =C x

sin
2
\9 = C(l cos 9).
6.187 The area of the sector formed by an arc of a curve and the radii vectors to the end points is one-half the length
of the arc. Find the curve.
I
Let the radii vectors be given by 9 = 9^ and 9 = 9. Then - f" p
2 Je >
2
d9 = -
2 Je
f*
'
\J
/(
\d9J
) + p
2
d9.
Differentiating with respect to 9 yields the differential equation
dp
P
2 _ + p
2
or dp = pVp 2 ~ 1 d9.
d9 y
If p
2
= 1, this latter equation reduces to dp = 0. It is easily verified that p = 1 satisfies the condition
of the problem. If p
2
^ 1, we write the equation in the form -j^=
-
= d9
2
and obtain the solution
PVP
p = sec(C + 9). Thus, the conditions are satisfied by the circle p = 1 and the family of curves p = sec(C + 9).
Note that the families p = sec (C + 9) and p = sec (C 9) are the same.
6.188 Find the curve for which the portion of the tangent between the point of contact and the foot of the perpendicular
through the pole to the tangent is one-third the radius vector to the point of contact.
f In Fig. 6.21, p = 3a = 3pcos(7r i]/) = 3pcos\j/, so that cos i/f = | and tani/^= 2V2. In
JO
Fig. 6.22, p = 3a = 3p cos ip and tan \jj = 2yj2. Combining the two cases, we get tan \\i = p
dp
= 2>J2,
from which = + . The required curves are the families p = Ce 612 ^ and p = Ce i 2 ^.
P 2^2
P
Fig. 6.21 Fig. 6.22
6.189 Find the shape assumed by a flexible chain suspended between two points and hanging under its own weight.
f Let the y axis pass through the lowest point of the chain (Fig. 6.23), let s be the arc length from this point
to a variable point (x, y), and let w(s) be the linear density of the chain. We obtain the equation of the curve
from the fact that the portion of the chain between the lowest point and (x, y) is in equilibrium under the action
of three forces: the horizontal tension T
at (x, y), which acts along
at the lowest point; the variable tension T
and a downward force equal to the weight of the chain
the tangent because of the flexibility of the chain;
between these two points. Equating the horizontal component of T to T and the vertical component of T to
the weight of the chain gives T cos 9 = T and T sin 9 = f w(s) ds. It follows from the first of these
equations that T sin 9 = T tan 9 = T j-, so T y' =f w{s) ds. We eliminate the integral here by
146 CHAPTER 6
Fig. 6.23
differentiating with respect to x:
T y" =-
h So
w ^ ds "j
s Si
w(s) ds
1 = w^ 1 + w
Thus T y" = w(s)\f\ + (y')
2
is the differential equation of the desired curve, and the curve itself is found by
solving this equation. To proceed further, we must have definit e informa tion about the function w(s).
We shall assume that w(s) is a constant w , so that y" = ay/l + (y')

2
, where a = w /T . Substituting
dp
y' = p and y" dp/dx then yields ===== = a dx. Integration and use of the fact that p = when
>/TT?
x = now give log (p + Jl + p
2
) = ax. Solving for p then yields p =
dy
dx
=-
1
2
(e
ax
e
ax
). If we place the
x axis at the proper height, so that y = l/a when x = 0, we get
ax
y = ( e * + e ) = - cosh ax
2a a
as the equation of the curve assumed by a uniform flexible chain hanging under its own weight. This curve
is called a catenary, from the Latin word for chain, catena.
6.190 A point P is dragged along the xy plane by a string PT of length a. If T starts at the origin and moves
along the positive y axis, and if P starts at (a, 0), what is the path of P?
I
It is easy to see from Fig. 6.24 that the differential equation of the path is
dy
=
V^ ^ 7
On separating
dx
variables and integrating (and using the fact that y = when x a), we find that
y = a In yja
2
x2 . This is the equation of a tractrix, from the Latin word tractum, meaning
drag.
Fig. 6.24
.
6.191 A rabbit starts at the origin and runs up the y axis with speed a. At the same time a dog, running with speed b,
starts at the point (c, 0) and pursues the rabbit. Find a differential equation describing the path of the dog.
f At time f, measured from the instant both start, the rabbit will be at the point R = (0, at) and the dog at
D= (x, y) (Fig. 6.25). Since the line DR is tangent to the path, we have = - or xy' - y = -at.
dx x
To eliminate t, we begin by differentiating this last equation with respect to x, which gives xy" = a
dx
ds dt ds
dt US r
Since
dt
= b, we have
Ul
- =
dx
-=
ill
ds dx
11
-- V' +
b
/ ;
(y) , where the minus sign appears because s increases as x
decreases. When these two equations are combined, we obtain the differential equation of the path:
xv" = Wl+(/) 2 k =-
b
The substitution y' p and v" = dp/dx reduces this to ,

dp
2
= k
dx
x
, and on integrating and using
VI + P
the initial condition p = when x c, we find that In (p + yjl + p
2
) In I
. Then
J
T/xY /c x
'
dy 1
P = =
d~x 2
Fig. 6.25
6.192 The y axis and the line x = c are the banks of a river whose current has uniform speed a in the negative
v direction. A boat enters the river at the point (c, 0) and heads directly toward the origin with speed b relative
to the water. What is the path of the boat?
The components of the boat's velocity (Fig. 6.26) are =

dt
b cos 9 and
dt
= a + b sin 6, so
dy -a + bsm6 -a + b(-y/y/x 2 + y
2
) a^Jx
2
+ y
2
+ by
dx b cos -b(x/Jx 2 + y 2 ) bx
+
This equation homogeneous, and
is its solution c\y + \Jx 2
is + y
2
) = x* \ where k = a/b. It is clear that
the fate of the boat depends on the relation between a and b.
Fig. 6.26
148 CHAPTER 6
Fig. 6.27
6.193 A boy, standing in corner A of a rectangular pool (Fig. 6.27), has a boat in the adjacent corner B on the end of
a string 20 ft long. He walks along the side of the pool toward C, keeping the string taut. Locate the boy and
boat when the latter is 12 ft from AC.
I We choose the coordinate system so that AC is along the x axis, and AB is along the y axis. Let (x, y) be
the position of the boat when the boy has reach ed E, and let 6 denote the angle of inclination of the string.
dy
Then tan 9 = - = or dx V400" dy. Integrating gives
dx V400 - y
2
x
,

= V400 -t
2
+ 20 In
20 + V400 - y
2
C To find C, we note that when the boat is at B, we have x =

y \-
20 + v 400 - r
and y = 20. Then C= 0, and x = -V400 - y
2
+ 20 In is the equation of the boat's
path.
Now AE = x + >/400 y2 = 20 In . Hence, when the boat is 12 ft from AC (that is.
when y = 12), x + 16 = 20 In 3 = 22. Thus, the boy is 22 ft from A, and the boat is 6 ft from AB.

CHAPTER 7
Linear Differential Equations

Theory of Solutions
WRONSKIAN
7.1 Define the Wronskian of the set of functions {z^x), z 2 (x), . .
.
, z(x)} on the interval a < x < b, where each
function possesses n 1 derivatives.
Zl z2 zn
A A
4
The Wronskian is the determinant W(z u z2 , . .
.
, z) A A z
~
1) i) (n 1)
Zl *r
z
7.2 Find the Wronskian of {sin 2x, cos 2x}.
sin 2x cos 2x
sin 2x cos 2x
W^sin 2x, cos 2x) = d(sin 2x) d(cos 2x) - -2
2 cos 2x 2 sin 2x
dx dx
7.3 Find the Wronskian of {3 sin 2x, 4 sin 2x}.
3 sin 2x 4 sin 2x
3 sin 2x 4 sin 2x
W{3 sin 2x, 4 sin 2x) = d(3 sin 2x) d(4 sin 2x)
6 cos 2x 8 cos 2x
dx dx
- (3 sin 2x)(8 cos 2x) (4 sin 2x)(6 cos 2x) =
7.4 Find the Wronskian of {sin 3x, cos 3x}.
sin 3x cos 3x
sin 3x cos 3x
W(sin 3x, cos 3x) d(sin 3x) d(cos 3x)
3 cos 3x 3 sin 3x
dx dx
(sin 3x)( 3 sin 3x) (cos 3x)(3 sin 3x) = 3 sin 2 3x 3 cos
2
3x - -3
7.5 Find the Wronskian of {1, x}.
1 X
1
1 XV
W(\, x) = rf(l) d[x) = = 1(1) - x(0) = 1
1
dx dx
7.6 Find the Wronskian of {3x, 5x}.
3x 5x
3x 5x
W(3x, 5x) = d(3x) d{5x) = 3x(5) - (5x)(3) =
3 5
dx dx
2
7.7 Find the Wronskian of {t, t }.
z
t t
t r
W{t, t
2
)
- = t(2t) - r
2
(l) = t
2
l it
dt dt
3
7.8 Find the Wronskian of {t, t }.
3
t t
t t>
W(t, t
3
)
= d(t) d(t
3
) ;
= t{3t
2
)
- t
3
{l) = 2?
1 3r
dt dt
149
150 CHAPTER 7
2 3
7.9 Find the Wronskian of {t , t }.
2 3
t r
W(t 2 , t
3
)
= 2
= f
2
(3r
2
)
- t
3
(2r) = r
4
It 3r
2 3
7.10 Find the Wronskian of {3f , 2f }.
I
W(3t,22 ,
-),3
2f
3
)
3f
6r
2
2r
6r
3
2
= 3f (6r
2 2
)
- 3
2t (6t) = 6r
4
2 2
7.11 Find the Wronskian of {3f , 2r }.
2 2
3f 2f
W(3t 2 , It
2
)
= = 3r (4r)
2
- 2
2f (6r) -
6r 4r
3 3
7.12 Find the Wronskian of {f , 5f }.
3 3
f 5t
W(t\ 5t
3
)
2 2
= f
3
(15f
2
)-5f 3 (3t 2 = )
3t 15f
2 6
7.13 Find the Wronskian of {t , \t }.
2 b
t \t
W(t 2 ,$t<) = 5
= r
2
(3r
5
)
- \t (2t)
6
= It
1
It 3f
3 7
7.14 Find the Wronskian of {2f , 3f }.
3 1
2t It
W(2t\ 3r
7
) = 2 6
= 2f (21r
3 6
)-3r 7 (6r 2 = ) 24f
9
6f 21f
x x
7.15 Find the Wronskian of {e , e ).
x x
e e~
W(ex .e-') = = e
x
(-e~ x )-e- x e x = -2
x
7.16 Find the Wronskian of {5e*, le~ }.
le' x
x
5e
W(Se x le ,
x
)
= x ~x = 5e
x
(-le~ x - le'^Se1 ) = -70 )
5e -le
7.17 Find the Wronskian of {5e 2x le 3x ). ,
2x 3x
5e le
W(5e 2x le 3x , ) 2x 3x
= 5e
2x
(2\e
3x
)
- le
3x
(\0e
2x
) = 35e
5*
\0e 2\e
3x 3x
7.18 Find the Wronskian of {le~ , 4e~ }.
le~ 3x 4e~
3x
W(le~ ix Ae~ ix ) = = le'
3x
(-\2e- 3x ) - 4e~
3x
(-2le- 3x =)
2\e~
3x
-12<T 3x
7.19 Find the Wronskian of {e x xe x ). ,
e xe
W(e x xe x = , ) e (e
x x
+ xex ) - xex (e
x
) = e
2x
3
7.20 Find the Wronskian of {x 3 ,
|x |} on [ 1, 1].
3
3x 2 ifx>0
- ,, f x3 if > x d(\x
ifx =
\)
We
,
f have ^ S
x J3 f
ifx<0 ax
-3x 2 ifx<0
Then, for x > 0, W(x 3 , \x

3
\)
= 12
=
3x 2 3x
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS THEORY OF SOLUTIONS 151
X3 -x 3
For x < 0, W(x\ \x
3
\)
= 2
=
3x -3x 2
For x = 0, W(x\ |x
3
|)
= =
Thus, W(x\ |x
3
|)
= on [-1,1].
7.21 Find the Wronskian of { 1, x, x 2 }.
I 1 x x2 2
1 2x X x X X2
W(l,x,x 2) = 1 2x = 1
-0 +
2 2 1 2x
2
= l[l(2) - 2x(0)] - + =2
7.22 Find the Wronskian of {x, 2x 2 , -x 3 }.
x 2x 2 -x 3
4x -3x 2 2x 2 x.3 2x 2 -x 3
W(x,2x 2 , -x 3 ) 1 4x -3x 2 =x - 1 +
4 -6x 4 6x 4x -3x 2
4 -6x
= x(-12x 2)- l(-8x 3 + ) = -4x 3
7.23 Find the Wronskian of {x 2 x 3 x 4 } , ,
X2 X3
3x 2 4x 3 2x 4x 3 2x 3x 2
x 3 x 4) -x 3 4
2
W(x , , 2x 3x 2 4x 3 2 2
+ x
2
6x 12x 2 12x 2 6x
2 6x 12x
x 2 (12x 4 ) - x 3 (16x 3 ) + x 4 (6x 2 = 2x 6 )
7.24 Find the Wronskian of {x 2 ,

2x 2 , 3x 3 }.
^
X -2x 2 3x 3
-4.x 9x 2 2x 9x 2 ?x -4x
W{x 2
, -2x 2
, 3x
3
)
= 2x -4x 9x 2 -x -4 2
-(-2x 2 ) + 3x 3
ISx 2 IXx ;
-4
2 -4 18x
= x 2 (-36x 2 - (-2x 2 M18x 2 + ) ) 3x 3 (0) =
7.25 Find the Wronskian of {x 2

, x2 , 2 - 3x}.
x" 2 x2 2-3x
d(x~ 2
) d(x
2
) d(2 - 3x) x' 2 x2 2-3x
-3
H^x ,x 2
, 2-3x) = dx dx dx 2x 2x -3 36x~ 2 -32x -3
d (x~
2 2
) d 2 (x 2 ) d 2 (2-3x) 6x" 4 2
dx' dx'' dx'
7.26 Find the Wronskian of {e\ e ', e }.
e
l
e~
l
e"
2 l 21
die*) d(e~') d(e ') e~ e
2 ') l 2' 2
W(e\ e~\ e dt dt dt e~ 2e 6e
2 2 2 2t 2'
d (e') d (e-') d (e )
e~' 4e
dt' dv dt'
7.27 Find the Wronskian of {1, sin 2t, cos 2f}.
1 sin 2t cos2r
W{l,s'm2t, cos2r) = 2 cos 2r 2sin2f 8cos 2 2f -8sin 2 2f = -8
4 sin 2t 4cos2f
152 U CHAPTER 7
7.28 Find the Wronskian of {t, t - 3, It + 5}.
t f - 3 2f + 5
W= 1 1 2 =
7.29 Find the Wronskian of {f

3
, t
3
+ t, It
3
- It).
t
3
t
3
+ t It
3
- It
W = 3f
2
3t
2
+ 1 6t
2
- 7 =
6f 6f 12f
7.30 Find the Wronskian of {t

3
, t
3
+ t, 2f
3
- 7}.
t
3
t
3
+ t It
3
-1
W = 3f
2
3t
2
+ 1 6f
2
= 42f
6f 6f 12f
7.31 Find the Wronskian of {sin f, cos t, 2 sin t cos t }.
sin f cos f 2 sin f cos f
W= cosf sin f 2cosf + sinr =

sin f cosf 2 sin r + cosf
3 2
7.32 Find the Wronskian of {f , f , t, 1 }.
2
r t t 1
2
3f It
W= 1
= 12
6f 2
mi ', m ", mj
7.33 Find the Wronskian of {e""', e c c 'J,
where mu m 2 m 3 , , and mx are constants.
">>< mi ' ,mjl m4 t

c e t e l 1 1 1
m2 m4t
m 2e '
m 4e _ m 2 "3 m 4
w= m >' m"
"1l 'p m2t p mi, p m *'
m 2
e m 22 e m2 '
mle mi '
mle m 2
m 2 W 3 AM4
m\emi m\e mit m\e mit m i e m*< w3 m 3 W 3 m4
This last determinant is a Vondermonde determinant and is equal to
m 1 )(m4 m 2 )(m i m 3 )(m 3 m,)(w 3 m 2 )(m 2 m
(m4 {
). Thus,
W- e(mi+m2+m3 +m4)t^ _ W] m4 _ m 2 )(m 4 - m 3 )(m 3 -m )( l
)(m 3 - m 2 )(m 2 - m,).
LINEAR INDEPENDENCE
7.34 Determine whether the set {e
x
, e
x
} is linearly dependent on (
oo, oo).
I Consider the equation
c,e + c-,e~ = (1)
We must determine whether there exist values of c x and c 2 not both zero, that will satisfy (/). Rewriting (7), we
,
have c,e or -c,e 2x For any nonzero value of c u the left side of this equation is a
constant, whereas the right side is not; hence the equality is not valid. It follows that the only solution to this
latter equation, and therefore to (J), is cx = c2 0. Thus, the set is not linearly dependent; rather it is linearly
independent.
7.35 Rework the previous problem using differentiation.
x x
# We begin again with the equation c{e + c 2 e~ = 0. Differentiating it now, we obtain
c,e c ,e
x
= 0. These two equations are a set of simultaneous linear equations for the unknowns c x
and c2 .
Solving them, we find that the only solution is cl c2 0, so the functions are linearly independent.
7.36 Rework Problem 7.34 using the Wronskian.
x x
f The Wronskian of {e , e~ } is found in Problem 7.15 to be -2. Since it is nonzero for at least one point in
the interval of interest (it is, in fact, nonzero everywhere), the functions are linearly independent on that interval.
7.37 Is the set {x

2
, x, 1} linearly dependent on (
oo, oo)?
2
# Consider the equation c,x + c2x + c3 = 0. Since this equation is valid for all x only if c, = c2 = c3 = 0,
the given set is linearly independent. Note
any of the c's were not
that if zero, then the equation could hold
for at most two values of x, the roots of the equation, and not for all x.
I We begin again with the equation c,x + c 2 x + c 3 = 0. Differentiating this equation, we get
2
2cjX + c2 = 0. Differentiating once again, we get 2c x = 0. These three equations are a set of simultaneous
linear equations for the unknowns c u c2 , and c 3 Solving them, we find that the only solution is
.
ct c2 = c3 = 0, which implies that the functions are linearly independent.

2
f The Wronskian of {x , x, 1} is found in Problem 7.21 to be 2. Since it is nonzero for at least one point in the
interval of interest (it is, in fact, nonzero everywhere), the functions are linearly independent on that interval.
7.40 Determine whether the set {sin 2x, cos 2x} is linearly independent on (
oo, oo).
I Consider the equation c, sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x = 0. Differentiating, we obtain 2c l cos 2x 2c 2 sin 2x = 0.
These two equations are a set of simultaneous linear equations for the unknowns and c 2 The easiest way to
cx .
solve them is to multiply the first by 2 sin 2x, multiply the second by cos 2x, and then add the resulting equations
together. Doing so, we find that the only solution is c c 2 0, which implies x
that the functions are linearly
independent.
7.41 Rework the previous problem using the Wronskian.
I The Wronskian of {sin 2x, cos 2x} is found in Problem 7.2 to be 2. Since it is nonzero for at least one
point in the interval of interest (it is, in fact, nonzero everywhere), the functions are linearly independent on that
interval.
7.42 Determine whether the set {sin 3x, cos 3x} is linearly independent on (
oo, oo).
I Consider the equation c x

sin 3x + c 2 cos 3x = 0. Differentiating, we obtain 3c cos 3x 3c 2 sin 3x =x
0.
To solve these two equations simultaneously for the unknowns c x

and c 2 we multiply the first by 3 sin 3x,
,
multiply the second by cos 3x, and then add. The only solution is c {
= c2 = 0, which implies that the
functions are linearly independent.
I The Wronskian of {sin 3x, cos 3x} is found in Problem 7.4 to be 3. Since it is nonzero for at least one
point in the interval of interest (it is, in fact, nonzero everywhere), the functions are linearly independent on that
interval.
7.44 Is the set {f

2
, t} linearly independent on (
oo, oo)?
f Consider the equation cxt

2
+ c2t = 0. Since a polynomial equals zero for oo) if and
all values of t in (
oo,
only if the coefficients are zero, it follows that c, = c2 = 0, from which we conclude that the original functions
are linearly independent.
I We begin again with the equation ctt

2
+ c2 t = 0. Differentiating gives 2c x
t + c2 = 0. These two
equations are a system of linear equations which may be solved simultaneously for Cj and c 2 . Instead, we may
differentiate the second equation to obtain 2c, =0. It follows from this that cx 0, and then from the
second equation that c2 = 0. Thus, the only solution is cx = c2 = 0, and the functions are linearly
independent.
154 CHAPTER 7

2
f The Wronskian of {t , found in Problem 7.7 to be t 2 Since it is nonzero for at least one point in the
f} is .
interval of interest (for example, at t = 2, we have = 4 # 0), the functions are linearly independent on W
that interval.
7.47 Is the set {t

2
, t
3
} linearly independent on ( oo, oo)?
2 3
I Consider the equation c x
t + c2t = 0. This is a third-degree polynomial in t. Since a polynomial is zero
for all values of fin ( x, oo) if and only if all of its coefficients are zero, it follows that cx = c2 = 0, from
which we conclude that the functions are linearly independent.
I We begin again with the equation cx t

2
+ c2 t
3
= 0. Differentiating, we obtain 2c x t + 3c 2 t
2
= 0. These
two equations are a set of linear equations which may be solved simultaneously for c x
and c2 . Instead, however,
we may differentiate twice more, obtaining successively 2c x + 6c 2 t = and 6c 2 = 0. It follows from these
equations first that c2 = 0, and then that c x
0. Thus, the only solution to the first equation is cx = c2 = 0,
and the functions are linearly independent.
2 3 4
f The Wronskian of {f , t } is found in Problem 7.9 to be f . Since it is nonzero for at leastone point in the
interval of interest (for example, at t = 1, W= I ^ 0), the functions are linearly independent on that interval.
x
7.50 Determine whether {e , xe x ) is linearly independent on ( x, x).
f Consider the equation c e x + c 2 xe x = 0. Differentiating, we obtain c e" + c 2 (e x + xe x = 0. These two

x x )
equations may be solved simultaneously for c, and c 2 We begin by subtracting the first from the second, and .
x
then recall that e is never zero. Thus we find that the only solution is c, = c2 = 0. It follows that the
f The Wronskian Problem 7.19 to be e 2x Since it is nonzero for at least one point in
x
of {c\ \c \
is found in .
the interval of interest (it is, in fact, nonzero everywhere), it follows that the functions are linearly independent
on that interval.
7.52 Determine whether -J

3 sin 2x, 4 sin 2x} is linearly independent on ( oo, x ).
f Consider the equation c,(3 sin 2x) + c 2 (4 sin 2x) = 0. By inspection, we see that there exist constants c x and
c2 , not both zero (in particular, c, = 4 and c2 = -3), that satisfy this equation for all values of x in
(x, x); thus, the functions are linearly dependent.
7.53 Can the Wronskian be used to determine whether the functions 3 sin 2x and 4 sin 2x are linearly independent
on (
x, x)?
f It is shown in Problem 7.3 that the Wronskian of these two functions is identically zero, so no conclusions
can be drawn about linear independence.
7.54 Redo the previous problem if in addition it is known that the two functions are solutions of the same linear
homogeneous differential equation.
I If the Wronskian of a set of functions is zero, and if those functions are all solutions to the same linear
homogeneous differential equation, then the functions are linearly dependent. Thus, it now follows from
Problem 7.3 that 3 sin 2x and 4 sin 2x are linearly dependent.
7.55 Determine whether {3x, 5x} is linearly independent on ( x, x).
I Consider the equation c

1
(3x) -I- c 2 (5x) = 0. By inspection, we see that there exist constants c x and c2 not
both zero (in particular, cx = 5 and c2 = 3) that satisfy this equation for all values of x in ( x, x).
Thus, the functions are linearly dependent.
7.56 Can the Wronskian be used to determine whether the functions 3x and 5x are linearly independent on ( x, x)?
f It is shown in Problem 7.6 that the Wronskian of these two functions is identically zero, so no conclusions
can be drawn about linear independence.
7.57 Redo the previous problem knowing that y x

= 3x and y2 = 5x are both solutions of y" = 0.
I Since both functions are solutions to the same linear homogeneous differential equation, and since their
Wronskian is identically zero, the two functions are linearly dependent.
7.58 Determine whether {r

3
, 5f
3
} is linearly independent on (
oo, oo).
f Consider the equation = 0. By inspection, we see that there exist constants c and c 2 not
c^t 3 ) + c 2 (5r
3
)
l
both zero (c x = 5, c 2 = is one pair; c = 10,

1 c2 = 2 is another) that satisfy this equation for all
x
values of t in (
oo, oo); therefore the functions are linearly dependent.
3 3
7.59 What conclusion can one draw about the linear independence of the functions t and 5t on ( oo, oo) by
computing their Wronskian?
I Since their Wronskian is identically zero (see Problem 7.12), no conclusion can be drawn about linear
independence.
= 4
7.60 Redo the previous problem knowing that Vj t
3
and y2 = 5t
3
are both solutions of d y/dt* = 0.
7.61 Determine whether {le~ 3x 4e~ 3x } , is linearly dependent on (

oo, oo).
I Consider the equation c x {le~

3x
+ c 2 {4e~ 3x = 0.
) ) By inspection, we see that there exist constants c t and c2
not both zero (c x 4 and c2 7 is one pair; c{ 1 and c2 = 7/4 is another) that satisfy this
equation for all values of x in ( oo, oo); hence the functions are linearly dependent.
7.62 What conclusion can one draw about the linear independence of the functions le~ 3x and 4e~ 3x on ( oo, oo) by
I Since their Wronskian is identically zero (see Problem 7.18), no conclusion can be drawn about linear
independence.
7.63 Redo the previous problem knowing that both functions are solutions to y' + 3y 0.
2x
7.64 What conclusions can one draw about the linear independence of the functions 5e and 7e 3x on (
oo, oo) by
5*
I The Wronskian of these two functions is 35e (see Problem 7.17). Since it is nonzero for at least one point
in the interval of interest (it is, in fact, nonzero everywhere), the functions are linearly independent on that interval.
2 6
7.65 What conclusions can one draw about the linear independence of the functions t and \t on (0, 5) by computing
their Wronskian?
1
f The Wronskian of these two functions is It (see Problem 7.13). Since it is nonzero for at least one point in
the interval of interest (for example, at t = 1, W=2# 0), the functions are linearly independent on (0, 5).
2 2
7.66 What conclusions can one draw about the linear independence of the functions 3r and It on (0, 8) by computing
their Wronskian?
f Since their Wronskian is identically zero (see Problem 7.11), no conclusion can be drawn about linear
independence.
7.67 Redo the previous problem knowing that both functions are solutions to d 3 y/dt 3 = 0.
f Since both functions are solutions to the same linear homogeneous differential equation, and since their
Wronskian is identically zero, the two functions are linearly dependent on (0, 8).
156 CHAPTER 7
7.68 What conclusions can one draw about the linear independence of the functions x 3 and |x
3
|
on (- 1, 1) by
/ Since the Wronskian is identically zero (see Problem 7.20), no conclusion can be drawn about linear
independence.
3 3
7.69 Determine whether the set {x ,
|x |} is linearly dependent on [1. 1].
f Consider the equation cxx

3
+ c 2 \x
3
\
= 0. Recall that |x
3
|
= x3 if x > 0, and |x
3
|
= -x 3 if x < 0.
Thus, our equation becomes
3 3
c yx =
+ c2x forx >
ct x c2x =
3 3
for x <
Solving these two equations simultaneously for c x and c 2 , we find that the only solution is ct = c2 0. The
given set is, therefore, linearly independent.
7.70 Can both x 3 and |x

3
|
be solutions of the same linear homogeneous differential equation?
I No, for if they were, then we would have two solutions of the same linear homogeneous differential equation
having an identically zero Wronskian, which would imply that the two functions are linearly dependent. We
know, however, from the previous problem that the two functions are linearly independent on (1, 1).
7.71 Determine whether x 3 and |x

3
|
are linearly dependent on [ 1,0].
I It follows from Problem 7.69 that, for linear dependence, we must satisfy c,x 3 c 2 x 3 = 0. Observe that
thib is the only condition that is operable here, because we do not include any positive values of the independent
variable x. By inspection, we see that there exist constants c t and c 2 not both zero (for example, cY = c2 = 7)
that satisfy this equation for all values of x in the interval of interest; therefore the functions are linearly
dependent there.
7.72 Determine whether x 3 and |x

3
|
are linearly dependent on [0, 1J.
I It follows from Problem 7.69 that we must now satisfy c,x 3 + c2x
3
= 0. Observe that this is the only
operable condition because we do not include negative values of x. By inspection, we see that there exist
constants c x
and c 2 not both zero (for example, c, = c2 = 3) that satisfy this equation for all values of x in
the interval of interest; hence the functions are linearly dependent there.
7.73 Determine whether the set {1 x, 1 + x, 1 3x} is linearly dependent on ( x, oo).
f Consider the equation c,(l x) + c 2 (l + x) + c 3 {\ 3x) = 0. which can be rewritten as

( c, + c2 3c 3 )x + (c, + c2 + c3) = 0. This linear equation can be satisfied for all x only if both coefficients
are zero. Thus, we require
c, + c2 3c 3 = and c{ + c2 + c3 =
Solving these equations simultaneously, we find that = 2c 3r, and c 2 = c 3 with c 3 arbitrary. Choosing
,
c3 = 1 (any other nonzero number would do), we obtain c = x

2, c 2 \, and c 3 = 1 as a set of
constants, not all zero, that satisfy the original equation. Thus, the given set of functions is linearly dependent.
7.74 Determine whether the set {5, 3 2x, 2 +x- ^x 2 } is linearly dependent on ( oo, oo).
f Consider the equation c,(5) + c 2 (3 - 2x) + c 3 (2 + x \x 2 = 0, which we may rewrite as )
( |c 3 )x 2
+ 2c 2 + ( c 3 )x + (5cj + 3c 2 + 2c 3 = 0. The left side is a second-degree polynomial in x. Since a
)
polynomial is zero for all values of x in oo, oo) if and only if all of its coefficients are zero, it follows that
(
2C 3 = ar, d 2c 2 + c3 = and 5c x + 3c 2 + 2c 3 =
Solving this set of equations simultaneously, we find that the only solution to it, and therefore to the original
equation, is ct = c2 = c3 0. Hence the functions are linearly independent.
I We begin again with the rewritten equation 2 c 3 )x 2 + 2c 2 + c 3 )x (5c +

( ( -I-
Y
3c 2 + 2c 3 ) = 0.
Differentiating this equation twice, we obtain successively c 3 x + 2c 2 + c 3 = ( ) and c3 = 0. Solving
this set of equations one at a time in reverse order, we find that c3 = c2 = c, = is the only solution;
therefore the functions are linearly independent.
# Here, 5 3 2x 2 + x Lv2
jx
W= -2 1-x = -10
0-1
which is nonzero for at least one point in the interval of interest (it is, in fact, nonzero everywhere); hence the
7.77 Determine whether {x 2 ,

2x 2 , x3 } is linearly dependent on (-co, oo).
# Consider the equation cxx

2
+ c2( 2x 2 + c 3 x 3 = 0.
) By inspection, we see that there exist constants c x ,
c2 ,
and c 3 not all zero (for example, cx -2, c 2 = 1, and c3 = 0) that satisfy this equation for all values of
x. Therefore, the functions are linearly dependent.
we can rearrange our equation to {c 2c 2 )x 2 + c 3 x 3 = 0. The left side is a third-degree
Alternatively, x
polynomial; it is zero for all values of x in ( oo, oo) if and only if the coefficients are zero, that is, if and only
if Cy 2c 2 = and c 3 = 0. Solving these last two equations simultaneously, we find that c 3 and
c = 2c 2
x
with c 2 arbitrary. Choosing c 2 1
, (any other nonzero number would do equally well), we arrive
at the same conclusion as before namely that the functions are linearly dependent.
7.78 What conclusions can one draw about the linear dependence of {x
2
,
2x 2 , x 3 } on { oo, oo} by computing
their Wronskian?
f The Wronskian of this set is shown in Problem 7.24 to be zero, so no conclusion about linear dependence
may be drawn.
4
7.79 Redo the previous problem if in addition it is known that all three functions are solutions of d*y/dx = 0.
I Since all three functions are solutions of the same linear homogeneous differential equation, and since their
Wronskian is identically zero, the three functions are linearly dependent.
7.80 Determine whether the functions e', e~\ and e

2'
are linearly dependent on (
oo, oo).
f Their Wronskian is 6e 2
(see Problem 7.26), which is nonzero for at least one point
'
in the interval of
interest (it is, in fact, nonzero everywhere); thus the functions are linearly independent.
7.81 The functions sin t, cos f, and 2 sin t cos t are all solutions of the differential equation y" + y = 0. Are
these functions linearly independent on ( oo, oo)?
f The Wronskian of these functions is found in Problem 7.31 to be zero. Since the functions are all solutions
of the same linear homogeneous differential equation, they are linearly dependent.
4
7.82 The functions r
3
, r and 2f 3 - 7 are
3
+ r, all solutions of the differential equation d y/dt* = 0. Are these
functions linearly independent on oo, oo)? (
f The Wronskian of these functions is 42r (see Problem 7.30). Since it is nonzero for at least one point in the
interval of interest (for example, at t = 1, W = 42), the functions are linearly independent.
7.83 The functions t, t - and 2r + 5

3, are all solutions of the differential equation d 2 y/dt 2 = 0. Are these
functions linearly dependent on (-co, oo)?
f The Wronskian of these functions is identically zero (see Problem 7.28). Since the functions are all solutions
of the same linear homogeneous differential equation, they are linearly dependent.
2 3t
and e~ 5 are dependent on (-
'
7.84 Determine whether the functions e ', e , e~', linearly oo, oo).
I Using the result of Problem 7.33 with m = 2, m 2 =

t 3, m3 = -1, and m4 = -5, we find that the
Wronskian of these four functions is never zero. Thus, the functions are linearly independent.
)
158 D CHAPTER 7
GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

7.85 Show that the equation
d2y

d
2y has two distinct solutions of the form y = e
a
dx
# If v is a solution for some value of a, then the given equation is satisfied when we replace y with
e
ax
,

dy
dx
wnn ae
with
ax
, and
anu -^
-
dx 1
with a 2 e
ax
. Doing so. we obtain
dx
dx<
-=
dx
2y = e
ax
(a
2
- a - 2) = 0, which is
satisfied when a 1 or 2. Thus y = ~

e~
x
and yv = e
2x
are solutions,
7.86 Show that y cxe * + c2e is a solution of the differential equation of the previous problem for any values
of the arbitrary constants c, and c2 .
/ Since both e~
x
and e
2x
are solutions to y" y 2y = 0,
1
and since this differential equation is linear and
homogeneous, the result follows immediately from the principle of superposition.
7.87 Find the general solution of y" y' 2y = 0.
m This is a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation with continuous coefficients on (-co, x
having the property that the coefficient of the highest derivative is nonzero on this interval. This equation
x 2x
possesses two linearly independent solutions. Two solutions, e~ and e , were produced in Problem 7.85; they
x 2x
e e
are linearly independent because their Wronskian is W 2x
= 3e
x
7^ 0. Hence the general solution
2e
x :.
is y = c\e + c2e
3
d d)
7.88 Show that the differential equation x
.3
? 6x )
+ 12y = has three linearly independent solutions of the
dx dx
form y =x r
.
I By making the replacements

2
dy d y
S-2 d3y
y x = rx
r- 1
r{r l)(r- 2).v
r
dx dx 2 dx
in the left member of the given equation, we obtain ^(r 3 - 3r
2
- 4r 4- 12) = 0, which is satisfied when r = 2,
3, or 2. The corresponding solutions y x 2
. y =x 3
, and y = x 2
are linearly independent because
.2
v x
W= 3x
2
-2x' ;
= 20 * 0.
6\ 6x
3
7.89 Show that y = c,x
2
+ c 2x + c 3x
2
is a solution of the differential equation of the previous problem for any
values of the arbitrary constants c u c 2 and c 3 , .
M Since x
2
, x 3 and x
,
2
are all solutions to x 3 y'" 6xy' + 12y = (see Problem 7.88), and since this
differential equation is linear and homogeneous, the result follows immediately from the principle of superposition.
7.90 Is the solution given in the previous problem the general solution to x 3 /" 6xy' + 12y = on (1, 5)?
f Yes. The differential equation is linear, of order 3, and homogeneous: it has continuous coefficients on (1, 5)
with the property that the coefficient of the highest derivative is not zero on this interval. Thus, this equation
possesses three linearly independent solutions, which we found in Problem 7.88. The general solution is the
superposition of these three linearly independent solutions.
7.91 Two solutions of y" 2y' +y= are e

x
and 5e x . Show that y = c,t
jX
+ 5c 2 e
x
is also a solution.
I Since the differential equation is linear and homogeneous, the result is immediate from the principle of
superposition.
x x
7.92 Determine whether y = cê + 5c 2 e is the general solution of the differential equation in the previous problem.
I The differential equation is linear, of order 2. and homogeneous; it has continuous coefficients with the
property that the coefficient of the highest derivative is nonzero everywhere. It follows that the general solution
x x
e 5e
is the superposition of two linearly independent solutions. However, because W(ex , 5e
x
) = x
=0, the
functions are not linearly independent, and their superposition does not comprise the general solution.
x
7.93 Show that xe is a solution of the differential equation in Problem 7.91.
x x
/ Substituting y = xe ,
y' = e + xex , and = 2e x + xe x
y" into the left side of the differential equation, we
x x
obtain y" - 2/ + y = 2e + xe - 2(e x + xe x
)
x
+ xe = 0. Thus, xe
x
satisfies the differential equation for all
values of x and is a solution on ( oo, oo).
x x
7.94 Determine whether y = cxe + c 2 xe is the general solution of the differential equation in Problem 7.91.
I It follows from Problem 7.50 that e

x
and xe x are linearly independent. Since both functions are solutions
of y" 2/ + y = 0, and since this is a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation with continuous
coefficients having the property that the coefficient of the highest derivative is nonzero everywhere, the
superposition of these two linearly independent solutions does comprise the general solution.
7.95 Determine whether y = cxe

x
+ c 2 e~
x
is the general solution of y" 2/ + y = 0.
I Since y as given is not a solution (that is, it does not satisfy the differential equation when substituted into
the left side), it cannot be the general solution.
7.96 Determine whether y = cxe

x
+ c 2 e~
x
is the general solution of y"' y' 0.
I It is not. The general solution of a third-order linear homogeneous differential equation with constant
coefficientsmust be formed from the superposition of three linearly independent solutions. Although e x and e~ x
are solutions and are linearly independent (see Problem 7.34), they constitute only two functions; they are one
short of the number needed to form the solution of a third-order differential equation.
7.97 Determine whether y = c t sin 2x is a solution of y" + 4y = for any value of the arbitrary constant c, if
it is known that sin 2x is a solution.
I Since the differential equation is linear and homogeneous, the result follows immediately from the principle
of superposition.
7.98 Determine whether y = C!sin2x is the general solution of y" + 4y = 0.
I It is not. The general solution of a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation with constant
must be formed from the superposition of two
coefficients linearly independent solutions of that equation; here
we have only one such function, namely sin 2x.
7.99 Show that y, = sin2x and y2 = 1 are linearly independent on ( oo, oo).
sin 2x 1
The Wronskian of these two functions is W = 2 cos 2x, which is nonzero for at least one
2 cos 2x
point in (
oo, oo). In particular, at x = 0, W --= 2 / 0. Therefore the functions are linearly independent.
7.100 Determine whether y = c x sin 2x + c2 is the general solution of y" + 4y = 0.
I Although y, = sin 2x and y2 = 1 are linearly independent (see the previous problem), their superposition
is not the general solution because one of the functions, namely y2 = 1, is not a solution to the differential
equation.
7.101 Determine whether y = Cj(3 sin 2x) + c 2 (4 sin 2x) is a solution of y" + 4y = if it is known that both
3 sin 2x and 4 sin 2x are solutions.
# It is. The result follows immediately from the principle of superposition.
7.102 Determine whether y = c x (3 sin 2x) 4- e 2 {4 sin 2x) is the general solution of y" + 4y = 0.
# It is not. Although both functions are solutions to the differential equation, they are not linearly independent
(see Problem 7.52). Hence the proposed solution is not the superposition of two linearly independent solutions
and is not the general solution to the differential equation.
7.103 Determine whether y = c t sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x is a solution of y" + 4y = if it is known that both sin 2x and
cos 2x are solutions.
f It is. The result follows immediately from the principle of superposition. See also Problem 2.20.
160 CHAPTER 7
7.104 Determine whether y = c l sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x is the general solution of y" + Ay = 0.
I It is. Since the two solutions are linearly independent (see Problem 7.40), their superposition is the general
solution of this second-order linear homogeneous differential equation with constant coefficients.
7.105 Determine whether y cy + c2x is a solution of y" = for any values of the arbitrary constants ct and c2
if it is known that yt = 1 and y2 x are solutions.
I It is. Since the differential equation is linear and homogeneous, the result follows immediately from the
principle of superposition.
7.106 Determine whether y c{ + c2x is the general solution of y'" = 0.
I It is not. The general solution of a third-order linear homogeneous differential equation with constant
coefficients must be formed from the superposition of three linearly independent solutions. Although y = 1 t
and y2 = x are linearly independent (see Problem 7.5). they are only two in number and therefore one short
of the required number of solutions.
7.107 Determine whether y = c,(l x) 4- c 2 (l + x) + c 3 (l 3x) is a solution of /" = for any values of the
arbitrary constants c u c 2 , and c3 if it is known that y, = 1 x, y2 = 1 + x, and V3 = 1 3x are
solutions.
f It is. The result follows immediately from the principle of superposition.
7.108 Determine whether y c,(l x) -I- c 2 (l + x) + c 3 (l 3x) is the general solution of y'" 0.
f It is not. The general solution is the superposition of three linearly independent solutions, but the functions
1 x, 1 -(- x, and 1 3x are linearly dependent (see Problem 7.73).
7.109 Determine whether y = C] + c2x + c3x

2
is a solution of y" = if it is known that 1. x. and x 2 are all
solutions.
f It is. The result follows immediately from the principle of superposition.
7.110 Determine whether y = c, + c2x + c3x

2
is the general solution of y" = 0.
I It is, because the three functions 1, x, and x 2 are linearly independent (see Problem 7.37) and their number
(three) is the same as the order of the differential equation.
7.111 Determine whether y = </,(5) -I- d 2 (3 - 2x) + J 3 (2 + x - \x 2 ) is the general solution of y"' 0.
f It is. The three functions 5, 3 2x, and 2 +x \x
2
are all solutions of y'" = (as may be verified
by direct substitution), and they are linearly independent (see Problems 7.74 through 7.76). Since there are three
such functions, their superposition is the general solution.
7.112 Problems 7.110 and 7.111 identify two general solutions to the same differential equation. How is this possible
f The two solutions must be algebraically equivalent. We can rewrite the solution given in Problem 7.111 as
y = (5d + l
3d 2 + 2d 3 ) + (-2d 2 + d 3 )x + (-^ 3 )x 2
. Then with c, = 5c/, + 3d 2 + 2d 3 , c2 = -2d 2 + d3 , and
c 3 = \d 3 , that solution is identical to the one given in Problem 7.110.
d
7.113 Show that ^l_fl_
-r + 5-
3 fl 5
_y_
-j -^ 2y = has only two linearly independent solutions of the form
dx* dx 3 dx 2 dx
ax
y = e .
I Substituting for y and its derivatives in the given equation, we get e

ax
(a* a
3
3a
2
-I- 5a - 2) = 0, which
is satisfied when a 1, 1, 1, 2. Since
x x 2x
e e e* e~
e
x
e'
2x
e
x
e
x
e
x
-2e~ 2x
x 2x
#0 but x x x 2x
=
e -2e- e e e 4e~
e
x
e
x
e
x
-Se~ 2x
x 2x
the linearly independent solutions are y e and y = e
x
7.114 Verify that y = e , y = xe x , y = x 2 ex , and y = e~
2x
are four linearly independent solutions of the
equation of Problem 7.113, and write the primitive.
e~ 2x
x
f By Problem 7.113, y = e and y = are solutions. By direct substitution in the given equation it is
found that the others are solutions. And, since
e
x
xe
x
x 2 ex e
-2x
10
110-2 = _ 54^ *
1
e
x
xe
x
+ e
x
x 2 ex + 2xe
x
-2e~ 2x
W=
e
x
xe x + 2e
x
x 2 ex + 4xe x + 2e
x
4e
~2x
12 2 4
e
x
xe
x
+ 3e
x
x 2
e
x
+ 6xe
x
+ 6e
x
-Se~ 2x
13 6-8
x
these solutions are linearly independent. The primitive is y = cte + c 2 xe
x
+ c3x e
2 x
+ c 4 e~
2x
.
^ + 4 + 13y =
2x
7.115 Verify that y = e~ 2 *cos3x and y = e~ sin3x are solutions of
z 0, and write the
dx dx
primitive.
f Substituting for y and its derivatives, we find that the equation is satisfied by the proposed solutions. Since
W = 3e~
4x
# 0, these solutions are linearly independent. The primitive is y = e~
2x
(c l cos3x + c 2 sin3x).
d3y y d2 dy
7.116 Show that the differential equation -jj - 2-^y - + 2y = has solutions of the form y = e
mt
, where m
3
dt
2 -f
dt dt
denotes a constant.
d2y d3y
= m s em
.
Substituting y me mt ,
2
' m 2 em ', and -T-
,
into the left side of the differential

3
'
dt~ li dt
equation, we get
m 3 e m - 2m 2 e mt - me m + 2e
mt
- m
e '(m
3
2m 2 - m + 2) = e
mt
(m - \)(m + l)(m - 2)
This is equal to zero when m = 1 or 2. Thus, yl = e\ y2 = e~\ and y3 = e

2t
are solutions of the
differential equation.
7.117 Are the three distinct solutions found in the previous problem linearly independent?
I The Wronskian of e', e~', and e

2'
was determined in Problem 7.26 to be 6e 2t Since it is nonzero for . at
least one point in every interval (it is, in fact, nonzero everywhere), the functions are linearly independent.
7.118 What is the general solution of the differential equation in Problem 7.116?
* Since the differential equation is linear, homogeneous, and of order 3 with constant coefficients (which implies
continuous coefficients having the property that the coefficient of the highest derivative is nonzero everywhere),
it follows that the general solution is the superposition of any three linearly independent solutions. From the
results of the previous two problems, it follows that the general solution is y = cê
1
+ c 2 e~' + c3e
2 '.
7.119 Three solutions of

d y
dt
3
T 2
-
3
-+
d y
2^-
dy
- 2y =
dt
2
2
dt
are known to be sin t, cos t, and 2 sin t cos t. Is the general
solution y c t cos t + c 2 sin t + c 3 (2 sin t cos t)l
I No. The general solution is the superposition of three linearly independent solutions of the differential
equation. The three solutions given here have a zero Wronskian (see Problem 7.31) and are, therefore, linearly
dependent. Their superposition cannot be the general solution.
3
dy
T + 4 =
d
7.120 Three solutions of y
3
are known to be 1, sin 2f, and cos 2f. Is the general solution
dt dt
y c1 + c 2 sin 2t + c 3 cos 2r?
f Yes. The three functions have a nonzero Wronskian (see Problem 7.27) and are, therefore, linearly
independent. Their superposition is the general solution.
2
d*x d x
7.121 Show that the differential equation T -
dt
A
5 -=-
dt
2
+ 4x = has solutions of the form x = e
rt
, where r denotes
a real constant.
162 CHAPTER 7
d2x 3 4
#
Substituting x = e",
dx
dt
= re", -,
dr
= rV,
d x

drT = r V, and
d x

dt
T= r V into the left side of the
differential equation, we get rV - 5rV + 4e n = e"(r

4
- 5r
2
+ 4) = ^'(r
2
- 4)(r
2
- 1), which is equal to zero
when r = 1 or 2. Thus, yt = e', y2 = e~\ y3 = e
2
', and y4 = e~
2t
are solutions of the differential
equation.
7.122 Is y = c x e' + c 2 e~' + c3e

2t
+ c 3 e~
2t
a solution of the differential equation of the previous problem?
I Yes, by the principle of superposition.
7.123 Is the solution given in the previous problem the general solution of the differential equation of Problem 7.121?
i Yes. The Wronskian of the four solutions is nonzero (see Problem 7.33 with m = 1 1, m 2 = 1, m 3 = 2,
and /n 4 = 2). Thus they are linearly independent and their superposition is the general solution.
2
d y
7.124 Show that the differential equation
d?
+ 4y =
^ has solutions of the form e
xx
if a may be complex.
f Substituting y = e" x ,
y' oce", and y" = cc
2
e'
x
into the left side of the differentia]^ equation, we get
x
y.
2
e
IX
+ 4e* = e
xx 2
(a + 4), which is equal to zero only when a = /2, where i = y/l. Thus, y\ e
i2x
2x
and y2 = e~' are solutions.
i2x
7.125 Is y d e l
+ d 2 e~
i2x
a solution of the differential equation in the previous problem?
I Yes. The result follows immediately from the previous problem and the principle of superposition.
7.126 Rewrite the solution given in the previous problem as the superposition of real-valued functions.
I Using Euler's relations, we have
y = dxe
i2x
+ d 2 e~
i2x
= d,(cos2x + /sin2x) + d 2 (cos2x - z'sin2x) = (d { + d 2 ) cos 2x + (id y - id 2 ) sin2x
or y = c, cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x, where cx =d + x

d2 and c2 = id l id 2 .
d 2y
7.127 Show that the differential equation -j-j
dx 2
- 6
dy
dx
+ 25y = has solutions of the form e" if a may be complex.
x
f Substituting y = e' and its derivatives into the left side of the differential equation, we get
<x
2
e - 6<xe" x + 25e" = e"(a 2 - 6<x + 25), which is equal to zero only when
ax
a
2
- 6a -(- 25 = or when
a = 3 + /4. Thus, y =e (3 + i4)x and y 2 = e (3 ~'* )x are solutions.
l
+ iA)x ~'* )x
7.128 Is y = d e (i
x
+ d 2 e (3 a solution of the differential equation in the previous problem?
f Yes. The result follows immediately from the solution to the previous problem and the principle of
superposition.
7.129 Rewrite the solution given in the previous problem as the superposition of real-valued functions,
f Using Euler's relations, wc have
+ i4)x ~ i4)x
y = d ie {3 + d 2 e {3 = d e 3x e" x
x
+ d2e
3x
e~
i4x
= e
3x
[d { (cos 4x + /sin4x) + d 2 (cos4x + /sin4x)]
3x
= e [(d l + d 2 ) cos 4x + (id l id 2 ) sin 4x]
3x 3x
or y c1e cos4x + c2e s'm4x, where cl d +d l 2 and c2 = id l id 2 .
d x dx
7.130 Show that the differential equation T + 4 2
dt
1- 1 lx = has solutions of the form x = e", where a may
dt
be complex.
I e xt and its derivatives into the left side of the differential equation, we
Substituting x get
a V
+ 4<xe" + le" = e"'(x 2 + 4a + 11), which is equal to zero only when a 2 + 4a +
~
1
" "^
= 1 1 0, or when
a=-2i'V7. Thus, Xl = e 2 + ul) and x 2 = e 2 T) are solutions. {
' ( '
~2 + u ~ 2 ~ ul)t
7.131 Is x = dle { 7)t
+ d2 e (
a solution of the differential equation in the previous problem?
f Yes. The result follows immediately from the solution to the previous problem and the principle of
superposition.
7.132 Rewrite the solution given in the previous problem as the superposition of real-valued functions.
I Using Euler's relations, we have
x = <V- 2 + ,vl) + d 2 e 2 ^1) = d^- 2 1 + d 2 e- 2, e~ " lt = e^ 2\d x

' (
- - i
'
^ '
i
^ 1
+ d 2 e~ u 7t
)
= e'^d^cosjlt + isiny/lt) + d 2 {cos>j7t - isinV^t)] - e" 2 '[(î + d 2 ) cos Jit + {id x - id 2 )s\r\ yftt]
or x = c { e~
2t
cosy/lt + e 2 e~
2t
sinyflt, where cl -d +d 21
and c2 = id l id 2 .
GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

7.133 Find the general solution y" y' 2y = 2x + 1 if one solution is known to be y x.
I The general solution to the associated homogeneous equation, y" y' 2y = 0, is found in Problem 7.87
x 2x
to be y c x e~ + c 2 e . The general solution to the nonhomogeneous differential equation is
x 2x
y = c x e~ + c 2 e x.
7.134 Find the general solution of y" y' 2y = cos x + 3 sin x if one solution is known to be y = sin x.
-* 2x
/ As in the previous problem, the general solution to the associated homogeneous equation is y = Cje + c2e .
Therefore, the general solution to the given differential equation is y = c 1 e~

x
+ c2e
2x sinx.
7.135 Find the general solution of /' 2y' + y = x2 if one solution is known to be y = x
2
+ 4x + 6.
I The general solution to the associated homogeneous equation, y" 2/ + y 0, is found in Problem 7.94
x x
to be y c e + c 2 xe
{
. Therefore, the general solution to the given nonhomogeneous differential equation is
x x
y = cx
2
e + c 2 xe + x + 4x + 6.
3x 3x
7.136 Find the general solution of y" 2y' +y= 2e if one solution is known to be y = je .
x
i As in the previous problem, the general solution to the associated homogeneous equation is y cxe
x
+ c 2 xe .
x x ix
Therefore, the general solution to the given nonhomogeneous equation is y = cxe + c 2 xe + \e .
7.137 Find the general solution of x3

6x +
^-6x^
-3 12_y = 12 In x 4 if one solution is known to be y - In x.
dx 3 dx
I The general solution to the associated homogeneous differential equation is found in Problem 7.89 to be
y =c t
2
x + c2x
3
+ c 3 x~
2
. Therefore, the solution to the given nonhomogeneous differential equation is
y = cxx
2
+ c2x
3
+ c 3 x~
2
+ lnx.
3x 3x
7.138 Find the general solution of y" + Ay = e if one solution is known to be y = Yje .
I The general solution to the associated homogeneous equation, /' + Ay = 0, is found in Problem 7.104 to be
y = Cj sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x. Therefore, the general solution to the given nonhomogeneous differential equation is
y = Cj sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x + ê 3x .
7.139 Find the general solution of y" + Ay = 8x if one solution is known to be y = 2x.
I As in the previous problem, the general solution to the associated homogeneous differential equation is
y = Cy sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x, so the general solution to the given differential equation is
y c { sin 2x + c 2 cos 2x + 2x.
3x
7.140 Use the information of the previous two problems to ascertain a particular solution of y" + Ay = e + 8x.
3x
f Since the differential equation is linear, a particular solution is y = -ê + 2x.
7.141 A particular solution of >'"' = sin 2x is y = |cos 2x, while a particular solution of >'" = cos 2x is
y = J- sin 2x. Determine a particular solution of y'" = 3 sin 2x + 5 cos 2x.
f Since the differential equation is linear, a particular solution is y = 3(|cos 2x) + 5(-sin 2x).
164 CHAPTER 7
7.142 Find the general solution of y'" 3 sin 2x + 5 cos 2x.
I The general solution of the associated homogeneous differential equation is shown in Problem 7.110 to be
2
y = cy + c2x + c3x Using the result of the previous problem, we conclude that the general solution of the given
.
equation is y = c + c 2 x + c 3 x + f cos 2x f sin 2x.

2
x
7.143 A particular solution of y'" - 2y" - y + 2y = x is y = \x + , while a particular solution of

y'" 2y" y' + 2y = sin x is y j^ sin x + ^ cos x. Determine a solution of
y'" 2y" y' + 2y = Ix 3 sin x.
I Since the differential equation is linear, a particular solution is y = 7(jx + i)

3(^ sin x + jq cos x).
7.144 Use the information of the previous problem to obtain a solution of y" 2y" y' + 2y = 3x.
I The solution is y 3(jx + j) = fx 4-
7.145 Use the information of Problem 7.143 to obtain a solution of /" 2y" y' + 2y = |sin x.
/ The solution is y |(^sinx + ^cosx) = |sinx + ^cosx.
2
d*x d x
7.146 A particular solution of -^ 5 j + 4x = 20e 3 '
is x = \e
if
, while a particular solution of
A
d x d x 2
dA x d2x
5 + 4x =
r-
4
=-
2
8t is x = 2t. Determine a F
particular solution of x 4
5 -r-=-
2
+ 4x = 10e
3'
20f.
dt -
dt dt dt
I Since 10e
3'
- 20f - ^(20e
3
') - f (8f), a particular solution is y = ê M )
- f(2t) = ie
3' - 5f.
d 4x d x 2
7.147 Use the information of the previous problem to determine a particular solution of ^ 5 y + 4x = 60e
~di*~ ~d?
3 '.
I Since 60e
3'
= 3(20e
3
'), a particular solution of this differential equation is y = 3(je
M
) \e
M .
7.148 Find the general solution of y" + y x2 , if one solution is y x2 2, and if two solutions of y" + y
are sin x and cos x.
sin x cos x
f The Wronskianof {sinx, cosx} is W sin 2 x cos x
2
= # 1 0, so these two functions
cosx sinx
are linearly independent. The general solution to the associated homogeneous differential equation, y" + y = 0,
is then c sin x + c 2 cos x.

y x
Therefore, the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
y = c, sin x + c 2 cos x + x 2.
2
7.149 Find the general solution of y" + y = x2 if a particular solution is known to be y = x2 + 3 sin x 2.
I As in the previous problem, the general solution of the associated homogeneous equation is
y = C x
sin x + c 2 cos x; then a general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
y = C\ sin x + C 2 cos x + x 2 -!- 3 sin x 2.
7.150 Explain why the results of the previous two problems, in which we have generated two different general solutions
to the same differential equation, are not contradictory.
I The two general solutions must be algebraically equivalent to one another. In particular, the solution given in
Problem 7.149 can be rewritten as y = (C 1 + 3) sin x + C 2 cos x + x 2,
2
which is identical in form to the
solution given in Problem 7.148 if we define c2 = Cj + 3 and C2 = c2 .
7.151 Find the general solution of y'" = 12 if one solution is y = 2x 3 and three solutions of y" = are 1, x,
2
and x .
I The general solution of the associated homogeneous equation, y" 0, is shown in Problems 7.109 and 7.110
to be y = cx + +c2x c3x
2
. Then the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
y = cx + c2x + c3x 2 + 2x 3 .
7.152 Rework the previous problem if instead of y = 2x 3 a particular solution is known to be y 3x - 4x 2 + 2x 3 .
f As before, the solution to the associated homogeneous equation is y = C, -I- C2x + C3x 2 ; thus the general
= 3x 4x 2
2
solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is y C, + C2x + C3x + + 2x 3 .
7.153 Explain why the results of the previous two problems, in which we generated two different general solutions
to the same differential equation, are not contradictory.
f The two general solutions must be algebraically equivalent to each other. In particular, the solution given in
Problem 7.152 can be rewritten as y = C + (C 2 + 3)x + (C 3 - 4)x 2 + 2x 3
{ which is identical in form to the ,
solution given in Problem 7.151 if we define c 2 = C 2 + 3 and c 3 C 3 4.
lx
7.154 Find the general solution of y" + Ay = e
2x
if one solution is y = \e and two solutions of y" + 4y
are 3 sin 2x and 4 sin 2x.
I we do not have enough information to write the

Since homogeneous equation
general solution of the associated
(see Problem 7.102), we cannot write the general solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
CHAPTER 8
Linear Homogeneous Differential

Equations with Constant Coefficients
DISTINCT REAL CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS
8.1 Solve y" - y' - 2y = 0.
f The characteristic (or auxiliary) equation is A

2
A - 2 = 0, which can be factored into (A + 1)(A 2) = 0.
Since the roots A, 1 and A2 2 are real and distinct, the solution is y = c x e~
x
+ c2e
2x
.
8.2 Solve y" - ly = 0.
I The characteristic (or auxiliary) equation is A

2
7A = 0, which can be factored into (A 0)(A 7) = 0.
0x lx
Since the roots A, = and A2 = 7 are real and distinct, the solution is y cxe + c2e c, 4- c 2 e lx .
8.3 Solve y" - 5y = 0.
f The characteristic equation is A

2
5 = 0, which can be factored into (A >/5)(A + y/5) 0. Since the
roots A, = y/5 and A2 = V5 are real and distinct, the solution is y = c,e
%3x
+ c2e
,- 5x
8.4 Write the solution to the previous problem in terms of hyperbolic functions.
I In succeeding steps we may write
= c , cosh V5* + c , sinh N 5.x + c2 cosh y/Sx c 2 sinh \/5x
(Cj + c 2 )cosh >/5x + (c ,

c 2 )sinh v5x = k t
cosh y/5x + k 2 sinh v5x
where k t
= c, + c2 and 2 = c, - c2 .
8.5 Solve d 2 x/<fr 2 - 16.x = 0.

2
16 = 0, which has the roots A = 4. Since these are real and
4
distinct, the solution is x(t) c,t'
'
f c2 e **.
# In succeeding steps we may write \(/) as
v(f) = c [\e*'
x
+ \e
4 ')
+ c,(\e*' - \e~*') + c 2 (W
4'
+ K 4
') - c 2 (\e*' - \e~*')
= Cj cosh 4f + c, sinh 4f + c 2 cosh 4f c 2 sinh 4f
= (Cj + c 2 )cosh4f + (c, - c 2 )sinh4f = k x

cosh 4f + k 2 sinh4f
8.7 Solve d 2 r/dt

2
to r
2
0, where co denotes a positive constant.
I The characteristic equation is A

2
co
2
0, which has the real and distinct roots A = co. The solution
is thus r(t) = Ae 10 '
+ Be 10
', where A and B denote arbitrary constants.
I Since r(t) = Ae M + Be' 01

', we have
r(f) - A(k + \e-") + A{\e - K"") + B$eM + \e-") - W&" -

(3 ' 10
'
{e'
03
')
= A cosh cot + A sinh cot + B cosh cot B sinh cot

(A + B) cosh cot + (A B) sinh cot = C cosh cot + D sinh cot
where C= A + B and D= A - B.
2
d v dv
8.9 Solve -4-4- + y = 0.
2
dt dt
166
LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS 167
# The characteristic equation is X

2
- AX + 1 = 0, which, by the quadratic formula, has roots
,
=
4 V16-4 = f- om
X 2 y/3. Since these roots are real and distinct, the solution is
+ 3 >' {1 ' 3)l

= 3732 Cy 02679 ',
y =C x
e
,2
+ C2e " de '
+ where C, and C2 denote arbitrary constants.
2
d I dl
8.10 Solve T + 60 + 500/ =
dr dt
0.

2
+ 60A + 500 = 0, which can be factored into (X + 50)(A + 10) = 0. Since
the roots Xx = 50 and X2 = 10 are real and distinct, the solution is /(f) = c^' 50 + c 2 e~ l0t
'
.
8.11 Solve x + 20.x + 64.x = 0.
I The characteristic (or auxiliary) equation is X

2
+ 20/ + 64 = 0, which can be factored into
(X + 4)(X + 16) 0. = Since the roots A, = 4 and X2 = 16 are real and distinct, the solution is
x = c,e~ 4 + c 2 e~ 16 ' '.
8.12 Solve x + 128.x + 96.x = 0.
I The characteristic equation is X

2
+ 128A + 96 = 0, which by the quadratic formula has roots
2
-128 V(128) 4(96) r-
X = = 64 + 20V10. Since these roots are real and distinct, the solution is
_~ 2_
X=.Q <-64 + 20 v 10)1 _|_ q e
(-64-20v 10)f _Q e
-0.7544f _j_
Q g
-127.2t
2
d v dy
8.13 Solve -4 + -i-6>' = 0.
dx dx
I We write the equation as (D 2 +D 6)y {D 2)(D + 3)y 0. Then the characteristic roots are 2 and 3;
since they are real and distinct, the primitive is y = C e 2x + C 2 e~ 3x
x
.
2
d3v d v dv
8.14 Solve -4 --4 -12-^ = 0.
dx dx dx
I We write the equation as (D 3 D2 l2D)y = D(D 4)(D + 3)y = 0. Then the characteristic roots are 0, 4 ;
and 3. They are real and distinct, and the primitive is y C, + C 2 e 4x + C 3 e~ 3x .
3 2
d v d v dv
8.15 Solve -4J + 2-4-5-^- 6y = 0.
ax dx dx
I We write the equation as (D 3 + 2D 2 - 5D - 6)y = (D - 2)(D + l)(D + 3)y = 0. Then the characteristic
roots are 2,-1, and 3. They are real and distinct, so the primitive is y C {
e
2x
+ C 2 e~ x + C 3 e _3x .
8.16 Solve 2y" - 5/ + 2y = 0.
f The auxiliary equation is 2m 2 5m + 2 = or (2m l)(m 2) = 0, so the real and distinct

2x
characteristic roots are m= 1/2 and m 2. Then the general solution is y = cê
xl2
+ c2e .
8.17 Solve
d x
-4-
2
+
dt
9
dx
dt
+ 14.x = 0.
f The characteristic equation is X

2
+ 9X + 14 = 0, which can be factored into (X + 2)(X + 7) = 0. Since the
roots Xt 2 and X2 = 7 are real and distinct, the solution is x = c { e~
2 '
+ c 2 e~
7 '.
8.18 Solve q + 1000<j + 50,000^ = 0.

2
+ 1000A + 50,000 = 0, which, by the quadratic formula, has roots
X = = = 52.79 and 947.2. Since these roots are real and distinct, the solution
2
is q =c x
e-* 219t + c 2 e- 9 *n2t .
2
d Q n dQ
8.19 Solve
-ty
dt
1000^
y + 1000 4r + 2
dt
160,000<2 = 0.

168 CHAPTER 8
I The characteristic equation is X2 + 1000/ + 160,000 = 0, or (/. + 200)(A + 800) = 0. Since the roots
zlj = -200 and k 2 = -800 are real and distinct, the solution is Q = c^
-200
+ c 2 e -800 ' '.
+ k=
d x dx
8 20 Solve dt
n
=-
2
,
dt
0,
,
where k denotes a
, ,
real constant.
I The characteristic equation is m 2 + km = 0, which can be factored into mim + k) = 0. The roots
m, = and m2 k are real and distinct, so the solution is x = C t + C 2 e~ kt
.
2
d x g
8.21 Solve 5 x = 0, where g denotes a positive constant.
dt 10
I The characteristic equation is m2 - g/10 = 0, which has the roots m= -Jg/\0. The solution is then
x = C1 e-
/rs* t
+ C 2 e^^^'.
2
d x
8.22 Solve
dr
^
m
k
x = 0, where both k and m denote positive constants.
I The characteristic equation is X2 - k/m = 0, which has as its roots k = yjk/m. The solution is thus
8.23 Solve y" - \y + 2y = 0.
I The auxiliary equation is m 2 m + 2 0, which may be written as 2m 2 9m + 4 = 0. This last
equation can be factored into (2m \)(m 4) = 0. The roots are m = x | and m2 = 4; the solution is
y = Ae x 2 + '
Be* x .
8.24 Solve y" - {y' - |y = 0.
f The auxiliary equation is X

2
\k \= 0, or 8/ 2 2/. 1 = 0. This last equation can be factored into
(2A l)(4x + 1) = 0. The roots are kx = \ and X2 = i; the solution is y = cê*'
2
+ c2e
_Jt/4
.
8.25 Solve y - 2y + \y = 0.
f The characteristic equation is m 2 2m + 0, or 2m 2 4m +1=0. Using the quadratic

\ formula, we
u*
obtain

,,
the roots to .v
.
this 1
last. ri
equation as m
4V(-4)
2
-4(2)(l)
/-
= V2/2. The solution is 1
.
y = Ae{1+Vil2)t + Be{1 -^' 2)t

.
3 2
d y d y
8.26 Solve -A-l 1
J+ i 2
L
2 T-
rfv
= n
-
dx dx dx
I The characteristic equation is k

3 - 3/.
2
+ 2X = 0, which may be factored into k(k - 1)(/. - 2) = 0. The
x 2x
roots, X x =0, k2 = 1, and /.
3
= 2, are real and distinct. The solution is y = cx + c2e + c3e .
3
d y dy
8.27 Solve ^ - t~ = 0.
dx dx

3 - k = 0, which may be factored into k{k - 1)(A + 1) = 0. The roots,
x x
and 1, are real and distinct, so the solution is y = ct + c2e + c 3 e~ .
8.28 Solve y'" - 6y" + lly' - 6y = 0.
f The characteristic equation is k

3 - 6X2 + \IX 6 = 0, which can be factored into {k 1){X 2)(k - 3) = 0.
x 2x 3x
The roots are Xx = 1, X2 = 2, and A3 = 3; hence the solution is y = c 1 e + c 2 e + c3e .
8.29 Solve y
(4)
- 9y" + 20y = 0.

4 - 9/ 2 + 20 = 0, which can be factored into
(k - 2)(A + 2)(A - V5)(A + v^) = 0- The roots are ^=2, A 2 = -2, A 3 =V5, and /. 4 = -y/5; hence
the solution is
5x
y c1e
2x
+ c 2 e"
2x
+ c3e
v5A:
+ c 4 e~* = /^cosl^x + /c
2
sinh2x + k 3 coshyJlx + /c
4 sinh>/5x
LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS D 169
2
d*x d x
8.30 Solve dt*x - 13 -=-
2
+
,
36x = 0.
dt
I The auxiliary equation is X* - 13A

2
+ 36 = which may be factored first into (A 2 - 4)(A 2 - 9) =
0, and
then into (A - 2)(A + 2)(A - 3)(A + 3) = 0. The roots, 2 and 3, are real and distinct. The solution is
x = cxe
2t
+ c 2 e~
2t
+ c3e
3'
+ c 4 e'
3'
= /cjCosh2f + fe
2 sinh2t + /c
3 cosh3f + /c
4 sinh3r
3 2
8.31 Solve
d*x
r
dt*
- 10
d x

dt
d x
x + 35 3
dt
-=-
2
- 50
dx
+ 24x =
dt
0.
I The characteristic equation is m* 10m 3 4- 35m 2 50m 4- 24 = 0, which can be factored into
(m l)(m 2)(m 3)(m 4) = 0. The roots are 1, 2, 3, and 4, so the solution is
x = C e + C 2 e 2t + C 3 e 3 + C> 4
x
l
' '.
5 3 2
- r + 35 ^ - 50T + 24 =
d x d*x d x d x dx
8.32 Solve
dr dr
=- 10

dr
3
dt
2
^
dt
0.
I The characteristic equation is m5 10m 4 + 35m 3 50m 2 + 24m = 0, which may be factored into
m(m l)(m 2)(m 3)(m 4) = 0. The roots are m =0, x
m 2 = 1, m 3 = 2, m 4 = 3, and m = 5 4; the
solution is x = ct + c 2 e' + c 3 e 2 + '
c 4e
3'
+ c 5e
4t
.
8.33 Solve x (5) - 3x <4) - 3x (3) + 9x + 2x - 6x = 0.

5
3A
4
3A
3
+ + IX 6 = 0, which we factor into
9A 2
(a
2
- \){k
2
- 2)(X - 3) = or (A - 1)(A + 1)(A - Jl){X + ^2)(X - 3) = 0. The roots are 1, ^2, and 3,
which are real and distinct; thus the solution is x = Ae' + Be~' + Ce^2 + De^^21 + Ee 3 where A, B, C, D,
' ',
and E are arbitrary constants.
8.34 Solve y' - 5y = 0.
I The characteristic equation is X 5 = 0, which has the single root Ax = 5. The solution is then y = c^ 5 *.
8.35 Solve (2D 3 - D 2 - 5D - 2)y = 0.
f The auxiliary equation is 2m 3 m 2 5m 2 = or (2m + l)(m + l)(m 2) = 0. The roots are

m = 1/2, 1, and 2. The general solution is then y = c l e~
xl2
+ c 2 e~
x
+ c3e
2x
.
8.36 Solve (D 3 + D2 - 2D)y = 0.
I The auxiliary equation is m 3 + m 2 2m = or m(m l)(m + 2) = 0, so that m= 0, 1, and 2. The

solution is then y = C^ + C 2 e x + C 3 e~ 2x .
8.37 Solve (D + 6)y = 0.
I The characteristic equation is m+ 6 = 0, which has the single root m = 6. The general solution is
6x
y = Ae~ .
8.38 Solve (2D - 5)y = 0.
I The characteristic equation is 2X 5 = 0, which has the single root X 5/2. The general solution is
y = Ae
5xl2
.
8.39 Solve (D 3 - 2D 2 - D + 2)y = 0.

3
- 2X 2 X + 2 = or (X
2
l)(X 2) = 0. The roots are 1 and 2, and
x x 2x
the solution is y = ce + c 2 e~ 4- c 3 e .
4 - 8D 2 + =
8.40 Solve (D 15)x 0.
4
or (A - - =
2
f The characteristic equation is - 8 X 2 + 15 =
A 3)(A
2
5) 0. The roots are ^3 and V5,
5 _y5
and the solution is x = C l
e^
3t
+ C 2 e~^ + C 3 e^ + C 4 e
3 ' ' '.
8.41 A second-order linear homogeneous differential equation for y(x) with constant coefficients has Xx = 2 and
A 2 = 4 as the roots of its characteristic equation. What is the differential equation?
170 CHAPTER 8
I The characteristic equation is (A 2)(A 4) = or A

2
6/ + 8 = 0. The associated differential equation
is y" 6/ + 8v = 0.
8.42 A second-order linear homogeneous differential equation for y(x) with constant coefficients has k = \l\l
as the roots of its characteristic equation. What is the differential equation?
# The characteristic equation is (A \JTl)[?. >/l7)] =

( or A
2
17 = 0. The associated differential
equation is y" 17 y = 0.
8.43 Find a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation in x(t) with constant coefficients that has, for the
roots of its characteristic equation, 2 + ^5-
I The characteristic equation is [A (2 + \/5)][A (2 V5)] = or A

2
4/ 1 = 0. The associated
differential equation is x 4x x = 0.
8.44 Find a third-order linear homogeneous differential equation in x(t) with constant coefficients that has, for the
roots of its characteristic equation, 1 and >/3.
f The characteristic equation is [m ( l)](m V3)[m V3)] = ( or m 3 + m 2 3m 3 = 0. The
associated differential equation is

3
d x
^T +
~di
d x
~ji
~dt
2
2
~~ 3
dx
17
~dt
- 3x = 0.
8.45 A fourth-order linear homogeneous differential equation in y{t ) with constant coefficients has, as the roots of its
characteristic equation, \ + y/5 and 1 >/8. What is the differential equation?
I The characteristic equation is [m - ( + \f5)][m ft >/5)][m - (-1 + V8)][m - (- - V8)] = 0, which

1
we can simplify to (m 2 m ^)(m 2 + 2m 1) = or m* + m 3 "m 2 \m + = 0. The associated

**
differential equation is
4 3
</ v d v 55d 2 v 5dv 133
3 2
dt* dt 4 dt 2dt 4
8.46 Show that (D - a)(D - b)(D - c)y = (D- b)(D - c)(D - a)y.
I We expand both sides of this equation and show they are equal:
~
d 2y dy_
A%- cy _ (b + c)^-+
-(b c) bey
dx 2 dx
d 3y d 2y dy
^-(a
3
+ b + c)^ + (ab + bc + ac)-~
dx dx dx
(D - b)(D - c)(D - a)y = (D - b)(D - c)(j^- ay __

d y
2
(a + c) _
dy
+ acy
d y
3
d2 dy
'
= t-43 - {a + b + c) 4y + (ab + ac +
z
be)- abcy
dx dx dx
8.47 Verify that y = Cêax + C 2 e bx + C 3 ecx satisfies the differential equation (D - a)(D - b)(D - c)y = 0.
I We need to show that (D - a)(D - b){D - c){C l e!

,x
+ C 2 e bx + C 3 ecx = ) 0. For the first term on the left, we
have
(D - a)(D - b)(D - c)C x e
ax
= (D - b)(D - c)(D - a)C^ x =(D- b)(D - c)0 =
and similarly for the other two terms.
DISTINCT COMPLEX CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS

8.48 Show that if the characteristic equation of a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation with real
constant coefficients has complex roots, then these roots must be complex conjugates.
f Denote the two roots as a + ib and c + id, where i = V 1. Then the characteristic equation is
[X - (a + ib)~\\_k (c + id)] = or )} - X[(a + ib) + (c + id)] + [(a + ib)(c + id)] = 0. The associated
differential equation (with y as the dependent variable and x as the independent variable) is
^- [(a + ib) + (c + id)] +[( + ib)(c + id)]y = 0.

If the coefficients of this equation are real, then (a + ib) + (c + id) = {a + c) + i(b + d) must be real, which
requires that d = -b. Then the coefficient of y becomes (a + ib)(c - ib) = (ac + b
2
+ ib(c - a). This )
coefficient is real only if b = or c = a. We discard b = as a possibility, because if is so then the it
roots are not complex as hypothesized. Thus, for the differential equation to have complex roots a + ib and
c + id, we must have d=-b and c = a, which implies that the roots are complex conjugates.
8.49 Derive a real-valued solution for a second-order linear differential equation with real constant coefficients if
the roots ofits characteristic equation are complex.
I Assume the unknown function is y(x). By the previous problem, the roots of the differential equation
must
be complex conjugates; denote them as and X 2 a ib. Then two linearly independent
At = a + ib
(a + lb)x
~ ~
solutions are e and e (a lb)x and the general complex solution is y(x) = d e la + ib)x + d 2 e (a ib)x Using
, l .
Euler's relations, e
lbx
cos bx + sin bx and e~ cos bx sin bx, we can rewrite this solution as
,bx
i i
ax ibx ax ax
y = dxe e + d2e e~
ibx
= e {d x e
ibx
+ d 2 e'
ibx
)
= e
ax
[d 1 (cos bx + i sin bx) + d 2 (cos bx i sin bx)~]
= e
ax
[{di + d 2 ) cos bx + i{d^ d 2 ) sin bx]
If we define cl dy + d2 and c2 = i(d x d2) as two new arbitrary constants, we can write the general
ax ax
solution as y = cxe cos bx + c2e sin bx. This equation is real if and only if c and c 2 are both real, which x
occurs and only if d and d 2 are complex conjugates. Since we are

if l
interested in the general real solution, we
must restrict d and d 2 to be a conjugate pair.
x
2
d y dy
8.50 Solve -j-2
2
~ 6 ~t + 25y = 0.
dx dx
I The characteristic equation is X2 6A + 25 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, we find its roots to be
,
a -(-6)V(-6)
2
-4(25)
= 6V^64 = ..,
3 i4. Since these roots are complex conjugates, the solution
,
. , . .
is
3x
(from the result of Problem 8.49 with a 3 and b 4) y e (c { cos 4x + c 2 sin 4x).
8.51 Solve %-"%

- -f +
-j-4 10 29y = 0.

2
10A + 29 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, we find its roots to be
,
=
-(-10) V(-10) -4(29)
=
2
10y^T6
/. = 5 + /2. Since these roots are complex conjugates, the solution
5x
is (from the result of Problem 8.49 with a = 5 and 6 = 2) y = e (c l
cos 2x -f c 2 sin 2x).
d2
y
8.52 Solve 73 + 9y = 0.
d?
2
+ 9 = 0, which has as its roots A = i3 = ;3. Since these roots
are complex conjugates, the solution is (from Problem 8.49 with a = and b 3)
0x
y = e (c 1 cos 3x -I- c 2 sin 3x) = c t cos 3x + c 2 sin 3x.
+ + 25x =
d x dx
8.53 Solve
dt
r-
2
8
dt
0.

2
+ 8A + 25 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, we find its roots to be
,
A =
-8 V(8) 2
-4(25)
= -8
7^36
= 4 ,... i3. Since these roots are complex conjugates, the solution
, , . .
is
-4
x = e '(Ci cos 3t + c 2 sin 3r).
-^2 + 4 +
d x dx
8.54 Solve 8x = 0.
dt dt
I The char acteristic e quation is A

2
-I- 4A + 8 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, we find its roots to be
A =
_4 + V(4) 2
= -4(8)
= -4V^6 = 2 i2.
. ,
. .
Since these roots are complex conjugates, the solution
,
. ,
is
x = 2
e~ \c^ cos2r + c 2 sin2r).
172 D CHAPTER 8
2
d Q M 8dQ
+ S -^ + 52Q =
8.55 Solve 2~
--,-f
~dl ^ 0.
f The + 8A + 52 = 0.
characteristic equation is A2 Using the quadratic formula, we find its roots to be
-4(52) -8 V-144
2
A = -8V(8) = + = 4 i6. Since these roots are complex conjugates, the solution is
4
Q= e~ '(ci cos 6f + c 2 sin 6t).
d2 l tnn dl
8.56 Solve -^2 + 100 + 50,000/ = 0.
dt dt
f The characteristic equation is m 2 + 100m + 50,000 = 0, which has as its roots

- 100 V(100)
2
- 4(50,000) en rn r .
m = 50 i50V19.
,
Since these roots are complex conjugates, the solution
. ,
is
/ = ^- 50 '(c, cos 50Vl9t + c 2 sin 50Vl9f)-
8.57 Solve x + 16x = 0.
I The characteristic equation is m2 + 16 = 0, which has as its roots m= + i"4 = + i'4. Since these roots
are complex conjugates, the solution is x = c cos At + c 2 sin4r.
x
8.58 Solve x + 64x = 0.
I The characteristic equation is m2 + 64 = 0, which has as its roots m= + 1'8 = i8. Since these roots
are complex conjugates, the solution is x c cos 8f + c 2 sin 8f.
x
8.59 Solve y" + 4y - 0.
f The characteristic equation is )? + 4 = 0, which has roots Xx = 2\ and ).

2
= 2i. Since these roots
are complex conjugates with real part equal to zero, the solution is y = c x cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x.
8.60 Solve y + 50y = 0.

2
+ 50 = 0, which has roots A = i'v50- The solution is
y = c, cos \/50f + c 2 sin V50r.
8.61 Solve x + 96x = 0.

2
+ 96 = 0, which has roots a = i>J96 and A 2 = x
iy96. The
solution is x = C 2 cos y/96t + C x
sin \f96t, where C 2 and C denote arbitrary constants.
x
8.62 Solve x + 12.8x + 64x = 0.
f The characteristic equation is m2 + 12.8m + 64 = 0, which has roots
m= = -6.4 i'4.8. The solution is x = e'

6A \c cos4.8t
l
+ c 2 sin4.8r).
8.63 Solve x + ^x + 96x - 0.
f The characteristic equation is m2 + y^m + 96 = 0, which has roots

-(1/32) 7(1/32)'- 4(96)
= _ _ + The so|u
2
= 015625
x e- '(C 1 cos9.7979f + C 2 sin 9.7979r).
d2/ d/
8.64 Solve -T2 + 20 + 200/ = 0.
dt dt
# The characteristic equation is A

2
+ 20A + 200 = 0, which has roots kx = - 10 + HO and
A2 = - 10 - iTO. The solution is / = e~ 10, (ci cos lOt + c 2 sin lOf).
8.65 Solve y" - 3y' + 4y = 0.

~ .
/
The characteristic equation is A
2
- 3A + 4 = 0, which has roots A,1 =-+
3/73
2
i
2
and A, =
2
1
-v/7
The solution is y = c x e
l2)x
cos - x +
V7
c2e
i3l2)x
sin
Jl
x.
8.66 Solve y" + 4/ + 5y = 0.

2
+ AX + 5 = 0, which has roots Xl 2 + i and A2 = 2 1. The
2x 2x
solution is y = c x e~ cos x + c2e sin x.
8.67 Solve (D 2 +D+ 2)y = 0.
The characteristic equation is m2 + m + 2 = 0, which has roots m=

2
=
2
_hi 2
. The
Jjx
solution is y = e~ xl2 \.A cos
/
h B sin
\flx\
J,
where A and B denote arbitrary constants.
8.68 Solve (D 2 - 2D + I0)y = 0.
x
# The characteristic roots are 1 + 3i, so that the primitive is y = e {C y cos 3x + C 2 sin 3x). This solution
may also be written as C 3 e x sin (3x + C 4 ) or C3e x
cos (3x + C5 ).
d2q ^ nn dq
8.69 Solve -yf
dt
2
+ 200 ^ + 400,000g =
dt
0.
2
/ The characteristic equation is X + 200A + 400,000 = 0, which has roots
-200 +~ V40,000 -1,600,000 /
,
A = ' = - 100 -
+ ilOO V39. The solution is
2
100
q = e~ '(C! cos 100V39r + c 2 sin 100^390-
d2 q Mnn dq
8.70 Solve -^
TT + 400-^
2
400 -T + 200,000^ = 0.
dt dt

2
+ 400 X + 200,000 = 0, which has roots A = - 200 + *'400. The solution
~ 200t (A
is q = e cos 400f + B sin 400r).
8.71 Solve + 40 +
d2 l
dt
2
dl
dt
800/ = 0.

2
+ 40A + 800 = 0, which has the roots Xx = 20 + i20 and
X2 = - 20 - i20. The solution is / = e~ 20f (c cos 20f + c 2 sin 20t).
1
8.72 Solve x + 25x = 0.
f The characteristic equation is m2 + 25 = 0, which has roots m =

t
/5 and m 2 i5. The solution is
x = Cj cos 5f + C 2 sin 5r.
8.73 Solve x + 128x = 0.
I The char acte ristic equation is m 2 + 128 = 0, which has roots m i-Jl2S. The solution is
x = C cos y/l2St + C 2 sin y/l2&t.

x
8.74 Solve x + 3^x = where g denotes a positive constant.
I The characteristic equation is m2 + 3g 0, which has roots m=i^j3g. The solution is
x = C, cos v^^ + C 2 sin v^^-
8.75 Solve {D
2
+ 488)y = 0.
# The characteristic equation is m2 + 488 = 0, which has roots m = +1^488 = +i22.09. The solution is
y=C x
cos 22.09x + C2 sin 22.09x.
174 D CHAPTER 8
8.76 Determine the characteristic equation of a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation with real
if one solution is e"'cos 5f.
coefficients
I This particular solution corresponds to the roots 1 + i5. Thus, the characteristic equation is
[A - (-1 + /5)][A - (- - 1 i"5)] = 0, or )

2
+ U + 26 = 0.
2'
8.77 Solve the previous problem if one solution is e sin 3r.
f This particular solution corresponds to the roots 2 + i3. Thus, the characteristic equation is
[A - (2 + i'3)][/ - (2 - i3)] = 0, or k
2
- Ak + 13.
8.78 Solve Problem 8.76 if one solution is cosv3f.
f This particular solution corresponds to the roots + iyJ3. The characteristic equation is
[A - /\/3][;. - - (
1 V3)] - or k
2
+ 3 = 0.
8.79 Find the general solution to a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(t) with real coefficients
ifone root of the characteristic equation is 3 + il.
I Since the roots of the characteristic equation must be a conjugate pair (see Problem 8.48), the second root
is 3 il. The general solution is then x = e
3,
(ci cos It + c 2 sin It).
8.80 Solve the previous problem if, instead, one root of the characteristic equation is 18.
f It follows from Problem 8.48 that the second root is +i'8. The general solution is then
x f, cos 8f + c 2 sin 8f.
8.81 Find the general solution to a second-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x{t) with real coefficients
2
if a particular solution is e 'cos 5t.
I A second linearly independent solution is e

2'
sin 5f, so the general solution is x = e
2,
(c x cos 5f + c 2 sin 5/).
(The given particular solution is obtained by taking < , = 1 and c2 0.)
8.82 Solve the previous problem if, instead, a particular solution is 3e 'sin4r.
I Such a particular solution can occur only if the roots of the characteristic equation are 1 /4,
which implies that the general solution is x = e~'(c {

cos4r + c 2 s'm4t). The given particular solution is the
special case c, =0, c2 3.
8.83 Solve Problem 8.81 if, instead, a particular solution is 8cos3f.
f Such a particular solution can occur only if the roots of the characteristic equation are + /3, which
implies that the general solution is x = c, cos 3f + c 2 sin 3t. The given particular solution is the special case
c, = 8, c2 = 0.
8.84 Solve
</
~4 +
ax
4
r
10 ~+
d2 v
ax
9v = 0.
I The characteristic equation is m 4 + 10m 2 + 9 = 0, or (m 2 + \){m

2
+ 9) = 0;
it has roots m, = i, m2 = i, m 3 /3, and w4 = ;'3. Since the roots are distinct, the solution is
i3x
v = dê
ix
+ d 2 e~
ix
+ d 3 e + d A e~ i3x .
Using Euler's relations (see Problem 8.49), we can combine the first two terms and then the last two terms,
rewriting this solution as y = c, cos x + c 2 sin x + c3 cos 3x -(- c 4 sin 3x.
d4 v d3 v d2 v
8.85 Solve t4 + t4 + ^4 + J z
2 >' = -
dx* dx ax
f The characteristic equation w 4 + m 3 + m 2 + 2 = 0. which we factor into (m 2 - m +

is l)(m
2
+ 2m + 2) = 0;
its roots are 1/2 + iyJ3/2 and Since the roots are distinct, the solution is
1 /.
~^ 3/2)x
d l e W2+i - 3 + d 3 e<- +i)x + d 4 e^ l,) \
2)x
y = + d 2 e {i 2 '
Using Euler's relations (see Problem 8.49). we can combine the first two terms and then the last two
terms, rewriting this solution as y = e
x;2
{c x cos V3x/2 + c 2 sin \f3x/2) + e~ x (c 3 cos x + c 4 sin x).
8.86 Solve y
w + Ay" - y' + 6>- = 0.
f The auxiliary equation is m 4 + Am 2 - m + 6 = which we factor into (m 2 +

0, m+ 3)(m
2
-m+ 2) = 0:
~
its roots are 1/2 i>/TT/2 and 1/2 ijl. The solution is y = d e X2> '^ u x
{ 1)x
+ d2e { 12 '-" 2 " +
(l/2 + iV7)x
^ e + ^ g(l/2-iV7)x
Using Euler's relations, we can combine the first two terms and then the last two terms, rewriting this
x,1
solution as y = e~ (c l cos y/llx/2 + c 2 sin VTTx/2) + e*
/2
(c 3 cos V"7x + c 4 sin >/7x).
8.87 Solve y
(4)
- 4y'" + 7y" - Ay' + 6y - 0.
4
f The charateristic equation, A 4A 3 + IX
2
- AX + 6 = 0, has roots At = 2 + iv'2, /.
2
= 2 i>/2,
A3 = i, and XA = -i.
+
The solution is y = c/,e <2 vl) * + d 2 e i2
~^ 2)x + <*>'* + d e _,x ''
Using Euler's
4 .
relations, we can combine the first two terms and then the last two terms, to rewrite the solution as
2x 2x
y =cxe cos y]2x + c2e sin V2x + c 3 cos x + c 4 sin x.
8.88 Find the solution of a fourth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(r) with real constant
coefficients if the roots of its characteristic equation are 2 + i3 and 5 + 18.
# The solution is x = e
2
'(c x
cos 3f + c 2 sin 3r) + e~
5,
(c 3 cos 8t + c 4 sin 8f).
8.89 Solve Problem 8.88 if the roots are -15 + i\ 1 and -7 i83.
# The solution is x = e~
15t
(c 1 cos 1 If + c 4 sin lit) + 7
e~ '(c3Cos83r + c 4 sin83f).
8.90 Solve Problem 8.88 if the roots are \ i\ and | i\.
I The solution is x = 2
e" (c l cos \t + c 2 sin ^r + c 3 cos ^r + c 4 sin ^f).
8.91 Solve Problem 8.88 if the roots are -7 i'3 and i3.
/ The solution is
1
x = e~ '{c 1 cos 3r + c 2 sin3f) -I- c3 cos3f + c 4 sin3f = {c^' 11 + c 3 )cos3f + (c 2 e~
7'
+ c 4 )sin 3f
8.92 Solve Problem 8.88 if the roots are 2 i and i.
f The solution is x = e
2,
(c l
cos t + c 2 sin r) + c 3 cos t + c 4 sin f.
8.93 Determine a differential equation associated with the previous problem.
I The characteristic equation is
= [X - (2 + i)][A- (2 - i)!P - CP -(-')] - (A

2
- 4A + 5)(X
2
+ 1)
4
= A - AX 3
+ 6X - AX + 5
2
r 4 r + 6 4 - + 5x =
d x x d x dx
The associated differential equation is
dt*
jj
dt
3
dt
-^
2
dt
0.
8.94 Determine a differential equation associated with Problem 8.90.
i The characteristic equation is
<H
1 1
= \->\ + J k2 - k + \){"
-2
2 2 4
, 29 , 13 n
5
An associated differential equation is
d*x d x 3
29d x 13 dx 5
2
n d4 x ,d x co d x dx 3 2
+ T7-TT-T7-r + ^ x = 64 7T+ 58 TT- 26 T + 5x =

c
-7X-
dt*
2 ^T
dt
3
16 dt 16 dt 32 2
or 32 7J-4
<ff df dt (if
3 2
which may be written as (32D 4 - 64D 3 + 58>

2
- 26D + 5)x = 0.
8.95 Find the solution of a sixth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(r) with real coefficients if the
roots of its characteristic equation are 2 i'4, 3 j'5, and 1 \2.
I Since the roots are distinct, the solution is
x(t) = 2
e \c x cos At + c 2 sin 4f) + e~ 3 \c 3 cos 5r -I- c 4 sin 5t) + e~'(c s cos 2f + c 6 sin 2t)
x
176 CHAPTER 8
8.96 Solve the previous problem if the roots are, instead, - 16 i'108, - 14 z'53, and -2 i64.
16
x(f) = e~ Vi cos 108f + c 2 sin 108f) + e~
14,
(c 3 cos 53f + c 4 sin 53f) + <?~ 2 '(c
5 cos 64f + c 6 sin 64r)
8.97 Solve Problem 8.95 if the roots are, instead, -\ il, 2 i\, and +i4.
-,/2
x(f) = e (c, cos 2f + c 2 sin 2t) + e
2
'(c 3 cos \t + c 4 sin ^f) + c 5 cos 4f + c 6 sin 4f
8.98 Find the solution of an eighth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for y(x) with real coefficients
if the roots of its characteristic equation are 3 + /', 3 /',
1 i'3, and + 1 i3.
I Since the roots are distinct, the general solution is
3x 3x x x
y(x) = e (c { cos x + c 2 sin x) + e~ (c 3 cos x + e 4 sin x) + e (c 5 cos 3x + c 6 sin 3x) + e~ {c 7 cos 3x + c 8 sin 3x)
8.99 Solve the previous problem if the roots are, instead, 7 + /8. 8 i'9, \ /4, and j + i\.
I Since the roots are distinct, the general solution is
lx Sx x 2
y( \) = e (c x cos 8x + c2 sm 8x) 4- e (c 3 cos 9x + c 4 sin 9x) + e (c 5 cos 4x + c 6 sin 4x)
_x/2
+ ^ (c 7 cos {x + c 8 sin \x)
8.100 Find the general solution to a fourth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(f) with real
if two roots of the characteristic equation are
coefficients 2 -(- /3 and 2 ;4.
I Since the roots must be in conjugate pairs, the other two roots are 2 /'3 and 2 + j'4. The general
2 2
solution is then x = e \c x cos 3f + c 2 sin 3f) + e~ '{c 3 cos 4f + c 4 sin At).
t+15 T -
d x d d x x dx
8.101 Solve 4r-6 3 2
18 -- + lOx = if a particular solution is 5e
2'
cos t.
dt dt dt dt
I This particular solution corresponds to the complex roots 2 i of the characteristic equation
A
4
- 6/ 3
+ 15/
2
- 18/. + 10 = 0. Thus, [A - (2 + i)][/. - (2 - 0] = k
2
- 4A + 5 is a factor of the
characteristic polynomial (the left side of the characteristic equation). Dividing by this factor, we find that
}} - 2/ + 2 is also a factor. Thus, two additional roots are - 1 i, and the general solution is
x = t'
:
'((
i
cos I + c 2 sint) + e'iCiCOSt + c 4 sinf)- The given particular solution is the special case cx = 5,
ci = ?i = c4 = 0.
3 2
d*v d v d v dv
8.102 Solve 44 + 44 + 9^?+ 16 + 20v = if a particular solution is sin 2x.
dx dx~ dx- dx
i This particular solution corresponds to the roots /2 of the characteristic equation

X* + 4/. + 9/. + 16/. + 20 = 0.
3 2
Thus [A - i2][A - ( - 1"2)] = /. 2 + 4 is a factor of the characteristic
polynomial (the left side of the characteristic equation). Dividing by this factor, we find that
)} + 4/. + 5 is also a factor. Thus, two additional roots are -2 i. The general solution is then
2x 2x
y = c, cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x + c 3 e~ cos x + c A e~ sin x.
6 s
d d v vd*v d3 v d2 v dv
8.103 Solve -^-4 4+ 16-4-
b
12-43 + 41-4-8-4
2
+ 26v = if two solutions are sin
dx dx- dx* dx dx dx
2x
and e sin 3x.
2x
I The particular solution sin x corresponds to the characteristic roots + i, while e sin 3x corresponds to
the characteristic roots + 2 i'3, so both [/ /][/. 0] =
( /
2
+ 1 and
[/. (2 + i'3)][/. (2 i'3)] = '/? 4/. + 13 are factors of the characteristic polynomial. Dividing the
6
4 3 2

characteristic polynomial /. 4/.
5
+ 16A 12/ + 41/. 8/ + 26 by both factors successively, we find that
2
X + 2 is also a factor. Thus, two additional roots are i'V2. The general solution is
2x lx
y c, cos x + c 2 sin x + c3e cos 3x + cxe sin 3x + c 5 cos \'2x + c 6 sin s/2x
DISTINCT REAL AND COMPLEX CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS

8.104 Solve y" + 2y" + 5/ - 26y = 0.

3
+ 2X 2 + 5X - 26 = 0, which we factor into (X - 2)(/
2
+ 4A + 13) = 0;
its roots are kx = 2, X2 = -2 + i3, and X3 = -2 - 0. Since they are all distinct, the solution is
2x ~ 2 + i3)x ~ 2 - i3)x
y = c,e + d2e i
+ d3e {
.
Using the result of Problem 8.49, we can rewrite this solution as y = Cl e

2x
+ e~ 2x (c 2 cos 3x + c 3 sin 3.x),
which is real.
8.105 Solve /" + 5/' + 7/ + 13y = 0.
f The characteristic equation is X 3 + 5X 2 + IX - 13 = 0, which can be factored into (X - \){X 2 + 6X + 13) = 0.
Its roots are / = 1, X 2 3 4- i2,

x
and A3 3 /2. Since they are all distinct, the solution is
~ 3 + i2)x - ~
y = x
Cl e + d 2 e + d 3 e 3 i2)x
{ (
.
Using the result of Problem 8.49, we can rewrite this solution as y = cxe
x
+ e~ 3x(c 2 cos 2x + c 3 sin 2x),
which is real.
8.106 Solve y"' + 8y" + 37/ + 50y = 0.

3
+ SX 2 + 37/1 + 50 = 0, which we factor into (X + 2)(X
2
+ 6X + 25) = 0.
Its roots are Xx - 2, X2 = 3 + i'4, and X 3 = 3 /4. Since they are all distinct, the solution is
2x + ,4)x ~ i4)x
y - c { e~ + d 2 e {3 + d 3 e i3 . Using the result of Problem 8.49, we can rewrite this solution as
2x 3x
y = c y e~ + e (c 2 cos 4x + c 3 sin 4x).
d3 d2 dy
8.107 Solve -4y - 7 -4y - -^- +
3 2
87^ = 0.
dx dx dx
f The characteristic equation which has the roots X x = 3,

is A
3
7A
2
A + 87 = 0, A2 = 5 + z'2, and
~
X3 5 x2.
Since they are all distinct, the solution is y c y e~
3x
+ d 2 e (5+i2)x + d 3 e l5 i2)x . This can be
3x
rewritten, using Euler's relations (Problem 8.49), as y c x e~ + e 5x (c 2 cos 2x + c 3 sin 2x).
8.108 Solve /" + y' = 0.
f The characteristic equation is m 3 + m = 0, with roots m = 0, m 2 = and m 3 = t

;',
i. Since the roots
are all distinct, the solution is y = cê 0x + d 2 e' x + d 3 e~' x By the result of Problem 8.49, this . can be
rewritten as y = c{ + c 2 cos x + c 3 sin x.
8.109 Solve >'" + Ay' = 0.
f The characteristic equation is m 3 + Am = or m(m 2 + 4) = 0, which has roots wij =0, m 2 = i'2, and
m3 = \2. Since these roots are all distinct, the solution is y = cê 0x + d 2 e i2x + d 3 e' i2x By the result . of
Problem 8.49, this can be rewritten as y = ct + c 2 cos 2x + c 3 sin 2x.
8.110 Solve y'" - 6y" + 2/ + 36y - 0.

3
6X 2+ 2X + 36 = 0, with roots Xx 2, X2 = 4 + i'V2, and
A3 = 4 j-v/2. The solution is y = c l e~ + d 2 e l4 + "^2)x + d 3 e (4_,v^
2x ' )Jc
. This can be rewritten, using Euler's
relations (Problem 8.49), as y = c x e~
2x
+ c 2 e 4 * cos \/2x + c 3 e 4x sin ^2x.
d3x d2x .dx

8.111 Solve -TT--Tt-12 -40x = 0.

3
- X
2
- \2X - 40 = 0, whose roots are X = 5, l
A2 = -2 + i2,
~ ~ ~
and A 3 =-2-i2. The solution is thus x = cxe
St
+ d 2 e 2 + i2)t + d 3 e 2 i2)t This
( (
. can be rewritten (see
Problem 8.49) as x = cxe

5t
+ e~
2t
{c 2 cos It + c 3 sin 2t).
8.112 Solve ^ + 5^ + 26^-150x^0.

dt
3
dt
2
dt
I The characteristic equation m 3 + 5m 2 + 26m - 150 = 0, which has roots m, =

is 3, m 2 = -4 + iy/34,
,_4
m 3 = -4 - The solution is x = c e +
3t
and iy/34. '(c 2 cos V34^ + c 3 sin >/34t). x

178 CHAPTER 8
8.113 Solve -7T--5

dt dt
f
2
3
+ 25^-
dt
125Q = 0.
I The characteristic equation is m 3 - 5m 2 + 25m - 125 - 0, which we factor into (m - 5)(m

2
+ 25) = 0; it
has as roots m, =5, m2 = i"5, and m 3 = -/5. The solution is then Q = cê 5 + '
c 2 cos 5t + c 3 sin 5r.
8.114 Solve -
d
dr
+ -27 =
3
I
3
d2I
dr
z
2
dl
dr
0.
I The characteristic equation is m 3 - m 2 + 2m - 2 = 0; its roots are m^ = 1, m2 = i\/2, and

m3 = iyjl. The solution is / = c^ + c 2 cos >/2r + c 3 sin V2r.
d3r d2r dr
8.U5 Sol*
^ + .18^ + 64-.
f The characteristic equation, m3 + 12.8m 2 + 64m = 0, can be factored into m(m 2 + 12.8m + 64) = and
has as its roots m, = 0, m2 = -6.4 + t'4.8, m 3 = -6.4 - /4.8. The solution is thus
and
6A \c cos 4.80
r = Cl e
oe
+ e- 2 + c 3 sin 4.80) = c % + c 2 e~ 6Ae cos 4.80 + c^ 64 " sin 4.80
8.116 Solve y + 64y = 0.
f The characteristic equation, A

3
+ 64A = 0, may be factored into k(X
2
+ 64) = and has as roots
Xi =0, k2 = i'8, and A3 = i%. The solution is y = cx + c 2 cos 8t + c 3 sin 8f.
8.117 Solve T^-81y = 4

0.
dx
4
f The characteristic equation is A 81 = 0, which we factor into (A
2
9)(A
2
+ 9) = 0; its roots are
A, =3, A2 = 3, A3 = /3, and A 4 = i3. Since they are all distinct, the solution is
i3x i3x
y = c^ 3 * + c 2 e~
3*
+ d e
x
+ d 2 e~ .
Using the result of Problem 8.49 on the last two terms, we may rewrite this solution as
3x 3x
y = cte + c 2 e~ c 3 cos 3x +
c 4 sin 3.x. +
d*y
8.118 Solve -T7-y = 0.
A
clx
I The characteristic equation, A 4 = 0, 1 can be factored into (A

2
1)(A
2
+ 1) = 0; its roots are
k = 1,
l
X 2 = 1, x 3 = and A 4 = /, i. Since they are all distinct, the solution is
x x
y = c e + c 2 e' + d e + d 2 e~
ix ix
.
x x
x x
y = cxe + c 2 e~ + c 3 cos x + c 4 sin x.
2
d*y d v
8.119 Solve -4 + -4 - 20y = 0.
dx* dx*
I The characteristic equation is X* + A

2
20 = 0, which we factor into (A
2
4)(A
2
+ 5) = 0.
Its roots are Xx 2, = 2, A 3 = iy/5, and A 4 = iy/5.

A2 Thus, the solution is
y = cye
2x
+ c 2 e~
2x
+ d e'~"* x + d 2 e~' w$x which may be rewritten
l ,
as
2x 2x
y = cê + c 2 e~ + c 3 cos v5x + c 4 sin >/5x.
8.120 Solve ^ + 2^4 + 5^-26^ =

ax ax J dx dx
0.

4
+ 2A 3 + 5A
2
- 26/ = 0, which we factor into /.(/. - 2)(A
2
+ 4/. + 13) = 0.
Its roots are k1 = 0, = 2,

A2 A3 = 2 + /3, and A 4 = 2 B. Since they are all distinct, the
solution is y = cx + c 2 e 2x + d^ 2 * 13 ^
+ d2e (
~ 2 ~ i3)x
.
2x
y = Ci + c2e e~ 2x (c 3 cos 3x
+ c 4 sin 3x). +
8.121 Solve y
(4)
+ 5y
<3)
+ 7y" + 13/ = 0.
f The characteristic equation is m 4 + 5m 3 + 7m 2 + 13m = 0, which we can factor into

m(m - l)(m
2
+ 6m + 13); its roots are m = 0, m 2 = 1, m 3 = -3 + x
i'2, and m 4 =-3-i2. The solution
x ' + i2)x ~ 3 ~ i2)x

is thus y = c, + c2e + d e x
( 3
+ d2 e {
, which may be rewritten (see Problem 8.49) as
x 3x
y c\ + c2e + e~ (c 3 cos 2x + c 4 sin 2x).
8.122 Solve y (4) + y

{3)
- / - y = 0.
I The characteristic equation m 4 + m 3 - m - = 0, which we can factor into (m 2 - l)(m 2 + m +
is 1 1) = 0;
its roots are m, = 1, m 2 = 1, m 3 = -1/2 +_iyf3/2, and m 4 = -1/2 - iyfl/2. The solution is
- 2 + r3/2)x ~ ~
y = c1e
x
+ c,e~
x
+d e l
{ l '
+ d 2 e 1/2 ,v3/2)x This may be rewritten (see Problem 8.49) as
i ^ (
.
y = c^* + c2e + e '

(
c 3 cos x + c 4 sin x
8.123 Solve y
(4)
+ y
<3)
- 4/ - 16y = 0.
# The characteristic equation is m 4 + m 3 Am 16 = 0, which we factor into

(m - 2)(m + 2)(m
2
+m+ 4) = 0. Its roots are m = 2, m 2 = 2, w 3 = - 1/2 + 1 />/l5/2, and
w 4 = 1/2 VI 5/2. / The solution is >' c^ 2 * + c2e

2x
+ ^ "^l c 3 cos x + c 4 sin x
8.124 Solve y
<4)
- 6y
(3)
+ 16/' + 54/ - 225y = 0.
I The characteristic equation + 54m 225 = 0, which we

is m* 6m 3 + 16m 2 factor into
(m 3)(m + 3)(m 6m + 25) = 0. Its roots are m = 3, m 2 = 3, m 3 = 3 +
2
x
i'4, and m4 = 3 i4.
The solution is then y c e

3x
+ c 2 e~ 3x + e 3x (c 3 cos4x + c 4 sin4x).
x
8.125 Solve / 4) + / 3) - 2/' - 6/ - 4y = 0.
I The characteristic equation m 4 + m 3 2m 2 6m 4, with the roots m = 1,

is t
m2 2, m3 = + 1 i,
and m4 = 1 i. The solution is y c e~ x + c 2 e 2x + e~ x (c 3 cos x + c 4 sin x). r
8.126 Solve (D 3 + 4D)y = 0.
I This equation may be factored into D(D 2 + 4)y = 0, with characteristic roots and 2i. The solution is
y C + C 2 cos 2x + C 3 sin
x
2x.
4
8.127 Solve (D + 5D 2 - 36)y = 0.
I This equation may be factored into + 9)y = (D 2 4)(>

2
0. The characteristic roots are 2 and 3i, and
2x 2x
the primitive is = Ae + Be~ + C 3 cos 3x + C 4 sin 3x.
y This may be written as
2x 2x
y C x
cosh 2x + C 2 sinh 2x + C 3 cos 3x + C 4 sin 3x, since cosh 2x = \{e + e' ) and
sinh2x = i(e
2jc
-e" 2x ).
4
8.128 Solve (D - 16)y = 0.
# The auxiliary equation is m4 - 16 = or (m 2 + 4)(m 2 - 4) = 0, with roots 2i and 2. Then the

2x
general solution is y = cx cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x + c3e + c 4 e~ 2x .
8.129 Find the solution of a fourth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(t) with real coefficients
if the roots of its characteristic equation are 2 i and + 1.
f The solution is x = e
2t
(ci cos t + c 2 sin t) + c 3 e' + c 4 e~'.
t The characteristic equation is
= [A - (2+ i)][A - - i)JA ~

(2 IP - (-1)] = (^ - 41 + 2
5)(P - 1)
= A
4 - AX 3
+ AX 2
+ AX - 5
^ - 4 j + A ^ + 4 5x =
d*x d x d x dx
An associated differential equation is 0.
8.131 Find the solution of a sixth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(t) with real coefficients if
the roots of its characteristic equation are 3 in, i2n, and 5.

180 D CHAPTER 8
t Since the roots are distinct, the solution is
x 3
e \c x cos nt + c 2 sin nt) + c 3 cos 2nt + c 4 sin 2nt + c5e
5'
+ c 6 e~
5 '.
8.132 Solve Problem 8.131 if the roots are, instead, -3 i'3, 4, 5, and 6.
x = e
-3
'^ cos 3f + c 2 sin 3f) + c3e
M+ c4 e
5'
+ c5e
6t
+ c 6 e~
6 '.
8.133 Solve Problem 8.131 if the roots are i\, 1. 2, 3, and 0.
# The solution is x cx cos ^f + c 2 sin|t + c 3 e' + cAe

2'
+ c5e
3'
+ c6 .
I The auxiliary equation is
= (m - i\)(m + i\)(m - l)(m - 2)(m - 3)(m - 0) = m 6 - 6m 5 + *fm

4
- fm 3 + ^m 2 - fm
or 4m 6 24m 5 + 45m 4 30m 3 + lm 2 6m = 0.

1 An associated differential equation is
4
(4D 6
- 24D + 45D - 30D
5 3
+ 11D - 6D)x = 0. 2
8.135 Find the solution of a twelfth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(t) with real coefficients
if the roots of its auxiliary equation are 2 + /3, 2 + i'3, i'5, /19, 13, 3, and 0.
I Since all the roots are distinct, the solution is
x = e~
2t
(c l cos 3f + c 2 sin 3f) + e
2
'(c 3 cos 3f + c 4 sin 3f) -I- c 5 cos 5f + c 6 sin 5f + c 7 cos 19f -I- c s sin 19f
13 ' 13 ' 3t
+ c9e + c l0 e' + c lx e + c x2 .
8.136 Find the general solution to a fifth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(t) with real coefficients
2 '.
if three solutions are cos 2f, e~' sin 3f, and e
I If cos 2f and e~' sin 3f are solutions, then so too are sin 2f and e~' cos 3f. Since these are the remaining two
linearly independent solutions, the general solution is x = c, cos 2x + c 2 sin 2f -I- e"'(c 3 cos 3f + c 4 sin 3f) + t\e
2 '.
8.137 Determine the characteristic equation of a third-order linear homogeneous differential equation with real
3
coefficients if two solutions are cos 3r and e '.
3
I To generate cos 3f, two roots of the characteristic equation must be +i'3. To generate e ', another root
must be 3. Thus, the characteristic equation is = (/. /3)(/ + i'3)(/. 3) = /.
3
3/.
2
+ 9/. 27.
8.138 Solve x'+ 7x +x+ Ix = if a particular solution is sin f.
I To generate sin f, two roots of the characteristic equation must be i, which implies that (/. /)(/. + i)= X2 + 1
3 1
is a factor of the characteristic polynomial, /. + I/ + X + 7. Dividing by this factor, we find that X + 7 is
also a factor. Therefore, the roots are 7 and +/, and the general solution is x = t,e~
7
'
+ c 2 cos t + c 3 sin f.
5 4 3 2
+ 33 + 100 + 200 =
d x d x d x d x dx
8.139 Solve r-5
dt
+ 4
dt*
j-
dt
r
3
dt
=-
2
dt
if two solutions are 8 and | sin 5f.
I The particular solution 8 corresponds to the root /. = of the characteristic equation, while the solution
j sin 5t corresponds to the roots i'5. Thus, (/. - 0)(/ -
+ 25/. is a factor of the
i5)[X - (-j'5)] = /.
3
5 4 2
characteristic polynomial, /. -I- 4A + 33A 3
+ 100/ + 200A. Dividing both sides of the characteristic
A + 4/. + 8 = 0, 2/2 are two other roots.
3 2
equation by /. + 25/, we obtain which implies that
2
The general solution is then x = ct + c 2 cos 5f + c 3 sin 5f + e~ \c A cos 2r + 5 sin It).
c
8.140 Solve (32D 5 - 40D 4 - 20D 3 + 50D 2 - ID - 5)x = if two solutions are -3e' sin \t and e~'.
I The 3e's\r\jt corresponds to the roots

particular solution ij. while the solution e~' corresponds to 1
the root - 1. - (- 1)][/ - (1 + /^)][/. - (1 - i\)] = 3 - 2 - |/. + | is a factor of the characteristic

Thus, [/. /. /.
polynomial, 32A 5 - 40/ - 20/ 3 + 50/ -IX- 5, as is 4/. - 4/. - 3/. + 5. Dividing by this last factor
4 2 3 2
yields 8/.
2
2/ = 0, which implies that 1 = \ and X = \ are two additional roots. The general /.
4
solution is then x = e\c cos \t + c 2 sin \t) + c 3 e~' + c A e ,a + c 5 e~'
x
.
REPEATED CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS

8.141 Solve y" + 4/ + 4y = 0.

2
+ 4/ + 4 = 0, which has the roots A, = X2 = 2. The solution is
y c e~x
2x
+ c 2 xe~ 2x .
8.142 Solve /' + 6/ + 9>- = 0.
1
f The characteristic equation is X + 6A + 9 = or (A + 3)
2
= 0, which has the roots A, = X2 = -3.
3x 3x
The solution is y c t e~ + c 2 xe~ .
8.143 Solve /' - 2y' + y = 0.

2
2A + 1 = or (A l)
2
= 0, which has the roots A, = A2 = 1. The
solution is _y = Cje* + c 2 xe*.
8.144 Solve y" + 2y' + y = 0.

2
+ 2/ + 1 = or (A + l)
2
= 0, which has the roots Xl X2 = 1.
x
The solution is y C l
e~ + C 2 xe~ x
.
8.145 Solve x - 8x + 16.v = 0.

2
8A + 16 = or (A 4)
2
= 0, which has the roots A, = A2 = 4.
The solution is x - C> + C 4 '

2 te*'
= e M {C + C 2 t). x
8.146 Solve x + lOi + 25x = 0.
I The characteristic equation is m 2 + 10m + 25 = or (m + 5)

2
= 0, which has the roots m, m2 5.
The solution is x =C x
e~
il
+ C 2 te~ 5 '.
2
d Q dQ
8.147 Solve -4+
-pf-
dt
2
+ 1000-^
1000 -^-
dt
+ 250,000Q = 0.
f The characteristic equation is m2 + 1000m + 250,000 = or (m + 500)

2
= 0, which has the repeated
roots m, =m 2
= -500. The solution is Q = c e'
500t
+
x
c 2 te~
500t
.
8.148 Solve x + 16x + 64 = 0.
I The characteristic equation is m2 + 16m + 64 = or (m + 8)

2
= 0, which has the repeated roots
Wj = m 2 = 8. The solution x = c
8t
is {
e~ + c 2 te~ 8t .
2
d dl
8.149 Solve l
=-
2
- 60 + 900/ = 0.
dt dt
i The characteristic equation is A

2
- 60A + 900 = or (A - 30)
2
= 0, which has A = 30 as a double
30t i0t
root. The solution is / = Ae 30t
+ Bte = (A + Bt)e .
8.150 Solve (4D 2 - 4D + l)y = 0.
f The characteristic equation is 4A 2 - 4A + 1 = or (2A - l)

2
= 0, which has A =\ as a double root.
x' 2
The solution is y Ae x ' 2
+ Bxe .
8.151 Solve (16D 2 + 8D + l)y = 0.
f The characteristic equation is + 8m + =

16m 2 1 or (4m + l)
2
= 0, which has m % as a
x '*
double root. The solution is y = Ae~ + Bxe~ xl *.
8.152 Solve (D 2 + 30D + 225)y = 0.
f The characteristic equation is m 2 + 30m + 225 = or (m + 15)

2
= 0, which has m = 15 as a
lSx l5x
double root. The solution is y = c x e~ 4- c 2 xe~ .
8.153 Solve y" = 0.

182 CHAPTER 8
I The characteristic equation is a

2
= 0, which has the roots /, = X2 = 0. The solution is then
0x 0x
y cxe + c 2 xe cx + c 2 x.
8.154 Solve y'" = 0.
I The characteristic equation is X3 0, which has zero as a triple root. The solution is then
0x 0x 0x
y = cxe + c 2 xe + c3x e
2
= c, + c2x + c3x
2
.
4
d y
8.155 Solve = 0.
ax
4
I The characteristic equation is A = 0, which has zero as a quadruple root. The solution is then
y = cx + c2x + c3x
2
+ c4x
3
.
3 2
d v d v dv
8.156 Solve - + 6 -\ + 12 -f + 8v = 0.
dx dx dx
I The characteristic equation is X3 + 6X 2 + 12/ + 8 = or (/ + 2) 3 = 0. which has X = 2 as a triple

root. The solution is y - c x e~
2x
+ c 2 xe~
2x
+ c 3 x 2 e~ 2x = e~
2x
(c x + c2x + c3x
2
).
8.157 Solve y
,4)
+ 8>'" + 24 v" + 32/ + 16>- = 0.
i The characteristic equation is X* + 8/

3
+ 24/ 2 + 32/ -4-16 = 4
or (/ + 2) = 0. Since Xx = 1 is a
root of multiplicity four, the solution is y = c e~ + c 2 xe~ + c 3 x 2 e~ + c^x 3 e~ 2x
2x
i
2x 2x
.
3 2
d Q Q d dQ
8.158 Solve
dt
+ 3-^ + 3-^ + 6 =
3
dt dt
2
0.

3
+ 3/
2
+ 3X +1= or (/ + l)
3
= 0, which has X 1 as a
triple root. The solution is Q= C y
e '
+ C 2 te~' + C 3 t
2
e~'.
8.159 Solve Q
i4)
+ 4Q i3) + 6Q + 4Q + Q = 0.
f The characteristic equation is /.

4
+ 4/.
3
+ 6/ + 4/ + =
2
or + l) 4 = 0, which has
1 (/. / = - 1
Q = C e + C 2 te + C 3 t 2 e + C 4 t 33-i
"'
as a root of multiplicity four. The solution is x
'
e or '
Q= (C l
+C 2t + C3 t
2
+ C4 t
3
)e
"'.
8.160 Solve Q ,5) + 5C ,4) + 10g (3) + 10^ + SQ + Q = 0.

5
+ 5X4 + 1(U
3
+ 10A 2 + 5X +1= or (/+1) 5 = 0, which has
4-r
X = 1 as a root of multiplicity five. The solution is Q=C x
e~' + C 2 te~' + C 3 t
2
e~' + C4 t
3 ^"'
+ C s t*e
d 4r d 3r d 2r dr
8.161 Solve ^- * ,2 + 54 ^- 108
s + 8,r = a
f The characteristic equation is X* - 12/
3
+ 54/
2
- 108/ + 81=0 or (/ - 3) 4 = 0, which has / = 3
as a root of multiplicity four. The solution is r = Ae 3e + B0e 3e + C0 2 e 3e + D6 3 e 30 .
8.162 Find the solution of a third-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(t) with real coefficients if its
characteristic equation has X =\ as a triple root.
f The solution is x = c e'x

2
+ c 2 te'
2
+ c3t
2
e'
2
.
8.163 Find the solution of a fourth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(f) with real coefficients if its
characteristic equation has X = \ as a quadruple root.
# The solution is x = e'

2
(c x
+ c2t + c3t
2
+ c4 f
3
).
= (/. - i) 5 = A
5
- |A
4
+ f;.
3
- f/
2
+&X-& or 32/
5
- 80/
4
+ 80;.
3
- 40A 2 + 10/ - 1 =
An associated differential equation is (32D 5 - 80D 4 + 80D 3 - 40D 2 + 10D - l)x = 0.

8.165 Find the solution of a sixth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(/) with real coefficients if its
characteristic equation has / = 8 as a root of multiplicity six.
f The solution is x = e~ s '(c 1

+ c2t + c3t
2
+ c4 t
3
+ cy 4 + c6t
5
).
8.166 Solve the previous problem if the differential equation has order 10.
f A tenth-order differential equation must have 10 roots to its characteristic equation, and since we are given
only six of them we cannot solve the problem. We can, however, say that the solution to the previous problem
will be part of the solution to this problem.
8.167 Determine a differential equation associated with Problem 8.165.
6 4
= (/ + 8) = X6 + 48/ 5 + 960/. + 10,240/
3
+ 61,440A
2
+ 196,608/ + 262,144
An associated differential equation is
x (6) + 48x (5) + 960x ,4) + 10,240x ,3) + 61,440x + 196,608x + 262,144x =
8.168 Find the solution of a ninth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(r) with real coefficients if
itscharacteristic equation has a single root of multiplicity nine.
x 4
f Denote the root by X. The solution is x = e \c x + c2t + c3r
2
+ c4 r
3
-I- c5t + c6f
s
+ c7r
6
+ c8 r
7
+ <V 8 )-
CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS OF VARIOUS TYPES

2
d 3yd y
8.169 Solve ^-3^ + 4y = 0.
dx^~ d?
/ The characteristic equation is m 3 3m 2 + 4 = 0; its roots are m, = m2 2 and m 3 = 1. Since the
2x 2x
first two are repeated, cle + c 2 xe is part of the solution. The last root, which is distinct from the others,
lx 2x
gives c 3 e'
x
as part of the solution. The complete solution is then y cxe + c 2 xe + c 3 e~
x
.
8.170 Solve
d *y
d2 y
-4+ 4
dy
4 4-3-^--18y =
,
|-
A
3 -t
0.
dx 3 dx 2 dx
f The characteristic equation is m 3 + 4m 2 3m 18 = 0, with roots 3, 3, and 2. Since the first two
3x 3x
are repeated, cxe + c 2 xe~ is part of the general solution. The last root, which is distinct from the
2x 3x 3x
others, gives c 3 e as part of the solution. The complete solution is then y c x e~ + c 2 xe + cê
2 *.
8.171 Solve (4>

3
-28D 2 -31D-8).v = 0.
/ The characteristic equation is 4m 3 28m 2 31m 8 = 0, with roots j, j, and 8. The general
x' 2 8x
solution is y c x e"
xi2
+ c 2 xe' + c3e .
8.172 Find the general solution to a fourth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for y(x) with real coefficients
ifthe roots of its characteristic equation are 1, 1, 1, and 2.
x 2
I Since the first three roots are repeated, e~ {c l + c2x + c3x ) is part of the general solution. The last root,
2x
which is distinct from the others, adds cAe to the general solution. The primitive is then
2x
y = e'
x
(Ci + c2x + c3x
2
) + c4e .
8.173 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are - 1, - 1, 2, and 2.
x
I The two roots are repeated and contribute e~ (c + c 2 x) to the general solution. The last two roots,
first }
2x
which are different from the first two and are also repeated, contribute e (c 3 + c 4 x) to the general solution.
x 2x
The complete solution is y = e~ (c + c 2 x) + e (c 3 + c 4 x). x
8.174 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are |, \, 3, and 3.
3x
f The general solution is y = e
xt2
{cA + c 2 x) + e (c 3 + c 4 x).
8.175 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are /2 and /2.

184 CHAPTER 8
i2x i2x
# The root \2 has multiplicity two, so it contributes dxe + d 2 xe to the general solution. Similarly, the
double root 1'2 contributes d 3 e~' 2x + d 4.xe~ l2x
to the general solution. The complete solution is
i2x i2x
y = dxe + d 2 xe + d 3 e~
i2x
+ d^xe~ i2x
= {d x e
i2x
+ d 3 e~
i2x
) + x(d 2 e
i2x
+ d 3 e'
i2x
)
Using Euler's relations (see Problem 8.49) on each set of terms in parentheses, we can rewrite the latter solution
as y = (c-j cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x) + x(c 3 cos 2x + c 4 sin 2x).
8.176 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are 3 \5 and 3 i5.
+ ,5)x
f The root 3 + i'5 has multiplicity two, so it contributes d 1 e (3 + d 2 xe i3+,5)x to the general solution.
Similarly, the double root 3 i5 contributes d3e (3 ~' 5)x
+ d 4 xe
<3_,5) *
to the general solution. The
complete solution is
+ i5)x ~ -
y = d x e {3 + d 2 xe ti + i5)x + d 3 e (3 i5)x + d 4 xe (3 ,5,JC
3x
= e \{d y e
i5x
+ d 3 e~ i5x + x(d 2 e i$x + d 4.e~ i5x
)
)']
3x
= e [c x cos 5x + c 2 sin 5x + x(c 3 cos 5x + c 4 sin 5x)]
8.177 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are \ i'3 and \ + i'3.
x 2
I The general solution is y = e [c , cos 3x + c 2 sin 3x + x(c 3 cos 3x + c 4 sin 3x)].
8.178 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are - 1 i and - 1 I
x
I The general solution is y = e~ \c cos x y
+ c 2 sin x + x(c 3 cos x + c 4 sin x)].
8.179 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are 7 + i23 and 7 i'23.
lx lx
f The general solution is y e (c x cos 23x + c 2 sin 23x) + xe (c 3 cos 23x + c 4 sin 23x).
8.180 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are i\ and i'i
f The general solution is y = c , cos 4 x + c 2 sin Jx + x(c 3 cos ^x + c 4 sin |x).
8.181 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are 4 and 4.

Ax Ax
f There are two real roots of multiplicity two, so the general solution is y e (c l + c 2 x) + e' {c 3 + xc 4 ).
8.182 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are -6, -6, and 2 /4.
/ The double real root 6 contributes e" (c + c 2 x) to the 6jc

1
general solution; the distinct complex roots
2x bx 2x
contribute e (c 3 cos 4x + c 4 sin 4x). The complete solution is y = e~ (c x + c 2 x) + e (c 3 cos 4x + c 4 sin 4x).
8.183 Solve Problem 8.172 if the roots are 2, 2, and /2.
I The general solution is y = ^

2jc
(Cj + xc 2 ) + c 3 cos 2x + c 4 sin 2x.
8.184 Solve (D
4
+ 6D 3 + 5D 2 - 24D - 36)y = 0.
I This may be rewritten as (D - 2)(D + 2)(D + 3) 2 y = 0, which has characteristic roots 2, -2, -3, and -3.
The primitive is y C y
e
2x
+ C 2 e~ 2x
+ C 3 e~ 3x + C A xe~ 3x .
8.185 Solve (D
4
-D -9D -\\D - A)y =
3 2
0.
# This may be rewritten as + l) 3 (D 4)v =

(D 0, which has characteristic roots 1, 1, - 1, and 4. The
primitive is y = e~ (C y
x
+ C 2 x + C 3 x 2 + C A e Ax ) .
4
8.186 Solve (D + 4D 2 )y = 0.
I This may be rewritten as D 2 (D 2 + 4)y = 0, which has the characteristic roots 0, 0, and + 1'2. The general
solution is y= c + t
c 2 x -f c 3 cos 2x + c 4 sin 2x.
4
8.187 Solve (D - 6D 3 + 13D 2 - 12D + 4)y = 0.
# This differential equation may be rewritten as (D 1)

2
(D 2)
2
y = 0, which has the characteristic roots
x 2x
1, 1. 2. and 2. The primitive is y e (c l + c 2 x) + e {c 3 + c 4 x).
8.188 Solve y
(4)
- 8v'" + 32/' - 64/ + 64y = 0.
f The characteristic equation m 4 - 8m 3 + 32m 2 - 64m + 64 = has roots 2 + il and 2 il;
hence Xt 2+ il and A2 = 2 are both roots of multiplicity two. The

j'2
solution is
2x
v = e (c! cos 2x + c 3 sin 2x) + xe 2x (c 2 cos 2x + c 4 sin 2x) = (c + t c 2 x)e
2x
cos 2x + (c 3 + c 4 x)e
2x
sin 2x
8.189 Solve ^-12^

-4
4
dx
- 12-4 + 56-4
56 - +
120-^
-120
dx 3

dx 3 dx
lOOy = 0.
# The characteristic equation has roots 3 i and 3 so both

i, 3 + i and 3 j"
are roots of
3x
multiplicity two. The solution is y = (c { + c 2 x)e cosx + (c 3 + c 4 x)e 3x sin x.
4 3
^ y yd* y d2 dy
8.190 Solve -4
^-4
ax
+ 4
4-4+14-4
ax
4 + 14 -4 + 20
ax 3 20/^- +
dx
25y = 0.
I The characteristic equation has roots 1 + i2 and + 1 il, so both 1 + i'2 and 1 il are
= x _x
roots of multiplicity two. The solution is y (c t + c 2 x)e~ cos2x + (c 3 + c 4 x)e sin 2x.
8.191 Solve y
(4)
+ 8y" + 16y = 0.
f The characteristic equation has roots il and /2. The solution is y = (cj + c 2 x)cos2x + (c 3 -'-
c 4 x)sin2x.
8.192 Solve y
,4)
+ 14y" + 49y = 0.
I The characteristic equation has roots m t

il and m 2 = f7, both of multiplicity two. The solution is
y = (cj + c 2 x) cos 7x + (c 3 + c 4 x) sin 7x.
8.193 Find the general solution of a sixth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for y(x) with real coefficients
if its characteristic equation has roots i5 and i5, each with multiplicity three.
I The solution is
y = e
i5x
{d x + + ^x 2 + e" i5x (d 4 + d 5 x + d 6 x 2
d2x ) )
= {d x e
i5x
+
dê~
i5x
+ x(J 2 5x + d 5 e _i5x) + x 2 (d 3 e i5x + d 6 e-'' 5x
) e''
)
= (c t cos 5x + c 4 sin 5x) + x(c 2 cos 5x + c 5 sin 5x) + x 2 (c 3 cos 5x + c 6 sin 5x)
= (c x + c 2 x + c 3 x 2 cos 5x + (c 4 + c 5 x + c 6 x 2 sin 5x
) )
8.194 Solve the previous problem if the roots are z'3 and 1'3, each of multiplicity three.
I The solution is y = (c x + c2x + c3x

2
) cos 3x + (c 4 + c5x + c 6x
2
) sin 3x.
8.195 Solve Problem 8.193 if the roots are 3 + i"5 and 3-/5, each of multiplicity three.
2 _3x 2 _3x
I The solution is y (c x + c2x + c 3 x )e cos 5x + (c 4 + c5x + c 6 x )e sin 5x.
8.196 Solve Problem 8.193 if the roots are 0.2 + i0.7 and 0.2-/0.7, each of multiplicity three,
= 2 02x 2 02x
f The solution is y (c t + c2x + c 3 x )e cos 0.7x + (c 4 + c5x + c 6 x )e sin 0.7x.
8.197 Find the general solution of an eighth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for y(x) with real coefficients
characteristic equation has roots

if its \ + i'3 and \ /3, each with multiplicity four.
f The solution is y (c x + c2x + c3x

2
+ c 4 x )e
3 x/2
cos 3x + (c 5 + c6x + c7x
2
+ c 8 x )e
3 xl2
sin 3x.
8.198 Solve the previous problem if the roots are 3 + i\ and 3 i%, each of multiplicity four.
3x 2 3x
# The solution is y = (c x + c2x + c3x
2
+ c 4 x )e~
3
cos ^x + (c s + c6x + c7x + c 8 x )e~
3
sinjx.
8.199 Solve Problem 8.197 if the roots are id and i6, each of multiplicity four.
f The solution is y = (cj + c2x + c3x

2
+ c4x
3
) cos 6x + (c s + c6 x + c7x
2
+ c8x
3
) sin 6x.
8.200 Solve Problem 8.197 if the roots are 2 + il and -2 il, each of multiplicity two.
186 CHAPTER 8
I Since 2 + i2 and 2 \2 are both roots of multiplicity two, they contribute

2x 2x
(c t + c 2 x)e cos 2x + (c 3 + c 4 x)e sin 2x to the general solution (see Problem 8.188). Similarly,
since both 2 + i'2 and 2 il are roots of multiplicity two, they contribute
2x 2x
(c 5 + c 6 x)e~ cos 2x + (c 7 + c 8 x)e~ sin 2x to the general solution. The complete solution is the sum
of these two contributions, namely
= + 2x 2x _2x 2x
y (Cj c 2 x)e cos 2x + (c 3 + c 4 x)e sin 2x + (c 5 + c 6 x)e cos 2x + (c 7 + c s x)e~ sin 2x
8.201 Solve Problem 8.197 if the roots are 3i2 and 4 i'5, each of multiplicity two.
3x 3x
f The solution is y = (a + c 2 x)e cos 2x + (c 3 + c 4 x)e sin 2x + (c 5 + c 6 x)e* cos
x
5x + (c 7 + c 8 x)e
4x
sin 5x.
8.202 Solve Problem 8.197 if the roots are 3 + i"5, each of multiplicity three, and 5 j'6, each of
multiplicity one.
I Since 3 + i'5 and 3 i'5 are both roots of multiplicity three, they contribute
2 3x 2 3x
(c x + c2x + c 3 x )e~ cos 5x + (c 4 + c5x + c 6 x )e~ sin Problem
5x to the general solution (see 8.195).
5x
In contrast, 5 + i*6 are both simple roots, so they contribute cos6x + c 8 e~ 5x sin6x c 7 e~ to the
general solution. The complete solution is the sum of these two contributions, namely
3x
y = (Ci + c2x + 2
c 3 x )e~ cos 5x + (c 4 + c5x + 2
c 6 x )e~ *sin
3
5x + c 7 e"
5
*cos6x + c8e
_5jc
sin6x
8.203 Solve Problem 8.197 if the roots are 16 (25, each of multiplicity three, and j of multiplicity two.
2 16x 2 _16x x' 2

I The solution is y (c x + c2x + c 3 x )e~ cos 25x + (c 4 + c 5x + c 6 x )e sin 25x + (c 1 + c 8 x)e~ .
8.204 Solve Problem 8.197 if the roots are 16 (25, each of multiplicity two, and \ of multiplicity four,
16x 16x x/2

f The solution is y = (c, + c 2 x)e~ cos25x + (c 3 + c A x)e~ sin 25x + (c 5 + c6x + c 7x
2
+ 3
c 8 x )e" .
8.205 Solve y
<5)
- y
(4)
- If + 2y" + v' - y - 0.
I The characteristic equation can be factored into (/. 1)

3
(A + l)
2
= 0; hence, /., = 1
is a root of multiplicity three and X2 = 1 is a root of multiplicity two. The solution is

x 2 x x x
y = cxe + c 2 xe* + c 3x e + cxe + c 5 xe~ .
8.206 Find the general solution of a fifth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for y(x) with real
if its characteristic equation has roots 2, 2, 3, 3, and 4.

coefficients
2x ix 4x
f The solution is y ={c + i
c 2 x)e + (c 3 + c A x)e~ + c5e .
8.207 Solve the previous problem if the roots are 2, 3, 3, 3, and 4.
2x x 2 ix
f The solution is y = c e
i
+ c 2 e* + (c 3 -(- c 4x -I- c s x )e~ .
8.208 Solve Problem 8.206 if the roots are 2, 2, 2, 2, and 4.
3 2x Ax
I The solution is y = (c, + c2x + c3x
2
+ c 4 x )e + c 5e .
8.209 Solve Problem 8.206 if the roots are 2, 2, 2, and 3 /4.
2x ix
f The solution is y = (c + i
c2x + c 3 x )e
2
+ e (c 4 cos 4x -(- c 5 sin 4x).
8.210 Solve Problem 8.206 if the roots are 2, 3 i4, and 3 i4.
2x 3x 3x
I The solution is y = c1e + (c 2 + c 3 x)e cos4x + (c 4 + c 5 x)e sin 4x.
8.211 Solve Problem 8.206 if the roots are 2, 2, 2, 2, and 3 + i'4.
I This cannot be. Since the coefficients of the differential equation are real, the complex roots must occur in
conjugate pairs. Thus, if 3 + i4 is a root, then 3 i4 is also a root. We now have six characteristic
roots for a fifth-order differential equation, which is impossible.
8.212 Find the general solution of a sixth-order linear homogeneous differential equation in x(t) with real coefficients
if its characteristic equation has roots 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, and 3.
I The solution is x = c r e' + (c 2 + c 3 t)e

2'
+ (c 4 + c5t + c 6 r )e
2 3 '.
8.213 Solve Problem 8.212 if the roots are 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, and 3.
/ The solution is x = (c x + c 2 t)e

2'
+ (c 3 + c4 t + cst
2
+ 3
c 6 t )e
3 '.
8.214 Solve Problem 8.212 if the roots are 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, and 3.
# The solution is x = cxe

2'
+ (c 2 + c3t + c4 t
2
+ c5t
3
+ c 6 t*)e
3t
.
8.215 Solve Problem 8.212 if the roots are -3, -3, -3, -3, and -3 in.
I The solution is x = (c x + c2 t + c3t

2
+ c 4 r )e~
3 3'
+ e~ 3,(c 5 cosnt + c 6 sinn*).
8.216 Solve Problem 8.212 if the roots are 3, 3, 3 + in, and 3 + in.
I The solution is x = (c t + c 2 t)e~

3'
+ (c 3 4- c 4 r)e~
3
'cos7rf + (c 5 + c 6 t)e~
3'
sinnt.
8.217 Solve Problem 8.212 if the roots are 2, 3, 3 in, and 3 in.
I The solution is x = cxe

2t
+ c2e
3'
+ (c 3 + c^t)e~
3'
cos nt + (c 5 + c 6 t)e~
3'
sinnt.
8.218 Solve Problem 8.212 if the roots are 2in, 3 + in, and 3 + in.
I The solution is x = c x e~
2'
cos nt + c 2 e~
2t
sinnt + (c 3 + c^t)e~
3'
cos nt + (c 5 + c 6 t)e~
3t
sinnt.
8.219 Solve Problem 8.212 if the roots are 3 m, 3 + in, and 3 + in.
I The solution is x = (c, + c2t + c 3 t )e~

2 3t
cosnt + (c 4 + c5t + 2
c 6 t )e~
3
' sinnt.
- 4
8.220 Solve (D + 2)
3
(D 3) (D 2 + 2D + 5)y = 0.
4
I The auxiliary equation (m + 2)
3
(m 3) (m
2
+ 2m + 5) = has roots 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, and
1 2i. The general solution is
2x 3x x
y = (<?! + c2x + c 3 x )e~
2
+ (c 4 + c5x + c6x
2
+ c 7 x )e
3
+ e~ (c 8 cos 2x 4- c 9 sin 2x)
8.221 Find the general solution to a fourth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(t) with real coefficients
if two particular solutions are 3e
2
and 6t 2 e~'. '
I To have 3e
2r
as a solution, m= 2 must be a characteristic root. To have 2
6t e~' as a solution, m= 1
must be a root of multiplicity three. Thus, we know four characteristic roots, which is the complete set for this
differential equation. The general solution is x = cxe
2t
+ {c 2 + c3t + 2
c A t )e~'.
8.222 Solve the previous problem if two particular solutions are \te~ and
x
Ste 2 '.
i To generate these solutions both m, = - 1 and m 2 = 2 must be roots of multiplicity two. Thus,
we know four characteristic roots, which is the complete set here. The general solution is
x = (c l + c 2 t)e~' + (c 3 + ct)e
2t
.
8.223 Determine the differential equation associated with the previous problem.
I The characteristic equation is [m l)] 2 (m 2) 2 = 0, so the differential equation is ( (D + \)

2
{D 2)
2
x 0.
This may be expanded to (D* - 2D - 3D + 4D + 4)x = 0.

3 2
8.224 Determine the form of the general solution to a fifth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(r)
3 3t
with real coefficients if a particular solution is 1 e .
i To have t
3
e
3t
as a solution, m= 3 must be a root of at least multiplicity four. Thus, four roots of the
characteristic equation are 3, 3, 3, and 3. Since the differential equation is of order 5, there must be one additional
real root. Denote it as k.
If k = 3, then 3 is a root of multiplicity five, and the general solution is

4
y = ( Cl 4- c 2 t + c3t
2
+ c4 r
3
+ c 5 f )e
3
'. If k 3, then the general solution is
3 3'
y = (Ci + c2t + c3t
2
+ C4.t )e + c5e
kt
.
8.225 Find the general solution to a sixth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(r) with real coefficients
2
if one solution is t sin t.
188 D CHAPTER 8
2
f The t portion of the given particular solution implies that the associated characteristic root has multiplicity
three. Since sin t can be generated only from roots + i, which must occur in conjugate pairs, it follows that both
+ i are roots of multiplicity three. Since this yields six roots, we have the complete set, and the general solution is
x = (c l + c2t + c3t
2
) cos t + (c 4 + c5t + c6 t
2
) sin t.
8.226 Solve the previous problem if two particular solutions are sin t and Ate~ 3t cos 2t.
f The particular solution sin t can be generated only from the characteristic roots i. Similarly, e~ 3t cos It can
be generated only from the characteristic roots 3 + \2. Since this function is multiplied by t, it follows that
3 /2 are both roots of at least multiplicity two. Thus, we have identified as characteristic roots i,
3 + j'2, and 3 il. These six roots form a complete set of characteristic roots for a sixth-order differential
equation, so the general solution is
_3
x = c x cost + c 2 sinr + (c 3 + c 4 r)e 'cos2r + (c 5 + 3
c 6 f)e~ 'sin2f
8.227 Determine the differential equation associated with Problem 8.225.
f The characteristic equation is (m

[m ( i')] 3i)
3
= 0, or + l) 3 = 0. The corresponding
(m 2 differential
4
equation is (D
2
+ l)
3
x = 0, which may be expanded to (D 6
+ 3D + 3D 2 + l)x = 0.
8.228 Find the general solution of a twelfth-order linear homogeneous differential equation for x(t) with real coefficients
if its characteristic equation has roots 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, i, 2 i3, 2 + i'3.
I The solution is
3'
x = c,e
(
+ (c 2 + c 3 t)e
2'
+ (c 4 + c5 t + c 6 f )e
2
+ c 7 cos t + c 8 sin t + (c 9 + c l0 t)e
2t
cos3f + (c n +
2
c 12 r)e 'sin 3f
8.229 Solve the previous problem if the roots are 0, 0, i, /',

2 i'3, 2 + i'3, 2 + i'3.
f The solution is
x = c, + c2t + (c 3 + c 4 f) cos r + (c 5 + c 6 t) sin t + (c-, + cst + c 9 t )e

2 2'
cos 3r + (c, + cut + 2
c 12 t )e
2'
sin 3r
EULER'S EQUATION
8.230 Develop a method for obtaining nontrivial solutions to Euler's equation,
b n x"y
{n)
+ b n . x"-x
y- >
+
+ 2
b 2 x y" + b xy'
x
+ b y =
where bi (j 0, 1, ... , n) is a constant.
I An Euler equation can always be transformed into a linear differential equation with constant coefficients through
d
the change of variables z = In x or x = e
z
. With the notation D=
dz
, it follows from this equation and
the chain rule that
dy dy dz dy \ 1
dx dz dx dz x x
d3y 1
Similarly, ^ = -^ D(D - 1)(D - 2)y, and in general
ax x
pL L D{D _ 1)(D _ 2)(D - 3)

(D - n + l)y
dx x
By substituting these derivatives into an Euler equation, we obtain a linear differential equation without variable
coefficients, which may be solved like the other problems in this chapter.
8.231 Solve 2x 2 /' + Uxy' + 4y = 0.
This is an Euler equation. If we set x = e

z
, it follows from Problem 8.230 that y' Dy and
x
y" = = D(D l)v, and the given differential equation becomes 2D{D l)y + HZ)y + 4y = or
x
(2D 2 + 9D + 4)y = 0. Now all derivatives are taken with respect to z. From the result of Problem 8.23 (with
z replacing x), the solution is
y = Ae z 2 +'
Be* z = A(e z ) l/2 + B(e
z
f = Ax 112 + fix
4
8.232 Solve x 2 y" - 2y = 0.
This is an Euler equation with 6, = 0. If we set x = e

z
, it follows from Problem 8.230 that y' = - Dy
x
and y" = -j D(D - l)y, and the given differential equation becomes D(D - l)y - 2y = or
x
(D \2
2
-D- 2)y = 0. Now all derivatives are taken with respect to z. From the result of Problem 8.1 (with z
replacing x), the solution is
y = c^ -2 + c2e
2z
= c { (e
z
y +c l
2 (e
z 2
)
= c^x
-1
+ c2x
2
8.233 Solve x 2 y" - 6xy' = 0.
This is an Euler equation with b = 0. If we set x = e

z
, it follows from Problem 8.230 that y' = - Dy
x
and y" = -j D(D l)y, so that the given differential equation becomes D{D l)y 6Dy = or
(D 2 lD)y = 0. Now all derivatives are taken with respect to z. By Problem 8.2, the solution is
y = Ci + c2e
7z
= Ci + c 1 (e z 1 = c t + c 2 x 7
) .
8.234 Solve x 2 y" + xy' - 5y = 0.
This is an Euler equation. If we set x = e

z
, it follows that y' = -Dy and y" = D(D ,
1
l)y, so
x x"
that the given differential equation becomes D(D l)y + Dy 5y = or (D 2 5)y = 0. The independent
variable in this last equation is z, and by Problem 8.3 the solution is
y = cx e^ z + c2 e~^ z = c^Y 1
+ c 2 {e
z
)~^ = c x x v/5 + c2 x~^
8.235 Solve x 2 y" + 5xy' + 4y = 0.
I This is an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we obtain
D(D l)y + SDy + 4y = or (D
2
+ 4D + 4)y = 0. This equation is similar in form to that given in Problem
8.141, except now the independent variable is z; its solution is y = c x e~
2z
+ c 2 ze~
2z
= z
c x (e )"
2
+ z
c 2 z{e )~
2
.
Since x = e
z
and z = In x, it follows that y = c^x' 2
+ c 2 (\n x)x~ 2
= {c l + c 2 In x)/x
2
.
8.236 Solve x 2 y" - xy' + y = 0.
I an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we obtain

This is
D(D l)y y = Dy +
or (D 2D + l)y = 0. This equation is similar in form to that given in Problem
2
y = c x e + c 2 ze But x = e z and z = In x,
z z
8.143, except now the independent variable is z; its solution is .
so this solution may be rewritten as y = c x x + c 2 x In x.
8.237 Solve x 2 y" + xy' + 4y = 0.
I This is an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we rewrite the differential
equation as D(D 4y =
l)y
2
or (D + 4)y
+ Dy + = 0. This equation is similar in form to that given in
Problem 8.59, except now the independent variable is z; its solution is
y = c x cos 2z + c 2 sin 2z = c^ cos (2 In x) + c 2 sin (2 In x) = c l cos (In x2) + c 2 sin (In x 2)
8.238 Solve x 2 y" + xy' + 50y = 0.
f an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we rewrite the differential
This is
equation as D(D \)y + Dy + 50y = or (D + 50)y = 0. This equation is similar in form to that given
2
in Problem 8.60, except now the independent variable is z; its solution is

y = c x cos >/50z + c 2 sin \/50x = c x cos (^50 In x) + c 2 sin (V50 In x).
8.239 Solve x 2 y" - 5xy' + 25y = 0.
I an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we rewrite the differential
This is
equation as D{D l)y SDy + 25y = or (D 6D + 25)y = 0. This equation is similar in form to
2
1
190 D CHAPTER 8
that given in Problem 8.50, except now the independent variable is z; its solution is
v = e
3z
(c x cos4z + c 2 sin4z) = (e z ) 3 (c x cos4z + c 2 sin4z). But since x = e z and z = lnx, we have
y = x 3 [c l cos (4 In x) + c 2 sin (4 In x)] = x 3 [c, cos (In x 4 ) + c 2 sin (In x 4 )].
8.240 Solve x 3 y'" - 3x 2 y" + 6xy' - 6y = 0.
f This is an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we rewrite the differential
equation as D(D - 1)(D - 2)y - 3D(D - l)y + 6Dy - 6y = 0, or (D 3 - 6D 2 + UD - 6)y = 0. This equation
is similar in form to that given in Problem 8.28, except now the independent variable is z; its solution is
2z 3z
y = cxe
z
+ c2e + c 3e = cxe
z
+ c 2 (e
2 2
) + c 3 (r)
3
= cxx + c2x
2
+ c3x
3
8.241 Solve x 3 y'" - 2xy' + 4y = 0.
I This is an Euler equation with the coefficient of x 2 y" equal to zero. Using the substitutions suggested in
Problem 8.230, we rewrite the differential equation as D(D 1)(D 2)y 2Dy + 4y = or
(D 3 3D 2 + 4)y = 0. This equation is similar in form to that given in Problem 8.169, except now the
independent variable is z; its solution is
2z 2z 2 2 -
y = cxe + c 2 ze + c3e
z
= c x {e ) + c 2 z(e
z 2
) + c 3 (e
z
)
l
cxx
2
+ c2x
2
In x + c 3x
8.242 Solve 4x 3 y'" - 16x 2 y" - 55xy' - 8y = 0.
f This is an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we rewrite the differential
equation as AD(D - 1)(D - 2)y - 16D(D - 1) - 55Dy - 8y = 0, or (4D 3 - 28D 2 - 31D - 8)y = 0. This
equation is identical in form to that given in Problem 8.171. except now the independent variable is z; its
H:
solutionis y = c x e~
zl2
+ c 2 ze~
z 2
+ c 3e . Since x = e
z
and z = lnx, this solution becomes
8
y = c,x" ,/2
+ c 2 x~
1/2
In x + c3x .
8.243 Solve x 3 y" + 2x 2 y" + 4xy' - 4y = 0.
I This is an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we rewrite the differential
equation as D(D - \){D - 2)y + 2D(D - \)y + 4Dy - Ay = 0, or (D 3 - D 2 + AD - A)y = 0. Its characteristic
equation is /
3
A
2
+ 4/ 4 = 0, which has as its roots 1 and /2. The solution is
y = cxe
z
+ c 2 cos 2z + c } sin 2z = cxx + c2 cos (2 In x) + c 3 sin (2 In x) = cxx + c 2 cos (In x + 2
) c 3 sin (In x 2)
8.244 Solve x 3y " - 3x 2 y" - 3xy' + 36y = 0.
f This is an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we rewrite the differential equation
as D(D - \)(D - 2)y- 3D(D - l)y- 3Dy + 36y = 0. or (D 3 - 6D 2 + 2D + 36)y = 0. This equation is
similar in form to that given in Problem 8.1 10. except now the independent variable is z; its solution is
x 4 cos( x
2z 4z
y = c x e' + c2e cos\f2z + z
c 3 e* sin \J2z = c,x^ 2
4- c
2 2 In x) + e 3 x*sin(\ 21nx)
8.245 Solve x 4 y (4) + 14x 3 y (3) + 55x 2 y" + 65xy' + 16y = 0.
m This is an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we rewrite the differential
equation as
D(D - 1)(D - 2)(D - 3)y + IAD(D - 1)(D - 2) + 55D(D - 1) + 65Dy + 16y =

4
or (D + 8D 3 + 24D 2 + 32D + 16)y = 0. This equation is identical in form to that given in Problem 8.157,
except now the independent variable is z; its solution is
2z 2z
y = c x e~
2z
+ c 2 ze'
2z
+ c 3 z e~
2
+ c^z e~
3
= c x x'
2
+ c 2 (lnx)x~
2
+ c 3 (lnx)
2
x" 2 + c 4 (lnx)
3
x" 2
8.246 Solve x 4 y (4) + 6x 3 y (3) - 2x 2 y" - 8xy' + 20y = 0.
f This is an Euler equation. Using the substitutions suggested in Problem 8.230, we can rewrite the equation as
D(D - 1)(D - 2)(D - 3)y + 6D(D - l)(D - 2)y - 2D(D - l)y - 8>y + 20y =
4
or (D 9D 2 + 20)y = 0. This equation is similar in form to that given in Problem 8.29, except now the
independent variable is z; its solution is
2z 2z lz %3r >3
y = cxe + c 2 e~ + c 3 e^ + c 4 e~ = cxx
2
+ c 2 x~
2
+ c3x + c 4 x" v s
CHAPTER 9
The Method of
Undetermined Coefficients
EQUATIONS WITH EXPONENTIAL RIGHT SIDE

9.1 Solve y' - 5v = e
2x
.
2x
I We assume a particular solution of the form yp A e . The general solution to the associated homogeneous
5x
equation is shown in Problem 8.34 to be yh cxe . Since y p is not a linear combination of y h there , is no
need to modify it.
Substituting y p into the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, we obtain 2A e 2x 5A e 2x e 2x or

3A e
2x
e
2x
, from which we find A = \. Then y p = \e 2x and the general solution to the ,
Sx
2x
nonhomogeneous equation is y = yh + yp = cxe \e .
3x
9.2 Solve y + 6y = e .
3x
I We assume a particular solution of the form yp A e , where A denotes an unknown cons' ant which must
be determined. The general solution to the associated homogeneous equation is found in Problem 8.37 to be
yh = Ae-
6x
.
Since y p and y h have no terms in common except perhaps for a multiplicative constant, there is no need to
modify y p Substituting it into the given differential equation, we obtain 3A e 3x + 6A e 3x = e 3x
. or ,
3x 3x 3x
9A e = e , from which A = %. Then yp = %e , and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation
is y = + At>~ 6x +
= Ae 4- lo 3x
\e
yh yp
9.3 Solve y' + 6y = 18e

3a
I Both y p and y h of the previous problem are valid here. Substituting y p into this differential equation, we obtain
3A Q e 3x + 6A e 3x = 18<? 3x or 9A e 3x = \Se 3x Thus, A = 2 and y p = , . 2e
3x
The general solution to the .
nonhomogeneous differential equation is then y y h + y p Ae~ 6x + 2e 3x .
~ 5x
9.4 Solve y' + 6y = Ae .
I We assume a particular solution of the form yp A e~

5x
, with yh Ae~ 6x as in Problem 9.2.
Since y p and y h have no terms in common except perhaps for a multiplicative constant, there is no need to
modify y p Substituting it into the nonhomogeneous differential equation, we get
.
5A e~
5x
+ 6A e~
5x
4e~ 5x
, or A e' 5x 4e~ 5x Then A = 4, and.
yp 4e~
5x
. The general solution
6x
to the nonhomogeneous equation is thus y = y h + y p Ae + 4e~ 5x .
6x
9.5 Solve y' + 6y = 6e .
6x
1 We assume a particular solution of the form yp = A e , with y h as in the previous problem.
Since y p and y h are linearly independent, there is no need to modify y p Substituting it into the given .
differential equation, we obtain 6A e 6x + 6A e 6x = 6e 6x or l2A e 6x = 6e 6x Thus A = \, and , .
yp \e
6x
. The general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is then y = yh + yp Ae~ 6x + \e
bx
.
6x
9.6 Solve 2y'-5y = 6e .
I We assume y p as in the previous problem, but now the general solution to the associated homogeneous differential
5x ' 2
equation, as found in Problem 8.38, is yh = Ae . Since y p and y h are linearly independent, no modification of
yp is necessary.
2{6A e ) 5A e
bx 6x bx 6x 6x
Substituting y p into this differential equation, we obtain = 6e or lA e , = 6e .
b 6x
Thus A = f and y = e The general solution of the given differential equation is then
^
, .
p
x' 2 6x
y = yk + y, = + ê .
6x
9.7 Solve y" - 7y' = 6e .
6x
I We assume a particular solution of the form yp = A e . The general solution of the associated homogeneous
lx 6x
differential equation is found in Problem 8.2 to be y h - c , + c2e . Since e is not a linear combination of 1
lx
and e , there is no need to modify y p .
191
192 CHAPTER 9
Substituting y p into the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, we obtain 36A e 6x - l(6A e 6x = 6e 6s )
6x 6x
or -6A e = 6e . Thus A =-l, and y p = -e 6x The general solution to the given differential .
lx 6x
equation is then y = yh + yp = cx + c2e e .
Sx
9.8 Solve y" - ly = e .
f We assume a particular solution of the form y p = A e Sx , with y h as in the previous problem. Since y h has no
terms in common with y p except perhaps for a multiplicative constant, there is no need to modify y
p
.
Substituting y p into the given differential equation, we get 64A e Sx 7(8/l e 8x ) = e 8x or &A e Sx = e 8x , .
Thus A = 5, and y p = ê Sx The general solution to the . nonhomogeneous differential equation is then
lx
y = yn + >'
P
= c, + c2e + & 8x .
2x
9.9 Solve y" + 6/ + 9y = 100e .
2x
I We assume a particular solution of the form yp A e . The complementary solution is found in Problem
3x 3x
8.142 to be yc c x e~ + Since y p is not part of yc there is no need to modify y p
c 2 xe~ . , .
Differentiating y p twice and substituting ) = y p into the given differential equation, we obtain
2x 2x 2x
4A e + 6(2A e ) + 9A e 2x = \00e
2x
, or 25A e = \00e
2x
. Thus A = 4, and y. = 4e
2x
. The general
3x 3x
solution is then y =y +y = c
cê + c 2 xe + 4e
9.10 Solve y" y' 2y e

ix
I We assume a particular solution of the form yp A e 3x . The general solution to the associated homogeneous
equation is found in Problem 8.1 to be yh c e~
x
x
+ c 2 e 2x , and since y p is not part of y h no modification,
of y p is required.
Substituting y p into the differential equation, we obtain 9A e
ix
3A e 3x 2A e 3x = e 3x , or 4A e
3x
= e
3x
.
Thus A 5, and yp = {e
3x
. The general solution then is y = c e~ x + c 2 e 2x + \e 3x
x
.
fy dy
+y= 2 '.
9.11 Solve -4-4-f
dt
" dt
2
3e
I We assume a particular solution of the form yp A e

2
'. The general solution of the associated homogeneous
732r 2679 ';
differential equation is shown in Problem 8.9 to be y h C x
e
3
+ C 2 e -
since e
2'
cannot be written as
a linear combination of e
3 132t
and e 2679 there is no need
-
', to modify y p .
Substituting y p into the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, we obtain

4A e
2
- 4(2A e 2 ') + A e 2 = 3e 2 ', or -3A e 2 = 3e 2 '. Thus A Q -1, and
' ' '
= yp = -e 2 '. The general
= = C,e 3 732 2679 e2
solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is then y yh + y '
+ C 2 e ' '.
2
dy
-4y - 4 -f + y =
<^ , 3 '.
9.12 Solve 2
2e
dt dt
I assume a particular solution of the form y p = A e 3

We and y of the previous problem is valid here as well. ',
fc
Since y p and y h have no terms in common except perhaps for a multiplicative constant, there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y p into the given differential equation yields 9A Q e 4{3A e ') + A e = 2e

3 3 3 3
or ' ' ',
2A e
3'
= 2e 3 Thus A =-l, and v p =-e 3
'.
'
'.
The general solution to the given differential equation
is then y = y h + y p = C.e
3132
+ C 2 e 0261 9t - e 3 '
'.
2
d x dx
-y + 4 + %x = e~
2 '.
9.13 Solve 2
dt dt
I We assume a particular solution of the form xp A e~

2 '.
The general solution to the associated homogeneous
2 2'
problem is found in Problem 8.54 to be xh = c t e~
2t
cos 2f + c 2 e~
2'
sin 2t. Since the functions e~ ', e' sin 2t, and
2
e~ 'cos2f are linearly independent, there no need to modify .v p is .
Substituting x p into the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, we get

-2
2
4/V- + 4(-2/V- ') + 8/V
'
2
= <'~ 2 or 4A e' 2 = e~ 2t Thus A = and x p = \e' 2 ' ', '
.
'. The
genera! solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is then x x h + x p <T 2 '(Ci cos 2r + c 2 sin 2r + |).
9.14 Solve ^T-60 + 900/ = 5e 10

2
'.
dt dt
I We assume a solution of the form I

p
=A e
10 '.
The general solution of the associated homogeneous problem
30 ' 30 '.
is found in Problem 8.149 to be Ih = Ae + Bte Since / and Ih have no terms in common, except perhaps
.
THE METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS U 193
for a multiplicative constant, there is no need to modify I . Substituting it into the given nonhomogeneous
p
differential equation, we obtain lO0A o e lOt - 60(l0A o e 10 ') + 900A e
10 '
= 5e
i0 ',
or 4O0A o e 10 = 5e 10 Thus
' '.
10 '.
A = 0.0125, and I
p
= 0.0125e The general solution (o the nonhomogeneous equation is then
I = Ih + I
p
= Ae i0 + '
Bte i0 '
+ 0.0125<?
10 '.
+ 26 - 150x =
<Px d x dx
9.15 Solve -^ +
dr
5^ dt
2
dt
20<T'.
f We assume x p = A e~'. The general solution to the associated homogeneous

a particular solution of the form
differential Problem 8.112 to be x h = c x e Zi + e" 4 '(cj cos y/34t + c 3 sin>/34r). Since x p
equation is found in
cannot be obtained from x h by any choice of the arbitrary constants c ls c 2 and c 3 there is no need to modify it. , ,
Substituting x p into the given nonhomogeneous equation, we get

-A e~' + 5A e-' + 26(-A e~')- l50A o e~' = 20e~\ or - 172^ e _t = 20e~'. Thus A = -20/172, and
x = Yi2.e~'. The general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is then
g3t M sm V340
xh + XP = ci + e ( ci cos v34f + c3 Ae
9.16 Solve J -5
dt
3
</r
f-
2
+ 25-^- 1250 =
A
-60<?'
f We assume a particular solution of the form Qp = A e

7
'. The general solution to the associated homogeneous
equation is shown
Problem 8.113 to be in =
Q h c^ +
5 '
c 2 cos 5f + c 3 sin 5t. Since Qp cannot be obtained from
Qh by any choice of the constants c lt c 2 and , c3 , there is no need to modify Qp .
Substituting Qp into the given differential equation, we get

343A - 5(49 A e 7 + 25{lA e 7 - \25A e 7t = -60e 7 or \4SA e 7t = -60e 7 Therefore
e
7'
') ') ', '. A = -f,
Q p jê
7
and The general solution to the nonhomogeneous differential equation is then
'.
Q = Qh + Q P = c e5 + c 2 cos 5f + c i s n 5f _ 37^
7 '-
' J
\
9.17 Solve y
<4)
- 6y
(3)
+ 16/' + 54/ - 225>> = 100e~
2Ar
.
~
i We assume a particular solution of the form yp = A e 2x The general solution to the associated homogeneous
.
3x
equation Problem 8.124 to be y h = c
is shown in {
e + c 2 e~ 3x + c 3 e 3x cos4x + c 4 e 3x sin 4x. Since y p cannot
be obtained from y h by any choice of the constants cx through c 4 there , is no need to modify it.
Substituting y p into the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, we obtain

l6A e~ 2x - 6(-SA e- 2x + \6(4A e~ 2x + 54(-2A Q e~ - 225A e~ = 100e 2x or ) )
2x
)
2x
,
-205A o e~ 2x = 100e~ 2x Thus A = - 100/205 = -|f and y p = -ê' 2x The . . general solution to the
nonhomogeneous equation is then
y = yh + yP c \ e3x + c 2 e~
3x
+ c3e
3x
cos4x + c 4e
3x
sin4x jê~
2x
.
EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT RIGHT SIDE

9.18 Solve /- 5v = 8.
I We assume a particular solution of the form yp =A where A is a constant to be determined. The general
solution of the associated homogeneous equation is found in Problem 8.34 to be y h = c 1 e 5x Since any .
5x
nonzero constant A is linearly independent of e , there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y p into the nonhomogeneous equation and noting that y'p 0, we get 5A = 8, or
A = f. Then y p = f and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
5x
y = yh + yP = c e -f x
9.19 Solve /' -/- 2y = 7.

I We assume yp A The general solution to the associated homogeneous
a particular solution of the form .
2x
differential Problem 8.1 to be yh = c x e~ x + c 2 e
equation is shown Since y p cannot be obtained from y h by
in .
any choice of c and c 2 there is no need to modify it.

x ,
Substituting y p and its derivatives (all of which are zero) into the nonhomogeneous differential equation, we get
- 2A = 1 or A = \. Then y p = \ and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous
2x
equation is y = c { e~
x
+ c2e \.
2
d Q dO
9.20 Solve ^ + 8-^ + 520 = 26.
194 Q CHAPTER 9
I We assume a particular solution of the form Qp A The general solution to the associated homogeneous
.
-4 -4
equation is shown in Problem 8.55 to be Q h c^ cos 6t + c 2 e
'
sin 6f. Since Q p is not part of Q h it
'
,
requires no modification. Substituting Q p into the nonhomogeneous differential equation, we obtain

+ 8(0) + 52A = 26 or A \. Thus Q p = \ and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation
Q=
4t
c l e~* cos6t + c 2 e~ sin6t + \.
,
is
9.21 Solve 4r + 2
100 -r + 50,000*? = 2200.
dt dt
1 We assume a particular solution of the form qp A . The general solution to the associated homogeneous
50 50,
equation is found in Problem 8.56 (with q replacing /) to be q h = c 1 e" 'cos 50vT9f + c 2 e~ sin 50>/l9f.
Since q p is not part of q h no modification to q p is necessary.
,
Substituting q p into the nonhomogeneous differential equation, we get + 100(0) + 50,000.4 o = 2200, or
ô = 1 P 250- The general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is then
_50,
<7 = Qh + QP = c^' 50 '
cos 50^19? + c2e sin 50vT9t + ^.
9.22 Solve q + 20? + 200q = 24.
I We
assume a particular solution of the form q p = A The general solution to the associated homogeneous .
10 10
equation is, from Problem 8.64 with q replacing /, qh c e~ cos lOt + c 2 e~ sin lOf. Since an arbitrary x
' '
10( 10
constant A cannot be expressed as a linear combination of e~ cos 10t and e~ 'sin lOf, there is no need to
modify q p .
Substituting q p into the nonhomogeneous differential equation, we obtain 200.4 = 24, or A = q p ^.

The general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is then q = c^'^'cos lOf + c 2 e~ I0 'sin lOf + 23.
9.23 Solve q + 400q + 200,000? = 2000.
f assume a particular solution q p = A

We The general solution to the associated homogeneous equation
. is
found in Problem 8.70 to be q h = e~ 200 '{A cos400f + fisin400f), which has no terms in common with q p ;
thus, q p needs no modification.

Substituting q p into the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, we get 200,000/1 = 2000, or
A = q p 0.01. The general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is then
200
q = <?" '(/4cos400r + Bsin400f) + 0.01.
9.24 Solve q + 1000? + 50,000? = 2200.
f assume a particular solution of the form q p A

We . The general solution to the associated homogeneous
5219 9A1
q h = c e~
2
equation is shown in Problem 8.18 to be y
'
+ c 2 e~ '. Since q p and q h have no common terms,
there is no need to modify q p .
Substituting q p into the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, we obtain 50,000>1 = 2200, or
A = q p = 0.044. The general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is then
q = c e~
52 79
x
+ c 2 e- 9 * 12 + 0.044.
' '
9.25 Solve y++ 1000

-yf -^ + 250,OO0Q =
1000-^ 24.
dr dt
I assume a particular solution of the form Q p = A

We . The general solution to the associated homogeneous
500 500 '.
equation is shown in Problem 8.147 to be Q h = cê' '
+ c 2 te' Since Qp is not a linear combination of
-soor
e ancj ^-500^ no modification of Q p is required.
Substituting Qp into the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, we get + 1000(0) + 250,000/1 = 24,
or A = Qp = 9.6 x 10~ 5
. The general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is then
-5
Q Cl e- 500 +
= '
c 2 te-
500 '
+ 9.6 x 10 .
d 2x q q
9.26 Solve ^ x = -, where g denotes a positive constant.
dt~ 10 5
I The right side of this equation is a constant, so we assume a particular solution of the form xp = A The .
general solution to the associated homogeneous equation is found in Problem 8.21 to be

T
x h = (7^^' + C 2 e" % ^ '. Since x p cannot be obtained from x h by suitably choosing C\ and C 2 we do not ,
need to modify x p .
9 2.
Substituting x p into the nonhomogeneous differential equation, we get - -- A = -, or A = xp =
10 '
The general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is then x C x
e"
9 10 '
+ C 2 e~ %9 2.
THE METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS 195
2
d x g
9.27 Solve
at
x =
=-
20 10
2>g
, where g denotes a positive constant.
I Both x p and x h are as in the previous problem. Substituting x into this differential equation,
p
we get
=
% A = xp = = xh + xp = C 1 <rT*' + C 2 e-^
~m A or -\ Thus x t
'
-l
3 2
T + 5 T + 26 -
d x d x dx
9.28 Solve 3 2
150x = 30.
dt dt dt
I We assume a particular solution of the form xp =A . The general solution to the associated homogeneous
differential found in Problem 8.1 12 to be x h = c x e 3t + e~ A \c 2 cos y/34t + c 3 sin >/34t).
equation is Since x p
cannot be obtained from x h no matter how the arbitrary constants c through c 3 are chosen, there x is no need to
modify x p .
Substituting x p into the given differential equation, we obtain 150A = 30, or A = x p =\. The
general solution is then x = c^ 3 + '
e~
M (c cos yf$4t + c 3 sin \/34f)
2 j.
d
3
Q d2Q dQ
9.29 Solve f-5^ + 25-^- 1250 = 1000.
dt
3
dt
2
dt
I We assume a particular solution of the form Qp = A . The complementary function is showr. in Problem
Q
5'
8.1 13 to be c c{e + c 2 cos 5f + c 3 sin 5r. Since Q p is not a linear combination of e 5 ', cos 5r, and sin 5t,
there is no need to modify Qp .
Substituting Qp into the given differential equation, we obtain 5(0) + 25(0) 125A = 1000. Thus
ô Q P ~ 8, and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous differential equation is
Q = Qc + Q P = c i
e$ ' + c 2 cos 5f + c 3 sin 5t - 8 -
9.30 Solve y
(4)
- 6y
(3)
+ 16/' + 54/ - 225y = -75.
I We assume a particular solution of the The complementary function is found in Problem 8.124
form yp =A .
3x 3x 3x
to be yc c1e c 2 e~ + c3e
3jc
cos4x + c 4 e sin 4x. Since y p cannot be obtained from ye by any choice of
+
the constants c through c 4 there is no need to modify y p
x
, .
Substituting p into the given differential equation, we find

v' 225A 75. Therefore, A y p \, and
the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
y y c + v'p c e
3x
+ c 2 e~ 3x + c 3 e 3x cos 4x + c 4 e 3x sin 4x + ^.
x
EQUATIONS WITH POLYNOMIAL RIGHT SIDE

9.31 Solve y'-5y = 3x+l.
f Since the right side of the differential equation is a first-degree polynomial, we try a general first-degree
polynomial as a particular solution. We assume yp =A x
x +A , where the coefficients A and A must
y
be
5x
determined. The solution to the associated homogeneous equation is shown Problem 8.34
in to be yh = cxe .
Since no part of y p solves the homogeneous equation, there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y p into the given nonhomogeneous equation and noting that y'
p
Au we get
A x
5{A x x +A ) = 3x + 1, or ( 5/4 x
)x + {A {
5A ) = 3x + 1. Equating the coefficients of like powers
of x, we obtain
5^ x =3 or A
/ij- - 15

A -5/4 =
y
1 or ^0 25
Then yp = |x ^, and the general solution is y = yh + yp = cxe

5x - |x ^.
9.32 Solve /- 5y = 8x.
f The right side of this differential equation is a first-degree polynomial, so both y and y h of the previous problem
p
are valid here. Substituting y p into the given differential equation, we get A x - 5{A x x + A Q ) = 8x, or
(- 5/4 Jx + (A x - 5A ) = 8x + 0. Equating the coefficients of like powers of x, we obtain
-5A t
=8 or Ax =
A - 5A =
x
or A = __
25
Thus yp = fx ^, and the general solution to the given nonhomogeneous equation is

5x
y = }'h + y P = c,e - fx - &.
196 CHAPTER 9
9.33 Solve / - Sy = 2x 2 - 5.
f Since the right side is a second-order polynomial, we assume a general second-order polynomial for y namely
yp = A2x2 + A x + A The complementary solution remains as it was in the previous two problems:
x
.
yh x
= c e 5x Since y p and y h have no terms in common except perhaps for a multiplicative constant, there
. is no
need to modify y p .
Substituting y p along with y'

p
= 2A 2 x + A x
into the given differential equation, we find that
2A 2 x + Ay- 5{A 2 x 2 +A x
x +A ) = 2x 2 - 5, or (-5A 2 )x 2 + (2A 2 - 5A x
)x + (A x - 5A = ) 2x 2 + Ox - 5.
Equating coefficients of like powers of x, we obtain
5A 2 = 2 or A 2 = -0.4
2A 2 -5Ay - or A = -0.16
x
Ay- -5A = -5 or A = 0.968

Then yp = 0.4x 0.1 6x + 0.968, 2
and the general solution to the given differential equation is
5x
y = cxe - 0.4x 2 - 0.16x + 0.968.
9.34 Solve 2/ - 5 y = 2x 2 - 5.
f The particular solution y of the previous problem is valid here, but the complementary solution
p is now
y = Ae
5xl2
c (see Problem 8.38). Substituting y into the differential equation, we get
p
2(2A 2 x + A x
) - 5(A 2 x
2
+A x+A x
) = 2x 2 - 5, or (-5A 2 )x 2 + (4A 2 - 5A x
)x + (2A X
- 5A ) = 2x 2 + Ox - 5.
Equating coefficients of like powers of x, we obtain
-5/1 2 = 2 or A 2 = -0.4
4A 2 -5A X
= or A = -0.32
x
2/1, -5A = -5 or A = 0.872
The general solution is then y = c e

x
5xl2
0.4x
2
0.32x + 0.872.
9.35 Solve y" - y' - 2y = 4x 2 .
I assume a particular solution of the form y p = A 2 x 2 + A x + A

We The general solution to the associated x
.
x 2x
homogeneous differential equation is found in Problem 8.1 to be yh = c e' + c 2 e Since y p and y h have x
.
no terms in common except perhaps for a multiplicative constant, there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y p into the given differential equation, we get 2A 2 {2A 2 x + A ) 2(A 2 x 2 + A x + A ) = 4x 2 x x
or, equivalently, (

2A 2 )x + ( 2A 2 2A )x + (2A 2 A 2A = 4x 2 + Ox + 0. Equating the coefficients
2
x x
)
of like powers of x, we obtain

2A 2 4 or A2 2
-2A 2 -2A X
=0 or A = x
2
2A 2 A 2A = x
or AQ = 3
Then yp = 2x + 2
2x 3, and the general solution is y = yh + yp c x e~
x
+ c 2e
2x 2x 2 -I- 2x 3.
2
d y dy
9.36 Solve -4-4-f-
2
+ y = 3f-4.
dt dt
I Since the right side is a first-order polynomial in t, we assume a general first-order polynomial in f as the form
of a particular solution. We try yp A x t + A The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.9 to be
.
3 732 2619 '.

yc = C x
e
-
'
+ C2e -
Since y p and yc have no terms in common, there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y p p,
=A y'
x
, and y"p = into the given differential equation, we get
- 4A + A X x
t + A = 3t - 4, or A x
t + (-4A + A X ) = 3f - 4. Equating coefficients of like powers of t
yields
A x
=3
-4A x
+A =-4 or A = 8
31i2
Then y = 3f + 8, and the general solution is y = ye + y =C x
e '
+ C 2 e- 2619t + 3r + 8.
2
d y . dy
9.37 Solve -f 2
- 4 -f + y = t
2
- 2t + 3.
dt dt
f Since the right side of this differential equation is a second-degree polynomial, we try a second-degree
2
polynomial (with undetermined coefficients) as the form of y p namely , yp A2 t +A x
t +A . The
THE METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS D 197
complementary solution of the previous problem is valid here, and since y and yc have no terms in common,
p
there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y p into the given differential equation, we obtain

2A 2 - 4(2A 2 t + A x ) + A2 + A t + A = 2 - It + 3,
t
2
x
t or
A 2 t 2 + (-8/l 2 + A x
)t + (2A 2 - 4/1, + A = 2 - It + ) t 3. Equating coefficients of like powers of t, we get
A2 = 1
-%A 2 + A y
= -2 or A = x
6
2A 2 -4A + A = X
3 or A = 25
Then yp = t
2
+ 6t + 25, and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
y =C x
e
3132t
+ C 2 e 2619 + 2 + 6t + 25.
-
'
t
9.38 Solve - 4 -^ + y =
df
2
dr
2t
3
+ 3f
2
- 1.
I Since the right side of the differential equation is a third-degree polynomial, we assume a general third-degree
polynomial as the form of a particular solution. We try yp A3 t
3
+ A2 t
2
+ A x
t +A . The complementary
solution is again that of Problem 9.36.
Substituting y p along with y'
p
= 3A 3 t 2 + 2A 2 + A t x
and y"
p
= 6A 3 + 2A 2 t into the nonhomogeneous
differential equation, we get
6A 3 t + 2A 2 - 4(3A 3 t 2 + 2A 2 t + A + A 3 3 + A 2 t 2 + A t + A = 2t 3 + 3r 2 -
x )
t
x
1
or A3 t
3
+ (-12A 3 + A 2 )t + 2
(6A 3 - SA 2 + A )t + {2A 2 - AA + A = 2t 3 + 3r 2 + Ot -
x X ) 1
Equating coefficients of like powers of t, we obtain

A3 = 2
-12A 3 + A 2 = 3 or A2 = 27
6A 3 - SA 2 + A x
=0 or A = x
204
2/4 2 -4/1, + A = -1 or /1 = 761
Then yp = 2t
3 2
+ 21t + 204r + 761, and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
3132
y = C x
e '
+ C 2 2679 + 2t 3 + 21t 2 + 204f + 761.
<?
-
'
+4+
d x dx
9.39 Solve dt
=-
2
dt
8.x = -3t + 1.
I We try a particular solution of the form xp A x

t +A . The complementary solution is shown in
2' 2'
Problem 8.54 to be xc = c x e~ cos 2t + c 2 e~ sin 2t. Substituting x p along with its derivatives into the given
differential equation, we obtain + 4A + X
S(A x t +A ) = -3t + 1, or (SA x
)t + {4A X
+ SA ) = -3f + 1.
Equating coefficients of like powers of t, we find that
8/4, = 3 or A = x
i
4/1, + 8/l = 1 or A = 16
Thus yp = |r + ^, and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
= sin 2f ft +
2t 2< _5_
x cxe cos2f + c 2 e
9.40 Solve + 4 -^ +
dt
2
dt
8.x = 8t
2
+ 8r + 18.
I Since the right side is a second-degree polynomial, we try .x

p
= A2 t
2
+A x
t +A . The complementary
solution of the previous problem is valid here. Substituting x p along with its derivatives into the given differential
2
equation, we get + 4{2A 2 + A + S(A 2 2 + A + A =
2/4 2 t
x )
t
x
t ) St + St + 18, or
{SA 2 )t 2
+ (SA 2 + SA )t + (2A 2 + 4A + SA = 8r 2 + 8f + 18.
x X
) Equating coefficients of like powers of t,
we obtain
SA 2 =8 or A2 = 1
SA 2 + 8/1, =8 or A =0 x
2A 2 + 4A +%A = X
18 or /1 = 2
Thus x p = t 2 + 2, and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is

2
x = c e~ 2 'cos2t +
2t
x
c 2 e~ s\r\2t + t + 2.
198 D CHAPTER 9
d 2x ,dx
8x = - ,
2
9.41 Solve 5-
2
+4 + t .
dt dt
I Since the right side of the differential equation is a second-degree polynomial, y of the previous problem
p
is
appropriate here. The complementary solution given by y c of Problem 9.39, and since is it has no terms in
common with the particular solution, no modifications are necessary.

Substituting y p and its derivatives into the given differential equation, we get
2A 2 + 4(2A 2 t + A x)
+ S(A 2 t 2
+ A,t + A = -t 2 or ) ,
(SA 2 )t
2
+ (8A 2 + iAi)t + (2A 2 + 4A + SA = -t 2 + X ) Of + 0. Equating coefficients of like powers of t,
we obtain
M 2
= -1 or A 2 = -g
8/4 2 + 8/4, =0 or At = I
2A 2 + 4A 1
+$A = or A = -^
Then xp gf + gf y^, and the general solution
2
to the nonhomogeneous equation is
= cos 2t + c 2 e~ sin 2t - gf +& %.

2t 2t 2
x c x e~
9.42 Solve
d x
=- + 4
dt
2

dx
+ 8x =
dt
16f
3
- 40f
2
- 60r + 4.
I The complementary solution is that of Problem 9.39. Since the right side of the given nonhomogeneous equation
is a third-degree polynomial, we
try a third-degree polynomial as the form of a particular solution. assume We
xp = A3 t
3
+ A 2t
2
A t + A Then xp x
3A 3 t 2 2A 2 t
+ .
x
and x"p 6A 3 t + 2A 2 Substituting these = + +A = .
quantities and x p into the given differential equation, we obtain
6A 3 t + 2A 2 + 4(3/4 3 f
2
+ 2A 2 + A t
x ) + 8(/l 3 f
3
-I- A 2t2 + A x
t + A ) = 16f
3
- 40t
2
- 60f + 4
or (8-4 3 )t
3
+ (12,4.3 + 8/l 2 )t
2
+ (6.4 3 + 8/4 2 + SA ,)r + (2A 2 + 4A + SA X ) = 16f
3
- 40r
2
- 60f + 4
Equating coefficients of like powers of f, we get
8/4 3 = 16 or <4 3 = 2
12/4 3 + 8/4 2 = -40 or A 2 = -8

6.4 3 + 8/4 2 -1-8.4, = -60 or At = -1
2A 2 + 4A +%A = 4 X
or A = 3
Then xp 2f
3
8f + 3, and the general solution
2
t to the nonhomogeneous equation is
x = c x e~
2
'cos2t + c 2 e 2 'sin It + 2f 3 - 8r 2 - + 3. t
d 2x
9.43 Solve T + 4
dt
dx
2
+ 8x =
dt
8f
4
+ 1 6f
3
- 1 2f
2
- 24r - 6.
I The complementary xe of Problem 9.39. Since the right side of the given nonhomogeneous
solution is. again.
differential equation we assume a general fourth-degree polynomial as the form of
is a fourth-degree polynomial,
a particular solution. That is, we let xp = A 4 t 4 + A 3 t 3 + A 2 t 2 + A t -I- A Since x p has no term in common x
.
with the complementary solution except perhaps for a multiplicative constant, there is no need to modify x p .
x' = 4/4 4 f + 3A 3 t + 2A 2 t + A and x"p = '2/l 4 f 2 + 6A 3 t + 2A 2 into

3 2
Substituting x p and its derivatives p x
the nonhomogeneous differential equation, we get
4 3 2
12.4 4 r
2
+ + 2A 2 + 4(4Aj 3 + 3A 3
6/4 3 f t
2
+ 2A 2 + A J +
t 8(/l 4 f + A3 t + A2 t + A x
t + A )
4
= 8f + 16f 3 - 12f 2 - 24f - 6
4 3
or (8/4 4 )t + (16/4 4 + 8-4 3 )r + (12/4 4 + !2/4 3 + SA 2 )t 2 + (6/4 3 + SA 2 + %A x
)t + (2A 2 + 4A + X
8/4 )
4
= 8t + 16r
3
- 12f
2
- 24f - 6
Equating coefficients of like powers of t yields
8/4 4 8 or AA = 1
16.4 4 + SA 3 = 16 or A3 =
12/4 4 + 12/4 3 + 8/l 2 - -12 or A 2 = -3
6/4 3 + + %A
8^1 2 l
= -24 or At =
2A 2 + 4A + X
8^1 = -6 or A =
4
Then xp = f 3r
2
, and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
4 -
x = c 1
2
e~ 'cos2f + c 2 e"
2,
sin2f + f 3f
2
.
A A A
d 2I dl
9.44 Solve y - 60 + 900/ = 1800r 3
- 300f.
dr dt
I We assume a particular solution of the form + A + A The general solution of the I

p
= A3 t
3
+ A2 t
2
t
t .
associated homogeneous equation is found in Problem 8.149 to be I c = Ae 30 + Bte 30 Since/ and I c have ' '
.
no terms in common, there is no need to modify I p .
Substituting I p and its derivatives into the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, we obtain
6A 3 t + 2A 2 - 60(3A 3 t 2 + 2A 2 t + A J + 900(A 3 t 3 + A 2 t 2 + A t + A = 1800r 3 - 300t, or x )
(900^ 3 )r
3
+ ( I8O/I3 + 900A 2 )t + 2
(6A 3 - 120A 2 + 900/1, )t + (2A 2 - 60/1, + 900 ) = 1800r
3
- 300t
Equating coefficients of like powers of t yields
900 A 3 = 1800 or A,= 2
-180/4 3 + 900A 2 or A2 = 0.4
6A 3 00 A i
= -300 or Al = -0.2933
2/1- 60A +900A =
1
or A = 0.0204
Then I p = 2t 3 + 0.4r 2 0.2933f + 0.0204, and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
30
/ = Ae + Bte 30 + 2t 3 + OAt 2 - 0.2933r + 0.0204.
' '
9.45 Solve
dt
2r
- 60 + 900/ = 900r
dt
4
+ 1800t
3
- 3600f
2
.
I We assume a particular solution of the form I

p
= A 4 t4 + A 3 t
3
+ A2 2 + A + A tThe complementary x
t .
solution is I c of the previous problem, and since it has no term in common with I p there is no need to modify , I
f
Substituting I
p
and its first two derivatives into the given nonhomogeneous equation, we get
\2A 4 t 2 + 6/l 3 f + 2A 2 - 60(4/l 4 r

3
+ 3A 3 t 2 + 2A 2 + A t
x ) + 900(/l 4 t
4
+ A3 t
3
+ A 2t2 + A x
t +A )
4
= 900f + 1800r
3
- 3600f
2
4
or (900/l 4 )r + (-240/4 4 + 900A 3 )t 3 + (12/1 4 - iS0A 3 + 900^1 2 )r 2 + (6A 3 - \20A 2 + 900A t
)t
+ (2/4 2 - 60/4 + 900 !- 900f 4 + 1800r 3 - 3600r 2 + Of +

)
Equating coefficients of like powers of t, we obtain

900A A = 900 or At = 1
-240/l 4 + 900/l3 = 1800 or A 3 = 2.267

12/1 4 - I8O/I3 + 900A
M 2 -3600 or A 2 = -3.560
0/4 2 + 900/4! or A x = -0.490
2A 2 - 60 y
+900^1 = or A = 0.025
Then I p = t 4 + 2.267r 3 - 3.56r 2 - 0.490f + 0.025, and the general solution is
/ = Ae
30
+ Bte 30 + t 4 + 2.261t 3 -
' '
3.56r
2
- 0.490f + 0.025.
9.46 Solve T - 60 + 900/ = 4500f

2
5
.
dt dt
4 3 2
I We assume a particular solution of the form I
p
A5 t
5
+ /l 4 f + A3 t + A2 t + A^t +A , which is a
general fifth-degree polynomial in The complementary solution t. is I c of Problem 9.44. Substituting I
p
and its
4 3 2
first two derivatives, I p = 20A 5 t 3 + l2A 4 t 2 + 6A 3 t + 2A 2 and I'
p
= 5/l 5 t + 4^ 4 t + 3^ 3 r + 2A 2 + A t
1
,
into the given differential equation and rearranging yield
(900A 5 )t 5 + (-300/1 5+ 900A 4 )t 4 + (20A 5 - 240A 4 + 900A 3 )t 3 + (12/1 4 - IS0A 3 + 900^ 2 K 2

+ (6/4 3 - 120A 2 + 900/4j)r + (2A 2 - 60/1, + 900A = 4500f 5 + Or 4 + Of 3 + Or 2 + Of + )
Equating coefficients of like powers of f, we get
900/4 5 = 4500
-300/4 5 + 900/l 4 =
20/4 5 - 240 A 4 + 900 A 3 =
12/4 4 - I8O/I3 -I- 900A 2 =
6/13-120/12+900/1, =
2A 2 - 60/1, +900A =
200 CHAPTER 9
The solution of this system is A 5 = 5, A x = 1.6667, A 3 = 0.3333, A 2 = 0.0444, A = l

0.0037, and
A = 0.0001. Thus, the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is
I = I + I p = Ae
C
30t
+ Bte 30 + 5f 5 + 1.667r 4 + 0.3333* 3 + 0.0444t 2 + 0.0037r + 0.0001.
'
3 2
9.47 Solve
d x
+
dt
r-
3
5
d x
-=-
dv
+ 26
dx
dt
- 150x = 600f.
I We try a particular solution of the t + A form xp = A

The general solution to the associated homogeneous x
.
_4
equation is found Problem 8.112 to be x h = c,e 3 + c 2 e 'cos V34f + c 3 e _4r sin V34t. Since there is no need
in '
to modify x p , we substitute it and its derivatives into the given differential equation, obtaining
+ + 26,4, - 150M,r + A = 600f, or (- 150/1 ,)r + (26/1, - 150A ) = 600f. It follows that
)
-150/1! -600 or A = -4
l
26/1, - 150/1 =0 or A = -0.693

Then x p At 0.693^ and the genend_solution is
x = c,e 3 + c 2 e~*' cos V34r + c 3 e'*' sin ^34f -At-

'
0.693.
T + 26 -
d x d x dx
9.48 Solve T + 5 3 2
1 50.x = 600f
2
.
dt dt dt
1 We assume a particular solution of the form xp = A2 t

2
+A x
t + A , while the general solution x h of the
previous problem is valid here. Substituting x p into the given differential equation yields
+ 5(2A 2 ) + 26(2A 2 + A - \50(A 2 2 + A + A = 600f 2 or
t
x ) t
t
t ) ,
(- 150 A 2 )t 2
+ (52/1 2 - 150/1,)! + (10 A 2 + 26/1, - \50A = 600t 2 + ) Or + 0. Equating coefficients of like powers
of t, we find
-150A 2 =600 or A 2 = -4
52/1 2 - 150/1, = or Ax = -1.387
10A 2 + 26/1, - \50A = or A = -0.507
4 4
Then x x h + x = cxe
,
3'
+ c2e ' cos >/34r
'
+ c3e '
sin -J},4t -
-4f 2 - - 1.387r - 0.507.
9.49 Solve p + 5 3
-~
2
+ 26-^- 150x = 600f
3
.
dt dt dt
I We assume a particular solution of the form xp = A3 t

3
+ A2 t
2
+ A {
t + A , while x h of Problem 9.47 is
valid here. Substituting x p and its derivatives into the given differential equation and equating coefficients of like
powers of t in the resulting equation, we obtain
-150/13 =600 or A3 =-4

1SA 3 -\50A 2 = or A 2 = -2.08
3O/I3+ 52/4 2 - 150/1, =0 or A = -1.521
x
6A 3 + 10/1 2 + 26/1, - 150A = or A = -0.562

Then x = xh + xp = c,r" + c 2 e~*' cos >{3At + c 3 e~
At
sin V34' - 4t
3
- 2.08t
2
- 1.52k - 0.562.
9.50 Solve *^-r

dt
3
+ 5 ~dt
2
+ 26 -?
dt
- 1 50.x = 600f
4
.
4
I We assume a particular solution of the form xp = A4 t + A3 t
3
+ A 2t2 + A Y
t + A , while x,, of Problem 9.47
is valid here. Substituting x p and its derivatives into the given differential equation and equating coefficients of
like powers of t in the result, we get
150^4 = 600 or A A = -4
104^4 - 150^3 = or A 3 = -2.773
6O/I4 + 78/l 3 1 50 A 2 = or A 2 = -3.042
24/l 4 + 30/13 + 52A 2 150 A, = or A = -2.249
x
6A 3 + 10A 2 + 26/1, - = or A = -0.704
Then the general solution is
x = xh + xp = cye
3t
+ c 2e
4t
cos v34r + c3e
4I
sin v'34t - 4f .773r
3 --
3.042r
2
- 2.249t - 0.704
d3
Q Q d2 dQ
9.51 Solve -^-5-^ + 25-^-125(2= -625r 4 + 250t
3
-150f 2 + 60r+ 137.
I We try a particular solution of the form Q p = A+t* + A 3 t 3 + A 2 t 2 + A t + A The complementary solution t

.
is shown in Problem 8.1 13 to be Q c = c e 5 + c 2 cos 5t + c 3 sin 5t. Since Q and Q t have no terms in common,
{
'
p
there is no need to modify Q p Substituting Q and its derivatives into the given differential equation and equating
.
p
coefficients of like powers of t in the result, we obtain
-125A 4 = -625 or At = 5
\00A 4 - 125/4 3 = 250 or A3 = 2
-60A 4 + 75 A 3 - 125 A 2 = -150 or A2 =

24A 4 - 30A 3 + 50/4 2 - 125/4, = 60 or A =
t
6/4 3 - 10A 2 + 25/4, o

137 or A = -1
Then the general solution is Q - Q + Q p = c^ 5 +
c
'
c 2 cos 5t + c 3 sin 5t + 5r
4
+ 2t
3 - 1.
9.52 Solve = - % + 25 ~ - 125Q* = 5000f

dt
3
5
dt
2
dt
5
- 3000f
3
.
i We assume a particular solution of the form Qp = A 5 + A4f + A 3 + A 2 + A + A

5
t
3 2
t t
y
t , while Q c
remains as in the previous problem. Substituting Q p and its derivatives into the given differential equation and
equating coefficients of like powers of t in the result, we get
-125^ s = 5000
125/4 5 - 125X4. =
-100/4 5 + 100/4 4 - 125X3 = -3000
60A 5 - 60X 4 + 75A i -l25A 2 =
24X 4 - 30X 3 + 50/4 2 - 125/4, =
6X3 - 10/4 2 + 25A 1
-- 125/4 =
This system may be solved to yield A 5 = A 4 = 40, A3 = 24, A2 = 14.4, A = x
7.68, and A = 1.536.
Then the general solution is
Q = QP + Qc = c^ 5 + '
c2 cos 5t + c 3 sin 5f - 40r
5
- 40t* + 24t
3
+ 14.4f
2
- 7.68t - 1.536.
9.53 Solve (D 4 - 16)y = 80x 2 .
I We assume a particular solution of the form yp A 2x2 + A y

x +A . The general solution to the
2x 2x
associated homogeneous equation is shown in Problem 8.128 to be y h c, cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x = + c3e + c 4 e~ .
Since y p and y h have no terms in common, there is no need to modify y p .
4
Substituting y p into the nonhomogeneous equation and noting that D v p = 0, we find
x + A ) = 80x 2 + (-\6A )x + (-16A = 80x 2 + Ox + 0. Equating
2
- 16(/4 2 x
2
+A x
or (-l6A 2 )x ,
t )
coefficients of like powers of x then yields 16/1 2 = 80, so that A 2 = 5, and /4, = A = 0. Thus
2x
yp = 5x 2 , and the general solution is y = c, cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x + c 3 e + c 4 e~ 2x 5x 2 .
9.54 Solve (D 4 - 16)y = 80x 5 - 16.
f We assume a particular solution of the form = A 5 x 5 + X 4x4 + A 3 x 3 + A 2 x 2 + A

yp y
x +A , while y h of
the previous problem is valid here as well. Substituting y p and D 4 y p = 120X 5 x + 24X 4 into the given
differential equation, equating coefficients of like powers of x in the result, and solving for the coefficients of
y p we find that
, A s = 5, A 4 = A 3 = A 2 = 0, A = -37.5, and
x
A =l. Then yp = 5x s 37.5x + 1,
2x
and the general solution is y = c, cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + c 3 e + c 4 e~ 2x - 5x 5
- 37.5x + 1.
EQUATIONS WHOSE RIGHT SIDE IS THE PRODUCT OF

A POLYNOMIAL AND AN EXPONENTIAL
9.55 Solve y' - 5y = xe 2x .
1 Since the right side of this equation is the product of a first-degree polynomial and an exponential, we
assume a particular solution of the same form a general first-degree polynomial times an exponential. We try
2x
y p = (/4,x + A Q )e The solution to the associated homogeneous differential equation is found in Problem 8.34
.
to be yh = c l
e
5x
Since y p and y h have no terms in common, there is no need to modify y p
. .
^
202 CHAPTER 9
2x
Substituting y p into the given differential equation, while noting that y'p = A x e + 2(A x x + A Q )e 2x , we
2x 2x 2x 2x
obtain A x e + 2(A x x + A )e 5(A x x + A )e = xe which may be simplified to ,
(
3A x
)x + (A x 3A ) = x. Equating coefficients of like powers of x, we obtain
3A l
=1 or A \
x
A 3A =x
or A
2x
Then yp= ( ^x ^)e , and the general solution to the nonhomogeneous differential equation is
y = yh + y P = c e5x - i W lx
- lx
-
9.56 Solve /- 5y = (2x - \)e

2x
.
I The right side of this equation is again a first-degree polynomial times an exponential, and both y p and y h
of the previous problem are valid here. Substituting y p into the given differential equation and simplifying, we
obtain {
3A x
)x + (A x 3A ) = 2x 1. Equating coefficients of like powers of x yields
3A X
=2 or At = \
/!,
3/l = 1 or A = ^
Then ( fx %)e 2x and the
yp -I- , general solution to the nonhomogeneous differential equation is
y = yh + yP = c^ 5x + (-* + hV x -
9.57 Solve y' - 5y = 3x 2 e

2x
.
1 Since the right side of this equation is a second-degree polynomial times an exponential, we assume a
particular solution in the form of a general second-degree polynomial times an exponential:
>'
p
= {A 2 x 2 +A x
x +A )e
2x
. From Problem 8.34 we have, as the general solution of the associated
5x
homogeneous differential equation, yh Because y p and y h have no terms
cxe . in common except perhaps
for a multiplicative constant, there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y p and y'

p
= [2A 2 x 2 + + 2A
(2A 2 r
)x + Ay + 2A Q ~\e 2x into the given differential equation yields,
after simplification, (
3A 2 )x + 2
(2A 2 3A )x + t
(A x
3A = 3x 2 + Ox + 0.
) Equating coefficients of like
powers of x, we obtain
3A 2 = 3 or A2 = 1
2A 2 -- 3/1, = or A =
x
2
"3
A, 3/4 = or A = 2
'9
Then yp= ( fx 2 fx \)e 2x and the , general solution to the nonhomogeneous differential equation is
y = y + y P = c e ix + (-|x 2 - fx - \)e 2x
{
.
9.58 Solve y' - 5y = (-9x 2 + 6x)e

2x
.
I The right side of this equation is again a second-degree polynomial times an exponential, and y p y'p and , ,
yh are all as in the previous problem. Substituting the first two into the given differential equation yields
2x 2x 2*
\2A 2 x 2 + (2/1 2 + 2A x
)x + A + 2A x
]e - 5(A 2 x
2
+ /l,x + A )e = (-9x 2 + 6x)e
After simplifying and equating the coefficients of like powers of x, we have
-3A 2 = -9 or A2 = 3
2A 2 -3A X
=6 or A t
=0
A l
-3A = or Ao =
Then yp = 3x 2 e
2x
, and the general solution to the given differential equation is y = yh + yp = cxe
5x
+ 3x 2 e 2x .
9.59 Solve >' - 5y = (2x

3
- 5)e
2x
.
I Since the right side of this equation and an exponential, we is the product of a third-degree polynomial
assume a particular solution in the form of a general third-degree polynomial times an exponential:
5x
y p = (/l 3 x + A 2 x + A x x + A )e
3 2 2x
The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.34 to be y h = c .
x
e .
Since y p and y h have no terms in common, there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y and y'p = (3A 3 x + 2A 2 x + A )e

2
p
2x
+ 2(/l 3 x 3 -I- A 2 x 2 + A x + A )e 2x into the given x x
differential equation yields, after simplification,
(-3/4 3 )x 3 + (3^3 - 3A 2 )x 2 + (2A 2 - 3A x

)x + (A X - 3A 2 = ) 2x 3 + Ox 2 + Ox - 5
Equating coefficients of like powers of x and solving the resulting system of equations, we obtain
^3 - ^2 = ~h A = - 9> an d A Q = ty. The \ general solution is then
5x
y = y h + y P = c,e + (-fx 3 - fx 2 -%x + ^)e 2x .
9.60 Solve y' + 6y= 18xe" 3 *.
I We assume a particular solution of the form yp - {A x y

+ A Q )e~ 3x , which is the product of a first-degree
polynomial and an exponential. The complementary function is shown in Problem 8.37 to be y c = Ae~ 6x Since .
y p and yc have no terms in common, there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y p into the given differential equation yields, after simplification, (3 A t

)x + (A l+ 3A 18x + ) 0.
Equating coefficients of like powers of x then yields A x and A = 2, d so yp dx 2 and the

general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation is y = Ae~ 6x + (6x 2)e~
3x
.
9.61 Solve y' + 6y = 9xV - 12xV.

x
(9x \2x )e
3 2
f The right side of this equation
is which is , the product of a third-degree polynomial and
x x
e so we assume
,
yp = 3 2
(A 3 x + A 2 x + A x + A )e Also, y t
.
c
of the previous problem is valid here; since it
has no term in common with y p there is no need to modify y p , .
Substituting y p into the given differential equation yields
x x x
(3A 3 x 2 + 2A 2 x + A^)e + (A 3 x 3 + A2x2 + A x + A x
)e + 6(A 3 x
3
+ A2x2 + A t
x +A )e - (9x
3
- 12xV
After this equation is simplified and the coefficients of like powers of x are equated, we have
7/4 3 = 9 or A3 = 1.29
3A 3 + 1A 2 = -12 or A2 = -2.27
2A 2 + 1A X
=0 or A - 0.65
x
A + 1A =x
or A = -0.09
The general solution is then y = yh + yp = Ae~ 6x + (1.29x
3
- 2.27x
2
+ 0.65x - 0.09 )e
x
.
9.62 Solve y" - ly' = (3 - 36x)e*

x
.
4x
I We try yp = {A l x +A
a first-degree polynomial times an exponential, as a particular solution. The
)e
'
lx
complementary solution is shown in Problem 8.2 to be y c = c + c 2 e Since y p and yc have no term in x
.
common, there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y'p = (AA x + A + 4A )e

4x
and y'p = {\6A x + %A + 16/l )e 4x into the given differential
l x , x X
equation and simplifying, we obtain 12^ )x + {A - \2A ) = -36x + 3. Equating coefficients of like (
t x
powers of x yields a system of two equations from which we find A = 3 and A = 0. The general solution x
lx x
is then y = yc + yp = cx + c2e + 3xe* .
2x
9.63 Solve y" - ly' = - 80x 2 -
( 108x + 3S)e .
i We = (A 2 x 2 + A^x + A )e 2x while y of the previous problem is valid here

try as a particular solution yp , c
as well. Since y has no term in common with y p there is no need to modify y p

c
, .
2x
Substituting y'p = {2A 2 x + 2A 2 x + 2A x + A + 2A Q )e
2
and x x
2x
y" = (4A 2 x 2 + 8/4 2 x + 4A x + 2A 2 + 4A + 4A )e into the given differential equation, simplifying the result,
x X
and then equating coefficients of like powers of x, we get
-\0A 2 = -80 or A2 = 8
-6A 2 -lOA l
=-108 or At = 6
2A 2 - 3A - X
\0A o = 38 or A - -4
lx
- 2x
The general solution to the given nonhomogeneous equation is then y = c{ + c2e + (8x
2
+ 6x 4)e .
x
9.64 Solve y" - y' + 2y = (6x
2
+ 8x + l)e .
x
I We try as a particular solution yp = (A 2 x
2
+A x
x +A
The complementary solution is found in )e .
x 2x
Problem 8.1 to be yc = c x e~ + c2e . Since these two solutions have no term in common, there is no need
to modify y p .
204 D CHAPTER 9
Substituting y p ,
y'
p
= (A 2 x 2
+ 2A 2 x + A x + A + A )e*, and x x
y'p (A 2 x +
2
4A 2 x + A x + 2A 2 + 2A + A )e x into the given differential equation, simplifying, and then equating
l X
coefficients of like powers of x, we get
2A 2 =6 or A2 = 3
2A 2 + 2A X
=8 or A = x
\
2Ai + A +2A = X
1 or Ao =
x 2x
Thus, the general solution is y e~
cxe + c2e + (3x
2
+ x)e
x
9.65 Solve y" - y' + 2y = (x

2
- x + 4)e
x
.
I The expressions for y p and yc of the previous problem are all valid here. Substituting the first three
,
y'
p,
y'
p,
into the given differential equation and simplifying, we get
(2A 2 )x + (2A 2 + 2A )x + {2A 2 + A + 2/l ) = x x + 4. By equating coefficients of like powers of x and
2 2
x x
solving the resulting system of equations, we find that A 2 =\, A Y = 1, and A = 2. The general
solution is then
x
y = yf + y p c e~ + c 2 e
2x
+ (\x x + 2)ex
2
x
.
- 4x
9.66 Solve y" y' + 2y = (x
2
-x+ 4)e .
x 2x
I The complementary solution is that of Problem 9.64: yc c x e~ + c2e , and we try a particular solution
Ax
of the form yp
+ A^x + A Q )e 2
Since y and y p have no terms in common, we need not modify y p
(A 2 x .
c .
Substituting y p y' = {4A x 2 + 2A x + 4/l,x + A

p 2 , 2 + 4A )e 4x and x
,
y' = (16/l x 2 + \6A x + 16/4,x + 2A 4x

p 2 2 2 + 8/1, + \6A )e into the nonhomogeneous differential equation and
simplifying yield
(\4A 2 )x 2 + (\4A 2 + 14/4 ,)x + (2A 2 + 1A + X

14/4 ) - x2 - x + 4
Equating the coefficients of like powers of x, we obtain a system of three equations that yields A2 = 0.071,
A = 0.143, and A 0.347. The general solution is then
x
x
y = yc + y p = c e~ + c 2 e
2x
+ (0.071x 2 - 0.143x + 0.347)e 4x
x
.
-^ + 4 +
d x dx
9.67 Solve 8x = (20f
2
+ 16f - 78)e
2 '.
dt dt
_2
I The complementary solution is shown in Problem 8.54 to be xc = c,e 'cos2t + 2
c 2 e~ 'sin2r. We try a
particular solution of the form xp = (A 2 t

2
+ A x
t + A )e
2
', and since this function has no term in common
with xc there is no need to modify it.
Substituting x p , x'
p
= (2A 2 t 2 + 2A 2 + 2A + A + 2A )e 2 and t
x
t
x
',
Xp = (4A 2 t
2
+ SA 2 + 4A t
x
t + 2A 2 + 4A + 4A )e 2 into the given differential
X
'
equation, we get, after simplifying,
(20A 2 )t 2 + (\6A 2 + 20A x

)t + (2A 2 + SA + 20A X
) = 20f
2
+ 16f - 78
Then equating the coefficients of like powers of t yields
20/4 2 =20 or A2 = 1
16A 2 + 20A X
=16 or A = x
2/4 2 + 8A +20A = -78 X

or A = -4
2
Thus the general solution is x = c x e~
2'
cos2t + c 2 e~
2
'sin2r + (t 4)e 2 '.
+ 4 + 8x = (5r -
d x dx
9.68 Solve -^
~dl
2+ 2
\4t + U)e
~dl
I The complementary solution x c of the previous problem is valid here, but now we assume a particular solution
of the form x p = (A 2 t 2 + A t + A )e~ 3
x
Substituting x p '.
, x'
p
= (-3A 2 t
2
+ 2A 2 - 3A tt + A - 3A )e~ 3
x x
',
and x'
p
= {9A 2 t 2 - \2A 2 t + 9A + 2A 2 - 6A + 9A )e~ 3
x
t X
'
into the given differential equation yields, after
simplification,
(5A 2 )t
2
+ (-4A 2 + 5A x
)t + (2A 2 - 2A + 5A X ) = 5t
2
- Ut + 11
By equating coefficients of like powers of t and solving the resulting system of equations, we find that A2 = 1,
At = -2, and A = 1. The general solution is then x = c 1 e" 2 'cos2f + c 2 e' 2 sin 2t + (t - 2r +
2 '
l)e~
3 '.
A A
d 2x
9.69 Solve yj- + 4
dx
+ 8x = (29f
3
+ 30r
2
- 52f - 20)e
3 '.
# The complementary solution of the preceding two problems is valid here, and we try a particular solution of
the form x p = (A 3 3 + A 2 2 + A + A )e 3
t This trial solution needs no modification.
t
x
t '.
x' = {3A 3 t + 3A 3
3 2 2
Substituting x p p , + 3A 2 + 2A 2 + 3A + A + 3A )e 3 \ and t t t
x
t
x
3 2 2
x p = (9A 3 t + \SA 3 + 9A 2 t + 6A 3 + l2A 2 + 9A + 2A 2 + 6A + 9A Q )e il into the given differential
t t t
x
t
l
equation yields, after simplification,
(29 A 3 )t
3
+ (30A 3 + 29 2 )t
2
+ (6A 3 + 20A 2 + 29 A x )t + (2A 2 + 1(M, + 29 ) = 29t
3
+ 30f
2
- 52* - 20
Then equating the coefficients of like powers of t and solving the resulting system of equations, we find that
A 3 = 1, A 2 = 0, A = 2, l
and A 0. The general solution is thus
x = x + x p = c e~ 2t cos2t + sin2t + (t - 2t)e
2, 3 3t
c l
c 2 e~ .
9.70 Solve x + 9x + 14x = (I2t

2
+ 22t + 21)e~'.
I The complementary Problem 8.17 to be xc c e~ 2 + c 2 e~ lx

solution is shownWe try a particular in l
'
.
solution of the form x p = (A 2 t + A Y t + A )e~\ which needs no modification.

2
Substituting x p x p = ( A 2 t 2 + 2A 2 t Aj + A A )e ~', and

,
x
x" = (A 2 t 4A 2 t + A it + 2A 2 2Ai + A )e~' into the given differential equation and simplifying the result,
2
we get
(6A 2 )t 2 + (14A 2 + 6Ai)t + (2A 2 + 1A + 6A X ) = \2t

2
+ 22t + 27
Then equating the coefficients of like powers of t, we obtain
6A 2 = 12 or A2 = 2
UA + 2 6Ai =22 or A x = -1
2A 2 + lAi + 6A Q = 27 or A = 5
Thus, the general solution is c x e~
2x
+ c 2 e~
11
+ {2t
2
- + t 5)e
_l \
9.71 Solve x + 9x + 14x = (144r

3
+ 156t
2
+ 24t)e
2t
.
I The complementary solution x of the previous problem is valid here as well. We try a particular solution
c
of
2
the form x p = (A 3 3 + A 2 2 + A + A )e
t twhich needs no modification.
x
t ',
2
Substituting x p x' = (2A 3
p ,
3
+ 3A 3 t
2
+ 2A 2 + 2A 2 + 2A^ + A + 2A )e 2 and
t t t
t
',
x'p = (4A 3 t + \2A 3 t 2 + 4A 2 2 + 6A 3 + SA 2 + 4A + 2A 2 + 4A + 4A )e 2t into the given differential

3
t t t t
x X
equation and simplifying yield
2
(36^ 3 )f
3
+ (39A 3 + 36A 2 )t 2 + {6A 3 + 26A 2 + 36,4^ + (2A 2 + l3A + 36A t ) = I44t
3
+ 156f + 24f
Equating the coefficients of like powers of t, we then have
36A 3 = 144 or A3 = 4
39A 3 + 36A 2 =156 or A2 =

6A 3 + 26A 2 + 36Ai =24 or A X
=Q
2A 2 + l3Ai + 36A =0 or A =
The general solution is thus x = xf + xp = c^ -2 + '

c 2 e~
nt
4- 4t e
3 2t
.
9.11 Solve x + lOx + 25x = (2t - 10)e

3 '.
-5
f The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.146 to be x c = C^ '
+ C 2 te' 5 We assume a '.
particular solution of the form xp = {A x

t + A )e 3 and since it has no terms
', in common with x it requires
f,
no modification.
Substituting x p , xp = (3/4 x
r + A + 3A x
)e
3
', and xp = (9/1, + 6A + 9A )e 3 into the given differential
t X
'
equation, we have, after simplification, (64Ai)t + (16/lj + 64v4 = 2x - 10. Equating the coefficients of like
)
-21
Ax =
1
powers of t, we get a pair of equations whose solution is and A2 = -rrr-. Combining x c and x p ,
52 1 Zo
we then form the general solution x = (C\ + C 2 t)e~
5'
+ (At - 3
21)e '/128.
A
206 D CHAPTER 9
9.73 Solve x + lOx + 25.x = (320r

3
+ 48f
2
- 66r + 122)e
3'
f The complementary solution x c of the previous problem is valid here, but we now assume a particular
3
solution of the form xp = (A 3 t + A 2t2 + A x
t +A )e
3
'. Substituting x p and its first two derivatives (see
Problem 9.69) into the given differential equation and simplifying, we get
(64/l 3 )f
3
+ (48^3 + (AA 2 )t + 2
(6A 3 + 32A 2 + 64/4,)f + {2A 2 + 16/1, + 64A ) = 320f
3
+ 48r
2
- 66t + 122
Then equating coefficients of like powers of t, we obtain
64A 3 = 320 or A3 = 5
48/i 3+ 64A 2 = 48 or A 2 = -3
6A 3 + 32A 2 + 64/1, = -66 or *i =
2A 2 + 16/1, + 64A = 122 or A = 2
The general solution is then x = (C, + C 2 t)e~ 5'
+ (5f
3
- 3f
2
+ 2)e
3t
.
9.74 Solve y'" - 6y" + 1 1 y' - 6y = 2xe~ x .
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.28 to be yc = c e x + c 2 e 2x + c 3 e 3x We try a particular

x
.
x
solution of the form yp (A l x + A )e~ , which has no term in common with y and therefore requires no c
modification. Substituting
yp = -A - A e' x x
xe' x + A l
e'
x
y'
p
'
= A xe' x 2A e~ x + A e~ x
x x
and y'p = A xe~ x + 3A e' x A e~ xx x
into the given differential equation and simplifying, we obtain 24/1 Jx ( 4- (26/1, 24 ) = 2x + 0. Equating
coefficients of like powers of x and solving the resulting system yield A x
= ,
]
2 and A = j4*.
Then yp - -j^xe'" fee'*, and the general solution is _v = c e* + x
c2e
2x
+ c3e
3x
j2xe~
x
&e~ x .
d
3
Q d2Q dQ
9.75 Solve -,-
dt
3
- 5 dff + 25 -f - dt
\25Q = ( -522r 2 + 465f - 387) t-'.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem + c 2 cos 5f + c 3 sin 5f. We try a

8.1 13 to be Q = c c,e
5'
Qp
2 2
particular solution of the form {A 2 t + A Q )e
+ A which requires no modification because Q p has no
t
t '.
term (except perhaps for a multiplicative constant) in common with Q c

.
Substituting Qp ,
2'
Q'
p
= [2A 2 t 2 + 2A 2 + t 2/1, r + .4, + 2A )e
Qp = (4A 2 t 2 + SA 2 + t 4/1, + 2A 2 + 4/1, + 4A Q )e 2t

t
and Q' = '

(8/l 2 f
2
+ 24A 2 i + 8/4,f + \2A 2 + 12/1, + %A )e 2 '
(-S7A 2 )t 2 + (34A 2 - 87/1, )f + (2A 2 + 17/1, - 87/l ) = -522r 2 + 465f - 387
Equating the coefficients of like terms, we obtain
-87/1, = -522 or A2 = 6
34/12-87/1, - 465 or A = -3 x
2/4 2 + 17/1, - 87/l = -387 or A = 4
The general solution is then Q= c,?

5'
+ c 2 cos 5f + c 3 sin 5t + (6r
2
3f + 4)e
2 '.
9.76 Solve (D
4
+ 4D 2 )y = (3.x - \)e*
x
.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.186 to be y c = c, 4- c 2 x + c 3 cos 2x + c 4 sin 2x. We

x
assume a particular solution of the form yp = (.4,x +A )e* . which needs no modification because y p has no
terms in common with \\.
Substituting y'
p
= (16/1,-x + 8.4, + 16.4 )e
4x
and y' "
p
= (256A x l
+ 256/1, + 256A )e Ax into the given
differential equation and simplifying yield ( 320/1 ,)x + (288/1, + 320/1 )
= 3x - 1. Equating coefficients of like
terms and solving the resulting system, we obtain /l, = 0.00938 and A = -0.01156. The general solution
- 4 *.
is then y = yc + yp = c x + c 2x + c 3 cos 2x + c 4 sin 2.x + (0.00938.x 0.01 156)e
A
EQUATIONS WHOSE RIGHT SIDE CONTAINS SINES AND COSINES

9.77 Solve / 5y = sin x.
f The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.34 to be y = c,e 5 *. We assume a particular c solution
of the form y p = A sin x + B cos x, which needs no modification because y p and y have no terms c
in
common except perhaps for a multiplicative constant.
Substituting y p and its derivative into the given differential equation yields
A cos x B sin x 5(A sin x + B cos x) = sin x, which we rearrange as
( 5A B ) sin x + (A 5B ) cos x = 1 sin x + cos x
Equating the coefficients of like terms, we obtain the system
-5j4 -B =1 A -5B =
from which we find A = j and B = jg. Then the general solution is
y = yc + yP = ^^ 5x - js sin x - ^ cos x.
9.78 Solve /+ 6y = -2 cos 3x.

I The complementary solution is shown in Problem 8.37 to be yf = Ae~ 6x . We assume a particular solution
of the form y p = A sin 3x + B cos 3x, which need not be modified.
Substituting y p and its derivative y'
p
3A cos 3x 3B sin 3x into the differential equation and rearranging,
we obtain
(6A 36 ) sin 3X + (3A + 6B ) cos 3x = sin 3x + 2) cos 3x

(
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system, we find A = y$ and B = -fe. The
general solution is then y Ae~ 6x 13 sin 3x 13 cos 3x.
9.79 Solve 2y' 5y = sin 2x 7 cos 2x.
f The complementary solution is shown in Problem 8.38 to be Ae 5xl2

assume a particular solution
yc . We
of the form y p = A sin 2x + B cos 2x, which needs no modification. Substituting y p and its derivative into
the differential equation and rearranging yield
( 5A 4B ) sin 2x + {4A 5B Q ) cos 2x = 1 sin 2x + 7) cos 2x

(
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system, we find A ff and BQ = ||. The
general solution is then y = yc 4-
yp Ae 5xl2 ffsin 2x + ||cos 2x.
9.80 Solve y" - ly' = 48 sin 4x + 84 cos 4x.
f The complementary Problem 8.2 to be yc = c l + c 2 e lx We assume a particular

solution is found in .
solution of the form y p = A sin 4x + B cos 4x, which needs no modification.

Substituting y'
p
= AA cos 4x 4B sin 4x and y"p = 16/1 sin4x 16B cos4x into the given differential
equation and rearranging give
(-16/4 + 28B )sin4x + (-28/l - 16B )cos4x = 48sin4x + 84cos4x
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system, we get A = 3 and B = 0. The general
7x
solution is then y = cx + c2e 3 sin 4x.
9.81 Solve y" - 6y' + 25y = 48 sin 4x + 84 cos 4x.
f The complementary Problem 8.50 to be yc = c e 3x cos4x + c 2 e 3j: sin4x, while y p and

solution is shown in 1
its derivatives are as in the previous problem. There is no need to modify y p because it is not a solution of the
associated homogeneous differential equation for any choice of the arbitrary constants A and B (Observe that .
3x
e sin 4x is linearly independent of sin 4x.)
Substituting y p y' and y' into the given differential equation and rearranging yield
,
p, p
{9A + 24B ) sin 4x + - 24( + 9B ) cos 4x = 48 sin 4x + 84 cos 4x
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system, we obtain A = -2.411 and B = 2.904.
The general solution is then y = c^ cos 4x + c2e

3x
sin 4x - 2.41 1 sin 4x + 2.904 cos 4x.
.
208 CHAPTER 9
9.82 Solve y" + 4y + 5y = 2 cos .x 2 sin x.
2x
I The complementary solution is shown in Problem 8.66 to be ye = c l e~ We assume a
cosx + 2
c 2 e~ *sinx.
particular solution of the form yp =A sin .x + B cos x, which needs no modification because y p cannot be
made equal to y c by any nonzero choice of the arbitrary constants.
Substituting y p and its derivatives into the differential equation and rearranging, we obtain
{4A - 4B ) sin x + (4A + 4B ) cos x = 2 sin x + 2 cos x
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system yield A = and B = . The general
_2 _2
solution is then y = Cie *cosx + c 2 e *sinx + ^cosx.
9.83 Solve x + 4x + 8x = 16 cos 4t.
I The complementary solution is shown in Problem 8.54 to be x c = c,e~ 2 cos2f + c 2 e~ 2 'sm

'
2f. We try a
particular solution of the form xp A sin 4f + B cos 4f, which needs no modification.
Substituting x p into the differential equation and rearranging, we get
(-8^ - 16S )sin4r + {\6A - 8B )cos4r = 0sin4f + 16cos4f

Equating coefficients of like terms yields the system
, -8/l - 16B = 16/l -8Bo=16

Solving, we find that A f and B . The general solution is then
~ 2
x = cxe
2'
cos 2\ + c2e '
sin 2( + f sin 4f
\ cos 4f
9.84 Solve x + ^x + 96.x = 96 cos 4?.
Problem 8.63 to be xc = e 0015 5 '(C, cos9.7979r + C 2 sin9.7979t).

-
I The complementary solution is found in
We assume a particular solution of the form xp = A s'm4t + B cos4t which, because it has no term in
common with xc needs no modification.
,
Substituting x and its first two derivatives into the differential equation and rearranging, we obtain
p
(80/l o - |5 ) sin 4t + (|/4 + 80S ) cos 4f = 96 cos 4f + sin 4f
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system, we find that A = 0.0019 and B = 1.2000.
The general solution is then x = e -o.oiS6as^ Cj cos 9.7979? + C 2 sin 9.79790 + 0.0019sin4f + 1.2000 cos 4f.
2
d x
9.85 Solve -r-
2
+ 25x = 2 sin 2f.
dt
I The complementary solution is shown in Problem 8.72 to be x c = C, cos 5f + C 2 sin 5f. We assume a
particular solution of the form xp = A sin2t + B cos2t. which requires no modification. Substituting
x p and its second derivative into the differential equation and rearranging, we get
(2\A )s\n2t + (2\B )cos2t = 2sm2t + 0cos2t. It follows that /4 and =^ B = 0. The general
solution is then x = xt + xp C, cos 5f + C2 sin 5f + ^ sin 2t.
9.86 Solve x + 128x = 512(sin ?t + cos It).
I The complementary solution is x = C, sin >/128l + C 2 cos \\2St (see Problem 8.73). We assume a
c
particular solution of the form xp = A sin 2t + B Q cos 2f, which requires no modification. Substituting xp
and its second derivative into the differential equation and rearranging, we get
(124/l )sin2< + (124B )cos2f = 512 sin 2r + 512cos2t. It follows that A = B = & = 4.129. The general
solution is x = C, sin >/l28t + C 2 cos v^128f + 4.129(sin 2t + cos It).
9.87 Solve Q + SQ + 520 = 32 cos It.
4
I The complementary solution isQ = c
cxe 'cos6f + c 2 e~*'s'm6t assume a particular
(see Problem 8.55). We
solution of the form Qp = A sin 2f + B cos 2t, which requires no modification. Substituting Q p and its first
two derivatives into the differential equation and rearranging, we obtain
(48/l - 16B )sin2r + (16 A + 48B )cos 2f = Osin 2t + 32cos2r

By equating the coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system, we find A = j and B = |. The
4 4
general solution is then Q= c 1 e" 'cos6f + e 2 e~ ' sir\6t + |sin2f + f cos2f.
- . A
9.88 Solve Q + SQ + 25Q = 50 sin 3t.
f The complementary shown

in Problem 8.53 (with Q replacing x) to be
solution is
A
Q = c
e' \c y cos 3f + c 2 sin 3r). We
assume a particular solution of the form Q = A sin 3t + B cos 3f.
p
This trial solution requires no modification because no part of it can be obtained from Q c by any choice of the
4
arbitrary constants c and c 2 (Note the additional e"
t
term in Q c .)
.
'
Substituting Q p and its derivatives into the differential equation and rearranging, we get
(16/4 - 24B ) sin 3f + (24 + 16B ) cos 3i = 50 sin 3r + cos 3f
Equating the coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system, we obtain A = f- and fl = |f.
The general solution is Q= e"
4(
(c , cos 3t + c 2 sin 3f ) + f sin 3t |f cos 3r.
w
9.89 Solve g + 9q + I4q = \ sin t.
I The complementary Problem 8.17 (with q replacing x) to be q c = c e~ 21 + c 2 e~ 7

solution is found in We x
'.
assume a particular solution of the form q p A sin t + B cos t, which requires no modification.
Substituting q p and its derivatives into the differential equation and rearranging, we get
(13/4 96 sin t + (9A + 13fi ) cos t = \ sin t +
) cos t. Equating coefficients of like terms yields the system
13,4o-9flo = 2 9,4 +13B =

Thus A = j&o and B = joo- The general solution is then q = cê~
2t
+ c 1 e~
lt
+ y^sin t
Jjq cos t.
9.90 Solve I + 100/ + 50,000/ = -400,000 sin lOOf.
-50
I The complementary solution is shown in Problem 8.56 to be Ic = e '(ci cos 50\/l9r + c 2 sin 50-J\9t).
We assume a particular solution of the form I p A sin 100r + B cos lOOf, which needs no modification
because it has no terms in common with I c Substituting l p into the differential equation yields, after rearranging,
.
(40,000,4o - 10,000B o )sin lOOf + (1 0,000/1,, + 40,000B )cos lOOr = -400,000 sin lOOf + Ocos lOOr
By equating coefficients of like terms, and solving the resulting system, we find
40,000/1 - 10,000B o = -400,000 10,000/4 + 40,000B o =

Thus A = ^f- and B = j^, and the general solution is
/ = e~
50,
(ci cos 50yi9f + c 2 sin 50>/i90 - W sin lOOf + f^cos lOOf
9.91 Solve q + lOOq + 50,000q = 4000 cos lOOt.
# This problem is very similar to the previous one. The associated homogeneous differential equations are
identical, except that here q replaces /. Thus, q c is identical in form to Ic We assume the same form for the
.
particular solution (with q replacing /), so most of the analysis of the previous problem remains valid. Only the
right sides of the differential equations are different.
Substituting the particular solution into this differential equation, rearranging, and equating coefficients of like
terms yield the system
40,000/4 - 10,000B o - 10,000,4 + 40,0005 = 4000
Now A = yfo and B = yj^, and the general solution is
q = e
~ 50,
(ci cos 50 y/l9t + c 2 sin 50 Vl9f) + & sin lOOr + $fc cos lOOf
9.92 Solve y" y 2y = sin 2x.
I The complementary Problem 8.1 to be y c = c i e~ x + c 2 e 2x We assume a particular

solution is shown in .
solution of the form y p = A sin 2x + B cos 2x, which needs no modification.

Substituting y p y' = 2A cos 2x - 2B sin 2x, and y p = -4A Q sin2x - 4B cos2x into the differential
p ,
equation and rearranging yield
( 6A + 2B ) sin 2x + (-6B - 2A ) cos 2x = 1 sin 2x + cos 2x
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system, we find that A = -^ and B = ^.
2x
Then yp = - ^ sin 2x + ^ x
cos 2x, and the general solution is y = c e~ + c 2 e l
- & sin 2x + ^ cos 2x.
9.93 Solve q + 400q + 200,000^ = 2000 cos 200f
210 CHAPTER 9
f The complementary solution is qc = e~ 200 '(A cos 400r + B sin 400r) (see Problem 8.70). We assume a
particular solution of the form qp A sin 200t +B cos 200r, which has no term in common with q c and
therefore needs no modification.
Substituting q c into the given differential equation and rearranging yield
(160,000^l - 80,0005 ) sin 200f + (80,000/4 + 16Q,0O0B o cos 200f ) = sin 200r + 2000 cos 200t
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system, we get A 0.005 and B = 0.01. The
200 =
general solution is q e~ '(A cos 400t B sin 400f) 0.005 sin 200f 0.01 cos 200t. + + +
9.94 Solve q + \000q + 50,000q = 4000 cos lOOf.
52 19 ' 9A1
f The complementary solution is q c = c y e~ + c 2 e~ (see Problem
2'
8.18). We try a particular solution
of the form q p = A sin lOOf + B cos lOOf, which needs no modification.
Substituting q p into the given differential equation and rearranging, we get
(40,000/J - 100,0O0B o ) sin lOOr + (100,000,4 + 40,000B )cos lOOr = 4000 cos lOOr
Equating coefficients of like terms yields
40,000,4 - 100,000B o = 100,000/4 + 40,000B o = 4000
Solving this system, we find A = jg and B = yfj. The general solution is
= 5219t 9A12t
q c x e~ + c 2 e' + ^sin lOOt + yfjcos lOOf.
2
d dl
T + 40 + 800/
I
9.95 Solve 2
= 8 cos t.
dt dt
= 20t 20
f The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.71 to be /,. c x e~ cos20f + c 2 e" 'sin 20t. We
assume a particular solution of the form I
p
=A sin t + B cos t, which has no terms in common with Ic and
so needs no modification.
Substituting I
p
into the given differential equation and rearranging, we have
(799v4 40B ) sin t 4- (40/l 799B cos = 8 cos Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the
) t t.
resulting system, we find A = 320/640,001 and B = 6392/640.001. The general solution is then
I = c,e
1
20
' cos 20t + c -,e
20 '
sin 20r +
640.001
320
- sin t + - cos
6392
640.001
t.
d 2r
9.96 Solve ^ (.or g sin cot when both g and (o are positive constants.
/ The complementary solution is rc Ae at + Be'' (see Problem 8.7). We assume a particular solution
of the form r A sin cot + B cos cot, which requires no modification.
p
Substituting r
p
into the differential equation and rearranging lead to
(
2co 2 /4 ) sin af + 2cD 2 B
( )cosa)t = g sin cot + Ocosojf. By equating coefficients of like terms, we find that
A = g/{2co
2
) and B = 0. The general solution is then r = Ae m + '
Be~" + - r- sin cor.
2a>
Qf + 25 - 1250 = 504 cos

2
d Q - d dQ
9.97 Solve
dt
f
3
5
dt
2
dt
2f - 651 sin It.
I The complementary solution Q = is c

cxe
St
+ c 2 cos 5t + c 3 sin 3f (see Problem 8.1 13). We try a particular
solution of the form Q p A sin It + B cos It, which needs no modification.

Substituting Qp into the given differential equation and rearranging, we obtain
(-l05A o -42B o )sm2t + (42A - 105B )cos2f - -651 sin 2r + 504 cos 2r
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system, we find A = 1 and B 2, so the
general solution is Q= c1e
5'
+ c 2 cos 5r + c 3 sin 5t + 7 sin 2r 2 cos 2t.
9.98 Solve y
(4)
- 6y
(3)
+ 16/' + 54/ - 225y = 1152 cos 3x - 3924 sin 3x
f The complementary from Problem solution is. 8.124, yc = c^ 3 * + c 2 e~
3x
+ c3e
3:t
cos4.x + c 4 e 3x sin4.v. We
assume a particular solution of the form yp = A sin 3x +B cos 3x, which has no terms in common with y c
and needs no modification.

Substituting y p into the given differential equation and rearranging yield
( - 288,4 - 324B ) sin 3x + (324A - 288fl ) cos 3x = - 3924 sin 3x + 1 1 52 cos 3x
By equating coefficients of like terms, we obtain the system
- 288^ - 324B = - 3924 324/4 - 288B =1152

and find that A = 8 and B 5. Then the general solution is
3x
y = cxe + c 2 e~ 3x + c 3 e cos4x + 3jc
c4e
ix
s'm 3x + 8 sin 3x + 5 cos 3x.
EQUATIONS WHOSE RIGHT SIDE CONTAINS A PRODUCT

INVOLVING SINES AND COSINES
2x
9.99 Solve /+ 6y = 3e sin 3x.
6x
I The complementary solution yc = Ae' is(see Problem 8.37). Since the right side of the nonhomogeneous
differential equation is the product of an exponential and a sine, we try a particular solution of the form
2x
yp =A e sin 3x B Q e 2x cos 3x. + Since y p has no term in common with ye (except perhaps for a multiplicative
constant), there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y p and y'

p
= 2A e
2x
sin 3x + 3A e
2x
cos 3x + 2B e
2x
cos 3x - 3B Q e 2x sin 3x into the differential
equation yields
2x 2x 2x 3B 2x
2A e sin 3x 4- 3A e cos 3x + 2B e cos 3x e sin 3x + 6(A e 2x sin 3x +B e
2x
cos 3x) = 3e
2x
sin 3x
which may be rearranged and simplified to (8A 3B ) sin 3x + {3A + 8B ) cos 3x = 3 sin 3x + cos 3x.
Equating coefficients of like terms, we obtain the system
8A - 3B = 3 3A + 8B =
from which we find that A = ff and B -$%. The general solution is then
y = Ae~ 6x + 7ie
2x
sin 3x ^%e 2x cos 3x.
x
9.100 Solve /+ 6>' = 2e~ cos 2x.
I The complementary solution of the previous problem is valid here, and we assume a particular solution of the
form y p = A e~ x sin 2x + B e~ cos 2x. Because it has no term in common with y y p needs no
x
c,
modification.
Substituting y p into the given differential equation and rearranging, we obtain
(5y4 2B ) sin 2x + (2A + 5B ) cos 2x = sin 2x + 2 cos 2x. Equating coefficients of like terms and solving
the resulting system of equations, we find A = j and B = ^. The general solution is then
y = Ae~ 6x + ê~*sin2x + ê~*cos2x.
x
9.101 Solve y' + 6y = lle sin x + 23e* cos x.
f The complementary solution again is that of Problem 9.99. We try a particular solution of the form
x x
y p = A e sin x + B e cos x, which has no term in common with y c and therefore requires no modification.
Substituting y p and rearranging lead to
into the differential
(1A B ) sin x + (A + 1B ) cos x = 1 1 sin x + 23 cos x. Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the
resulting equations, we find that A = 2 and B = 3. The general solution is then
y = Ae~
6x
+ 2e x sin x + 3e x cos x.
9.102 Solve 2/ - 5>> = 41<T x cosx - lle"

x
sinx.
f The complementary solution is y c - Ae 5x 2 '

(see Problem 8.38). We try a particular solution of the form
x
y. = A e~ sin x + B e~ cos x,
x
which needs no modification.
Substituting y p into the given differential equation and simplifying yield
( - 1A - 2B ) sin x + (2A
- 7B ) cos x = - 1 1 sin x + 41 cos x. Equating coefficients of like terms and solving
the resulting system, we obtain A = 3 and B = -5. The general solution is
y = Ae 5xl2
+ 3e~
x
sin x - 5e~ cos
x
x.
- -x
9.103 Solve y" + 6/ + 9y 16? cos 2x.
(see Problem 8.142). We try a particular solution of

3x 3x
I The complementary solution is y c = c t e~ + c 2 xe'
x
the form y = A e~ sin 2x + B e~ cos
x
2x, which needs no modification because it has no term in common
with yc .
A
212 CHAPTER 9
= A Q 2B )e~ x sin2x + (2A - B )e~ x cos2x, and

Substituting y p ,
y'
p (
y'p 3A + 4B )e~ sin 2x + 4A 3B )e~ x cos 2x into the given differential equation and rearranging
(
x
(
yield 8B sin 2x + (SA cos 2x = 16 cos 2x. By equating coefficients of like terms, we find A 2 and
( ) )
B = 0. The general solution is then y = c e~ 3x + c 2 xe~ 3x + 2e~*sin2x. x
d2y
9.104 Solve *|- 5 >' sinx.
3x
I The complementary solution is ye = e (Cj cos4x + c2 sin4x) (see Problem 8.50). We try a particular
3x 3x
solution of the form yp =A e sin x + B e cos x. Since no part of y p can be generated from y c by any
choices of the arbitrary constants, there is no need to modify y p .
Substituting y p . y'
p
= (3A B )e
ix
sin x + (A + 3B )e
3x
cos x. and
y'
p
6B )e 3x sin x + (6A + SB )e cos x
(&A
3x
(\5A sin x + (15B cos x = 30 sin x. Therefore,
) ) A = 2 and B = 0, and the general solution is
3x 3x
y e (c cos 4x 4- c 2 sin 4x) + 2e sin x.
x
9.105 Solve (D 2 - 2D)y = e sin x.
f The complementary solution is y = C, + C 2 e 2x . As a particular solution we try y = A^sxnx + Be x cosx,

which requires no modification.
Substituting y, Dy = {A B)e sin x
x
+ + (A
x
B)e cos x, and D 2 y = - 2Be x sin x + 2Aex cos x into the given
equation yields (-2/1) sinx + (-2B)cosx = 1 sinx. Equating coefficients of like terms, we find that A = \
and B= 0. Hence, the primitive is y = Cx + C 2
e
2x \e* sin x.
9.106 Solve (D 4 - 1% = 60?* sin 3x.

I The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.128, yc = c cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x + c 3 e + c x e We x
try a
x x
particular solution of the form yp =A e sin 3x + B e cos 3x, which requires no modification. Since
y'p 3B )e x sin 3x + (3A + B )e x cos 3x

(A
y'
p
= - SA - 6B )e x sin 3x + (6A - 8B )^ cos 3x
(
yj,
3)
= (-26y4 + 18B )f x sin3x + (- 18/4 - 26S Kcos 3x
41 x x
and \; = (2%A + 96B )e sin 3x + -96 ( + 2SB )e cos 3x
the given differential equation becomes, after substitution and simplification.

(\2A + 96B )sin 3x + 96.4 +
( 12B )cos3x = 60 sin 3x. Equating coefficients of like terms and solving
the resulting system, we find that A -^ and B = y^. The general solution is then
2x 2x x
y = yc + y =d cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x + c3e + c x e~ 4- Y*e sin 3x + fie" cos 3x.
3 2
d Q _ d Q dQ
9.107 Solve
dt
l
,
+25^-
dt
1250
v = 5000e"'cos2f.
di
I The complementary solution is Q c = c,e 5 + c 2 cos 5f + c 3 '

sin 5f (see Problem 8.1 13). We try a particular
solution of the form Q p A e~' sin 2r + B e~' cos 2f, which requires no modification. Since
Q p = (-A -2B )e~'s'm2t + (2A - B )e~'cos2t

Q' = (-3A + 4B )e~'sin2t + (-4A - 3B )e~'cos2t
'
P
"
and Q p =(1M + 2B )e~' sir\2t + (-2A + B)e cos 2f 1 1 '
the given differential equation becomes, after substitution and simplification,

( 124/4 68B ) sin 2r + (68A 124B ) cos 2r = 5000 cos 2f. By equating coefficients of like terms and
solving the resulting system, we find A 17 and B = 31, and the general solution is
Q c^ 5 + '
c2 cos5f + c 3 sin5f + 17e"'sin2r 31e"'cos2f.
9.108 Solve y' + 6y = (20x + 3) sin 2x.
f The complementary solution is shown in Problem 8.37 to be yc = Ae~ 6x . Since the right side of the differential
equation is the product of a first-degree polynomial and sin 2x, we try a particular solution of the form
y p = (/l x + 4 ) sin 2x + (BjX + B ) cos 2x. This trial solution has no terms in common with y c so it needs no
t
,
modification.
Substituting y p and y' = (/!,-

p 2B x - x
2fl )sin2x + (2/1 ,x + 2A + fl,)cos2x into the given differential
equation and simplifying, we get
(6/1! -2B x
)xsin2x + (A x + 6A - 2B sin 2x + (2/1 + 6B,)xcos2x +
) , (2A + B +6fi )cos2x
x
= 20x sin 2x + 3 sin 2x + Ox cos 2x + cos 2x
Equating coefficients of like terms yields the system
6/1, = -2B, 20
A + 6A x
-2B = 3
2A + 6B
y
= X
2A + B + 6B = x
which we solve to find that Ax = 3, =

Ao 0.05, =
B -
x 1, and B = 0.15. The general solution is then
y = Ae~ 6x + (3x + 0.05) sin 2x +(-x + 0.15)cos2x.
9.109 Determine the form of a particular solution to y' + 6y = (x

2
1) sin 2x.
6x
# The complementary solution is yc = Ae~
Problem 8.37). Since the right side of the given differential (see
equation is and sin 2x, we assume a particular solution of the more
the product of a second-degree polynomial
y p {A 2 x + A x + A )sin 2x + (B 2 x + B x + B )cos 2x. This form of y p has no terms in

2 2
general form x x
common with the complementary function, and therefore it requires no modification.
9.110 Determine the form of a particular solution to y + 6y = (20x

2
lOx + 7) cos 2x.
I The complementary solution is that of the previous problem. The right side of the given differential equation is
the product of a second-degree polynomial and cos 2x, so y p of the previous problem is again an appropriate trial
form for the particular solution. Since it has no terms in common with y c it needs no modification. ,
9.111 Determine the form of a particular solution to y' + 6y = 18x cos 5x.
# The complementary solution is yc Ae~ 6x (see Problem 8.37). Since the right side of the given differential
equation is the product of a first-degree polynomial and cos 5x, we try a particular solution having the more
general form yp {A x x
+ A ) sin 5x + (B x x
+ B ) cos 5x. This form of y p has no terms in common with yc and
so requires no modification.
9.112 Determine the form of a particular solution to 2/ 5y = 29x 2 cos x.
yc Ae
5xl2
I The complementary (see Problem 8.38). Since the right side of the differential equation
solution is
is the product of a second-degree polynomial and cos x, we assume a particular solution having the more general
form y = (A 2 x 2 + A x x + A )sin x + {B 2 x + B x + B )cos x. Since yc and y p have no terms in common,

2
p x
there is no need to modify y p .
9.113 Solve the differential equation of the previous problem.
f Substituting yp of that problem and
yp = (2A 2 x + Ai- B 2 x 2 - B x - B x
)sinx + (A 2 x
2
+A x
x + A + 2B 2 x + B,)cosx
into the given differential equation and simplifying, we obtain
(-5A 2 -2B 2 )x 2 sinx - 5A - 2B )xs'mx + (2A - 5/l - 2B )sinx +

+ (4/l 2 t x X
(2/1 2 - 5B 2 )x 2 cosx
+ (2/1, 4- 4B 2 - 5B,)x cos x + (2A + 2B, - 5B cos x = -29x 2 cos x )
By equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system of six simultaneous equations, we find that
A 2 =-2, /*! = -f, 40=-^' B 2 = 5, fi,=f|, and B = l$. Substituting these results into y p
and yc of the previous problem, we generate the general solution
5x 2 - 2
y = y c + y p = Ae (2x + x + J8^) sin x + (5x + ffx + Hf ) cos
2 '
X.
9.114 Determine the form of a particular solution for y" ly' (2x - 1) sin 2x.
lx
f The complementary solution is yc = cx + c2e (see Problem 8.2). Since the right side of the given differential
equation is the product of a first-degree polynomial and sin 2x, we assume

y = (A x x +A ) sin 2x + (B x
x
+ B )cos 2x. Since y p and yc have no terms in common, there is no need to
modify y p .
x
214 CHAPTER 9
I Substituting y p ,
/P = {A 1
-2fi x-2fl )sin2x +
1 (2,4 1
x + 2A + 5,) cos 2x
and y'p = {-4A x - 4A -4B!)sin2x
x
4- (44, - 4B^x -4B )cos2x
into the given differential equation and simplifying yield
{-4A + UBi)xsinx 4 {-!A - 4A - 4B + 14B

X t t
)sinx + (-14A -4B )xcosx 1 l
+ (4A 1
- 14A - 7B, -4B )cosx = 2x sin 2x + (-l)sin2x
Equating coefficients of like terms leads to a system of four equations whose solution is A 1
0.0377,
ô = 0.0571, Bj = 0.1321, and B = -0.0689. Then the general solution is
v = yc + yp = c i + c2e
lx
+ (-0.0377x - 0.0571)sin 2x + (0.1321x - 0.0689) cos 2x.
9.116 Determine the form of a particular solution for y" 7y' = Ax cos 2x.
i The form is identical to that of y in

p
Problem 9.114.
9.117 Determine the form of a particular solution for y" ly = 3x cos 3x.
f As in Problem complementary solution is yc = c, 4 c 2 e lx

9.1 14, the Since the right side of the differential .
equation is the product of a first-degree polynomial and cos 3x, we try

y p = (yi,x 4 /4 )sin 3x 4 (B,x 4 B )cos 3x. This expression has no terms in common with ye so it need not ,
be modified.
9.118 Determine the form of a particular solution for y" ly' - (3x
2
2x + 1 l)cos 27tx.
f We try a particular solution of the form yp = (A 2 x

2
4 A x
x 4A )sin2nx 4 {B 2 x
2
4 B,x -1- B )cos27rx,
which a generalization of the form of the right side of the given equation. Since y has
is
p
no terms in common with
lx
the complementary function yc = c, + c 2 e it needs no modification. .
9.119 Determine the form of a particular solution for y" 7/ = 6x 2 sin 2nx.
I The form is identical to that of yp in the previous problem.
9.120 Determine the form of a particular solution for y" y' 2y xi sin Ix.
x 2x
I The complementary solution is yc = cxe + c2e (see Problem 8.1). We try a particular solution of the form
yp = (A 3 x* + A 2x + A 2
x
x + A Q )sin 7x + (B 3 x
3
4-
2
B 2 x + B,x + B )cos7x
Since y and yc have no terms in common, y need not be modified.
d 3y
2
d dy
9.121 Determine the form of a particular solution for ^3 + 6 ^y + 2
12 -f- + 8y = 2x sin 3x.
dx dx dx
I The complementary solution is yc c e {

2x
+ c 2 xe + c i x 2 e 2x (see Problem 8.156). We try a particular
2x
solution of the generalized form yp = (A x x

+ A ) sin 3x + (BjX + B cos 3x. Since y p and y have no terms
) c
in
common, y p needs no modification.
9.122 Determine the form of a particular solution for y

(4)
+ y
(3)
2y" 6y' 4y = (x
2
5x)cos x.
f The general solution to the associated homogeneous differential equation is shown in Problem 8.125 to be
yh = c x e~ + c 2 e 2x + c 3 e~ x cos x 4- c A e~ x sin x. We try a

x
particular solution of the form
yp =
2 2
(A 2 x + A x + A sin x + (B 2 x + B x + B cos x.
x ) t
) Since no part of y p can be obtained from yh by any
choice of the constants c 1 through c 4 there , is no need to modify yp ; it has the proper form as written.
9.123 Determine the form of a particular solution for y" fy' + 2y = (3x 4)e sin 2x.
x
I The complementary solution is yc Ae x 2 + '

Be*
x
(see Problem 8.23). Since the right side of the differential
equation is the product of a sine term, an exponential, and a first-degree polynomial, we try a particular solution
of thesame but more generalized form, noting that wherever a sine term occurs, the particular solution may
have an identical component with a cosine term. We try, therefore,
x x
yp - (A^ + A )e sin 2x + (B t x 4- B )e cos
Since yc and y p have no terms in common, there is no need to modify y p .

9.124 Determine the form of a particular solution for y" 10/ + 29y x2e 2x
cos 3x.
I The complementary $x 5x
solution is, from Problem 8.51, yc - c\e cos 2x + c2e sin 2x. Since the right side of the
differential equation is the product of a cosine term, an exponential, and a second-degree polynomial, we try a
same but more generalized form, noting that wherever a cosine term
particular solution of the occurs, a particular
solution may have an identical component with a sine term. We try
2 2x
yp = (A 2 x + A x+A {
)e~ sm 3.x + (B 2 x 2 + B,x + B )e
2x
cos 3x
Since yc and y p have no terms in common, there is no need to modify y

p
.
9.125 Determine the form of a particular solution for y" 10/ + 29y = (103x
2
27x + ll)e"
2x
cos 3x.
I The form is identical to that of y p of the previous problem.
2
d dl
9.126 Determine the form of a particular solution for yy +
I ,n
60 + 500/ = (2f - 50)e
10(
sin 50f.
dr dt
I The complementary solution is Ic c^' 50 + '

c 2 e~
10 '
(see Problem 8.10). We try a particular solution
having the same general form as the right side of the given differential equation, coupled with an associated term
involving cos 50r:
I
p
= (A l t+ A )e-
10 '
sin 50r + {Bj + B ]e~
10 '
cos 50f
Since no part of I
p
can be obtained from Ic by any choice of the constants c, and c2 , it follows that I
p
does not need
modification.
2
d*x d x
9.127 Determine the form of a particular solution for -r 13 -y + 36x = f(5 I2t )e
2 2t
cos St.
dt dt
I The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.30, xc = cê

2'
+ c 2 e~
2'
+ c3e
3'
+ c 4 e~
3 '.
The right side of
the differential equation is actually the product of a third-degree polynomial, an exponential, and a cosine term.
We therefore try
2
Xp = (A 3 t i + A2 t
2
+ A x
t + /l )e" 'sin8r + (B 3 t 3 + B2 t
2
+B x
t + B 2
)e~ 'cosSt
Since no part of x p can be formed from x c by any choice of c x through c 4 there , is no need to modify xp .
MODIFICATIONS OF TRIAL PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS

9.128 Determine the form of a particular solution to / 5y = 2e
5x
.
5x
I The complementary solution isyc = c i e (see Problem 8.34). Since the right side of the given
5x
nonhomogeneous equation is an exponential, we try a particular solution of the same form, namely A e .
5x
However, this is exactly the same
as y c except for a multiplicative constant (both are a constant times e ).
Therefore, we must modify it. do so by multiplying it by x to get y p A xe 5x which is distinct from yc
We ,
and is an appropriate candidate for a particular solution.

5x
I Substituting y p of the previous problem and its derivative y'
p
A e + 5/l xe
Sj:
into the differential equation,
5x 5x 5x
we get (A e
5x
+ 5A xe 5x ) - 5(A xe 5x ) = 2e 5x , or A e = 2e , so that A = 2. Then y pX = 2x^ ,
5x x
and the general solution is y = yc + yp = c^ 5*
+ 2xe = (c\ + 2x)e* .
6x
9.130 Determine the form of a particular solution to /+ 6y = 3e
I The complementary solution is yc = Ae~ 6x (see Problem 8.37). Since the right side of the given differential
6x
equation is an exponential, we try a particular solution having the same form, namely A e~ . However, since
this is the same as yc except for a multiplicative constant, it must be modified. Multiplying by x, we get
=A 6x
y xe~ , which is different from y c and the appropriate candidate for a particular solution.

6x 6x
f Substituting y p of the previous problem and y'p =A e~ - 6A xe ~ into the given differential equation and
simplifying, we obtain A e~ 6x = 3e~ 6x so that , A = 3. Then yp = 3xe~ 6x , and the general solution is
y = Ae~ 6x + 3xe~ 6x .
216 D CHAPTER 9
9.132 Determine the form of a particular solution to 2/ 5y = 4e 5x 2 '

.
5x ' 2
# The complementary solution is yc = Ae (see Problem 8.38). We try a particular solution having the same
form as the right side of the given differential equation, namely A e 5x 2 Since this is identical to yc we modify it '
. ,
5x 2
by multiplying by x. The new candidate is yp =A xe which is distinct from yc and therefore an
'
,
appropriate trial solution.
I By substituting y p of the previous problem and y'

p
=A e
5xl2
+ jA xe 5x/2 into the given differential equation
and simplifying, we find that A = 2. Then y p = 2xe 5x!2
, and the general solution is
y=y + = Ae 5xl2 - 2xe 5x ' 2

e yp .
9.134 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" y' 2y = e

2x
.
2x
I The complementary Problem 8.1). We try the particular solution A e 2x
solution is y = c x e~
x
+ c2e (see ,
which is similar in form to the right side of the given equation. However, it also has the form of part of the
complementary function (let c 2 = A ), so it must be modified. Multiplying by x, we get y p = A xe 2x which ,
has no term in common with the complementary function and is, therefore, in proper form for a particular solution.
I Substituting y p of the previous problem with its derivatives y'p A e 2x + 2A xe 2x and

y'
p
= 4A e 2x + 4A xe 2x into the given differential equation and simplifying we find that A = \. Then
2x x 2x 2x
yp = \xe , and the general solution is y c x e~ + c2e + \xe .
9.136 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" y' 2y = 2e~

x
.
x
I The complementary solution is ye = cê~ + c 2 e 2x
(see Problem 8.1). We try a particular solution of the form
A e~ x but since this has the same form as part of y (let
,
c cx =A ), we must modify it. Multiplying the right side
x
by x, we get yp = A xe~ since this is distinct from ye ; , it is in proper form for a particular solution.
I Substituting yp of the previous problem and its derivatives into the differential equation, we obtain
-2A e~ x + A xe~ x (A e~ x A xe~ x ) 2(A xe~ x ) = 2e' x from which we find that A = -. , Then a
~x
yp = %xe
x 2x x
particular solution is , and the general solution is y = c x e~ + c2e \xe~ .
~ 2x
9.138 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" + 4y' + 4y = e .
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.141 to be y = c e~ 2x + c 2 xe~ 2x We try a particular c x

.
2x
solution of the form A e~ similar to the right side of the given differential equation. However, this is also part
, of
2x
y c (let c, = A so we modify it by multiplying by x. This gives us A xe~
), which is also part of y , c
2x
(let c2 = A and must be modified. Multiplying again by x, we generate y p = A x 2 e'
) Since this result .
has no terms in common with y is the proper form for a particular solution.c , it
I Substituting \ p of the previous problem and its derivatives y'

p
2A x 2 e~ 2x + 2A xe~ 2x and
2x 2x 2x
y'
p
'
4A x e~ 2
%A xe~ + 2A e~ into the differential equation and simplifying, we find that A = j.
2x 2x 2x 2x
Then yp \x 2 e~ , and the general solution is y yc + yp = c x e~ + c 2 xe~ + \x 2 e~ .
x
9.140 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" + 6y' + 9y = \2e~* .
I The complementary solution is shown in problem 8.142 to be yc c e~ 3x + c 2 xe~ 3x We try the particular x
.
3x
solution A e~ which is a general form of the right side of the given equation. However, it has a term in common
,
3x
with yc (take c = A so it must be modified. To do so, we multiply by x, to get A xe~
x ), But this also is part .
2 3x
of) (let c 2 = 4
c
and must be modified. Multiplying by x once more, we obtain y p = A x e~
) which ,
has no term in common with yc and so is the proper form for a particular solution.
f Substituting y p of the previous problem and its derivatives into the given differential equation yields
(9x
2
- 12x + 2)A e~
3x
-F 6(-3x 2 + 2x)A e~ 3x + 9AoX 2 e~ 3x =\2e~ 3x
3x
from which we find that A = 6. Then yp = 6x 2 e~ 3x , and the general solution is y = (c x + c2x + 6x 2 )e~ .
4
-4
9.142 Determine the form of a particular solution to x + 20x + 64x = 60e '.
I The complementary solution is x c = c e~ M + c 2 e~ 16 (see Problem 8.1 1). We try a particular solution of thex
'
form A e~*', but because it is part of x c (let c = A it must be modified. We multiply it by the independent x ), t,
variable, and obtain x p - A te~ A Since this has no term in common with x c it is the proper form for a
'.
,
particular solution.
I Substituting x p of the previous problem and its derivatives into the given differential equation, we get
-4 ' - 8/V~ 4 + '
20(- A te~
4t
+ A e~
M + 64A te~*' = 60e"
4 '
16/V*? )
from which A 5. Then a particular solution is xp = 5te~*', and the general solution is
x = c,e *'
+ c e
16(
+ 5te
9.144 Determine the form of a particular solution to x + lOx + 25x = 20e 5 '.
f The complementary solution is x = C e~ 5t + C 2 te~ 5 (see Problem 8.146). We try the particular solution
c x
'
A e~ 5t which is similar in form to the right side of the given differential equation. But because it is part of
,
x c (let C = A Q we modify it by multiplying by

x ), The result, A te~ $t is also part of x c (let C 2 = A so it t. , ),
too must be modified.

Multiplying again by the independent variable t, we obtain xp =A t
2
e~ 5 '. Since this has no tern: in common
with x c , it is the proper form for a particular solution.
1 Substituting x p of the previous problem and its derivatives into the given differential equation, we obtain
-5
25A t
2
e'
5'
- 20A o te~ 5t + 2A e'
5t
+ 10(-5/4 '
2
e~
5'
+ 2A te~
5t
) + 25A t
2
e~ s ' = 20e
'
-5
which can be simplified to A 10. Then xp = 10r e
2
', and the general solution is
-
x = C,<r 5'
+ C 2 te- 5'
+ iot e
2 5t
.
9.146 Determine the form of a particular solution to

n

dx
-3
3
\
+ 6 -jy +
it
dx 2
12 -
**-y
dx
I-
8y = \2e
,-2x
2x
I The complementary solution is y {c + c 2 x + c x
c 3 x )e~
2
(see Problem 8.145). We try the particular
2x
solution A e~ which is similar in form to the right
, side of the differential equation. But it is part of yc (let
Cj = A so we modify it by multiplying by x. The

), result, A xe~ 2x , is also part of y c (let c2 A ) and must
also be modified.
Multiplying again by x, we get A x 2 e~ 2x which again is part of yc (let c 3 = A ).
, Multiplying once more
by x, we obtain yp = A x 3 e~ 2x , which has no terms in common with yc and thus is the proper form for a
I Substituting y of the previous problem and its derivatives
yp = -2A x 3 e~ 2x + 3A x 2 e 2x
2x _ n a ^2-lx
y'p = 4A x 3-2x
3
e'
t A v~2x
- UA x 2 e 2x + 6A xe ,
and y';' = -SA x 3 e~ + 36A x e~ - 36A xe' 2x + 6A

2x 2 2x
e~
2x
into the given differential equation and simplifying, we find that A = 2. Then yp = 2x 3 e~ 2x and the general
2x 3 2x
solution is y = (c t + c2x + c 3 x )e~
2
+ 2x e~ .
^d 2 Q
d3Q
-jT + 3
~TT + 3
dQ n
+Q= 5e .
I The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.158, Q = Cc x

e~
l
+ C 2 te~' + C 3 t 2 e~'. We try a particular
solution similar in form to the right side of the differential equation, namely A e~'. Since this is part of the
2
complementary solution (let C, = A ), it must be modified. If we multiply by t or f the result will be of the ,
3
form A te~' or A t 2 e~' and will also be part of the complementary function. However, if we multiply by t we ,
obtain Q p = A t e~\ which is not part of the complementary function and is, therefore, the proper form for a
3
218 U CHAPTER 9
9.149 Determine the form of a particular solution to Q

w + 4Q (3)
+ 6Q + 4Q + Q = -23e~'.
I The complementary from Problem 8.159, Q c = C x e~ + C 2 te~' + C 3 r 2 e~' + Cj 3 e~'. We try a

solution is,
l
particular solution having the same form as the right side of the differential equation, namely A e~'. Since
this is part of Q c (for C, = A ), it must be modified. To do so, we multiply by the smallest positive integral
power of t that eliminates any duplication between it and Q c This is the fourth power, and the result is the .
proper form for a particular solution. Q p A t 4 e~'.
9.150 Determine the form of a particular solution to Q <5) + 5<2

,4)
+ 10Q {3) + 10Q + 5Q + Q = -3e~'.
I The complementary Q p = (C\ + C 2 t + C 3 r + C 4 t + C 5 t*)e~'. We first try

2 3
solution is, from Problem 8.160,
a particular solution of the form A e~'. Since this Q c we modify it by multiplying by the smallest
is part of ,
positive integral power of t that eliminates any duplication of Q c This is the fifth power, and the proper form for
.
Qp = A
5
a particular solution is t e~'.
2x
9.151 Determine the form of a particular solution to y
(4)
+ 8y
(3)
+ 24/' + 32/ + 16y = le~ .
2x 2x
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.157 to be yc c x e' + c 2 xe~ + c3x
2
e~ 2x + c^x 3 e~
2x
.
2x
We first try a particular solution of the form A e' . Then, since this is part of yc , we modify it by multiplying
by the smallest positive integral power of x that eliminates any duplication of yc . This is the fourth power, and the
proper form for a particular solution is y p A Q x x e~ 2x .
9.152 Determine the form of a particular solution to (D 4 - 6D 3 + 13D 2 - 12D + 4)v = 6e*.
x 2x
I The complementary solution is. from Problem 8.187, yc e {c l
+ c 2 x) + e {c 3 + c 4 x). We try a particular
solution having the same form as the right side of the differential equation, namely A e x Then, since this is part .
of yc , we modify it by multiplying by x 2 the smallest positive integral , power of x that eliminates any duplication.
Thus, the proper form is yp = A x 2 ex .
9.153 Rework the previous problem if. instead, the right side of the differential equation is 7>e 2x .
I The complementary solution y of that problem remains valid, and a first try for the particular solution is
c
A e 2x which has the same form as the new right side. It must be modified, however, because it is part of
,
yc (for c 3 = A We multiply by x 2 the smallest positive integral power of x that eliminates any duplication
). , of
2 2 '.
yc The result is yp = A x e
.
9.154 Determine the form of a particular solution to /' 7/ = 3.

lx
f The complementary solution (see Problem 8.2). We try the particular solution A
is yc c x
+c 2
e but since ,
this is part of yc (for c, must be modified. Multiplying by x, we get y p A x, which is not part
= A ), it
of yc and is, therefore, the proper form for a particular solution.
I Substituting yp , yp A , and y'p = into the given differential equation yields 1A = 3, or

A Q = 3 Then .
yp = 3
x, and the general solution is y = c'i + c 2 e lx + 3 x.
9.156 Determine the form of a particular solution to /' 7/ 3x.

I The complementary solution y c of Problem 9.154 remains valid. Since the right side of the differential
equation is a first-degree polynomial, we try A x + A
x
, which is a general first-degree polynomial. But
part of this trial solution, namely A , also part of y c , so it must be modified.
is To do so, we multiply it by the
smallest positive integral power of x that will eliminate duplication. This is the first power, which gives us
yp = x{A x x
+A ) =A x
x2 + A x.
# Substituting y p of the previous problem, y' = 24,x + A

p
and y"p = 2A into the given differential
,
X
equation yields, after rearrangement, ( 14/lJx + (2/1! 1A = 3x + 0. Equating coefficients of like )
powers of x, we find A 1 =Yi and A = ^. Then y p = ^x 2 + ^x, and the general solution is
2
y = C l + C 2 elX + T4* + 49*-
9.158 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" 7/ = 3x 2 .

f As in Problem 9.154, thecomplementary solution is y c = c, + c2e

lx
. We try as a particular solution
A 2x 2 + A x + A x , which has the same degree as the right But part of side of the given differential equation.
this duplicates part ofyc (let c, = A ), so it needs to be modified. We multiply it by x, which is the smallest
positive integral power of x that eliminates duplication, obtaining
y p = A 2 x + A x + A x. Since there is
3 2
x
now no duplication, y p is in proper form.
4
9.159 Determine the form of a particular solution to (Z) + 4D 2 )y = 6.
f The complementary function is, from Problem 8.186, yc = c, + c2x + c 3 cos 2x + c 4 sin 2x. We first try the
particular solution A . Because part of yc (for c x = A ),
this is we modify itby multiplying by the smallest
positive integral power of x that eliminates duplication. The first power will not work, because A x is part of
yc (for c2 =A ). The second power does work, however, so a particular solution is
yp = A x2 .
9.160 Redo the previous problem if, instead, the right side of the differential equation is 6x.
I yc remains valid, but we now use a general first-degree polynomial as our initial try for yp : Ax + A .
However, this ispart of y c (for Cj = A c 2 = A v ), so we modify it by multiplying by x. The result is

,
A{x 2 + A Q x. But part of this (namely A x, a constant times x) is also part of yc so we must modify it by ,
multiplying again by x. The result, yp = /4 x

x3 + A 2x2 , does not duplicate any part of y c and is therefore in
proper form.
9.161 Redo Problem 9.159 if the right side of the differential equation is 6x 2 2x + 5.
I The complementary solution yc of Problem 9.159 remains valid, but we now use a general second-degree
polynomial as our initial try for yp : A 2 x 2 + A^x + A . Because parts of this expression (namely A t x and A )
are also part of the complementary function, we must modify it. To do so, we multiply by x 2 the smallest ,
positive integral power of x that eliminates duplication of yc The proper form . is then yp = A 2 x* + A x
x3 +A x2 .
9.162 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" 9x 2 + 2x + 1.
1 The complementary y c c l + c 2 x (see Problem 8.153). Since the right side of the differential
function is
equation is a second-degree polynomial, we try a general second-degree polynomial as the form of y p :
A 2x2 + A x + A However, this trial solution has a first-power term and a constant term in common with
x
.
yc We must modify it by multiplying by the smallest positive integral power of x

. that eliminates duplication between
A
y c This is x which gives y p = A 2 x + A x + A x
2 3 2
yp and . ,
x
.
f problem twice and then substituting into the differential equation, we obtain
Differentiating y p of the previous
\2A 2 x 2 x
from which we find A 2 = f, ^1=3, and A = \. Then
+ 6A x + 2A = 9x 2 + 2x 1,
4 4
solution is y = c x + c + fx + ^x ^x
= fx + ^x 3 \x 2 and the general 3 2
yp , x
.
The particular solution also can be obtained by twice integrating both sides of the differential equation with
respect to x.
9.164 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" 3x 2 .
yc = c y + c 2 x + c 3 x
2
f The complementary function is (see Problem 8.154). Since the right side of the
differential equation is a second-degree polynomial, we try
However, since this is identical A A x + A 2x2 x
.
in form to yc it must be modified. To do so, we multiply by x 3 the smallest positive integral power of x that
, ,
A
y p = A 2 x + A x x + /l x
5 3
eliminates any duplication of y c The result is . .
9.165 Determine the form of a particular solution to y'" = 2x 2 + 9x + 18.
f The particular solution is identical to that of the previous problem.
14
9.166 Determine the form of a particular solution to ^ = 12x

2
60.
3 2
f The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.155, y c = c, + c 2 x + c 3 x + c 4 x .
Since the right side of the given differential equation is a second-degree polynomial, we try, as a particular
solution, the general second-degree polynomial A + A x + A 2x2 x
. But
part of y c for suitable choices of this is
4
<?!through c 4 and so must be modified. To do so, we
,
multiply by x the smallest positive integral power of x
,
that eliminates any duplication of y c The result is a proper particular solution: .

yp = /l x4 + A x 5 + A 2x6
y
.
220 CHAPTER 9
I Differentiating y p four times successively and substituting the result into the given differential equation, we
get
2
24 A Q + 120,4 jx + 3604 2 x = 12x
2
60.
Then, by equating the coefficients of like powers of x, we
conclude that A f, A x
= 0, =
and A 2 = yg. Thus y p = jqx 6 fx 4 and the general solution is ,
4
y = 2
c t + c 2 x + c 3 x + c4 x
3 6
fx + ^x .

d*y
ax
= 30x
z
4
5
2x 2 + 5.
f The complementary solution is, again, yc = cv + c2x + c 3x

2
+ c 4x
3
. The right side of the differential
equation is a fifth-degree polynomial, so we try the particular solution A 5 x 5 + A A x* + A 3 x 3 + A 2 x 2 + A x + A x
.
But because and yc have terms in common, it must be modified. Again we multiply by x 4
this trial solution ,
the smallest positive integral power of x that eliminates any duplication of y c The result is a particular solution .
9 J 6 4
yp A 5 x + A 4x + A 3 x + A 2 x + A { x + A x
8 s
in proper form, .
d 2x dx
^ + k
,
9.169 Solve - g, where k and g are positive constants.

dr dt
I The complementary solution is xc = C, + C 2 e~ kt

(see Problem 8.20). Since the right side of the
differential equation is a constant, we first try the particular solution A . But this term is part of x,. (for
Cj = A ), so we modify it by multiplying by t. The result is xp = A t, which is distinct from the terms
comprising x c .
Substituting x p into the given differential equation, we get + kA = g, from which A g/k. The
9
general solution is then x = xc + xp = C + C 2 e x
kt
- t.
k
9.170 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" -I- Ay cos 2x.
I The complementary solution is yr = c, cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x (see Problem 8.59). Since the right side of the given
differential equation is a cosine term, we try AQ sin 2x -I- B Q cos 2x as a particular solution. But this trial
solution is identical in form to yf (with c, = B and ), so c2 A we must modify it. Multiplying by x, we
get yp A x sin 2x + fi x cos 2x, which is distinct from yc and therefore in proper form.
9.171 Redo the previous problem if, instead, the right side of the differential equation is 3 sin 2x.
I The particular solution is identical to y p of the previous problem.
9.172 Determine the form of a particular solution to x + 16x = 2 sin 4t.
I The complementary solution is xr = c, cos 4r + c 2 sin 4f (see Problem 8.57). Since the right side of the
differential equation is a sine term,we try A sir\4t + B cos4t as a particular solution. But y c and this trial
solution are of identical form, so we must modify it. We do so by multiplying by f, getting

xp =A t sin 4f + BQ t cos 4f. Since all the terms of x p are distinct from those of x c , it is in proper form.
9.173 Solve the differential equation of the previous problem,
f By substituting x p and x" = - ( \6A t - 8B ) sin At + (8.4 - 16B f) cos At into the given differential equation
and simplifying,we get
( - 85 ) sin At + (8A ) cos At = 2 sin At + cos At
Then equating the coefficients of like terms yields A = and B = . The general solution is thus
x = xc -\- xp = c, cos At + c 2 sin At \t cos At.
9.174 Determine the form of a particular solution to x + 64x = 64 cos St.
I The complementary solution is xf = x x cos 8f + Problem 8.58). Since the right side of the
c 2 sin 8r (see
differential equation is a cosine term, we try A sin 8f -(- B

as the form of a particular solution. But it
cos 8f
is identical to x c when ct = B and c 2 =A so we must modify the trial solution. We do so by multiplying
,
by t obtaining x p = A t sin 8f -I- B t cos St.

, This is in proper form, because no part of it can be formed from
x c by a suitable choice of Cj or c 2 .

A
f By substituting x p and its second derivative into the given differential equation, we obtain
(- 64 t - 16B ) sin St + (16 A - 64B t) cos 8t + 64(A t sin St + B t cos 8f) = 64 cos 8f
which can be simplified to (-16B )sin8t + (\6A )cosSt = 0sin8f + 64cos8f. Equating coefficients of like
terms, we conclude that A = 4 and B = 0. Then the general solution is
x = Cj cos 8f + c 2 sin St + 4r sin St.
9.176 Solve 3c + 3gx = 3g sin -J3gt, where # is a positive constant.
The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.74, xc = C x

cos y/lgt + C 2 sin -Jlgt. We try
A sin >/3gf + B cos v3# as a f particular solution, and then modify it to x p A sin y/3gt + Bt t cos \J3gt
by multiplying by t.
Substituting x p into the given differential equation and simplifying, we get
( 2yJ3gB sin y/3gt + (2yJ3gA cos \J3gt = 3g sin \j3gt. By

) ) equating coefficients of like terms, we find that
B = jy/3g and A = 0. The general solution is then

x = x + x p = Cj cos yJ3gt + c 2 sin \J3gt \\l3gt cos yJ3gt.
c
9.177 Determine the form of a particular solution to (D 2 + 4)v = x2 sin 2x.
f The complementary solution is yc = C x

cos 2x + C2 sin 2x. Since the right side of the differential equation is a
2
second-degree polynomial times a sine term, we try (Bx + Ex + G) sin 2x + (Ax 2 + Cx + F) cos 2x as a
particular solution. But this trial solution has terms in common with yc namely a constant
times sin 2x and a ,
constant times cos 2x, so we must modify We

do so by multiplying by the smallest positive integral
it.
power of x that eliminates all commonality between ye and y p This is the first power. As a result, we find .
3
yp = Ax cos 2x + Bx 3
sin 2x + Cx 2
cos 2x + Ex 2 sin 2x + Fx cos 2x + Gx sin 2x
f Differentiating y p twice yields
D 2 y p = -4 Ax 3 cos 2x - 4Bx 3 sin 2x + (12B - 4C)x 2 cos 2x + (- 12,4 - 4)x 2 sin 2x

+ (6/1 + 8 - 4F)x cos 2x + (65 - 8C - 4G)x sin 2x + (2C + 4G) cos 2x + (IE - 4F)sin 2x
Then substituting this and y p into the given equation yields
12Bx 2 cos 2x - \2Ax 2 sin 2x + (6A + 8)x cos 2x + (6B - SC)x sin 2x + (2C + 4G) cos 2x + (2 - 4F) sin 2x
=x 2
sin 2x
By equating coefficients of like terms, we find that A = -fa, B = C = G = 0, = yg, and = ^.
Then y p = y^x cos 2x + j^x sin 2x + j^x cos 2x, and the primitive
3 2
is
y = C cos 2x + C 2 sin 2x ^x 3 cos 2x + ^x 2 sin 2x + ^x cos 2x.

t
9.179 Solve (D 2 + 4)y = 8 sin 2x.
I The complementary solution is yc = c cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x. For a particular solution we would normally try
t
A cos 2x + B sin 2x. However, since its terms appear in the complementary solution, we multiply by x to obtain
the particular solution y p = x(A cos 2x + B sin 2x). Then, substituting in the given equation yields
4A cos 2x 4B sin 2x = 8 sin 2x, so that A = and B = 2. Then the required general solution is
y = c t cos 2x 4- c 2 sin 2x 2x sin 2x.
9.180 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" + 4y = 8x sin 2x.
I As in the previous problem, the complementary solution is yc = c, cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x. We try a particular
solution of the form (A x x +A ) sin 2x + (B x x +B ) cos 2x because the right side of the given differential
equation is and sin 2x. But two of the summands in this trial solution
the product of a first-degree polynomial
are identical in form with the summands in yc so it must be modified. Multiplying by x, we get ,
y p = (A 1 x + Aqx) sin 2x + (B x + B x) cos 2x, which has no terms in common with yc and is therefore in
2 2
x
proper form.
f Differentiating y p of the previous problem twice in succession yields
y" = (-4A x
x2 - 4A x + 2A - SB^ - 4Bl
)sin 2x + (SA x t
+ 4A - 4B x
x2 - 4B x + 2Bj)cos 2x
222 D CHAPTER 9
Substituting this and y p into the given differential equation and simplifying, we obtain
[(-8B,)x + (2A 1 - 4B )] sin 2x + [(8/t,)x + (4A + 25,)] cos 2x = 8x sin 2x
By equating the coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system of equations, we find that
A = x
0, A = j, B, 1, and B
0. Combining these results with ye and yp of the previous problem, we
= cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x + jx sin 2x x cos 2x.
2
form the general solution y c,
9.182 Solve y" + Ay = (8 - 16x) cos 2x.
I y c and y p of Problem 9.180 are valid here, as is y" of the previous problem.
p Substituting y p and y"
p
into the
given differential equation and simplifying, we get
[(-8B,)x + (2/1, -4B )]sin2x + [(8A )x x

+ (4A + 2B,)]cos2x = -16xcos2x + 8cos2x
By equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system of equations, we find that A = -2,
x
A = 2, B, = 0, and B = - 1. Combining these results with y c and y p of Problem 9.180, we form the
general solution y = (-2x 2 + 2x + c 2 )sin2x + (-x + c,)cos2x.
9.183 Determine the form of a particular solution of x + 16x = (80r 16) sin 4r.
f The complementary solution is xc = c cos4f + c 2 sin 4t (see Problem 8.57). We try a particular solution x
of the form (A + A )s'm4t H (B,f + B )cos4t, but since it contains summands which are identical in
x
t
form to the summands of x it must be modified. Multiplying by f, we get f ,
x p = (A^ 2 + A t)sm4t + (B,r 2 + B f)cos4f.

Since none of the summands of x p is identical to a summand of x,. except perhaps for a multiplicative constant,
xp is the proper form for a particular solution.
f Differentiating xp of the previous problem twice yields
.\
r
= (-16.4,r 2 - 16/V + 2/1, - 16S,f -8B )sin4f + (l6A x
t + %A - 16B,f
2
- 16B f + 2B,)cos4f
Then by substituting .v
p
and x p into the given differential equation and simplifying, we get
[(-16B,)f + (2/1, -8B )]sin4f + [(164 ,)f + (8.4 + 2B,)] cos4f = (80f - 16)sin4f + (Or + 0)cos4r
Equating coefficients of like terms, we get a system of equations whose solution is A = 0, A 1.25, x
By 5, and B = 2. Combining these results with x p and xe of the previous problem, we form the general
solution x = c, cos 4f + c 2 sin 4f + 1 .25f sin 4f + - 5f 2 +
( 2t) cos 4t.
9.185 Determine the form of a particular solution to x + 64x = 8f

2
cos 8f.
I The complementary solution is xe = c, cos 8f + c 2 sin 8f (see Problem 8.58). Since the right side of the
given differential equation is the product of a second-degree polynomial and a cosine term, we try a
(A 2 t 2
2
particular solution of the form + A x
t + /1 ) sin 8f + (B 2 f + B,f + B )cos8r.
Two of the summands in this trial solution also appear in x c for suitable choices of c, and c 2 , so it must be
modified. Multiplying by t, we get
3 2
Xp = (Ait* + A x
t
2
+ A t)smSt + (B 2 t + B x
t + B r)cos8r
Since the summands of x p are linearly independent of the summands of x c , we have the proper form for a
9.186 Determine the form of a particular solution to x + 96x = (r

3
+ 3) sin yj%t.
I The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.61, x = C, sin ^96' + C 2 cos V96f. We try a particular c
solution of the form (A 3 t 3 + A 2 2 + A + A )s\n v96f + (B^ + B 2 2 + B,f + BoJcosv^r. But this trial
t
y
t t
solution has summands in common with x so must be modified. We multiply it by the smallest positive
c , it
integral power of t that eliminates any duplication of terms of x f the first. Thus, we have
Xp = (A 3 t
4
+ A2 t
3
+A x
t
2
+ A f) sin V96f + (B 3 t* + B2f3 + B x
t
2
+ B f)cos v96r
4
9.187 Determine the form of a particular solution to (D + 4D 2 )y = x cos 2x.
f The complementary solution is,from Problem 8.186, =
x, c, + c2x + c 3 cos 2x t- c 4 sin 2x. We try a
particular solution of the form (A x + A ) sin 2x

x
+ (B,x +B ) cos 2x. But this trial solution and x c have
summands in common, so the trial solution must be modified. Multiplying it by x, we get

yp =(AiX +
2
A x) sin 2x + (B x 2 + B x) cos 2x. t
Since each summand of y p is linearly independent of the summands of ye , it is the proper form for a particular
solution.

d*y
z +
ax*

d y
dx
+ 8
2
\
1
16y = (1 8x) sin 2x
I The characteristic equation of the associated homogeneous equation can be factored into ('/} + 4)
2
= 0, so
the roots are +i'2, each of multiplicity two. It follows from Problem 8.175 that the complementary function is
yc = c, cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x + c 3 x cos 2x + c 4 x sin 2x.

Since the right side of the given differential equation is a first-degree polynomial times sin 2x, we try the
particular solution (A { x + A )sin2x + (S,x + B )cos 2x. But this is identical to y c when Cj = B c2 = A , ,
c3 =B x ,
and c4 = Av We must modify the trial solution, and we do so by multiplying it by x 2 the smallest ,
positive integral power of x that eliminates any duplication. The result is
yp = {A t x 3
+A 2
x )sin2x + (BjX 3
+ B x 2
)cos2x.
The summands of y p are distinct from those of yc , so it is the proper form for a particular solution.
9.189 Determine the form of a particular solution to (D 2 + 9)

3
y = (2x
2
3x + 5) cos 3x.
I The roots of the characteristic equation of the associated homogeneous equation are + i3, each of multiplicity
three. The complementary function is
yc = (c : + c2x + <r
3 x 2 ) cos 3x + (c 4 + c5x + c6x
2
) sin 3x
We try a particular solution of the + B,x + fi ) cos 3x. However, this

form (A 2 x
2
+A Y
x +A ) sin 3x + (B 2 x
2
is form to yc and must be modified. To do so, we multiply by x 3 the smallest positive integral
identical in ,
power of x that results in summands distinct from those of y c The result is .
A 4
y p = (A 2 x + A x + 4 x )sin 3x + (B 2 x5 + B]X + B x )cos 3x, which is the proper form for a particular
5 3 3
x
solution.
6 -h 25y 6e
d y dy
9.190 Determine the form of a particular solution for -r cos 4x.
dx dx
ix
I The complementary solution y c = e (c cos4x + c 2 sin4x) (see Problem 8.50). Since the right side of the
is x
differential equation is an exponential times a cosine term, we try the particular solution
3x
A e sin 4x + B e 3x cos 4x. Because this has the same form as y c we modify it by multiplying by x. The result, ,
3x ix
yp A xe sin 4x + B xe cos 4x, consists of terms that are different from those of y c so it needs no further ,
modification.
9.191 Determine the form of a particular solution to -^

dx 2
10
dx
+ 29 y = 8e Sx
sin 2x
= 5x
I The complementary solution is yc e (Cj cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x) (see Problem 8.51). The right side of the
given differential equation is an exponential times a sine, so we try the particular solution
5x 5x
A e 2x
sin +B e cos 2x. Since this is form to y c we modify it by multiplying by x. The result,
identical in ,
y A Q xe 5x sin 2x -I- B xe Sx cos 2x, consists of terms that cannot be obtained from yc by any choice of the
constants c, and c2 and so needs no further modification.
2x
9.192 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" + 4/ + 5y = 60e~ sinx.
2x 2x
I The complementary solution is yc c x e~ cosx + c 2 e~ s'mx (see Problem 8.66). We try, as a particular
solution, 4 e -2jc sinx -I- B e"

2Ar
cosx; but because it is identical in form to yc it must be modified. We ,
2x _2
multiply it by x, getting yp = ,4 xe~ sinx + B xe *cosx, which has no terms in common with yc and so is
in proper form.
I Differentiating y p of the previous problem yields
y'
p
= (-2A x + A - B x)e~
2x
sinx + (A x - 2B+ B )e~ 2x cosx x
2x
and y" = (3^ ^ - 4/4 + 4B x - 2B )e~
2x
s\nx + (-4A x + 2A + 3B x - 4B )e- cosx
x
224 CHAPTER 9
Substituting y p and its derivatives into the differential equation and simplifying, we get
- 2B ~ 2x sin e~
2
= 60e ~ 2x sin x;
e x + 2A cos x by equating coefficients of like terms, we find that A =
~
and B = 30. Then yp = 30xe 2x cos x, and the general solution is
y c 1 e~
2x
cosx + c 2 e~
2jc
sinx 30xe~ 2 *cosx.
9.194 Determine the form of a particular solution to (D 2 - 2D + 10)y = 18e* cos 3x.
f The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.68, y = C e x cos 3x + C2e" sin 3x. We try the particular c t
solution A ex sin 3x + B e x cos 3x, but since this is identical in form to yc it must be modified. We therefore ,
x
multiply by x, obtaining y p = A xe sin 3x + fl xe*cos 3x. Since there is no duplication between y and y
p c ,
the latter is in proper form.
I By differentiating y p of the previous problem twice, we get
y'
p
= Mo x + ô 3B x)e Ar
sin 3x + (3/l x + B x+ B )e
x
sin 3x
and y'
p
'
= - 84 x + 2A - 6B
( x - 6B )e
x
sin 3x + (6A x + 6A Q - SB Q x + 2B Q )ex cos 3x
Substituting y p and its derivatives into the differential equation and simplifying then yield
(
6B )e
x
sin 3x + (6A )e
x
cos 3x = 18^ cos By equating coefficients of like terms, we find that A = 3
3x.
and B = 0. Combining these results with yc and y p of the previous problem, we form the general solution
x
y =C x
e cos 3x + C2e x
sin 3x + 3xex sin 3x.

<4)
8y
(3)
+ 32/' 64/ + 64y = 30e
2x
sin 2x.
2x 2x
I The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.188, yc (Cj + c 2 x)e cos 2x + (c 3 + c A x)e sin 2x. We
2x 2x
try as a particular solution A e sin 2x + B e cos 2x, complementary function but since this is part of the
(for c3 = AQ , c, = B ), itmust be modified. Multiplying by x will also duplicate terms of y c so we multiply ,
2x 2 2x
by x 2 to get yp =A x2e sin 2x + B x e cos 2x. Since the summands of y p are distinct from those of yc yp ,
is the proper form for a particular solution.
3 2
d*\ d d dy
9.197 Determine the form of a particular solution to 7 + 4 -^y + 8 -jy + J
8 \- 4y 2e'
x
cos x.
ax ax ax ax
I The characteristic equation of the associated homogeneous differential equation can be factored into
(m 2 + 2m + 2) 2 = 0, so 1 are both roots
/ of multiplicity two, and the complementary solution is
x
yc = (c, + c 2 x)e~ cosx + (c 3 + c A x)e ' x sin x.
x x
We try as a particular solution A Qe sinx + B e' cosx, but because this trial solution has terms in
common with ye , we must modify it. We thus multiply by x
2
, the smallest positive integral power of x that
eliminates any duplication, obtaining yp v4 x 2 e -Jc sin x + B x 2 e" x cosx.
9.198 Determine the form of a particular solution to (D 2 + 2D + 2)

3
y = 3e~*sinx.
I The characteristic equation of the associated homogeneous differential equation is (m 2 + 2m + 2)

3
= 0, so
1 i are both roots of multiplicity three, and the complementary solution is
2 _Jc
yc = ( ci + cix + c3x )e"*cosx + (c 4 + c5x + 2
c 6 x )e sinx.
x
We try as a particular solution A e~
x
s\nx + B e~ cosx, but because this trial solution is part of yc , it
must be modified. We multiply by x 3 the smallest positive integral power of x that eliminates any duplication
,
ofy c The result is y . = A x 3 e~ x sin x + B x 3 e" x cosx, which is the proper form of a particular solution.
-
d*y_
9.199 Determine the form of a particular solution to -j-j
dx 2
66-*y
dx
h 25y = (2x l)e
ix
cos 4x.
I The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.50, = c,e 3x cos4x + c 2 e 3x sin4x. We try as a particular
yc
ix 3x
solution {A t x + A )e sin 4x + (B x + B )e cos 4x. t
Two of the summands of this trial solution are identical
in form to the summands of yc so it must be modified. Multiplying by x yields ,
3x ix
y p = (A x x + A x)e sin 4x + {B^x + B x)e cos 4x, which has no summands
2
2
in common with yc .
d2y
9.200 Determine the form of a particular solution to -r-=
dx'
+ 10 -
dx
dx
h 29y xe
5x
s
sin 2x.
5x 5x
i The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.51, yc = cie cos 2x + c2e sin 2x. We try as a particular
5x
solution (A^x + A )e 5x sin 2x + (BjX + B Q )e cos 2x. Since two of the summands of this trial solution are
identical in form to the summands in yc we must modify it. We do so by multiplying by x, which results
,
in
2 5 5x
yp = {A x x + ,4 x)e *sin 2x + (B lX 2 + B x)e cos 2x. Because y p and yt have no terms in common, this is of
the proper form for a particular solution.
9.201 Determine the form of a particular solution to y" + 4/ + 5y = (x

2
+ 5)e~ *sin x.
2
# The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.66, y = c e ~ 2x cos x + c 2 e ' 2x sin x. We try as a particular c x
solution (,4 2 x
2
+ A x + ,4 )<T 2x sinx + (fl 2 x 2 + B x + B )e~ 2x cosx. But since this trial solution has
x y
summands that are identical in form to those of y c , it must be modified. Multiplying by x, we get
3 2 2x
yp = (A 2 x + A x + x
,4 x)e~ sinx + (fl 2 x3 +B x
x2 +B x)e~
2x
cosx
Since y p does not duplicate any of the summands of yc , it is of the proper form for a particular solution.

w- 8y
<3)
+ 32/' - 64/ + 64y = x 2 e 2x sin 2x.
I The complementary solution is, from Problem 8.177, yc = (c l + c 2 x)e 2x cos 2x + (c 3 + c 4 x)e
2x
sin 2x. We
2 2x
try as a particular solution (,4 2 x + A x +A x
)e sin 2x + (B 2 x
2
+ B x + B )e 2x cos 2x.
x Because this trial
solution has terms in common with y c , it must be modified. If we multiply by x, it will still have terms in
common with yc , so we multiply by x 2 ,
getting
yp = (A 2 x* +A x
x3 +A x 2 )e 2x sin 2x + (B 2 x
4
+B x
x3 + B x 2 )e 2x cos 2x
Because each of its summands is different from those in yc yp,
is in proper form.
A 2
+ 4 ^ + V + 8 + 4v =
d y
^y d y dy
8 (x - 4)e~
x
cos x.
J-v-^ Wv-J
3 2
A-v*- J--
dx* dx dx dx
I The complementary from Problem 9.197, yc = (c + c 2 x)e~ x cosx + (c 3 + c 4 x)e 2x sinx. We try
solution is,
x
x
as a particular solution {A x x + A )e' sinx + (B x x + B )e~ x cosx, but because it is identical in form to yc ,
it must be modified. To eliminate any duplication of yc we multiply by x 2 obtaining , ,
3
yp = (A x x + ,4 x 2 )<?"*sinx + (B^ 3 + B x 2 )e~ x cosx
as the proper form for a particular solution.
9.204 Determine the form of a particular solution to (D 2 + 2D + 2)

3
= xe~ x sin x.
f The complementary solution is, from Problem 9.198,

x
yc = (Ci + c2x + c 3 x )e"
2
cosx + (c 4 + c5x + c6x
2
)e~*sinx
We try as a particular solution (A x x

+ A )e~
x
sin x + (B x x +B )e~
x
cos x, because the right side of the
x
differential equation is the product of a first-degree polynomial, e~ , and a sine term. Since each summand in
the trial solution also appears in yt except for the arbitrary multiplicative constants, it must be modified. We
3
multiply by x the smallest positive integral power of x that eliminates any commonality with yc The result
, . is
A
yp = {A^x* + /4 x 3 )e~*sinx + (B l x + B x 3 )e~ x cosx
which is the proper form for a particular solution.
9.205 Redo the previous problem if the right side is replaced with (5 3x)e"
x
cosx.
I The particular solution here is identical to y p of the previous problem: Since the right side of the new
x
differential equation is the product of a first-degree polynomial, e~ and a cosine term, the trial solution here , is
the same as that in the previous problem. And it must be modified in the same way to the same particular
solution y p .
EQUATIONS WHOSE RIGHT SIDE CONTAINS A COMBINATION OF TERMS

9.206 Solve / - 5y = e
2x
+ 8x.
2x
I A particular solution corresponding to a right side of e is found inProblem 9.1 to be yx= ê 2x and ,
a particular solution corresponding to a right side of 8x is found in Problem 9.32 to be y2 = fx .

A particular solution to the given differential equation is then y x
+ y2 = \e 2x - fx - 2\. When combined
5x
with the complementary solution yc = cxe (see Problem 8.34), it yields the general solution
Jf C\e 3e 5 X 25-
e
226 D CHAPTER 9
9.207 Solve /- 5y = e
2
2x
I A particular solution corresponding to a right side of e remains y, of the previous problem, while a
particular solution corresponding to sin x is found in Problem 9.77 to be y2 = sin x ^cos x. ^
A particular solution to the given differential equation is then yt + y2 \e 2x ^sinx ^gcosx; when
combined with the complementary solution, it yields the general solution y = c,e 5x \e 2x ^sin x - y^cos x.
9.208 Solve y - 5y = 8x + sin x.
I A particular solution corresponding to 8x is found in Problem y = |x j$, and a particular

9.32 to be t
solution corresponding to sinx is found in Problem 9.77 to be y2 ^sinx ygcosx.

A particular solution to the given differential equation is then y + y2x
|x ^ ^sinx t^cosx,
which, when combined with the complementary solution (see Problem 8.34) yields the general solution
y = cxe
5x
- fx - - 2% sin x - ^ cos x.
9.209 Solve y' 5y = 8x sin x.
f The expressions for y x and y 2 of the previous problem are valid here, but now a particular solution is the
difference of those two solutions, namely y, y2 = fx ^ ( ^sinx ygcosx).
Combining this with the general solution to the associated homogeneous problem (see Problem 8.34), we
obtain the general solution to the nonhomogeneous equation as y = cxe
5x fx ^ + jg sin x + j cos x.
9.210 Solve y' - 5y = 8 - 2e

5x
.
# A is found in Problem 9.17 as

particular solution corresponding to a right side of 8 y, = f, and a
5x
particular solution corresponding to 2e Problems 9.128 and 9.129 to be y 2 = 2xe 5x is found in .
A particular solution to the given differential equation is then y, y 2 = f 2xe 5x Combined with the .
complementary solution (see Problem 8.34), it yields the general solution y - c e 5x 2xe 5x f. x
- 2x -
9.211 Solve y 5y = xe + 2x 2 5.
I A particular solution corresponding to xe

2x
is found Problem 9.55 to be y = (\x %)e 2x
in and a x ,
particular solution corresponding to 2x 2

5 is found in Problem 9.33 to be y 2 = 0.4x 2 0.16x + 0.968.
A particular solution to the given differential equation is then y, + y2 = ( 5X ^)e
2x
0.4x
2
0.16x + 0.968.
When combined with the complementary solution (see Problem 8.34), it yields the general solution
y = Cl e + {-\x - \)e - 0.4x - 0.16x + 0.968.

5x 2x 2
9.212 Solve y' 5y = xe 2x + 8x + sin x.
I y, of the previous problem is valid here. In addition, a particular solution corresponding to 8x is, from
Problem 9.32, y2 = fx 2%; a particular solution corresponding to sin x is found in Problem 9.77 to be
y3 = 2% sinx ^cosx. A particular solution to the given differential equation is then
2x
+ + =(-i* - +(-!* - A) + (-^sinx - '
,v, y2 >'
3 9)e 2 6 csx)
We combine this result with the solution to the associated homogeneous equation (see Problem 8.34) to obtain
2x
the general solution y = cxe
Sx
\xe \e 2x fx 2% je sm x ~ 26 cos x -
2x
9.213 Solve y' + 6y = 2 cos 3x 4- 3e sin 3x.
f A particular solution corresponding to 2 cos 3x is found in Problem 9.78 to be

yt = y$ sin 3x ^cos 3x, and a particular solution corresponding to 3e 2x sin 3x is found in Problem 9.99
be y 2 = ffe 2 * sin 3x ^%e cos 3x. A particular solution to the given differential
2x
to equation is then
yt + y2 = y$ sin 3x 33 cos 3x + yfe

2x
sin 3x r%e
2x
cos 3x
When combined with the complementary solution (see Problem 8.37), this yields the general solution
y = Ae ~ 6x ys sin 3x y cos 3x + ff
2*
sin 3x ê 2x cos 3x
3x
9.214 Rework the previous problem if the term e is added to the right side of the differential equation.
3x
I y x and y 2 of the previous problem are valid here. A particular solution corresponding to e is found in
3x
Problem 9.2 as y 3 = <je A particular solution corresponding to the new right side is then y x + y 2 + y 3
. :
when combined with the complementary solution (see Problem 8.37), it yields the general solution
3x
y = Ae ~ 6x - tV sin 3x - -& cos 3x + ê 2x sin 3x - %e 2x cos 3x + %e
5x 6x 6x
9.215 Solve y' + 6y = 4e' - 6e + 3e~ .
I A particular solution corresponding to a right side of 4e~ 5x is found in Problem 9.4 to be y, = 4e~
5x
; a
6x
particular solution corresponding to 6e found in Problem 9.5 to be
is
y2 = \e
tx
\ and a particular solution
corresponding to 3e~ 6x is found in Problems 9.130 and 9.131 to be y 3 = 3xe~ 6x .
A particular solution to the given differential equation is yt y2 + y3 . When combined with the
complementary solution (see Problem yields the general solution = Ae~ 6x + 4e~ 5x \e ex + 6x
8.37), it y 3xe~ .
- 7/ = 6x Sx
9.216 Solve y" 6e + e .
6x
I A particular solution corresponding to 6e is found in Problem 9.7 to be y{ = e 6x , and a particular
8x 8x
solution corresponding to e is found in Problem 9.8 to be y2 = \e .
A particular solution to the given differential equation is then y\ + y2 . When combined with the
complementary solution (see Problem 8.2), it yields the general solution y = c + c 2 e lx e 6x + %e Sx
x
.
9.217 Solve y" - ly' = - 3x + 48 sin 4x + 84 cos 4x.
I A particular solution corresponding to Problems 9.156 and 9.157 to be y x = -^x 2 + ^x. 3x is found in
A particular solution corresponding to 48 sin 4x + 84 cos 4x is found in Problem 9.80 to be y 2 = 3 sin 4x.
A particular solution to the given differential equation is then y + y 2 when combined with the i ;
complementary solution (see Problem 8.2), it yields the general solution y = c x + c 2 e lx + ^x 2 + ^x 3 sin4x.
9.218 Solve y" -/- 2y = 7 + e

3x
.
I A particular solution corresponding to a right side of 7 is found in Problem 9.19 to be yx = f , and a

2x 3x
particular solution corresponding to e is found in Problem 9.10 to be y 2 = \e .
A particular solution to the given differential equation is yx + y 2 When combined

. with the complementary
2x
solution (see Problem 8.1), it yields the general solution y = c1
x
e~ + c 2 e J + \e ix .
9.219 Use the results of the previous problem to solve y" y' 2y = 14 3e
3x
.
t The right side of the given differential equation may be written as 2(7) 3(e
3x
). Then we conclude that a
particular solution to this differential equation is 2yj 3y 2 , where y x and y 2 are as in the previous problem.
When combined with the complementary solution, this yields the general solution y = c l e~
x
+
c2e
2x 7 fe
3 *.
9.220 Solve y" - y' - 2y = e

2x
+ 2e~ x .
2x
I A found in Problems 9.134 and 9.135 to be y t = \xe 2x
particular solution corresponding to e A is .
x x
particular solution corresponding to 2e~ is found in Problems 9.136 and 9.137 to be y 2 = \xe~ .
A particular solution to the given differential equation then is y t + y 2 when combined with the ;
complementary solution (see Problem 8.1), it yields the general solution y = c e~ + c 2 e + ^xe \xe~
x 2x 2x x
.
x
9.221 Use the results of the previous problem to solve y" y' 2y = 3e
2x
- \%e~
x
.
I The right side of this differential equation may be written as 3(e

2x
)
9(2e~*). It then follows from the
previous problem that a particular solution to this differential equation is 3y 9y 2 When combined {
. with
x 2x 2x
the complementary solution, this yields the general solution y = c e' + c 2 e + xe + 6xe~ x l
.
ix 2x x
9.222 Solve y" - y' -2y = 7 + e + e + 2e~ .
I Combining y and y 2 of both Problem

t
9.218 and Problem 9.220 with the complementary function, we obtain
the general solution y = c l e~
x
+ c2e
2x
- \ + \e
3x
+ \xe 2x - \xe~ x .
9.223 Solve y" - y - 2y = 4x 2 - sin 2x.
f A particular solution corresponding to a right side of 4x 2 is found in Problem 9.35 to be

y = 2x + 2x
x
3. A particular
2
solution corresponding to sin 2x is found in Problem 9.92 to be
y2 jq sin 2x + jq cos 2x.

A particular solution to the given differential equation is then y x
- y2 ; when combined with the
complementary solution (see Problem 8.1), it yields the general solution
y = c x e'
x
+ c2e
2x - 2x 2 + 2x - 3 + ^ sin 2x - ^ cos 2x.
9.224 Solve ^ - 4^
dt
2
dt
+ y = 3e
2'
+ 3t - 4.
228 D CHAPTER 9
I A particular solution corresponding to 3e

2t
is found in Problem 9.11 to be yt = e 2t , and a particular
solution corresponding to 3f 4 is found in Problem 9.35 to be _y 2 = 3t+ 8.
A particular solution to the given differential equation then is y^ + y2 . When combined with the
complementary solution (see Problem 8.9), it yields the general solution y = C e 3 132t + C 2 e- 2679t e 2t +
t 3f +
d 2x
+4+
dx
9.225 Solve ^r 8x = <T 2 '
+ 20 ' 2 + l6t ~ 78 )* 2 '-
It *
2 (
It
I A particular solution corresponding to e~ 2'

is found Problem 9.13 to be x l =\e~ 2t
in A particular .
solution corresponding to (20r

2
+ 16r l%)e
2t
is found in Problem 9.67 to be x 2 = (t 2 - A)e 2t A particular .
solution to the given differential equation then is Xj + x 2 When combined with the complementary solution
.
(see Problem 8.54), it yields the general solution
x = c 1 e"
2,
cos2r + c 2 e~ 'sin2r
2
+ \e~
2t
+ (r
2
- 4)e
2'
r + 4 + 8x = -t
dx
9.226 Solve
d x
dt
2
dt
2
+ 5t
2
e~ 3 ' - I4te~
3'
+ lie" 3 '.
I A particular solution corresponding to t

2
is found in Problem 9.41 to be x, = r 2 + %t i
32-
particular solution corresponding to (5f 14f + ll)e~ is found in Problem 9.68 to be
2
3'
x 2 = (t 2 It + l)e~ 3 Then a particular solution to the given differential equation is x, + x 2

'.
; when
combined with the complementary solution (see Problem 8.54), it yields the general solution
x = cxe
2t
cos It + c2e
2'
sin 2f - f
2
+ %t - j^ + {t
2
- 2t + l)e
-3c
9.227 Solve q + 400q + 200,000c/ = 2000(1 + cos 200f).
f A particular solution corresponding to 2000 is found in Problem 9.23 to be q {

0.01. A particular solution
corresponding to 2000 cos 200t is found in Problem 9.93 to be q2 = 0.005 sin 200f + 0.01 cos 200t\ Then a
particular solution to the given differential equation is g, + q2 \ when combined with the complementary
solution (see Problem 8.70), it yields the general solution
200
q = e~ '(A cos 400f + B sin 400r) + 0.01 + 0.005 sin 200f + 0.01 cos 200t
-5
9.228 Solve x + lOx + 25x = 20e '
+ 320fV + 48fV - 66re
3'
+ 122e
3 '.
I A particular solution corresponding to 20e~

5'
is found Problems 9.144 and 9.145 to be x, = \0t 2 e~ s
in ';
a particular solution corresponding to (320f

3
+ 48f
2
66f + 122)e
3
is found in Problem 9.73 to be
'
x2 = (5f 3 - 3f 2 + 2)e it .
A particular solution
to the given differential equation then is x, + x 2 . When combined with the
x = (d + C 2 t)e- + 10rV 5 + (5f 3 - 3t 2 + 2)e 3
$l ' '.
3 2
d Q dQ
- Q
d
9.229 Solve f + 25
=-
3
- 1250 =
5
2
-=- 1000(1 + 5^"'cos2f).
dt dt dt
I A particular solution corresponding to a right side of 1000

~ 5
is found in Problem 9.29 to be d = 8. A
particular solution corresponding to 5000e cos It is found in Problem 9.107 to be
Q2 = 17^"'sin2t 31e"'cos2f. A particular solution to the given differential equation then is Q + Q2

x ;
when combined with the complementary solution (see Problem 8.113), it yields the general solution
Q= Cl e
5'
+ c 2 cos 5t + c 3 sin 5f - 8 + lie'' sin 2f - 31e"' cos It
9.230 Rework the previous problem if the term 60e 7 '

is added to the right side of the differential equation.
f (2i an d Q2 of the previous problem remain valid. In addition, a particular solution corresponding to 60e 7 '
is found in Problem 9.16 to be Q 3 = ê 7

'. Then a particular solution to the new differential equation is
Qi + 0.2 + 63^ an d the general solution is
Q= Cl e
5'
+ c2 cos5t + c 3 sin5t - 8 + 17e" sin2f
f
- 31e"'cos2r - yfe
7'
9.231 Solve v
(4)
- 6y
(3)
+ 16y" + 54/ - 225y = 100e~
2x
+ 1 152 cos 3x - 3924 sin 3x.
"
f A particular solution corresponding to lOOe" 2x is Problem 9.17 to be y, = -?e~ 2x

found in a particular ;
solution corresponding to 1 152 cos 3x - 3924 sin 3x is found in Problem 9.98 to be y 2 = 8 sin 3x + 5 cos 3x.
Then a particular solution to the given differential equation is y, + y 2 When combined with the .
3x 3x ix 3x
y = Cl e + c 2 e' + c3e cos4x + c 4e sin 4x - f?e
2x
+ 8sin3x + 5cos3x
9.232 Solve (D 4 - I6)y = 80x 2 + 60e* sin 3x.
2
I A particular solution corresponding to 80x is found in Problem 9.53 to be yx = 5x 2 A particular .
x
solution corresponding to 60e* sin x is found in Problem 9.106 to be y2 Yê sin 3x + ^ cos 3x. Then a
particular solution to the given differential equation is yx + y2 ; when combined with the complementary
solution (see Problem 8.128), it yields the general solution
2x 2x
y = c x cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x + c3e + c x e~ 5x
2
+ Yie sin 3x
x
+ x
Y$e cos 3x
= _x
9.233 Solve (D 2 + 2D + 4)y 8x 2 + 12e .
x
I The complementary solution is e~ (c x cos V3x + c 2 sin V3x). To obtain a particular solution, we may
assume the trial solutions ax + bx + c and de~ x corresponding to 8x 2 and \2e~ x respectively, since none of
2
,
x
the complementary solution. Then substituting y ax + bx + c + de~
2
these terms is present in in the given
equation, we find
4ax 2 + (4a + 4b)x + (2a + 2b + 4c) + 3de~ x = 8x 2 + \2e~

x
Equating corresponding coefficientson both sides of the equation and solving the resulting system yield a = 2,
b = 2, c = 0, and d The particular solution is then 2x 2 2x + 4e~ x Thus the required general
4. .
x
cos V3x + c 2 sin V3x) + 2x 2x + 4e~
x
solution is y = e~ (c x
2
.
9.234 Solve Problem 9.233 if the term 10 sin 3x is added to the right side.
f Corresponding to the additional term 10 sin 3x we assume the additional trial solution h cos 3x + k sin 3x,
whose terms do not appear in the complementary solution. Substituting this into the equation
(D
2
+ 2D + 4)y = 10 sin 3x, we get (6k 5h) cos 3x (5k + 6h) sin 3x = 10 sin 3x, from which we find that
h = gf and k ?. Then the required general solution is
y = e~
x
(c, cos V3x + c 2 sin \J3x) + 2x 2 2x + 4e * ^fcos3x ysin3x
9.235 Solve (D 5 - 3D 4 + 3D 3 - D 2 )y = x2 + 2x + 3e
x
.
I The auxiliary equation is m - 3m 4 + 3m 3 m 2 =

5
= 0. Thus m 0, 0, 1, 1, and 1, or m 2 (m l)
3
2 x
and the complementary solution is c, + c 2 x + (c 3 + c 4 x + c 5 x )e .
2 2
Corresponding to the polynomial x + 2x, we would normally assume the trial solution ax + bx + c.
2 4 3 2
However, some of its terms appear in the complementary solution. Multiplying by x yields ax + bx + ex ,
which has no term that is in the complementary solution and so is the proper trial solution.
x x
Similarly, corresponding to 3e we would normally assume the trial solution de But since this term as well .
x 2 x 3 x
as dxe and dx e are in the complementary solution, we must use dx e Thus our assumed trial solution is .
4 2 3 x
3
ax + bx + ex + dx e Substituting this in the given differential equation, we get
.
x
- 12ax 2 + (72a - 6b)x + [lib - 72a - 2c) + 6de
x
= x2 + 2x + 3e
from which we find a= &, b f, c = 9, and d = . The general solution is then

y = Cl + c 2 x + (c 3 + c4x + c 5 x )e
2 x
+ 3
\x e
x
- ^x 4 - fx
3
- 9x 2 .
2x 3x
9.236 Find a complete solution to the equation y" + 5y' + 6y = 3e' + e .
I The characteristic equation is m 2 + 5m + 6 = 0, and its roots are m, = -2 and m2 = -3. Hence the
complementary solution is c e~ x
2x
+ c 2 e~ 3x .
For a trial solution corresponding to the term 3e~

2x
we would normally use Ae~ 2x However, e~ 2x is a part .
3x
of the complementary solution, so we must multiply it by x. For the term e the normal choice for a trial
solution, namely, Be
3x
is satisfactory as it stands. Hence we assume
, y p = Axe
2x
+ Be 3x .
~ 2x
Substituting this into the differential equation and simplifying yield Ae + 30Be 3x = 3e~ 2x + e 3x from ,
2x 3
which we find A = 3 and B = ^. Hence y p = 3xe~ + ê *, and a complete solution is
v = c x e~
2x
+ c2e
3x
+ 3xe~
2x
+ ^ 3x
-
230 D CHAPTER 9
9.237 Find a particular solution to the equation y" + 3/ + 2y = \0e

3x
+ Ax 2 .
3x
/ If we wished, we could find y p by beginning with the expression Ae + Bx 2 + Cx + D, which means that
we would handle the various terms all at the same time. On the other hand, we can also find y p by first
3
finding a particular integral corresponding to 10e *, and then finding a particular integral corresponding to 4x 2 ,
and finally taking y p to be their sum.

Using the second method, we assume y t = Ae 3x substitute into the equation y" + 3y' + 2y = 10e 3x and , ,
3x
find that A \ and y \e Then we assume y 2 = Bx + Cx + D, substitute into the equation
2
{
.
y" + 3y' + 2y Ax 2 and find after equating coefficients of like terms that B 2, C 6, and D 1.
,
Hence y 2 2x 2
6x + 7 and, finally y p y, + y 2 \e + 2x 2 6x + 7.
3x
9.238 Solve (D 2 - 2D + 3)y = x3 + sin x.
/ The complementary solution is y = e x (C cos -Jlx + C 2 sin V2x). As a particular solution try c x
y p Ax + Bx + Cx + E + F sin x + G cos x. Substituting y p and its derivatives into the given equation
3 2
then
yields
3 Ax
3
+ 3{B - 2A)x 2 + (3C - AB + 6A)x + (3 - 2C + 2B) + 2(F + G) sin x + 2(G - F) cos x = x3 sin x.
Equating coefficients of like terms yields A = \, B , C = % E = j^, , and F G = j. Thus, a

particular solution of the given differential equation is yp \x 3 + f x 2 + |x ^ + i(sin x + cos x), and the
primitive is
y = x
e {Ci cos V2x + C 2 sin >/2x) + J
2 7(9x
3
+ 18x
2
+ 6x - 8) + |(sin x + cos x)
x
9.239 Solve (D 3 + 2D 2 - D - 2)y = e + x2 .
I The complementary solution is y C e x + C 2 e~ x + C 3 e~ 2x We take as a particular solution c x

.
yp = Ax + Bx + C + Exe*. Substitution then gives

2
-2^x 2 - 2(B + A)x + (4A - B - 2C) + 6Ee x = ex + x 2 .
By equating coefficients of like terms and solving, we find that A = \, B = j, C |, and E .

Hence y p 2 x 2 + 2 x I + <,xr\ and the general solution is
l l
2x -
\x + {x - %-\ \xe*.
x x
y = C e + C 2 e~ + C 3 e~
2
x
9.240 Solve y> 5y = x 2 ex xe Sx .
51
I The complementary and the right side of the differential equation is the
solution is
yc = cê , difference
2 x
of two terms, each in manageable form. For x e* we assume a solution of the form e (A 2 x 2 + A x t
+ A ).
For xe 5x we would try the solution

5x 5x
e (fi,x + B ) = B x
xe 5x + B e
5x
But this trial solution would have, disregarding multiplicative constants, the term e in common with yc . We
5x
therefore multiply by x to obtain e (B l x 2
+ B x). Now we take y p to be the difference
2
- 5x
yp = e*(A 2 x (B l x 2 + B x).
+ A x+ A x ) e
Substituting into the differential equation and simplifying, we get
5x x 5x
e
x
[(-4A 2 )x 2 + (2A 2 - A A ,)v + (/!,- 4/l )] + e [(-2B l
)x - BQ ] - e (x
2
+ Ox + 0) + e [(-l)x + 0]
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system yields A 2 = |, A |, A x 32'
B = \, and 6 = 0.
x
Then the general solution is y = yc + yp = cxe
ix
+ e x jx 2 |x j^) {x 2 e 5x
{ .
9.241 Determine the form of a particular solution for y' 5y = (x 1) sin x + (x + 1) cos x.
f The solution to the associated homogeneous equation shown in Problem 8.34 to be y h c e 5x An

is l
.
assumed solution corresponding to (x l)sinx is (A x + A )s'mx + {B x + B )cosx, and no modification

x x
is required. An assumed solution corresponding to (x + l)cosx is (C,x +C )sinx + (D xx

+ D )cosx.
(Note that we have used constants C and D in the last expression, since the constants A and B already have
been used.) We therefore take
yp = (A x x
+A )sinx + (B { x +B )cosx + (CjX + C )sinx + (D,x + D )cosx
Combining like terms we arrive at yp = (,x + ) sin x + (f ,x + ) cos x as the form of the particular solution.

/ Substituting y p of the previous problem and its derivative into the differential equation and simplifying, we obtain
(-5, - ,)xsinx + (-5 + , - )sinx +(-5F, + E,)xcosx + (-5F + + ,)cosx

= x sin x 1 sin x + lx cos x + 1 cos x
Equating coefficients of like terms and solving the resulting system of equations lead to , = fc, E = 71
33S-
i = ~T3, and = -^. By combining these results with ye and y we obtain the general solutionp,
y = Cl e
5x
+ (-& x + 3&) sin x - (^ x + 69
3 3 8) cos x
9.243 Solve /- 5>- - 3e

x
- 2x + 1.
I y h of Problem 9.241 The right side of the given differential equation is the sum of two manageable
is valid here.
x
functions: 3e and For 3e x we assume a particular solution of the form A e ix for 2x + 1 we
2x + 1. ;
x
assume a solution of the form B t x + B Thus, we try y p = A e + B,x + B
. .
Substituting y p into the differential equation and simplifying, we obtain

(
4^0)^ + ( 5B,)x + (i?! - 5B ) = 3e x + ( 2)x + 1. Then by equating coefficients of like terms, we find that
A = |, B, = |, and B = ^5. Hence the general solution is y = c e 5x \e x + fx ^5. x
v
CHAPTER 10
Variation of Parameters
FORMULAS
10.1 Discuss the solution of the nth-order linear differential equation
n ~
d2y
n l
d y , d y dy
+ +" + + = ^ {X)
d?
a "~ l(x)
d^ [ '
ai{x)
d~x>
fllW
^+a {x)y U)
by the method of variation of parameters.
I Let yi(x), y 2 (x), . .

. ,
y(x) be a set of n linearly independent solutions to the associated homogeneous differential
equation that is, (/) with </>(x) = 0. The complementary function is
yc = c 1 y l (x) + c 2 y 2 (x) + + c n y(x) (2)
where c u c 2 , .< denote arbitrary constants. A particular solution to the nonhomogeneous differential
equation is
yP = î>'i + v2y2 + + vy (3)
where y\ = y,(x) for i = 1, 2, . .

.
, n, and r, (i = 1,2,..., n) is an unknown function of x which still must
be determined.
To find the r,, we first solve the following linear equations simultaneously for the v\:
'"'a.V i
+ v'2 y2 +

+ InXn =
"i/i + i ':>': + '

+ I'nV'n =
(4)
V'itf
2)
+ v':^:
-2.
+ .

+ y;- = o
i/B
2)
c\y<? >
+ r',
1
," "+

+ r;ylnl, = 0(x)
We then integrate each J
to obtain c,, disregarding all constants of integration. (This is permissible because
we are seeking only one particular solution.) Finally, we find the general solution as y = yc + yp .
10.2 Specialize (4) of the previous problem to a third-order differential equation,
f Equations (4) become
''i.Vi + ''2.V; + i-3.V 3 =

v\y\ + v'2 y'2 + v'3 y'3 -
v\y'[ + 14/2 + ^3/3 = <P( X )
10.3 Specialize (4) of Problem 10.1 to a second-order differential equation,
f Equations (4) become
v\y\ + v'2 y2 = v\y\ + v'2 y'2 - </>(.x)
10.4 Specialize (^) of Problem 10.1 to a first-order differential equation.
I Equations (4) become v\\\ = $(x).
10.5 Compare the method of variation of parameters to the method of undetermined coefficients.
f The method of variation of parameters can be applied to all linear differential equations. It is therefore
more powerful than the method of undetermined coefficients, which generally is restricted to linear differential
equations with constant coefficients and to particular forms of 0(x). Nonetheless, in those cases where both
methods are applicable, the method of undetermined coefficients is often the more efficient and, hence, the
preferable method, because no integration is involved. As a practical matter, the integration of v[{x) may be
impossible to perform.
232
VARIATION OF PARAMETERS 233
FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

10.6 Solve x dy/dx + v = In x, for x > 0, if y = 1/x is one solution of the associated homogeneous differential
equation x dy/dx + y = 0.
We first divide the nonhomogeneous differential equation by x, obtaining

dx
+-y=-
x x
In x, which has the
form of (7) in Problem 10.1; the lead coefficient is now unity. The complementary function is yc = c,(l/x), so
we assume a particular solution of the form yp v x {l/x).
With = - In x, Problem - = - In x, =
4>(x)
x
it follows from 10.4 that v\
xx so that v\ In x. Then
vx = j In x dx = x, in which we have disregarded all

x In x constants of integration. Now we have
yp = (x In x x)(l/x) = In x 1, and the general solution to the given nonhomogeneous differential equation
is y = yc + yp = c^l/x) + In X - 1.
10.7 Solve y' + 2xy = 4x.
2
I The solution to the associated homogeneous equation is found in Problem 5.9 to be yc ce~* , so we
x *.
assume a particular solution of the form yp = v t e~
xl 2
Since yx e~
x2
and (j)(x) 4x, it follows from Problem 10.4 that v\e~ Ax, so that v\ = 4xe* .
2
Then vx J
v\ dx = 4xe* dx 2e x \ in which we disregard constants of integration. Now we have
2 x2
yp - 2e
x2
e~* = 2, and the general solution is y = yc + yp = ce~ + 2. (Compare this problem with
Problem 5.43.)
- 2x
10.8 Solve y' 5y = e .
5x 5x
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.34 to be yc = cxe , so we assume yp = vxe .
2x 2x
Here
y x
==e e
5x
and it follows from Problem 10.4 that v\e e
and 0(x) Then v\ = e~ 3x ,
5x
.
t
and v = J v\ dx = j e~ dx \e~
x
3x ix
Now we have y p = e~ e = \e
ix 5x lx
and the general solution . ,
is y = y + yp = c e
5x
c
\e 2x (Compare with Problem 9.1.)
x
.
10.9 Solve y'-5y = 8.
5x 5x 5x
f As in the previous problem, yc = cxe , we assume yp = vte , and yx = e . Here (/>(x) = 8, and it
_5x
v\ = 8e
5x
follows from Problem 10.4 that v\e = 8. Thus, and integration gives
,
vl J v\ dx =j &e~
5x
dx fe~ 5x Then we have .
yp 5x 5x
je~ )e( = f, and the general solution is
y =y + c yp =c x
e
5x f. (Compare with Problem 9.18.)
10.10 Solve y' - 5y = 3x + 1.
5x 5x
As Problem 10.8, yc c
in x
e , we assume yp = tê
5
*, and y\ = e . Here 0(x) = 3x + 1, so it
5x 5x
follows from Problem 10.4 that v$e ) = 3x + 1. Then v\ = (3x + l)e~ , and integration gives
Vl = \v\ dx = J(3x 4- $e-

5x
dx = {-lx-%)e- ix
Now we have yp = (-fx - f^)e~

5x 5x
e = -|x - ^, and the general solution is y = cYe
5x
- fx - ^.
(Compare with Problem 9.31.)
10.11 Solve y' 5y = sin x.
5x 5x
f As in Problem 10.8, yc = cê
5
*, weyp = v e let x , and yx = e . Here 0(x) = sinx. It follows from
_5
Problem 10.4 that v\e
5x
= sinx, from which we obtain v\ = e *sinx and (using integration by parts twice)
t>! = \e
5x
sinx^x = ( ^sinx 26COSx)e"
5x
Now y p = -^ sin x - ^ cos x)e $x e 5x = -^ sin x - ^ cos x,

( so that the general solution is
y = Cl e 5x - j sin x - j cos x. (Compare with Problem 9.77.)

5x
10.12 Solve y'-5y = 2e .
5x 5x
I As in Problem 10.8, yc = cxe
5x
, we let yp = vxe , and y, = e . Here 4>{x) = 5
2<? *. It follows from
5x
Problem 10.4 that v\e
5x = 2e
5x
, from which we obtain v\ =
and =|2dx = 2x. Then y p
2 i;
1
= 2xe ,
and the general solution is y = yc + y P = c x e

5x
+ 2xe 5x . (Compare with Problems 9.128 and 9.129.)
~
234 CHAPTER 10
10.13 Solve y' - 3x 2 y - 12x 2 .
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 5.11 to be yc ce x \ so we assume y v e xi .
xi
p x
With y, = e and (p(x) = 12.x

2
, it follows from Problem 10.4 that v\e * = 12x
x 2
or v\ = \2x e' \
2 x
,
xi
Integration gives vx J
\2x e~
2
dx = 4e~ x \ Then y p = 4e~ x *exi = 4, and the general solution is
x3
y = yc + yP = <^ - 4.
10.14 Solve y' - 3x 2 y - - 12x

3
+ 4.
x
f As in the previous problem, yc = ce \
x
we assume yp = vxe \ and y = e x \ Here 0(x) = - 12x 3 +
x
4.
It follows from Problem 10.4 that v\e

xi
= - 12x 3 + 4 so that v\ = (- 12x 3 + 4)e ~*\ Then
xi
t;, = ji-Ux 3 + 4)e~ dx= ( -I2x 3 x~ xi dx+ Ue' x dx '
Integration by parts (with u = 4x and = 3x 2 e~ x3 dx) gives us

dv
J
\2x 3
e~
x3
dx = 4xe~ x3
- j" 4e~
xi
dx, so that v = 4xe~
x3
J 4e _x3 dx + J 4e x3
x
dx = 4xe~ xi .
xi xi xi
Then >p = (4xe~ )e = 4x, and the general solution is y = y + y p = ce + 4x. c
10.15 Solve y' - 3xy = e

3x2 ' 2
.
3xl
m The complementary solution is found in Problem 5.10 to be yc ce
2
. so we assume a particular
jx2 2
solution of the form yp = vle
'
3x2/2
Here y, = e </>(x), and it follows from Problem 10.4 that v\e
3x2 ' 2
= e
3x2 2
or v\ = 1. Thus
= 3x2 ' 2
= yc + 3 *2'2
vt = x, and yp xe . The general solution is then y yp ce + xe 3x2 2
.
10.16 Solve y' 3xy = 6x.

3 *1 3x2 3xl
I As in the previous problem, yc = ce
2
, we assume yp = vxeHere 0(x) = 6x.
2
, and y, e
2
.
It follows from Problem 10.4 that v\e

3x2/2
6x, from which we conclude that v\ = 6xe 3x2 and 2
vt = j 6xe Vv :
dx = 2c
3x '
2
. Then yp 2e~ 3x2,2 e 3xi 2 = 2. and the general solution is y = ce 3x2 2 + 2.
2
10.17 Solve y- 3xy = -dxe' 3 " ' 2
.
I As in Problem 10.15. \\=ce 3x22 ,

we assume yp = vle
3x2 ' 2
, and y, = e
3*2 2
. Here = 6xe 3x2/2
0(x) .
ix22 = 6xe 3x2 ' 2

= 6x. Then i, = 6xdx 3x 2
It follows from Problem 10.4 that v\c or v\ j ,
"'
and y = 3xV,A 2
. The general solution is then y = yc + y = ce 3x2 3x 2 e 3l2/2 =
2
(c 3x 2 )e~
3x2/2
.
10.18 Solve y' + 6y=18e lx

I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.37 to be yc = Ae~ bx , so we assume yp v t e~
6x
.
6x 6*
Here y, = e~ and </>(x) = 18e
3jc
. It follows from Problem 10.4 that i/,e" = 18e
3
*, from which we
= We9x and so 9x 9x bx 3x
conclude that v\ r, = J dx = 2e 9*. Then y p = 2e
lSe e = 2e , and the general
solution is y = yc + y p = Ae~ 6x + 2e
3x
. (Compare with Problem 9.3.)
10.19 Solve y + 6y - -2 cos 3x.
f As in the previous problem yc = Ae~ 6x , we assume yp = v 1 e~

6x
, and yx =e~ 6x . Here
<p{x) 2cos3x.
6x
It follows from Problem 10.4 that = -2cos3x or v\ = -2e 6x cos3x. Applying integration
v\e by
tx
2e cos 3x dx ^ sin 3x ^ cos 3x)e bx Then
parts twice, we find that r = , ( .
J
tx ~ 6x
yp = - ^ sin 3x - fs cos 3x)e e
( = - ^ sin 3x - y cos 3x
y$ sin 3x - fs cos 3x.
bx -
and the general solution is y = Ae (Compare with Problem 9.78.)
6x
10.20 Solve y' + 6y = 3e~ .
I As Problem 10.18, y c = Ae~

in
6x
we let yp = v l e~ 6x and y,-f"
6x
Here #x) = 3e 6x . ,
. .
6x = 6x
It follows from Problem 10.4 that v\e~ 3e~ from which we conclude that v\ = 3 and ,
" 6Ar
t! = J
3 dx = 3x. Then yp = 3xe~ 6x
and the general solution is y = Ae + 3xe~ 6x (Compare with ,
.
Problems 9.130 and 9.131.)
10.21 Solve iy - 5y = 2x 2 - 5.
Sx 5x 2
I The complementary found solution is in Problem 8.38 to be yc = Ae ' 2 so we assume yp = v t e ' Here , .
yx = e
5xi2
, but before we can determine 0(x). we must write the differential equation in the form of (/) of Problem
.
10.1; that is,the coefficient of the highest derivative must be unity. Dividing the differential equation by 2, we
get y' \y = -x - f, so that </>(x) = x -f.
2 2
5x ' 2
It now follows from Problem 10.4 that = x 2 - or v\ = (x 2 - \)e~ 5x a v\e . Using integration by parts
2 5x/2
twice, we find , = J
(x - \)e~ dx = -|x - x + \^)e~ 5x!2 Then (
2
.
V = lx
Jp 5
X 2 -&-X 4- i09\ p ~ 5x12 e 5x12 _ 2 V 2 8
25-* ^ 125/ e
(
\ 5* 109
25 X + 125
,
The general solution is thus y = Ae 5xl2 - x

2
- ^x + || . (Compare with Problem 9.33.)
10.22 Solve (3D - \)y = 6e

3x
.
M The associated homogeneous equation is (3D l)y 0, which has as its characteristic equation
3m 1 = and as its characteristic value m = 1/3. The complementary function is yc = c^' 3 , so we
x' 3
assume a particular solution of the form yp v^ " 3 3
. Thus, y x
= e .
To apply variation of parameters, we must have the coefficient of the highest derivative in the differential equation
equal to unity. Dividing the given differential equation by 3, we get (D j)y 2e
3x
, so that 4>(x) = 2e
3x
.
follows from Problem 10.4 that - 2e x3 3x

= 8x ''
3
Then = J 2e Sx 3
= 8x/3
It v\e or v\ 2e . vt dx |e , and
e 8xl3 e x 3 %e 3x The general '
solution > = + yp = c e
x/i
+ \e
3x
yp is .
yc i
.
10.23 Solve (2D - \)y = t

3
e"
2
.
I We first divide the differential equation by 2, obtaining dy/dt \y jt e

3 tl2
, which is in the form of (1) of
Problem 10.1 with t as the independent variable. The complementary function is found in Problem b.5 to be
yc ce"
2
; hence we assume yp = vre
tl2
.
= = ia
Here y\ e'
12
and (f)(t) \t e
3
. It follows from Problem 10.4 that v\e" 2 = \t 3 e' 12 , from which we
4
conclude that = \t and
v\
3
v {
^t . Then yp ^rV 2 and the general solution is
y = yc + >'
P
= ce" 2 + y*e" 2 .
10.24 Solve dy/dt + e'y = e'.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 5.14 to be yc ce~ e \ so we assume y p i\e~ et .
Here y\ e~ e and 0(f) = e'. v\e~ = e', from which we conclude

e>
It follows from Problem 10.4 that
'
that i', =e'e

e '
and that vj = J
e'e
e'
dt = e
e '.
Then yp = e
e 'e~
e'
= 1, and the general solution is
~
y = ce
e'
+ 1
10.25 Solve
dx
+-x=
dt
1
t
t
2
.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 5.16 to be x = c/t, so we assume a particular solution f
of the form x p = vjt.

2
Here x, = \it and 4>{t) = v\(\/t) =
2
It follows from Problem 10.4 that from which we conclude t . f ,
4 4 3
that v\ =
3
and = /4. Then x p = (f / 4 )/t = if
f
3
and the general solution is x = c/r +
t>, f , 4-f .
dx
10.26 Solve +-x =
1
sin It.
dt t
I As in the previous problem. xc = c/t, we assume xp = vjt, and xt = 1/f. Here </(?) = sin It.
It then follows from Problem 10.4 that v\(\/t) = sin It or v\ = t sin It. Integration gives
v,1 = J
f tsinltdt = sin7f - - cos 7f, so that x. = -
49/
sin It - - cos It.
7
The general solution is
49 7
c 1 1
x = - H sin 7f - cos 7f.

t 49f 7
SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

10.27 Solve y" - 2/ + y = x
e /x.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.143 to be yc = c^ + c 2 xe

x
; hence we assume
x x
yp = vxe + v 2 xe .
x
Since y\ = e
x
, y2 = xe
x
, and 4>{x) = e /x, it follows from Problem 10.3 that
x
e
v\e
x
+ v'2 xe
x
= v\e
x
+ v'2 (e
x
+ xe
x
) =
j
236 CHAPTER 10
Solving this set of equations simultaneously, we obtain v\ 1 and v'2 1/x. Thus,
1
v
A = f-ldx=-x v2 = j-dx = ln\x\
x
x x
and yp xe + xe In |x|. The general solution is therefore y = yc + yp = cxe
x
+ (c 2 l)xe
x
+ xe x In |x|.
10.28 Solve y" - 2/ + y = x

e /x
2
.
I The general solution of the associated homogeneous differential equation is found in Problem 8.143 to be
x x
y = c e + c 2 xe
c x
hence we assume y p = v e x + v 2 xex ;
x
.
x x
Since y = e y 2 xe and $(x) = ex/x 2
x
it follows from Problem
, , , 10.3 that
x x x x
v\e + v'2 xe v\e + v'2 (e + xe*) =
Solving this set of equations simultaneously, we obtain v\ 1/x and v'2 1/x
2
. Then
vi =v\dx=[ dx=-ln|x| and v2 = JV2 dx = f dx

x2
so that yp In |x|e* xe x = e x In |x| e

x
. The general solution is then
y = yc + yP = fci - W+ c 2 xe
K
- e
x
in |x|.
10.29 Solve y" - 2y + y = e /x

x 3
.
x x
m \\. and y 2 of the previous problem remain
\ ,, valid, and we assume yp = r,e* + v 2 xe . Here </>(x) e /x
3
.
x x x
"i** + v'2 xe = v\e + v2 (e* + xe ) 3
3
Solving this set of equations simultaneously, we find that v\ = - I x2 and v'2 1/x . Then
v. =
J
r
xz
\
r dx 1/x and v2 =
J
r
x
1
Jr ax = 1
2x
r.
z
Thus, y. =
xe
1
h
/
I
\
^z
2x y
1 \
xe* = - ? x
2x
1
. and the general
solution is
v = yc + yP =c l e* + c 2 xe
x
+ 1
e
x
.
10.30 Solve y" - 2y' + y = e

2 *.
x
f The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.143 to be yc = cxe + c 2 xe*, so we assume
x x
yp = vle + v 2 xe .
x 2x
Here y x
= e , y2 = xe x , and <j>{x) = e . It follows from Problem 10.3 that
2x
v\e
x
+ v'2 xe
x
= v\e
x
+ v'2 {e
x
+ xex ) = e
x
Solving this set of equations, we find that v\ = xe x and v'2 = e
x
. Then vx = J -xe x dx = xex + e
Thus, y p = xe
x 2x
and v2 = j" e
x
dx =e x
. {
x
+ e")ex + e
x
xe = e , and the general solution is
y = yc + yP = c i e* + c 2 xe x + e 2 x.
3x
10.31 Solve y" + 6y' + 9y = e~ /x
5
.
3x 3x
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.142 to be yc = cx e~ + c 2 xe~ ; hence we assume
y p = v e~
3x
+ v 2 xe' 3x
x
.
Here y, = e~
3x
, y2 = xe' 3x
, and 0(x) = x~ 5 e~ 3x . It follows from Problem 10.3 that
3x 3x
v\e~
3x
+ v'2 xe~ 3x
= v\{-le~ 3x ) + v'2 (e- - 3xe~ ) = xê" 3 *
Solving this set of equations, we get v\ = x -4 and v'2 = x
-5
,
from which
t>, = f-x~ 4 dx = 5X" 3 and t?

2
= x" 5 (fx = -5X" 4
J
~~ ~3 3x
Then yp = jx " 3 e ~
3x
+ ^x " *)xe 3x = j^x
( e~ , and the general solution is
y = yc + yP - C\e~
3x
+ c 2 xe~ 3x + Y2X~ 3 e~ 3x .
10.32 Solve y" + 6/ + 9y = lOOe2x
f The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.142 to be yc = c e

x
3x
+ c 2 xe~
3x
, so we assume
3x
y p = v e~ + v 2 xe~ 3x
t
.
Here yi = e~ 3x 3
y 2 = xe~ *, and , 0(x) = lOOe 2 *, so the results of Problem 10.3 become
3* ix -3
t/,<?- + v'2 xe- = ^(-Se *) + v 2 (e~
3x - 3xe' 3x
) = 100e
2jc
Solving this set of equations simultaneously, we obtain v\ = lOOxe 5 * and /

2
= lOOe 5 *, from which
vt = f - lOOxe 5 * dx = - 20xe 5 * + 4e
5*
and u2 = 5
f 100e * dx = 20e
5*
Then = 20xe 5 * + 4e )e -3 * + 20e 5x xe' 3x = 4e 2x

yp (
Sjc
. The general solution is
y = yc + y p c e~ 3x + c 2 xe~ ix + 4e 2x (Compare this

t
. with the result of Problem 9.9.)
1033 Solve y" + 6y' + 9y = 12e~

3 *.
3x ix
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.142 to be yc = c t e~ + c 2 xe~ , so we assume
3x
y p = v t e~ + v 2 xe~ 3x .
3x
Here yt = e~ , y2 = xe~ 3jc , and </>(x) = 12e~
3jc
. It follows from Problem 10.3 that
v\e~
3x
+ v'2 xe~ 3x = v$-3e~ 3x ) + v'2 (e~
3x
- 3xe' 3x ) = \2e~
3x
Solving this set of equations simultaneously, we obtain v\ = 12x and 2

= 12. Then v'
3x 3x
On=J -12xdx= -6x 2
and v 2 = J
12 dx = 12x. Thus, yp = -6x 2
e~ + \2x 2 e~ = 6x 2 e~ 3x , and the
3x 3x 3x
general solution is y = y + y p c e~
2
+ c 2 xe~ + 6x e~ (Compare with Problems 9.140 and
c x
. 9.141.)
3x
10.34 Solve (D 2 - 6D + 9)y = e /x
2
.
3x
m The complementary solution is y c = c t e 3x + c 2 xe
3x
, so we assume yp = vxe
3x
+ v 2 xe . It follows from
3x 3x
Problem 10.3 [with y = e 3x y 2 = xe and t , , 0(x) = e /x ]
2
that
3
i/,e * + i/,xe
3jc
= v\(3e
3x
) + v'2 (e
3x
+ 3xe
3x
) = -T
x
Solving this set of equations, we obtain v\ 1
X
and v'2
x^
1
=, so that u, =
/
J
1
X
dx In Ixl
and v2 =\2dx= . Then yp = In ( \x$e

3x
+ I
\xe
3x
= e 3x \n \x\ e
3x
, and the general solution
3x
is y = yc + yp = (c x - l)e
3x
+ c 2 xe
3x
- e In |x|.
- 6x
1035 Solve y" ly' = 6e .
lx
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.2 to be yc = cx + c2e ; hence we assume
yp = Vl + v2 e
lx
. Here yx = 1, y2 = e
lx
, and (/>(x) = 6e 6x . It follows from Problem 10.3 that
7x lx 6x
v + v'2 e = v\(0) + v'2 {le )
= 6e
Solving these equations, we obtain v'2 = %e~

x
and v\ = -je 6x . Then
x
= ji/l dx = j-%e 6x dx = -$e6x and v2 = v'2 dx = dx = -fe"*
Vl
fe~
lx 6x
x
Thus y p = -4e6 * + (-je~ )e
lx
= -e 6x , and the general solution is y = ye + yp = cx + c2e - e .
1036 Solve y"-7y'=-3.

lx
f y c y x and y 2 are as in the previous problem,
, ,
and again we assume yp =v + x
v2e . Here, however,
(f>(x) = -3. It follows from Problem 10.3 that
lx
v\(l) + v'2 e
7x
= ^(0) + v'2 {le ) = -3
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = 3

and v'2 = - 3 e~ lx so that v = f f dx = , 1 ix and
v2 =J -fe" dx = ê~
lx lx
Thus .
yp = fx + ê" 7
V x
= fx + ^. The general solution is then
y =y c + y p = c + ^ + c 2 e + fx.
x
7A:
(Compare with Problems 9.154 and 9.155.)
238 CHAPTER 10
10.37 Solve y" -ly' = -3x.

lx
f y c y u and y 2 are as in Problem 1035, and again
, we assume yp = t-, + v2e . Here, however, 0(x) = -3x.
7x lx
v\(l) + v'2 e = r',(0) + v'2 (le ) = -3x
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = fx and v'2 = -^xe~ lx . Then y, = \ }x dx = -^.x
2
and
" lx
v2 = J -fxe dx = ^xe ~ 7x + ê ~ lx
. Thus
yp = A-x
2
+ (^xe~ lx + jhe- lx )e lx = x 2 + x + 343
lx
and the general solution is v =y + y, = c +-s +
e 1
c2e + ^x + ^x. 2
(Compare with Problems 9.156 and
9.157.)
10.38 Solve y" - y - 2y = e

3x
.
x
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.1 to be yc =c x e~ + c2e
2x
, so we assume that
>'p= V l e ~* + V 2 e2X -
x 2x 3x
Here y, = e~ , y2 = e , and 0(x) = e . It follows from Problem 10.3 that
x 2x 2x 3a
i\e + v'2 e = Di(-e~*) + v'
2 (2e ) = e
The solution to this set of equations is r', = \e* x and v2 \e

x
, so that
t>, = f - \e* x dx = - iV 4 * and v2 = f \e

x
dx = \e
x
Then y p = 2 4v x + V'^'' x = ,' t' ''

J^
3x
> and the general solution is y = y, + yp = c x e~* + c2e
2x
+ \e
ix
.
10.39 Solve y" - y' - 2y = 4.x

2
.
x 2x
I and y, are as
\\, y,, in the previous problem, and we let yp = vte + v2e . Here $(x) 4x 2 . It follows
from Problem 10.3 thai
2x lx
r\c
x
+ i'2 e = r,|-i'
x
) + v\j2e ) = 4x 2
The solution to this set of equations is v\ fxV and /', = %x 2 e~ 2x . Then, using integration by parts
twice on each successive integral, we calculate
2x 2x
r, = |'
fxV dx - f(x
2
- 2x 4- 2]e* and r2 - \\x 2 c dx = -$2x 2 + 2.x + $e
Thus y,, = }(.x

2
2x + 2)eY '
',(2v
:
+ 2.x + 1 )c
2
V = 2jt
2.x
2
+ 2x 3, and the general solution is
2x 2x
}' )', + y,, <-'\ e ~* + c 2e
2
f 2x 3. (Compare with Problem 9.35.)
10.40 Solve y" y' 2y = sin 2.x.
= v 2x =
f y. y,, and y, are as in Problem 10.38, and we let
yp r,e + p2 e . Here 0(.x) sin 2.x. It follows from
Problem 10.3 that
2x
= 1 2x
=
v \c * + v'2 e v'ii-e' ) + v'2 (2e ) sin 2.x
Solving this set of equations simultaneously yields v\ = \e x sin 2.x and r'
2
= jt'^
2*
sin 2.x. Then, using
integration by parts twice on each successive integral, we obtain
r, = %ex sin2xdx = ^^(sin 2x 2cos2x) and v2 = je"

2x
sin2xdx = ^2 e~ 2x {s\n 2x + cos2x)
Thus yp = ^x(sin2x 2cos2.x)e jê" 2x(sin2x + cos 2x)e 2x = 2%sin2x + 2ocos2x, and x
the general
x 2x
solution is y = y + y p c e' + c 2 e
c
2%sin2x + 20 cos 2.x. (Compare with Problem 9.92.)
l
10.41 Solve y" y' 2y = e

2x
.
x 2x 2x
I yc and y 2 are as
, y,, in Problem 10.38, and we assume yp = v1e + v 2e . Here 0(x) = e . It follows
from Problem 10.3 that
2x 2x 2x
v\e'
x
+ v'2 e - v$ -e~ x + ) v'2 {2e ) = e
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = ê ix and v'2 = \: integrating directly gives i\ = ê ix and
~
v 2 = j.x. Then yp = $e 3x
e
x
+ \xe 2x
= (j.x $e 2x and the , general solution is
y = yc + yp = t,f
x
+ (c 2 - k)e
2x
+ \xe 2x . (Compare with Problems 9.134 and 9.135.)
VARIATION OF PARAMETERS D 239
d2y dy
10.42 Solve -f - 4 -f +
2 " y = 3e
2 '.
dt dt
# The complementary solution found Problem =c 3132 268

is in 8.9 to be ye i
e
'
+ C 2 e '
so we assume that
yp =
p^-73* + 2 e 268 "
'.
Here yt = e 3,7321 , y2 = e0MSt t

and <() = 3e
2 '.
3 7321 268 ' = 3 - 732 0268 ')

Die
'
+ B'2 e
-
u'1 (3.732e ') + i'2 (0.268e = 3e
2'
_1 li2
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = 0.866e '
and i/2 = -0.866e' 732 '.
Then
_1 732, -1 732
Dj= J0.866e
-
<it= -0.5e
-
'
v2 = J-0.866e' 132t
dt = -0.5e 1132 '
_1732 3 732f
- 732 268 -
y p = -0.5e -? 2 '.
J
so that 'e 0.5f V '
The general solution is then
3132 026S -
y = de '
+ c2e '
e
2
'. (Compare with Problem 9.11.)
d2y dy
10.43 Solve f-4-p + y = 3t-4.
2
.
dt dt
I yc = 3132t 2b8t
, y x ,
and y 2 are as in the previous problem, and we assume yp vte + v 2 e- . Here
0(f) = 3t 4. It follows from Problem 10.3 that
0^3.7321 + ^ eo.268 = Q '

v 1 (3J32e
3/T32t
) + i''
2 (0.268e
268 ') = 3f - 4
= - -3,732 268 '.

The solution to this set of equations is v\ (0.866r 1.155)e '
and u'2 = (-0.866f + 1.155)e"
Then
= J(0.866f- 3732 = 3.732(

t>, I.155)e '</f (-0.232r + 0.248 )e
v2 = J(-0.866f + 1.155)6-- 268 ' dt = (3.231t + 7.748)?

0.268f
3 - 732 3 - 7321 7.748)?' 268, e 268

and >'
p
= (-0.232f + 0.248)e~ 'e + (3.2311 + '
= 2.999f + 7.996
732 '
Thus, the general solution is y = ye + yp = C,c 3 -
+ C 2 ?- 268 + '
2.999f + 7.996. (Compare this result
with that of Problem 9.36; the differences are due solely to roundoff.)
+4+
d x dx ~2
10.44 Solve V 2
8.x = e '.
dt dt
_2
I The complementary Problem 8.54 to be xc = e ? 'cos2f + c 2 e
solution is found in 1
2
'sin 2t, so we
assume a particular solution of the form x p = v x e~ 2t cos 2f + v 2 e 2l sin 2t.
_2
Here Xj = e~ 2 cos2t, x 2 f 'sin2f, and <p(t) = e~ 2
'
It follows from Problem '.
10.3 (with x replacing >')
that
v\e~
2t
cos2t + v'2 e~ 2 'sm 2f =
y'
1
(-2e'- 'cos2f
2
- 2
2e~ 'sin2f) + v'2 (-2e 2'
s'm2t + 2e~ 2t
cos2t) = e~ 2t
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = \ sin 2f and v'2 ^cos 2f, and integration yields vt |cos 2f
and 1 2 = | sin 2f. Then
xp = (i cos 2t)e "

2'
cos It + (i sin 2f
)(? ~
2'
sin It) =\e~ 2, (cos 2 2f + sin
2
It) = %e~ 2t
_2 -2
The general solution is then x = c x e~
2t
cos 2f + r2e 'sin2f + If '. (Compare with Problem 9.13.)
d x dx
10.45 Solve dt
^-
2
+ 4 + 8x =
dt
16cos4f.
I x c,
x,, and x 2 are as in the previous problem, and again we let xp vxe
2
'cos2f + r 2 t''
2'
sin 2f. Here
4>(t) = 16cos4f. It follows from Problem 10.3 (with y replaced by x) that
v\ e
2'
cos 2r + v'2 e
2I
sin It =
~ 2'
t/1 (-2e>- 'cos2r
2
- 2
2e~ 'sin2f) + v'2 (-2e sin It + 2c
2
'cos2f) = 16cos4f
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = - 8? 2'

cos 4f sin 2? and v'2 = 8f
2'
cos At cos 2f. Integrating yields
i?! = f
2,
(sin 2f - cos 2f - ^ sin 6f + | cos 6f) v2 = 2
e '(sin 2f + cos 2f + J sin 6f + 5 cos 6f)
. )
240 CHAPTER 10
Then .x
p
= (sin 2f - cos It \ sin 6f + cos 6t) cos It + (sin 2f + cos 2f + sin 6f + \ cos 6f) sin It
= 2 sin 2f cos 2f - (cos
2
It - sin 2 2t) - ^(sin 6f cos 2f - cos 6f sin It) + (cos 6f cos It + sin 6f sin It)
= sin 2(2f) - cos 2(2f) - ^ sin (6f - 2f) + 1 cos (6f - 2f)
= f sin 4f
cos At
and the general solution is x = c e~ x
2t
cos It + c 2 e~
2t
sin2t + f sin4f
f cos4r. (Compare with Problem 9.83.)
10.46 Solve x + 25.x = 5.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.72 to be xc = C, cos 5t + C2 sin 5f, so we assume a
particular solution of the form xp = r, cos 5f + v2 sin 5t.
Here x, = cos 5f. x2 = sin 5f. and 0(f) = 5. It follows from Problem 10.3 [with .x(r) replacing y(.x)] that
v\ cos 5t + d'2 sin 5f = i/x ( 5 sin 5f) + v'2 (5 cos 5f) = 5
The solution to this set of equations is r', = sin 5f and v'2 = cos 5t. Then integration yields
i = 5 cos 5f and v2 = 5 sin 5f, so that
xp 5 cos 5f cos 5t + \ sin 5f sin 5f = |(cos

2
5f + sin
2
5r) = j
The general solution is then x = xc + x

p
= C, cos 5f + C2 sin 5f + \.
10.47 Solve .x + 25.x = 2 sin 2f
I \,. v,. and .x

2 of the previous problem are valid here, and again we assume xp = r, cos 5r + o 2 sin 5f. Also,
0(f) = 2sin2f. It follows from Problem 10.3 (with y replaced by x) that
(', cos5f + r'2 sin 5r = (',( -5 sin 5r) + i'

2
(5cos 5f) = 2 sin 2r
The solution to this set of equations is t', = -2 sin 2f sin 5t and v2 = sin 2f cos 5f. Then
f, = I
I
sin 2/ sin 5f dt = / 5 sin 3l + ,'
s sin 7f and v2 = 2
sin 2r cos 5f dt = 75 cos 3f ^ cos 7f
and xp = - v5 sin 3f + 35 sin It) cos 5f + (,'5 cos 3f - 3 5 cos It) sin 5f
(
!
= 5 (sin 5f cos 3t sin 3f cos 5f) + ^(sin It cos 5f cos It sin

,' 5r
= ^5 sin (5f - 3f) + 35 sin {It - 5f) = sin It 2

2 ,
The general solution is x = C, cos 5t + C2 sin 5f 4-

2
2 , sin 2t. (Compare with Problem 9.85.)
10.48 Solve x + 16.x = 80.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.57 to be .x

c
= c, cos4r + c 2 sin4f, so we assume a
particular solution of the form ,x
p
= c, cos4f + v 2 sin 4f.
Here x, = cos4f, x2 = sin4f, and 0(f) = 80. It then follows from Problem 10.3 (with x replacing y) that
[', cos 4f + v 2 sin 4f = t',( - - 4 sin 4f ) + i'2 (4 cos 4f) = 80
The solution to this set of equations is r', = 20sin4f and r 2 = 20cos4f. Integration yields r, - 5cos4f
and 2
= 5sin4t, so that .x p = (5 cos4f)cos4f + (5 sin4f)sin4f
i' = 5(cos
2
4f + sin
2
4f) = 5. The general
solution is then x = xc + x p = c, cos 4f + c 2 sin 4f + 5.
10.49 Solve x + 16x = 2sin4f.
I xc , x,. and x 2 of the previous problem are valid here, and again we let xp = i\ cos 4f + t-
2
sin 4f. Also,
0(f) = 2 sin4f. It follows from Problem 10.3 (with x replacing y) that
c\ cos 4f + i/2 sin 4f = v\( 4 sin 4f) + r 2 (4 cos 4f) = 2 sin 4f
The solution to this set of equations is t'2 =-|sin 2 4f and r2 = { sin 4f cos 4r. Then
V{ = i - Uin : 4f dt = -jf + yjsinSf and r2 = 2sin4f cos4f dt = ^ sin 2 4f

J
and xp = ( -\t + y2 sin 8f) But sin 8f = sin 2(4f = 2 sin 4r cos 4f,
cos 4f
4f sin4f. + 1
1
6 sin
2
) so that, after
simplification, xp = - {f cos 4f + yg sin 4r. The general solution is then
x = c, cos4f + (c 2 + 6 )sin4f - |f cos4t. (Compare with Problems 172 and 173.)
,'
-
10.50 Solve y" + y = secx.
I The characteristic equation of the associated homogeneous differential equation is A2 + 1 = 0, which

admits the roots A = i. The complementary function is yc = c, cos x + c 2 sin x, and we assume a
particular solution of the form yp = v t cos x + v 2 sin x.
Here y\ = cosx, y2 = sinx, and cj)(x) = secx. Then it follows from Problem 10.3 that
v[ cos x + v'2 sin x = v\ ( sin x) + v'2 cos x = sec x
The solution to this set of equations is v\ tanx and v'2 1. Then v2 = x and
vx = j tanxdx = In |cosx|, so that yp = (In |cosx|)cosx + xsinx. The general solution is then
y =c x
cos x + c 2 sin x + (In |cos x|) cos x + x sin x.
10.51 Solve y" + Ay = sin

2
2x.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.59 to be yc = c t cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x, so we assume
yp = Tj cos 2x + v 2 sin 2x.
With y1 = cos 2x, y2 sm 2x, and </>(x) = sin

2
2x, it follows from Problem 10.3 that
v\ cos 2x + v 2 sin 2x = y' (

x
2 sin 2x) + v'2 {2 cos 2x) = sin
2
2x
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = ^sin 3 2x and v'2 \ sin

2
2x cos 2x. Then
! = |sin 3 2xdx = |cos2x 3

t^cos 2x and v2 = )
i sin
2
2x cos 2x dx = ^ sin 3
2x
so that _v p
=
^cos 2 2x j2(cos 4 2x sin
4
2x). But cos 2x
4 sin
4
2x = cos 2 2x sin 2 2x, so
yp = 2
\ cos 2x + Y2 sm2 2x. Then the general solution is y c { cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x + ^cos 2 2x + ji sm2 2x.
10.52 Solve y" + 4y = csc2x.
I y c and the form of y p assumed in the previous problem are valid here. Also, _y,
= cos 2x, y2 sin 2x, and
0(x) = csc 2x. It then follows from Problem 10.3 that
v\ cos 2x + v'2 sin 2x v'2 ( 2 sin 2x) + v'2 (2 cos 2x) = csc 2x
The solution to this set of equations is = \ and v'2 =|cot2x. Then

v\ v x
= \x and
r2 = J j
cot 2x dx = \ In jsin 2x|, so that y p \x cos 2x + \ In |sin 2x| sin 2x. The general solution is thus
y = yc + V'p = Cj cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x \x cos 2x + | In |sin 2x| sin 2x.
10.53 Solve (D 2 + A)y = 4 sec 2 2x.

I yc y u and
, y 2 of Problem 10.51 are valid here, and again we let yp vx cos 2x + v 2 sin 2x. Also,
0(x) = sec
2
2x. Then it follows from Problem 10.3 that
v\ cos 2x + v'2 sin 2x = v\( 2 sin 2x) + i/2 (2 cos 2x) = 4 sec 2 2x
Solving this set of equations, we find
v\ = 2
cos
sin
^
2x
2x
and v2 = 2 sec 2x
sin 2x
=
JC 2 cos = sec 2x
l
, I ","T
2
dx 2x
cos 2x
sec zxisec
2x(sec 2x
ax mn zxi
+ tan
-t- 2x) .
2 sec 2x rfx = 2 dx = ,
In sec
,
2x + tan 2x
J sec 2x + tan 2x
and yp = sec 2x cos 2x + In |sec 2x + tan 2x| sin 2x = 1 + In |sec 2x + tan 2x| sin 2x.
The general solution is then y = c, cos 2x + c 2 sin 2x - 1 + In |sec 2x + tan 2x| sin 2x.
10.54 Solve x + 64x = sec 8f.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.58 to be xf = c x cos St + c 2 sin 8f, so we assume
xp = r, cos8t + i;
2 sin8t.
242 U CHAPTER 10
Here, also, x, = cos St, x2 = sin 8f, and <j>(t) = sec 8t. It follows from Problem 10.3 (with x replacing y)
that
v\ cos 8f + v'2 sin 8f = v\( 8 sin St) + v'

2 (S cos St) = sec 8f
The v\ = |sec St sin St = gtan 8f

solution to this set of equations
is and v'2 g. Then
vi =
J
gtan8fdr = ^ln|cos8r| and w 2 = 8 f T nus x p
= ^ In |cos 8r| cos 8r + gf sin 8r, and - the general
solution is x = x + x p = c, cos St + c 2 sin St + ^ In |cos 8f| cos 8f + gf sin St.
c
10.55 Solve x + 64x = 64 cos 8f.
f x c x 1; and x 2 of the previous problem are valid here, and we assume x p as

, in that problem. With
0(f) = 64 cos 8f, we have
v\ cos St + v'2 sin St = t?'
t(
- 8 sin 8f) + v'2 (S cos 8f) = 64 cos 8f
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = 8sin8fcos8f and v'

2
= 8cos 2 8f. Integrating yields
vx = f - 8 sin St cos St dt = \ cos

2
St v2 = \S cos 2 St dt = At + \ sin 16f = 4f + \ sin 8f cos St
Then xp = ^ cos
2
8f cos St + {At + \ sin 8f cos 8f ) sin 8f = 4f sin St + \ cos St
and the general solution is x = (c, 4- ^)cos St + c 2 sin 8f + 4f sin 8f. (Compare with Problems 9.174 and 9.175.)
10.56 Rework the previous problem, taking a different antiderivative for v v
I Integrating v\ differently, we obtain t>, = j 8 sin St cos St dt = 2 sin

2
8f. With v 2 in its original form, we
then have
xp = -\ sin 2 8f cos 8f + (4f + \ sin St cos 8f) sin St = At sin St
The general solution now is x = c, cos 8f + c 2 sin 8f + At sin 8f, which is identical in form to the previous answer
because c x denotes an arbitrary real number.
10.57 Solve y - Ay + 3y = (1 + e~V '.
I The associated homogeneous differential equation is y Ay + 3y = 0, which has as its general solution
yc cxe
f
+ c 2e
3 '.
We assume as a particular solution to the nonhomogeneous equation yp = vê' + v2e
il
.
Now, with y x
= e', y2 = e
3t
, and 0(f) = (1 + e~')~ ', it follows from Problem 10.3 that
-1
v\e' + v'2 e
3t
= v\e' + v'2 (3e
3
') = (1+
3t
The solution to this set of equations

M is v\' =
2
1
1

e''
+e~'
and v'2 =~ 1
21 +e
e
'
. Setting u = 1 + e '
yields
-

'
--e 1
dt
1 rl
= - \-du = -lnu = -]n(l+e
2\ + e
'
2 J u 2 2
And setting u = e '

yields
-4/("- 1+ rb)*-- -u 2 - u + In (1 + u) lj-* + I e --iln(l +
Then yp = [\\n{l + ?"')>' + [-^" 2 + ^"' - '

|ln(l + e"')> 3 '
= \(e
f
- e
il
)\n(\ + e<) - \e
l
+ \e
2x
and the general solution is y = {c - {)e + l

l
c2e
3'
+ j(e' - e
3
') ln(l + e~') + }e
2 '.
10.58 Solve
2
d y/dt
2
-y= (1 + e~T 2 -
I The associated homogeneous differential equation, d 2 y/dt 2 y 0. has as its characteristic equation
m 2 = 0, which we may factor into (m l)(m + 1) = 0. The characteristic roots are 1. so the
1
complementary function is y c e + c 2 e~'. We assume a particular solution of the form y p = r^' + v 2 e~'.
c l
,
-t\-2
v\e
l
+ v'2 e'' = v\e' + v'
2 (-e ') = (1 + e ')
= ' '
The solution to this set of equations is v\

2(1 +e~')
2
and v'-, = 2(1 +e
-j.
')
Setting u = 1 +e '
yields
1 e~* 1 rdu 1 1
-J
. .. 1
dt
<>-
2(1 + e") 2\+e
Setting u = e ', noting that e' = e 'e
2
'
= e \e ')
2
, and using partial fractions, we obtain
X e X
-U-t\-2
e-'(e-') 1
C a C 1
2(1 (1 +o r\2
dt
2 J u
:
d+") 2
du
-J 2 u
+
(1 + w)
2
+
1 + u
du
1 l 1/2
iiIn u
2 + 21n(l +u) - e In e 7 + 111(1 +<?-')
u 1 + u 2 1 he
1
-e'
,
+ 1
- 1/2
-
-r + ln(l + e
_t
)
2 1+e '
and y
1
21 +
1
e
_l
e' + e'+l-+^7 + ln(l+0
2
1
1
1/2
The latter equation may be simplified to vp \e

x
+e 1
'
+ e '
In (1 + e '), so that the general solution is
y =y + c yP = (c, + iK + (c 2 + l)e~' - 1 + e-'ln(l + e"*).

-
10.59 Solve d 2 y/dt 2 y = e~' s'me~' + cos e '.
f y c and the form of yp assumed in the previous problem are valid here. It follows from Problem 10.3 that
v\e' + v'2 e
~
' v\ e' + v'2 ( e~ = ') e
'
'
sin e
~
'
+ cos e
~
- -
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = \{e~
2t
sin e~' + e~' cose ') and v'2 i(sin e~' + e'eose ').
Setting u = e~', we obtain
vi j(e~
2t
sme~ + f
e~'cose~')df = \ (
usin u cosu)du \ usin udu \ I cosudu
J
= j(sinu ucos u) \ sin u = sin u + ûcosu = sine"' + je~'cose~'
For t,-
2 > integration yields
v2 = I
2-(sine _r + e' cos e~')dt = \ j
d(e'cose~') = |e'cose~'
Then sin e " + \e ~
y ( ' ' cos e " ')e' + \e (
l
cos e " ')e
"
' = e' sin e " ' and the general solution is
>V + y P = c e + c 2 e" x
e sin e
10.60 Solve y" +-y 2 ? =m f' ôr f > 0> if it s known that two linearly independent solutions to the associated
homogeneous differential equation are y, = t and y2 = 1/r.
I The complementary solution is yc = c,f + c 2 (l/f), so we assume yp = v^ + v 2 (\/t). With 0(f) = In t, it
follows from Problem 10.3 that
v\t + = v\ + V2
1
= \nt
t
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = ^ln t and v'2 = -\t 2 In t. Then integration yields
-Jin. f (/f = '

f In f - ir and -j-^m rrfr f
3
lnf + 1
iVt
18'
f 3
so that yp = (^r In f - ^f)f + (-gf 3 In f + ^ 3

)(l/t) = jt
2
In f - ft 2 . The general solution is then
y = yc + yP = Cit + c 2 (i/o + ^ 2
in * - ft
2
.
10.61 Solve t
2
y 2ty + 2y = t In f, for t > 0, if it is known that two linearly independent solutions of the associated
2
homogeneous differential equation are y x
= t and y2 t .
y 2t~ y + 2t~ y = t~ In f, which has the form of

1 2 2
I We first divide the differential equation by
l
t , obtaining
(7) in Problem 10.1. Now (pit) = t~ The complementary solution is the same for either form of the l
In t.
associated homogeneous differential equation, so yc = c t + c 2 f

2
and we assume yp = v x t + v 2 t 2 x
.
"
v \t + v'2 t
2
= v\ + i/2 (2t) = f ' In t
~
244 CHAPTER 10
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = -t~ l

\r\t and v'2 = t
2
In t. Then
= \-t~ -2 -
vt
l
\ntdt = -\{\nt) 2 and v2 = ft In t dt = -f" 1
In t f"
1
so that yp = -|(lnt) 2 + (-f" \nt - t~ )t 2 = ^f(ln t) 2 -

t
1 l
t\nt - t. The general solution is
y = yc + yP = (c, - i)t + c 2 t 2 - \-tdn t) 2 - tin t.
10.62 Solve t
2
y ty r V if it is known that two linearly independent solutions to the associated homogeneous
differential equation are y x
1 and y2 = t
2
.
We divide the differential equation by t

2
, obtaining y y te', so that the coefficient of the highest
derivative is unity. The complementary solution of the differential equation in either form is yc = cx + c2t
2
,
so we assume yp vx + v2 t
2
. Since 0(f) = te', it follows from Problem 10.3 that
v\ + '
v2 t
2
= t-'i(O) + v'2 (2t) = te'
The solution to this set of equations is v\ \t 2 e' and v'

2
= \e'. Therefore,
f& dt = W
vt = f -\t
2
e' dt = -\t 2
e' + te' - e' and v2 =
Then yp = \t 2 e' + te' e' + \e't
2
= te' e', and the general solution is y = yc + yp = cx + c2t
2
+ te' e'.
10.63 Solve (x
2
l)z" 2xz' + 2z = (x
2
l)
2
if it is known that two linearly independent solutions to the associated
homogeneous differential equation are z, = x and z2 = x2 + 1.
I We divide the differential equation by x2 1 so that the coefficient of the highest derivative is unity,
2x 2
obtaining z" z z' + -= z x2 1. The complementary solution remains zc c,x + c 2 (x
2
+ 1), so
xz + 1 xz + 1
we assume z
p
t,x + r 2
(x
2
+ 1).
Since (p(x) = x 2 1, it follows from Problem 10.3 (with z replacing y) that
v\x + v'2 (x
2
+ 1) = v\ + v'
2
(2x) = x2 - 1
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = x 2 1 and t'2 = x. Integration yields r, = jx 3 x and
v2 = jx 2
, so that = (-3X - x)(x) +
zp
3
( 2 \
2
)(v
2
+ 1) = x4 - \x 2 Then the general solution . is
z =z + c
zp = cxx + c 2 (x 2 + 1) + ^x 4 - \x 2 .
10.64 Solve (x
2
+ x)z" + (2 x 2 )z' (2 + x)z = x(x + l)
2
if the complementary function is known to be
x
c e x
+ c 2 x~ '.
I We divide the differential equation by x2 + x so that the coefficient of the highest derivative is unity,
- 2
-x 2
obtaining z" H
2
5
x
'-
z
2
z = x + 1. The complementary solution remains zf = cxe
x
+ c2x , so we
X + X X +X
x
assume zp vxe + v 2 x~\ It follows from Problem 10.3 (with y replaced by z) that
v\e
x
+ v'2 x~ '
=0 v',e
x
+ v'2 (-x~ 2 = x + ) 1
The solution to this set of equations = xe~ x and v'2 = x 2 Integration yields r, = xe~ x -
is i', . e'
x
_1
and v2 = -3X 3
, so that z = {-xe~ - e~ )(e
p
x x
+ (-3X 3 )(x = -5X 2 - x - 1. Then the general
x
) )
z = e + c 2 x~ 5X x 1.
x
solution is zc + z
p
= cx
2 '
10.65 Solve ^4-60 + 900/ = 5^ 10

2
'.
dt dt
30 ',
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.149 to be Ic = Ae 30 + '
Bte so we assume a particular
i0t 30 '.
solution of the form p
=v e
I x
+ v 2 te
10 '.
Here Ix = e
i0t
, I 2 = re
30 ', and 4>(t) = 5e It follows from Problem 10.3 (with / replacing y) that
30 ') 30 ' 30 10 '

v\e
30 '
+ v'2 te
30 '
= v\(30e + v'
2 (e + 30te ') = 5e
The solution to this set of equations is v'l = -5te~ 20 '

and &2 = 5e~ 20t . Integration then gives
0l
= -5te- 20 'dt = (it + ^)e~ 20 '
and v2 = ^5e~ 20 '
dt = -ie~ 20 '
30 '
so that l
p
= (it + io)e-
20
'e
30 '
-ie-
20
'te
30 '
= ioe
10 '.
The general solution is thus / = Ae 30 + '
Bte + g ^ 10
1 '-

Q ~
d2I dl
10.66 Solve i 2
- 60 + 900/ = 4500r 5
.
dt dt
I Ic and the assumed form of / in the previous problem are valid here. Now, with 0(f) = 4500?
5
, we have
30 ' 30 30
v\e + v'2 te '
= v\(30e ') + i/2 (e
30 '
+ 30?e
30 ') = 4500? 5
~
= -4500f 6 e 30
The solution to this set of equations is v\
'
and v'
2
= 4500? 5 e 30 '.
Integration yields
= (150? 6 + 30? 5 + 5? 4 + ? 3 + V 2 + 2ht + efso)^ 30

t;,
t
'
and v 2 = - 50? - 25? - ^t -

5 4
(
3
1 - t - j^)e " 30 ^ '
4
Ip = (150 - 150)? + (30 - 25)? + (5 - ^)? + (| - i)? 3 + (A - )? 2 +
6 5
225 - r&o)' + <rfe>
so that (
Then the general solution is / = I + I = Ae

p
30
+ Bte 30 + 5? 5 + ft 4 + ^? 3 + 425 2 + 24 + ^. (Compare
c
' '
? ?
with Problem 9.46.)
10.67 Solve / + 40/ + 800/ = 8 cos t.
20t 20
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.71 to be Ic c x e' cos 20? + c 2 e~ '
sin 20?, so we
20 20
assume I
p
= r,e 'cos20? + v 2 e~ '
sin 20?. Then it follows from Problem 10.3 (with / replacing y) that
20t 20 ' -
v\e~ cos 20? + v'
2e sin 20?
20t
- 20 ' 20 ' 20
y',(-20e- cos 20? 20e~ sin 20f) + i/2 (-20e~ sin 20? + 20e '
cos 20?) - 8 cos ?
The solution to this set of two equations is v\ fe 20r sin 20? cos ? and v'2 \e
20t
cos 20? cos ?, from
which we find
c ,=(-A S inl9, + i^coS .9 (

-A sin21 , + J^ cos21 ,)^..
20
v2 = ^rz Sinl9
sin 19? 4-
(
355
cos 19?' + -7^ sin
+ ^r COSl9 21? +
Sin21,
'
4 42y5
^4r cos 21?
8?i
) e
'
and I
p
=
761
4
(sin 20? cos 19? - sin 19? cos 20?) +
-^- (cos 20?
3805
19
cos 19? + sin 20? sin 19?)
4
(sin 21? cos 20? sin 20? cos 21?) + 21
(cos 21? cos 20? + sin 21? sin 20?)
sin (20? -
/ol
19?) + t
JoUj
cos (20? - 19?) - -sin (21? -
841
19?) + -cos (21? -
hZOj
20?)
4 4 \ / 19 21 \ 320 6392
- Si
" + + C S " S '" + C S '
761 84lJ
'
(m05 i205j '
64*001 ' 640loT
20
320 6392
The general solution is then / = I + Ip = e cxe '
cos 20? + c2e
20t
sin 20? + tt^t sin f + cos ?.
fi4nn01
d2 Q ^,dQ ~
10.68 Solve -=-
2~
1.2
+ S
8 + 52Q =
J-
26.
lt li
4 4
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.55 to be Q = c Cj 'cos 6? + c2 e '
sin 6?. so we
4t 4'
assume Qp = t
,
1
e" cos6f + c 2 e~ sin 6?.
4 =
Here Q t
e~*'cos6t, Q 2 = e" 'sin6?, and (p(t) 26. It follows from Problem 10.3 (with Q replacing y)
that
v\e~
M cos + At
=
6? v'
2e sin 6?
4
v\ (-Ae' At
cos 6? - 6e
4'
sin 6?) + v'2 ( - 4e~ ** sin 6? + be '
cos 6?) - 26
The solution to this set of equations is - -ê*

v\
1
sin 6? and v'2 = ê 4 '
cos 6?. Integration yields
= Xl
cos 6? - \e
M sin 6? and v2 - \e Xt cos 6? + |e
4
sin'
6?, so that
, \e
(i e 4 ' - M 4 M + M - 2 2
-
Qp = +
*'
cos 6? \e sin 6?)e" '
cos 6? + {\e cos 6? \e sin 6?)e sin 6? | cos 6? \ sin 6? 2
4* 4'
The general solution is then Q=Q + e P
= c^' cos 6? + c 2e sin 6? + 2 . (Compare with Problem 9.20.)
" . )
246 CHAPTER 10
d2 Q dQ
10.69 Solve + + 52Q = 32cos2f.
at dt
# Q and c
the form assumed for Qp in the previous problem are valid here. With 4>(t) = 32 cos 2r, we have
A 4
v\e' '
cos 6f + v'2 e
'
=
sin 6f
v\( - Ae ~ 4r
cos 6f - 6e " 4'
sin 6f ) + v'2( - Ae 4'
sin 6f + 6e ~ 4'
cos 60 = 32 cos 2r
with solution v\ ê 4 '

sin 6f cos 2f and i/2 = ^ cos 6f cos It. Integration yields
v, = -3( sin 4f + ^ cos 4f - -^ sin 8r + ^ cos 8f )e 4 '
and w2 = ( 3 sin 4f + j cos At + fs sin 81 + ^ cos 8t)e 4 ',
so that
Qp = j (cos 6r cos 4f + sin bt sin 4f) + 3 (sin dt cos 4/ sin At cos 6f)
^(sin 8f cos 6f sin 6r cos 80 + j^(cos 8f cos 6f + sin St sin 6f)
= 3 cos (6f - At) + 3 sin (6? - 4t) - ^ sin (8? - 6f) + j^ cos (8f - 6f) = cos 2f 4- y sin 2f.
4 4
The general solution is Q c,e ' cos 6f + e ' sin 6f + 5 cos 2r + 5 sin 2r. (Compare with Problem 9.87.)
10.70 Solve Q + 8Q + 250 = 50 sin 3f.
-4
f The complementary solution (from Problem 8.53 with Q replacing x) is Q c,e 4 cos 3f + c ' c 2c * sin 3t,
4
so we assume Q p v (e 'cos 3f) + v 2 {e *' sin 3/). Then with 0(f) = 50sin 3f, we have
t
4 4
i/,^ 'cos 3f + v'2 e sin 3r = '
4 ~ 4 4
'cos3f - 3e
4,
r',(-4f sin 30 + is(-4c sin3f + 3? cos 30 = 50sin3f '
'
4'
from which v\ = - ^"t' sin
2
3f and is = 53V*'sin 3f cos 3f. Integration yields
4 ',
, = (^ sin 6f -
4'
y, = (- 2 ^ + r,sin6? \ | cos 6f )e and 1
2
q cos 6f)e so that
f2
p
-\ cos 3? + 5
2
2<,(sin bt cos 3t - sin 3f cos 6f ) + ff(cos 6r cos 3f + sin 6f sin 3f)
= - 2 |cos3f + |f sin(6f
- 30 + ^cos(6f - 30 = -^|cos3f + || sin 3r
4 4
The general solution is then Q = Q + Qp = e cxe '
cos 3t + c 2c '
sin 3t - l2 cos 3f + \l sin 3f. (Compare
with Problem 9.88.)
4
10.71 Solve Q + 8Q + 250 = 90c '
cos It.
I Q and c
the form of Qp assumed in the previous problem are valid here. In addition, we have
4 4
v\e '
cos 3/ + v'
2 e~ '
sin 3f =
4 4
r\(-Ae 'cos3/ - 3e
4 '
sin 30 + r'2 ( -4f ' sin 3f + 3e
4
'cos 30 = 90e~ 4 'cos 3f
with solution = 30cos 3f sin 3/ and

r', v'
2
= 30 cos 2 "it. Integration yields t, = 5 sin 2
3r and
v2 = 1 5f + 2
sin 6f = 5f + 2 sin 2(3f) =
1 5/ + 1 5 sin 3f cos 3/. Then
2 4 4 4
Q p - -5sin 3fl> 'cos30 + (15r + 5 sin 3t cos 30( 'sin 30 - I5te 'sin 3f
4
and the general solution is Q= cxe
4
' cos 3/ + c2e
4 '
sin 3t + I5te ' sin 3f
10.72 Rework the previous problem, integrating v\ differently.
I With v 2 as in the previous problem, but with vt = J

30 cos 3f sin 3r îf = 5 cos
2
3r. we have
4 4
Qp - (5 cos 2 30(e '
cos 30 + ( 1 5f + 5 sin 3f cos 3f)( '
sin 3f
4 4 4 4
= 5e 'cos3f(cos
2
3r + sin
2
30 + 15fe" 'sin3f = 5e~ 'cos3f + 15f^" 'sin3f
The general solution is then

4 4r 4
Q= Qc + QP = (ci + 5)e 'cos3f + c2e sin 3f + 15fc 'sin3f
2
d Q dQ
10.73 Solve f + 1000 -=- + 250,000 = 24.
df dt
500 500 ',

i The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.147 to be Q = c
cxe '
+ c 2 te so we assume
500 ' 500 '.
Q = y,e + v 2 te' Then we have
5OO, soo ' =
v\e- + v'2 te-
v\(-500e- 5W + ') v'2 (e 500fe"

5OO ') = 24
VARIATION OF PARAMETERS fj 247
from which we find v\ = -24te S00t and v'2 = 24e 500t . Then integration yields
u, =
J
f -24/ t 500 dt= > '
-
500
t + -^t
(500)
2
e
500 '
v?2 =
J
f24^
500 '
J/
24 gSOOl
500
24 3 1
so that Q p = J2 = tt^^t. The general solution
c is then
*=
Q Cll "e~
"
5001
+ cl22 te" 5001 +
*
" 1
(500) 31,250 '
31,250'
d2 Q dQ
10.74 Solve
-f-
dr
f++ tnnn
1000 -^ + 250,0000 =
1000-^
dt
24ft
- 500r
I Q and c
the form of Q p assumed in the previous problem are valid here. Then we have
5OO ' 5oo '
v\e' + v'
2 te~
=
500 500t 500 ')
^(-SOOe" ') + v'2 (e~ - 500/e~ = 24te~
SOOt
Solving this set of equations simultaneously yields v\ 24t 2 and v'2 = 24t, from which we find
500 500f 500 ',
r,= -8/ and v 2 = 12/ 3 2
. Then Q p = -8/ e
3 '
+ I2t 3 e = 4/ e
3
and the general solution is
q = Cl e- 500 + c 2 te- 500 + ' '

4r t-
3 500 '
= (c, + c 2 + / 4/ )e-
3 500 '.
d2x g g
10.75 -= -,
Solve -jy
2
~di ~W xX 77^ 5'
where # denotes a positive constant.
f The general solution to the associated homogeneous equation is found in Problem 8.21 to be
~
x p = u,^^15 + v 2 e~^r6
10 v9/10
x,. =C x
e-
9 '
+ C2f ', so we assume a particular solution of the form ' '. Then
we have
v'l eÎWt + v'2 e-^}TGt =

JL eV57To <
+ v >(
2
- l e -smot\ = l
10 V VlO ) 5
Solving this set of equations yields v\ = jg/lQe~" 9n0t ^g/\0e y/BlT^ from which we find
and v2
t
,
- vIWt
vl = -e and v 2 =-e^ n>t
. Thus x = - e -^""c^"' - e^7T5tg -Vg7Tg = _ 2 The general t
.
solution is x = x f + x p = C,^ 9/10

'
+ C 2 e '^' l0t - 2. (Compare with Problem 9.26.)
10.76 Solve (D 2 - 2D)y = e

x
sin x.
2x
I The complementary yc = C t + C 2 e
solution is , so we assume a particular solution of the form
2x
yp = vt + v2e . It follows from Problem 10.3 that
2x 2x x
v\ + '
v2 e = t>',(0) + v'2 (2e ) = e sin x
Then v\ = 2 e x sinx
i
and t/2 = |e~*sinx, and integration yields u, = ^(sinx cosx) and
v2 = e"*(sinx + cosx). Thus y p = ^(sinx cosx) |e~*(sinx + cosx)e 2x = ^''sinx, and the
2x -
general solution is y = y + yp = C + C e |e* sin x. (Compare with Problem 9.105.)
c x 2
10.77 Solve q + 20q + 200q = 24.
f The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.64 (with q here replacing /) to be

10 10 10
= qp = v e 'cos 10/ + c 2 e" 'sin 10/.
i0,
qc c 1 e~ cos lOf + c2e 'sin 10/, so we assume x
_10
Here we have q{ = e~ 10 'cos 10/, q2 = e 'sin 10/, and 4>(t) = 24. It follows from Problem 10.3 (with q
replacing y) that
v\e~
10,
cos 10/ + v'2 e~
10,
sin 10/ -
10, 10
v\(-\0e 10
'cos 10/ - 10t>
,0
'sin 100 + v 2 (- 10e' sin 10/ + 10c" ' cos 10/) = 24
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = -f^ 10 'sin Of and v2 = f^''cos 1 lOf. Integration then yields
vt = (^cos lOf - ^ sin 10f)?

10 '
and v2 = (^cos 10? + 2\ sin 10f)t 10 so that ',
- - 10 3 w '(e 10,
- 3 2 2
-
qp ^(cos lOf sin Wt)e l0, (e 'cos lOf) + 25
(cos lOf + sin I0t)e sin 10?) 25 (cos 10/ + sin 10/)
10 ' 10 '
Thus the general solution is q = qe + qp = c,e~ cos 10/ + c2e sin 10/ + 3
2 5 . (Compare with Problem 9.22 )

248 CHAPTER 10
10t
10.78 Solve q + 20q + 200q = 2Ae~ sin lOf.
I q c and the form assumed for q p in the previous problem are valid here. Thus
10r
v\e~ cos lOf + v'2 e~ 10t sin lOt =
t/^-lOe 10
'cos lOr - 10<r 10,
sin lOt) + i/2 (-10e _10f
sin lOr + 10<>- 10 'cos lOr) = 24<?- 10, sin lOt
from which we find v\ = 2.4 sin 2 lOt and v'2 = 2.4 sin lOf cos lOt. Then integration gives
v = -1.2* + 0.12 sin
t
lOt cos lOf and v2 = -0.12 cos 2 lOr, so that
qp = (- 1.2t + 0.12 sin lOf cos 10r)<?~

10 '
cos lOr + -0.12 cos 2
( I0t)e~
10 '
sin lOt = - 1.2te~ 10r cos lOf
c^" 10 10 _10
and the general solution is q '
cos lOr + c 2 e~ 'sin lOr 1.2te 'cos lOf.
10.79 Redo the previous problem, integrating v'2 differently.
I With b, as in the previous problem, but with v2 = J

2.4 sin lOtcos lOf dt 0.12 sin
2
lOr, we have
qp = (-l.2t + 0.12 sin lOf cos 10r)<?"

10 '
cos lOf + (0.12 sin
2
I0t)e~
10 '
sin lOr
10 10
= -1.2re- 'cosl0f + 0.12f-
10
'sin 10r(cos
2
lOr + sin
2
lOr) = -1.2t^ 'cos 10f + 0.12e"
10
'sin lOt
and the general solution becomes q c 1 e~

l0
'cos lOf + (c 2 + 0.12)e"
10,
sin lOf 1.2fe~
10
'cos lOf.
10.80 Solve q + 400q + 200,000q = 2000.
200
f The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.70 to be qc e' '(A cos400f + Bsin400f), so we
200 200
assume a particular solution of the form q p f e" 1
'cos400r + t'2e~ 'sin400r.
Here q = e~ 200, cos400f, q 2 = e~ 200 sin 400r, = 2000.
'
x
and 0(f) It follows from Problem 10.3 (with q
replacing y) that
200 200 ' =

v\e~ '
cos 400f + v'2 e- sin 400t
:oo - 2OO 2OO 200 =
r,( 200e 'cos400f 400e" 'sin400f) + i/2 (-20O<r 'sin400f + 400e" 'cos400f) 2000
The solution to this set of equations is v\ 5e 200 '

sin 400f and v'2 5e
200
'cos400r. Integration gives
= 2O0 - 200 200 200

r, 0.01e 'cos400f 0.005e '
sin 400f v2 = 0.005? '
cos 400f + 0.01e 'sin400t
so that = qp
2
0.01 cos 400f + 0.01 sin 400f
2
= 0.01. and the general solution is
200
q = qc + qp = e~ '(A cos400f + Bsin 400f) + 0.01. (Compare with Problem 9.23.)
10.81 Solve q + 400q + 200,000^ = 2000 cos 200f.
f qc and the form assumed for q p in the previous problem are valid here. Thus, it follows that
200t ~ 200 '

v\e~ cos 400f + v'2 e sin 400* =
" 200
v\( - 200<?" 200 cos 400r ' - 400? '
sin 400f) + v'2 ( -2(Xk" 200 '
sin 400f + 400<T 200 '
cos 400r) = 2000 cos 200r
= - 5e 200 = 200
The solution to this set of equations is v\ '
cos 200f sin 400f and v'
2 5e '
cos 200f cos 400f,
and integration yields
r, = (
iô sin 200r + j^ cos 200r - sin 600r + cos 600f)<?
200
^ ^ '
and v2 = (j|o sin 200r + ^

cos 200f + gtb sin 600t + goo cos 600r)e
200 '
After some simplification, these values for v t and v 2 give
qp = rlo sin (400f

- 200f ) + ^ cos (400t - 200f) - ^ sin (600t - 400f) + goo cos (600f - 400t)
= 2^0 sin 200f + jô cos 200r
The general solution is then q = e~

200 '
(A cos 400f + B sin 400f + ) 205 sin 200r + ^ cos 200t . (Compare with
Problem 9.93.)
10.82 Solve q + 9q + I4q = {- sin t.
1
# The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.17 (with q here replacing x) to be qc = c x e'
2'
+ c 2 e~ ',
2'
so we assume qp = v l e~ + v 2 e~
7
'. Then
v\e-
2t
+ v'2 e~
11
= v\(-2e- 2 ') + i/2 (-7e" 7 ') = ^sin t
2' 7'
so that v\ = jê sm r ancl = -lo^
v 'i sin 5t. Integration yields t>, = (^ sin - t ^ cos f)e 2'
and
v2 500 sm + soo c osf)e 7
( f ', and thus
<?
P = (A - soo) sin * + ~ so + (
soo) cos t = 5^ sin - t
5o cos t
The general solution is then q = qc + qp = c { e'

2'
+ c 2 e~
7t
+ j^s'mt j^cost. (Compare with
Problem 9.89.)
HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

10.83 Solve + x 2 y" 2xy' +
x 3 y'" 2y = x In x, for x > 0, if the complementary solution is
yc = cl x~ + c 2 x + c 3 x 2
1
.
I We first divide the differential equation by x

3
so that the ccoefficient of the highest derivative is unity, as
in (/) of Problem 10.1. The result is + y'" x~ y" 2x~ 2 y + 2x~ 3 y = x~ 2 In x, for which 4>(x) = x~ 2 In x.
l
We assume a particular solution of the form yp = Vix"

1
+ v2x + v3x
2
. It follows from Problem 10.2 that
+ v'2 x + v'3 x 2 =
v\x~ 1
v\(-x~ 2 + v'2 + t/3 (2x) =

)
u;(2x "
3
+ v'2 (0) + v'3 (2) =
) x"2 In x
~ " 2
The solution to this set of simultaneous equations is v\ = x In x, v'2 = \x 1
In x, and v'3 = |x In x.
Integration yields
vy = T2~x
2
\n x J4X
2
v2 j(lnx) 2 v3 \x~ x
lnx ^x" 1
and, after substitution and simplification, we have yp |x[(lnx) 2 + lnx] fx. Then the general solution is
y = yc + yP = c ,x" ' + (c 2 - |)x + c3x

2
- ix[(ln x)
2
+ In x].
10.84 Solve >'" +/= sec x.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.108 to be y c = c, + c 2 cosx + c 3 sinx, so we assume a

particular solution of the form yp v + {
v2 cos x + v 3 sin x.
Here y, = 1, y2 cos x, y 3 = sin x, and 0(x) = secx. It follows from Problem 10.2 that
+ sin x =
v\ + v'2 cos x 1/3
y'i(0) + v'2
sin x) + v'3 cos x = (
u',(0) + v'2 cosx) + v'3 sinx) =

( ( secx
Solving thisset of equations simultaneously, we obtain v\ = secx, v'2 = 1, and v'3 = tanx. Thus,
i?!= Jsecx^x = ln|secx + tanx|, v 2 = \dx= x, and v 3 = j -tanxdx = In |cosx|. Substitution then
yields y p = In |sec x + tan x| - x cos x + (sin x) In |cos x|. The general solution is therefore
y = yc + yp = Cj + c 2 cos x + c 3 sin x + In |sec x + tan x| x cos x + (sin x) In |cos x|
10.85 Solve (D 3 + D)y = esc x.
I y c and the form assumed for y p in the previous problem are valid here. Now, however, 4>(x) - esc x, and it
+ v'3 sin x =
v\ + v'2 cos x
v\(0) + v'2 sin x) + v'3 cos x = (
t/Ô) + u'2 (-cos x) + v'3 sin x) = ( esc x
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = esc x, v'2 = -(cos x)/sin x, and v'3 = - 1, from which we find
that p, = -ln|cscx + cotx|, v 2 = -ln|sinx|, and v 3 =-x. Then substitution gives
y = - In |csc x + cot x|
- (In |sin x|) cos x - x sin x. The general solution is thus
p
y = Cl + c 2 cos x + c 3 sin x - In |csc x + cot x| - (In |sin x |) cos x - x sin x

250 CHAPTER 10
10.86 Solve y'" + 4y' = 4 cot 2x.
# The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.109 to be ye = cr 4 c 2 cos 2x 4 c 3 sin 2x, so we assume
y p v t 4 v 2 cos 2x + v3 sin 2x. It follows from Problem 10.2 that
v\ 4- v'2 cos 2x + v'3 sin 2x =

!>i(0) + t/2 ( 2 sin 2x) + v'3 (2 cos 2x) =
v\(0) 4 r'2 ( 4 cos 2x) + v'3 ( 4 sin 2x) = 4 cot 2x
The solution to this set of equations is v\( cos 2x) sin 2x. v'2 (cos 2 2x)/sin2x, and r'
3 = cos2x.
Integration then gives
vt = | In |sin 2x| v2 4 In |csc2x cot 2x| |cos 2x r3 = ^sin2x

Substitution into the expression for y p and combination with yc finally lead to
y cx 4 c 2 cos 2x + c 3 sin 2x + \ In |sin 2x| | In |csc 2x cot 2x| cos 2x ^(cos

2
2x 4 sin
2
2x)
cl 2 4 c 2 cos 2x 4 c 3 sin 2x + \ In |
sin 2x| \ In |csc 2x cot 2x| cos 2x
10.87 Solve y'" 3y" + 3y' y = e*/x.
I The complementary solution is yc = c x e* 4 c 2 xe* 4 c3x e

2 JC
, so we assume yp r,^ 4- i^xe* 4 2
t^x ^. It

x x
v\e 4 + r'jx 2 ?* =
v'2 xe
x
Die" + v'2 (e 4 xe*) 4 i'3 (2xr 4 xV) = t
x
e
i\e
x
4 i/2 (2e* 4 xe") 4 v 3 (2e
x
4 4xe 4 xV) = JC

x
_1
The solution to this set of equations is i
',
= 2
x. r2 = 1, and r3 = 2
x , so that i\ = x2 , v2 = x,
2
and r3 = |ln |x|. Thus yp = x e*ln |x|, and the general solution is
y = yc + )'p = e*(Cj 4 c2x 4 c3x

2
4 ix
2
In |x|).
2
d*y d Y dy
10.88 Solve -4 + 6-r44- 12/ + iy=l2e~ 2x .
</v Ja- dx
2x
f The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.156 to be yc (c t 4 c2x 4 c 3 x )e
2
, so we assume
2x
y p = v e~ l
4 .\c 2a + v 3 x 2e 2v Then we have
;
:
.
,-Zx* ,-2x ,2-2x =

r,? ' 4 v 2 xe -* 4 D'aX-'e"
i\(-2e' 2x
) 4 i/2 (e~
2* - 2xe" 2
*) 4 v'3 (2xe-
2x
- 2xV 2jc
) =
-2
i\(4e~
2x
) 4 v'2 (-4e- 2x
4 4xe *) 4 t<
3 (2<T
2jt
- Sxe~
2x
4 4xV 2
*) = \2e~
2x
The solution to this set of equations is v\ 6x 2 , v'2 = 12x,

and v'3 = 6 so that p, = 2x
3
? ,
2 = 6x
2x 2x
yp = 2x e~
2 2x
3 = 6x.
3 2x 3

3 3
and , i? Then 6x e 4 6x e 2x e The general solution . is
thus y = yf 4 y_ = (c, 4 c2x 4 c3x

2
4 2x 3
)e~
2
(Compare with Problems 9.146 and 9.147.)
10.89 Solve y" 6y" 4 1 1/ 6y = 2xe

x
.
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.28 to be yc = c^ 4 c 2e

2x
4 c3e
3x
, so we assume that
x
y p i\e 4 v 2 e
2x
4 v 3 e 3x Then we have .
x 2x
v\e 4 v'2 e 4 r'
3e
3*
=
2x
v\e
x
4 r'2 (2<? ) 4 t<
3 (3<?
3
*) =
3x x
v\e
x
+ r 2 (4e *)
2
4 v 3 (9e ) = 2xe~
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = xe~ 2x

, v'
2
= -2xe' 3x , and r3 = xe~* x , so that integration
yields
Vi = e~
2x
(-\x - i) v2 = e~ 3 *(fx 4 ) v3 - e"
4jc
(-ix - ^
Substitution and simplification then give yp e'^j^x y^), and the general solution is
= x 2x 3x _x
y cxe 4 c2e 4 c3e 4 ^ ( i^x j^). (Compare with Problem 9.74.)
,21
10.90 Solve y'" - 3y" 4 2y' = '
1 +e f
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.26 (with here replacing x) t to be yt = c, + c2J + c3e
2 '.
2
Thus, we assume yp = v {
+ v 2 e' + v3e ', and it follows from Problem 10.2 that
v\ + v'2 e' + v'3 e

2'
=
v\(0) + v' e'
2 + v'
3 (2e
2
') =
v\(0) + v'2 e' + v 3 (4e

2
') = -L-
+e 1
2'
1 e -e'
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = :, v'7 =- , and v\3 =
1 1
Usine the
+ + r
2 1 e' 1 e' 2 1 + e
substitution u = 1 4- e\ we find
I
r e' 1
r w
1 1 1
^ = =
, ,
(1+e) -2 ln(1+e,)
2lrT7^^2/-^ d "
2
y2 = f 7^-7 e dr= -ln(l f

+e')
J 1+e '
1 / 1 1 / 1 1
and U dt = f^T r "'A=-zln(e-*+D
3=^f
2 J TT-T
+r ^
2 e + 2 1 > 1
and it follows that yp = \{\ + - \ In (1 + e') - e' In (1 +

e') e') - |e
2'
In (e~' + 1). Then the general polution is
y = c, + c 2 f' + c3e
2'
- (| + e') In (1 + e') - \e 2t In (e~' + 1).
3'
e
10.91 Find a particular solution to /" 3y" + 2/
1 +e'
I y c and the form assumed for y p in the previous problem are valid here. It follows from Problem 10.2 that
v\ + v'2 e' + v'3 e

2t
=
v\(0) + v'2 e' + v'3 (2e
2
') =
3'
2t
e
v\(0) + v'2 e' + v'3 (4e )
1 +e'
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = --

2TT7'
-,, v'2
"
=
2=
TT7'
, and v'3
^21+e*
=- p. Then integration
yields
! =i(i +e') 2 -(l +<?') + ln(l +e') y2 = -(1 + e*) + ln(l + e') t>
3
= In (1 + J)
so that y = i(l +e r
)
2
-(l +e') + iln(l +e + t
) [-(l + eO + ln(l + e')]e' + {-e
2
' In (\ + e')
10.92 Solve t
3 y"'
+ 3t
2
y" 1, for f > 0, if three linearly independent solutions to the associated homogeneous
~
differential equation are y x
= t
1
, y2 = 1, and y3 = f.
t The complementary solution is yc = c x t~^ + c 2 + c 3 t, so we assume a particular solution of the form
y p = v t~ + v 2 + v 3
x
We divide
l
t. the nonhomogeneous differential equation by t
3
so that the coefficient of the
highest derivative is unity, as in (/) of Problem 10.1. The result is y"' + 3t~ y"
1
= t~
3
;
therefore, (j)(t) = t~
3
.
v\t~
l
+ v'2 + v'3 t = v\{-r 2 + ) w'2 (0) + v3 = v\{2C 3
) + v'2 {0) + v'
3 (0)
=f 3
from which we find v\=j, v'2 = and v'3 =jt 2 t

l
, . 1?!=^, v2 =-\nt,
and Dj^-^f" so that
1
yp ,
= %t~H \nt \t~ t = Int. The general solution x
is then
-1
y = yt + y P = ci* + c 2 + c 3 - t in t.
10.93 Solve ^-5^

dr^
+ 25^-1252=
3 2
^r
-60^ 7 '.
5'
f The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.1 13 to be Q = c
c{e + c 2 cos 5t + c 3 sin 5t, so we
assume Q p = u,e 5 + f 2 cos ^^ + ^3 sin 5t. Then we have
'
v\e
5'
+ v'2 cos 5t + v'3 sin 5t =
y'i(5e
5
') + /2 (-5 sin 5f) + y'
3 (5 cos 5f) =
v\(25e
5t
) + i/2 (-25 cos 5f) + u'3 (-25 sin 5t) = -60e 7 '
-
252 CHAPTER 10
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = -fe 2 ', v'2 = 7

fe '(-sin 5f + cos 50, and v'3 = fe
7
'(sin 5f + cos 50,
and integration gives
32r
v, = -ie v2 = i85 e7 '( 6 cos 5t - sin 5t) v3 = jfje^cos 5r + 6 sin 5r)
Then _ 3-2(_5l
le
2 5t
'e + ^'(6 cos 2
5t + 6 sin
2
5t) = (-f + 7' 157t
= -$e
t%)<?
and the general solution is Q = Q + Q p = c^ 5 +

c
'
c 2 cos 5f + c 3 sin 5t - ê 1 '. (Compare with Problem 9.16.)
10.94 Find a particular solution to

d Q
dt
d Q
3
5
3
5
dt
2
=-
2
25
dQ
dt
1250, = 1000.
I Q and c
the form assumed for Qp in the previous problem are valid here. Then we have
v\e
5'
+ v'2 cos 5r + v'3 sin 5r =
v\(5e
Sl
) + v'2 (-5 sin 50 + v'3 (5 cos 50 =
v\(25e
5
') + i/2 (-25cos5t) + v'3 ( 25 sin 5t) = 1000
The solution to this set of equations is v\ 20e~ 5

',v'2 = 20sin5f 20cos5f, and
v'
3
20sin5t 20cos5f; integration yields vx = 4e 5(
, v2 4 cos 5r 4 sin 5f , and
v3 = 4 cos 5f 4 sin 5f Thus .
Q p = (-4e
5,
)e
5'
+ (-4cos5f - 4 sin 5f)cos 5f + (4cos5f - 4sin5f)sin5f = -8
d3 Q
2
10.95 Find a particular solution to -r-=

dr
5
d Q
-=-
2
dt
+ 25
dQ

dt
1250 = 5000e cos 2t.
I Q and c
the form assumed for Qp in Problem 10.93 are valid here. Then we have
v\e
5'
+ v'
2
cos 5f + v'3 sin 5f =
v\(5e
5
') + v'2 ( - 5 sin 5r) + v'3 (5 cos 5f) =
v\(25e
5
') + p' (-25cos5t)+ r'3 (-25sin 5f) = 5000<? " cos 2r '
2
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = 100?~ 6 'cos 2t; v'2 = 100e~'( cos 5rcos 2t + sin 5rcos2f); and
v'3 = 100e~'( sin 5f cos2f cos5f cos20- Integration yields
r, = e '(-15cos2f + 5 sin 2t)
v2 = e '(
- 20 sin 3f - 10 cos 3f - 8 sin It - 6 cos It)
v3 = e"'(-10sin3f + 20cos3f - 6 sin It + 8 cos It)
Substitution and simplification then give the particular solution
Q p = e~'[ 15 cos 2f + 5 sin 2t + 20(sin 5f cos 3f sin 3f cos 5f) - 10(cos 5f cos3r + sin 5rsin 3f)
- 8(sin It cos 5/ - sin 5f cos It) - 6(cos It cos 5f + sin It sin 50]
= e~'[-15cos2t + 5sin2f + 20sin(5f - 3f) - 10cos(5f - 3r) - 8sin(7r- 5f)-6cos(7f - 50]
= e"'(-31 cos2r + 17 sin 20
10.96 Solve
d*y
ax
9^
dx
= 54x
2
2
'
ix ix
I The complementary solution is yc cx + c2x + c3e + c xe , so we assume
yp = t>! + v2x + v 3e
J*
+ v Ae
ix
It follows from Problem 10.1 (with n = 4) that
3x 3x
v\ + v'2 x + v'3 e + v'ê
3x 3x
+ V2 + v'3 (3e + v'A (-3e-
v\(0) ) ) =
3x
v\(0) + v'2 (0) + v'3 (9e + v't(9e- 3x ) ) -
3x
v\(0) + v'2 (0) + v'3 (21e + v' {-21e- 3x ) At ) = 54x 2
The solution to this set of equations is v\ 6x 3 , v'2 = 6x 2 ,

and i4 = x 2 e ix ,
and
integration yields
4 3x
p, = fx v2 = -2x 3 v3 = e- (-x 2 - lx - A) t;
4 = e
3x
(- 3 x 2 + x - &)
By substituting these results into the expression for y and simplifying, we obtain
p yp = ~ix 4 - x 2 - =&. The
general solution is then y = yc + y p = c t - yj + c 2 x + c 3 e 3x + c 4 e~ 3x - \x x - fx 2 .
d*y
10.97 Solve t4 = 5x.
ax
I The complementary solution is found in Problem 8.155 to be yc = c, + c 2 x + c 3 x 2 + c 4x 3 , so we assume a

2
particular solution of the form yp = vx + v2x + v3x + v4 x
3
. Here y, = 1, y 2 = x, y 3 = x 2 , y4 = x3 ,
and 0(x) = 5x. It follows from Problem 10.1 (with n = 4) that
v\ + v'2 =x + t/3 x2 + u4 x
3
'i(0) + V2 + v'3 (2x) + u 4 (3x

= 2
)
i/,(0) + i/2 (0) + t/3 (2) + 4 (6x) = i;
v\(0) + v'2 (0) + v'3 (0) + v'M = 5x
Solving this set of equations simultaneously, we obtain v\ fx 4 , v'2 = fx

3
, v'3 = |x 2 , and u4 = fx.
Then
and yp= x 5 + |x 4 (x) |x 3 (x 2 + ^x 2 (x 3 = ^x 5 ) ) . Thus, the general solution is
y = ct + c 2 x + c 3 x 2 + c 4 x 3 + j^x 5 This solution also . can be obtained simply by integrating both sides of the
differential equation four times with respect to x.
10.98 Solve y
(4)
+ 8y
(3 >
+ 24y" + 32/ + 16y = 120<T 2 7x 2 .
2x
I The complementary solution is found inProblem 8.157 to be y = c e~ + c 2 xe~ 2x + c 3 x 2 e~ 2x + c 4 x 3 e~ 2x l ,
so we assume y p v e~
2x
+ v 2 xe~ 2x + x
2
v 3 x e~
2x 3
+ v^x e~ 2x
It then follows from Problem 10.1 (with n = 4)
.
that
v\e~
2x
+ v'2 xe~ 2x + v'3 x 2 e~ 2x
+ v\x 3 e~ 2x
2x
v$-2e- 2x ) + + v 3 (2xe~ 2x - 2x 2 e~ 2x
v'2 (e'
2x - 2xe~ ) ) + 4 (3x 2 e" 2x - 2x 3 e" 2x =
t; )
v\(4e~
2x
+ v'2 (-4e- 2x + 4xe~ 2x + v'3 (2e' 2x - Sxe~ 2x + 4x 2 e~ 2x
) ) )
+ 4 (6x<T 2 * - \2x 2 e' 2x + 4x 3 e~ 2x = i> )
2x
v\(-8e~ 2x + v'2 (\2e~ 2x - Sxe~ 2x + v'3 (-\2e-
) + 24xe" 2x - 8x 2 <T 2x ) )
2x
120e"
4- v' (6e~
4
2x
- 36xe" 2x + 36xV 2x - 8x 3 e~ 2x) =
x2
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = 20x, v'2 60, v'3 = 60x 1
, and v\ 20x 2
.
Integration then yields vl = \0x 2 , v2 = 60x, v 3 = 601n |x|, and v\ = 20x _1 , so that
60x 2 e _2x ln
2x 2x 2x 2x
yp = -\0x 2
e~
2x
+ (60x)(xe~ ) -60(ln \x$x e~
2
+ (-20x" 1
)(x
3
e- ) = 30x e" 2
- |x|
2x
The general solution is then y = [c t + c2x + (c 3 + 30)x
2
+ c4 x
3
60x 2 In |x|]e" .
4
10.99 Find an expression for a particular solution to (D + D 2 )y = f{x).
f The complementary solution is yc = cx + c2x + c 3 cos x + c 4 sin x, so we assume
yp = vx + v2x + y3 cosx + y 4 sinx. It follows from Problem 10.1 with n = 4 and 0(x) =/(x) that
v\ + v'2 x + + v\ sin x
i^'
3 cos x =
v'2 + v'3 sin x) + v 4 cos x
( =
t;' (
3
cos x) + f 4 sin x) ( =
v'3 sin x + 4
cos x) i> ( = /(x)
The solution to this set of equations is v\ = - x/(x), v'2 = /(x), t/3 = /(x) sin x, and v\ = -f(x) cos x, so that
vx = - (*x/(x) dx v2 = f(x) dx v3 = \f(x) sin xdx vA = -\f(x) cos x dx
and yp = - fx/(x) dx +x f/(x) dx + cos x f(x) sin x dx - sin x \f(x) cos x dx

J
254 CHAPTER 10
10.100 Solve (D
5
- 4D 3 )y = 32e
2-x
2 2x 2x
I The complementary function is yf = c1 + c2x + c 3 .x + c xe + c 5 e~ , so we assume that
2 2' Zx
y p = D] + 2 v + d3x
t -i- oê + v 5 e~ . It follows from Problem 10.1 (with n = 5) that
2x 2x
[', + r 2 (.\) + r 3 .x
2
+ i\e + v 5 e' =
:t lx
^(0) + r: + vT
3 (2x)+ rj2t + rf-2e
i ) =
^(O) + r 2 (0) + r 3 |2) + r 4 |4 t- x

+ r 5 (4<r 2x
=
) )
1 = 2x
r,(0) + r : (0) + r 3 (0l + v'Ji&e *) + i'5 -8<T (
)
2x 2x 2x
r,(0) + t
: l0l
+ 1,10) - r 4 (16e )+ r' (16<r =
5 ) 32e
The solution to this set of equations is
D, = 4.x -e .2 2x
2? 2* ..'
r, _
= 8v2*
Sxe' = -4e 2j 1 i\ = e^
so that
p, = (-2.x : H-2x-2)e :t p = (4.x-2)* 2x r3 = -2e :t !**
Substituting these quantities gives, after simplification. yp = [x A.)e-

X
. and so
- 2x -2*
y = yt + y, =Cj + c 2 .x + c 3 .x
2
+ (c 4 l)e + c5e + xe
2jt
.
CHAPTER 11
Applications of Second-Order
Linear Differential Equations
SPRING PROBLEMS
11.1 A steel ball weighing 128 lb is suspended from a spring, whereupon the spring stretches 2 ft from its natural
length.The ball is started in motion with no initial velocity by displacing it 6 in above the equilibrium position.
Assuming no air resistance, find the position of the ball at t = n 12 s.
i This is free, undamped motion. The differential equation governing the vibrations of the system is shown in
Problem 1.75 to be x + 16x = 0. Its solution (see Problem 8.57) is x c, cos4f + c 2 sin4r, from which
we find v x ~ 4c, sin 4r + 4c 2 cos At.
The initial conditions motion are x(0) = ft (the minus sign is required since the ball is initially
for this
displaced above the equilibrium position, which is the negative direction) and r(0) = 0. Applying these
conditions to the equations for x and r, we obtain 2 = x(0) = c, and = i(0) = 4c 2 respectively. ,
Therefore C, = \, c 2 = 0, and x = - 2 cos4f. At t = n/12, we have

x(7r 12) = -cos(4tt/12)=
;
ft.
i.
11.2 A spring for which k 48 lb ft hangs vertically with its upper end fixed. A mass weighing 16 lb is attached to
the lower end. From rest, the mass is pulled down 2 in and released. Find the equation for the resulting motion
of the mass, neglecting air resistance.
f With m = 16 32 =J).5 slug and k = 48 lb (7) of Problem 1.69 becomes x + 96x = 0, ft. which has as its
solution = C, sin N 96? + C 2 cos N 96f (see Problem 8.61).

x
Differentiating with respect to yields v = dx dt x 96 (C, cos x 96f C 2 sin x 96/). _When
t t = we have
the initial conditions x = and r = 0. Then C 2 , C 1 =0, and x = ^cos N 96f.
11.3 A 20-lb weight suspended from the end of a vertical spring stretches it 6 in. Assuming no external forces and no
air resistance, find the position of the weight at any time if initially the weight is pulled down 2 in from its rest
position and released.
I From Hooke's law (see Problems 1.69 through 1.74). the spring constant k satisfies the equation k{\) 20
or k = 40 lb ft. With m= 20 32 slug. (/) of Problem 1.69 becomes x + 64x = 0. which has as its solution
x = C] cos 8f + c 2 sin St (see Problem 8.58).
Since x(0) = I and x(0) = 0. we have c, = ^ and c2 0. Thus we have x = cos8r.
11.4 Solve the previous problem if the weight is initially pulled down 3 in and given an initial velocity of 2 ft s
downward.
I As in the previous problem v = c ;

cos 8f + c 2 sin 8?. Now, however, x(0) | ft and x(0) = 2 ft/s.
Applying these initial conditions, we find that
i = x(0) = Cj cos + c 2 sin = c, and 2 = x(0) = 8c, sin + 8c 2 cos = 8c 2
Thus c,=c 2 = 4; and x = |cos 8f + |sin 8f.
11.5 Determine the motion of a mass m attached to a spring suspended from a fixed mounting if the vibrations are
free and undamped.
I
The differential equation governing such a system is found in Problem 1.70 to be x H k
x = 0, where k is
the spring constant. The roots of its characteristic equation are /., = N k m and /., = - -k m, or. since
N
both k and m are positive, A, = i xk m and X2 = iy/k m. Its solution is x = c, cos N k mt + c 2 sin N k mt.
Applying the initial conditions x(0) = x and r(0) = r . we obtain c, = x and c 2 = oN m k.t Thus
the solution becomes
x = x cos N k mt + i 0N m/k sin x k mt (I)
11.6 Rewrite the displacement x found in the previous problem in the form x = A cos (cot - <f>).
255
256 D CHAPTER 11
/ Since A cos (cot cp) = A cos cot cos c\> + A sin cot sin cf>, we require
A cos cot cos </> +A sin cot sin cp =x cos ^/k/rnt + v >Jm/k sin yfk/mt
For this equality to hold, we must have co yjk/tn, A cos cp = x , and A sin = v jm/k. Now, since
^4
2
= ^2(1) = A 2 (cos 2 + sin
2
0) = (/I cos 0)
2
+ (A sin 0)
2
= (x )
2
+ (i? yjkfm)
2
we have A -n/x
2
, + t>o(m//c) and the phase angle is given implicitly by cos c\> =- and
/I
sin
Im/k
To find explicitly, we write tan cf>
=
sin v \jm/k
so that = arctan Im/k
cos x
11.7 Determine the circular frequency, natural frequency, and period for the motion described in Problem 11.5.
I The motion described by (/) of Problem 11.5 is called simple harmonic motion. The circular frequency of such
motion is given by co = yfk/m.

The natural frequency, or number of complete oscillations per second, is f= co/2n (l/2n)yjk/m.
The period of the motion, or the time required to complete one oscillation, is T= \jf = 2nyjm/k.
11.8 Determine the circular frequency, natural frequency, and period for the vibrations described in Problem 11.1.
I In that problem, k 64 lb/ft and m = 4 slugs. Using the formulas of the previous problem, we have
Circular frequency: co= yJ64/4 4 cycles per second = 4 Hz

Natural frequency: f 4/2n = 2 1 it Hz
Period: T= l/(2/n) = n/2 s
I In that problem k 48 lb/ft and m 0.5 slug. Using the formulas of Problem 1 1.7, we have
Circular frequency: co = ^48/0.5 = 9.80 Hz

Natural frequency: f = 9.80/271 = 1.56 Hz
Period: T= 1/1.56 = 0.64 s
f In that problem k = 40 lb/ft and m= 0.625 slug. Then co = V40/0.625 = 8 Hz; /= 8/2tt = 4/tt Hz;
and T= 1/(4/tt) = tc/4 s.
11.11 Write the displacement found in Problem 1 1.4 in the form x = A cos (cot cp).
I We have k - 40 lb/ft, m = 0.625 slug, \ - J ft. c = 2 ft/s, and o) - 8 Hz (from Problem 11.10).
Substituting these values into the formulas derived in Problem 1 1.6 yields A = V(i)
2
+ 2
(2) (0.625/40) = 0.35 ft
2^0.625/40
and cp = arctan = arcian 1 - n/4. Thus x 0.35 cos (8f it/4).
1/4
11.12 Write the displacement found in Problem 1 1.4 in the form x = A sin (cot + cp).
I Since A sin (cot + cp) =A sin cot cos cp +A sin cp cos cor and the displacement is x \ cos 8r + \ sin 8r, we
must have co 8, /I cos c/> = |, and A %'\x\ ^> \. Squaring and adding give
(i)
2
+(i)
2
= /l
2
cos
2
tf>
+ /4
2
sin
2
c6 = A2 or A= ^= 0.35
Also, because
^ sin
-4cosc6
</>
tan = =
1/4
1, we have cp arctan 1 = n/4. Thus x = 0.35 sin (8r + n/4).
11.13 A 20-g mass suspended from the end of a vertical spring stretches the spring 4 cm from its natural length.
Assuming no external forces on the mass and no air resistance, find the position of the mass at any time t if it is
pulled 1 cm below its equilibrium position and set into motion with an initial velocity of 0.5 cm/s in the upward
direction.
APPLICATIONS OF SECOND-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS D 257
I By Hooke's 20(980) = /c(4), k = 4900 dynes/cm.

law, the spring constant k satisfies the equation
so that In
addition, m= 20 x = cm, and =
-0.5 cm/s (the minus sign is required because the initial velocity
g, 1 v
is in the upward or negative direction). Then from Problem 1.70 we have x + 245x = 0. The position of the
mass at any time t is given by (J) of Problem 11.5 as
x = cos y/l45t - 0.5^20/4900 sin ^245* = cos V245r - 0.03 1 94 sin J245t.
11.14 Determine the circular frequency, natural frequency, and period for the vibrations described in the previous
problem.
I Using the formulas of Problem 1 1.7, we have w= 74900/20 = 15.65 Hz; /= 15.65/2tt = 2.49 Hz; and
T = 1/2.49 = 0.40 s.
11.15 A 10-kg mass attached to a spring stretches it 0.7 m from its natural length. Assuming no external forces on the
mass and no air resistance, find the position of the mass as a function of time if it is pushed up 0.05 m from its
equilibrium position and set into motion with an initial velocity of 0.1 m/s in the upward direction.
f It follows from Problem 1.74 that k = 140 N/m. Then with m = 10 kg, x = -0.05 m, and
v 0.1 m/s, the motion of the mass is given by (/) of Problem 11.5 as
x = - 0.05 cos Vl40/10r - 0. 1 VlO/140 sin Vl40/10r = - 0.05 cos yfl4t - 0.0267 sin yf\At
11.16 Find the amplitude and period of the vibrations described in the previous problem.
I It follows from Problem 1.6 that the 1 amplitude is
A = V*o + vl(m/k) = V(-0.05) 2 + (-0.1 )

2
( 10/140) = 0.0567 m.
It follows from Problem 11.7 that the period is T = In^mjk = 2^^10/140 = 1.68 s.
11.17 A 10-kg mass attached to a spring stretches it 0.7 m from its natural length. The mass is started in motion from
the equilibrium position with an initial velocity of 1 m/s in the upward direction. Find the subsequent motion,
if the force due to air resistance is 90x N.
I The differential this system is given in Problem 1.78 as

equation governing the vibrations of
x + 9x -f 14x 0, =
and we have the initial conditions x(0) = and x(0) = 1. The solution to the
differential equation is found in Problem 8.17 to be x(t) c e~
2t
+ c 2 e~ 7t and differentiation yields x
,
x{t) = -2c x
e~
2t
-lc 2 e- lt .
Applying the initial conditions to these last two equations, we get
= x(0) - c, + c2 and - 1 - x(0) = - 2c, - 7c 2
Solving this set of equations simultaneously yields c} = ^ and c2 = \, so that x(f) = |(e~
7'
e~
2
').
11.18 Classify the motion described in the previous problem.
I The vibrations are free and damped. The roots of the characteristic equation are real (see Problem 8.17), so the
system is overdamped. Since x -> as t -> oo, the motion is transient.
11.19 A mass of 1/4 slug is attached to a spring, whereupon the spring is stretched 1.28 ft from its natural length. The
mass is started in motion from the equilibrium position with an initial velocity of 4 ft/s in the downward
direction. Find the subsequent motion of the mass if the force due to air resistance is -2x lb.
f The differential equation governing the vibrations of this system is given in Problem 1.77 as
x + 8x + 25x = 0, and we have the initial conditions x(0) = and x(0) = 4. The solution to the differential
equation is given in Problem 8.53 as x(f) = c^" 4 ' cos 3f + c 2 e~
At
sin 3f.
4 3<?~ 4 'cos3r).
Differentiation of x(t) yields x(f) - c 1 (-4e~ 'cos 3t
4 - 3e" 'sin3f) + c 2 (-4e~
4(
sin 3r +
Applying the initial conditions, we obtain
= x(0) = cj and 4 = x(0) = -4c, + 3c 2
4
from which we find c, = and c2 - f. Then x(t) = %e '
sin It.
f The vibrations are free and damped. Since the roots of the characteristic equation are complex conjugates
(see Problem 8.53), the system is underdamped. Furthermore, x - as t -> oo, so the motion is all transient.
258 D CHAPTER 11
11.21 A mass of | slug is attached to a spring having a spring constant of 1 lb/ft. The mass is started in motion by
displacing it 2 ft in the downward direction and giving it an initial velocity of 2 ft/s in the upward direction.
Find the subsequent motion of the mass if the force due to air resistance is lx lb.
f Here m = \, a = 1, k = 1, and the external force F(t) = 0, so (/) of Problem 1.69 becomes
x + 4.x + 4x = 0. The solution to this differential equation is x(f) = c x e~
2'
+ c 2 te~
2'
[see Problem 8.141 with
x(t) replacing y(x)].
Differentiation yields x(t) = 2c l
e~ 2 '
+ c 2 (e~
2t
- 2te~
2
'). Application of the initial conditions to the last two
equations gives
2 = x(0) = Cj and -2 = x(0) = 2c j + c2
Thus, ct = 2 and c2 = 2, so that x(t) = 2(1 + t)e~

2t
.
# The vibrations are free and damped. Since the roots of the characteristic equation are real and equal (see
Problem 8.141), the system is critically damped. Furthermore, x -> as t -* oo, so the motion is all transient.
11.23 Show that free damped motion is completely determined by the quantity a
2
A km, where a is the constant
of proportionality for the air resistance (which is assumed proportional to the velocity of the mass), k is the spring
constant, and m is the mass.
I
For free damped motion, F(t) = and (/) of Problem 1.69 becomes x +x
a
m
Hm k
x = 0. The roots
.,,
of the associated characteristic equation are then
,
.
/.,
=
a + yja
2
4km
and /.
2
=
a >Ja
2
4km
.
2m 2m
If a
2
4km > 0, the roots are real and distinct; if a
2
4km 0, the roots are equal; if a
2
4km < 0.
the roots are complex conjugates. The corresponding motions are, respectively, overdamped. critically damped,
and oscillatory damped. Since the real parts of both roots are always negative, the resulting motion in all three
cases is transient. (That the real parts are always negative follows from the fact that for overdamped motion
we must have \Ja

2
4km < a, whereas in the other two cases the real parts are both a 2m.)
11.24 A 20-lb weight suspended from the end of a vertical spring stretches the spring 6 in from its natural length.
Assume that the only external force is a damping force given in pounds by at. where v is the instantaneous
velocity in feet per second. Find an expression for the vibrations of the system if a = 8 slugs/s and the mass
is set into motion by displacing it 2 in below its equilibrium position.
I With mg = 20, it follows that m = 20/32 = 0.625 slug; then from Hooke's law 20 = k(k) or
k = 40 lb/ft. With a = 8 and the external force F(t) = 0, (/) of Problem 1.69 becomes
6 4, 64 sin4.8f.
x + 12.8x + 64x = 0. Its solution is found in Problem 8.62 to be x(f) = c,e" cos4.8f + c 2 e~ '
Applying the initial conditions x(0) = g ft and x(0) = r(0) = 0, we find that c, = 8 and c 2 = ,%.
3
,
Thus, x(t) = ' 6 4 '(3

&
cos 4.8f + 4 sin 4.8f
-
).
f The vibrations are free and damped. Since the roots of the characteristic equation are complex conjugates
(see Problem 8.62), the system is underdamped.
11.26 Solve Problem 11.24 if a = 12.5.
I Here a/m = 12.5/0.625 - 20, so (7) of Problem 1.69 becomes x + 20x + 64x = 0. Its solution is found
in Problem 8.11 to be x(t) - c,e" 4 + c 2 e~ l(". '
Applying the initial conditions x(0) = and x(0) = 0, we find ct = 3*5 and c2 =~ys- Thus,
x(t) = is(4e-*'-e- 16 ').
f The vibrations are free and damped. Since the roots of the characteristic equation are real and unequal
(see Problem 8.11), the system is overdamped.
11.28 Solve Problem 11.24 if a = 10.

APPLICATIONS OF SECOND-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 259
I Here a/m = 10/0.625 = 16, so (/) of Problem 1.69 becomes x + 16x + 64x = 0. Its solution is found in
Problem 8.148 to be x(t) = c\e~
s'
+ c 2 te~
St
.
Applying the initial conditions x(0) = and x(0) = 0, we find that ct =$ and c,=f. Thus,
x(t) = (l + 8t)e~
8 '.
f The vibrations are free and damped. Since the roots of the characteristic equation are real and equal (see
Problem 8.148), the is critically damped: a smaller value of a would result in an underdamped system; a
system
larger value, in an overdamped system.
11.30 Solve Problem 11.2 if the system is surrounded by a medium offering a resistance in pounds equal to t>/64, where
the velocity v is measured in feet per second.
I As in Problem 11.2, m= 0.5 slug, k = 48 lb/ft, x(0) = \, and x(0) = 0. In addition, we now have
a = -4 slug/s, so (J) of Problem 1.69 becomes x + j^x + 96x = 0. Its solution is found in Problem 8.63 to be
x(r) =C 1
e- 015625 'cos9.7979t + C 2 e- 015625
'sin9.7979t.
Differentiating yields
= *>- 015625 - - (9.7979Q +

x( t) '[(9.7979C 2 0.015625CJ cos 9.7979* 0.01 5625C 2 ) sin 9.7979r]
i = x(0) = C, and - x(0) = -0.015625^ + 9.7979C 2
from which we find C, = I and C 2 = 0.0002657. Then

X (t) = f>-- 015625 '(i C os9.7979r + 0.0002657 sin 9.7979r).
11.31 Find the amplitude and frequency of the motion of the previous problem.
I The natural frequency is /' = 9.7979/27T = 1.56 Hz; it remains constant throughout the motion. In contrast,
_0015625( 0015625f 2
0.167<T 15625
2
the amplitude is A = V(^ ) + (0.0002657T ) = '. Thus the amplitude
- 0l5625t
decreases with each oscillation, owing to the effect of the damping factor e _
At t 0, there is no damping, and the amplitude is at its maximum of 0.167. The amplitude reaches
two-thirds of its maximum when e --i5625r _ 2^ or w h en t 26 s. It is one-third of its maximum when
-0.015625r =
e i
5
orwhen f = 70s.
11.32 Find the amplitude and frequency of the motion described in Problem 11.24.
I The natural frequency is /= 4.8/27T = 0.76 Hz. The amplitude is A= ^ 6 4

-
'V(ns)
2
+ (ye)
2
= A e~ 6A '-
11.33 Solve Problem 11.2 if the system is surrounded by a medium offering a resistance in pounds equal to 64u, where
the velocity v is measured in feet per second.
I With m= 0.5, k = 48, F(t) = 0, x(0) = \, x(0) = 0, and now a = 64, we have, from (7) of Problem
7544
1.69, x + 128x + 96x = 0. Its solution is given in Problem 8.12 as x = Cê' '
+ C 2 e~ I27 2 '.
7544r _ 127 2
Differentiating once with respect to t yields v = -0.7544C,e~ - 127.2C 2 e '.
When t = 0, we have x = and v = 0. Thus
C l
+C 2
= i and -0.7544C, - 127.2C 2 =
so that Ci= 0.1677 and C2 = -0.0001. Then x = 0.1677^" 7544 '

- O.OOOle"
127 - 2 '.
11.34 Describe the motion of the system of the previous problem.
I The motion not vibratory but overdamped. After the initial displacement, the mass moves slowly toward
is
the position of equilibrium as t increases. The motion is completely transient.
11.35 Assume the system described in Problem 11.3 is surrounded by a medium that offers a resistance in pounds
equal to ax, where a is a constant. Determine the value of a that generates critically damped motion.
f Here m = 0.625 and k = 40. It follows from Problem 11.23 that critically damped motion will occur
when = a 2 - 4km = a 2 - 4(40)(0.625), or when a = 10 slugs/s.
,
260 CHAPTER 11
11.36 Assume the system described in Problem 11.1 is surrounded by a medium that offers a resistance in pounds equal
to ax, where a is a constant. Determine the value of a that generates critically damped motion.
/ Here m= 128/32 = 4 slugs, and k = 64 lb/ft (see Problem 1.71). It follows from Problem 11.23 that
critically damped motion will occur when = a
2
4km = a
2 4(64)(4) or when a = 32 slugs/s.
11.37 Assume the system described in Problem 11.13 is surrounded by a medium that offers a resistance in pounds
equal to ax, where a is a constant. Determine the value of a that generates critically damped motion.
f Here m= 20 g and k = 4900 dynes/cm. It follows from Problem^ 11.23 that critically damped motion
will occur when = a
2
- 4km = a 2 - 4(4900)(20) or when a = 280 v 5 g/s.
11.38 A 10-kg mass is attached to a spring having a spring constant of 140 N/m. The mass is started in motion from
the equilibrium position with an initial velocity of 1 m/s in the upward direction and with an applied external force
F(t) = 5 sin t. Find the subsequent motion of the mass if the force due to air resistance is 90x N.
# Here m = 10, k = 140, a = 90, and F(t) = 5 sin t. The equation of motion, (1) of Problem 1.69,
becomes x + 9x + 14x = ^sin t. Its solution is found in Problem 9.89 (with q replaced by x) to be
9
x(t) = c l e~
2'
+ c 2 e~
11
+ s^sinf - 6o cost.
Applying the initial conditions x(0) = and x(0) = 1, we obtain
x = ô(-90e" 2 + '
99e~
7'
+ 13 sin t -9cosf).
11.39 Identify the transient and steady-state portions of the motion of the previous problem.
I The exponential terms that comprise the homogeneous (or complementary) solution represent an associated
freeoverdamped motion. These terms quickly die out. and they represent the transient part of the motion. The
terms that are part of the particular solution (see Problem 9.89) do not die out as t -* oo, so they comprise the
steady-state portion of the motion. Observe that the steady-state portion has the same frequency as the forcing
function.
11.40 A 1-slug mass is attached to a spring having a spring constant of 8 lb/ft. The mass is set into motion from the
equilibrium position with no initial velocity by applying an external force F(f) = 16cos4f. Find the subsequent
motion of the mass, if the force due to air resistance is 4.x lb.
I Here m 1 slug, k = 8 lb/ft, a = 4 slugs/s, and F{t) 16cos4f. Then (7) of Problem 1.69 becomes
x + 4.x + 8.x = 16cos4f. Its solution is given in Problem 9.83 as
\( i) c

e
2'
cos 2f + c2e
2|
sin 2f + * sin 4r cos 4t , and differentiation yields
x(t) =(-2c, + 2c 2 )e~

2,
cos2f + (-2c, - 2c 2 )e" 'sin2f
2
+ ^cos4f + ^sin4?
= .x(0) = cx - \ and = .x(0) = - 2c, + lc 2 + ^

so that c, = I
and c2 = -|. Then x = e"
2
'(
2
cos 2f - f sin It) + f sin4f
- |cos4r.
f The motion consists of overdamped transient vibrations which are due to the homogeneous (or
complementary) function, namely e~ 2 '(f cos2f f sin 2f), along with a harmonic component that does not
tend to zero as t -+ oo. The latter, namely f sin4f |cos4f, is the steady-state part of the solution. The
steady-state oscillations have a period and frequency equal to those of the forcing function. F(t) = 16cos4f.
The natural frequency is /= 4/2tt = 0.637 Hz, while the amplitude of the steady-state vibrations is
A = V(4/5)
2
+ (-2/5)
2
= V20/5.
11.42 Derive the differential equation governing the motion of the mass in Problem 11.30 if, in addition, the "fixed" end
of the spring undergoes a motion y = cos 4f ft.
# Take the origin as the equilibrium position of the spring with the mounting fixed (y = 0). and let x denote
the distance of the mass from the origin (see Fig. 11.1). The restoring force on the spring is
-k{x-y)= -48(x - cos4r).
The force ^x lb, so by Newton's second law of motion we
due to air resistance is have
48(x cos 4r) ^x = mx. Since m 0.5 slug, this equation may be written as x + j^x + 96x = 96 cos 4t.
Note that at t = 0, x(0) = y(0) + = 1 + = |, while x(0) = 0.

'////////////////////,
T X
L_ Fig. 11.1
11.43 Find an expression for the motion of the mass in the previous problem.
f The solution to the differential equation of the previous problem is found in Problem 9.84 to be
00,56,
x e (C 1 cos9.8f + C 2 sin9.8r) + 0.0019sin4f + 1.2 cos At. Differentiating once with respect to t yields
0.0156r -
[(9.8C 2 - 0.0156C!)cos9.8t - (9.8C, + 0.01 56C 2 ) sin 9.8f] + 0.0076 cos At 4.8 sin At
With i*0) = and x(0) - 7/6, we find that C = - x 1/30, C2 = -0.0008, and
0.01561 -
(-0.0333 cos 9.8r 0.0008 sin 9.8f) + 0.0019 sin At + 1.2 cos At.
# The motion consists of a damped harmonic component which gradually dies away (a transient component)
and a harmonic (steady-state) component which remains. The steady-state oscillations have a period and a
frequency equal to those of the forcing function y cos4f, namely, a period of 27r/4 = 1.57 s and a
frequency of 4/2rc = 0.637 Hz. The steady-state amplitude is vÔ.0019)
2
+ (1.2)
2
= 1.2 ft.
11.45 A mass of 20 lb is suspended from a spring which is thereby stretched 3 in. The upper end of the spring is then
given a motion y = 4(sin 2f + cos 2t) ft. Find the equation of the motion, neglecting air resistance.
I Take the origin at the center of the mass when it is at rest. Let x represent the change in position of the
mass at time t. The change in the length of the spring is x v, the spring constant is 20/0.25 = 80 lb/ft,
and the net spring force is 80(x v). Thus 2

d x/dt 2
+ 128x = 512(sin 2t -I- cos 2r).
Assuming that the spring starts from rest without any additional displacement, we have the initial conditions
x(0) = + 4(sin + cos 0) = 4 and x(0) = 0.
11.46 Find an expression for the motion of the mass in the previous problem.
I The solution to the differential equation of the previous problem is found in Problem 9.86 to be
x = Cj cos >/l28f 4- C 2 sin ^JYlSt -I- 4.129(sin 2f + cos 2f). Differentiating once with respect to t yields
v = - %fmc l
sin yfl2St + y/l2&C2 cos Jmt + 8.258(-sin It + cos It).
Since x(0) = 4 and i(0) = 0, we have
4 = d + 4.129 and y/l2&C 2 + 8.258 =

from which C = 0.129
l
and C2 = 0.730. Then
x = -0.13cos>/l28f-0.73sin^l28r + 4.13(sin2f + cos2f).
11.47 A mass of 64 lb is attached to a spring for which k = 50 lb/ft and brought to rest. Find the position of the mass
at time r if a force equal to 4 sin 2r is applied to it.
f Take the origin at the center of the mass when it is at rest. The equation of motion is then
64d 2 x m . d2x
2
+ 50x = A
4 sin It or -r
2
+ 25x 2 sin 2f. Its solution is found in Problem 9.84 to be
32 dt dt
x = C, cos 5f + C2 sin 5r + yr sin It.

Differentiating once with respect to t yields v = -5Cj sin 5t + 5C, cos 5f + 24 cos 2t. ,
Then, from the initial
conditions x = and v = when t = 0, we find C, = 0, C 2 = -j^j, and

x = -0.038 sin 5r + 0.095 sin 2f. The displacement here is the algebraic sum of two harmonic diplacements with
different periods.
262 CHAPTER 11
11.48 A 128-lb weight is attached to a spring having a spring constant of 64 lb/ft. The weight is started in motion with
no initial velocity of displacing it 6 in above the equilibrium position and by simultaneously applying to the
weight an external force F{t) 8 sin 4f. Assuming no air resistance, find the equation of motion of the weight.
f Here m=
a = 0, and 4, k =
F(t) = 8 sin 4r; hence, (1) of Problem 1.69 becomes x + 16x = 2 sin At.
64,
Its solution Problem 9.173 to be x = c, cos4t + c 2 sin4t - ^f cos4r. Applying the initial conditions
is found in
x(0) = \ and x(0) = 0, we obtain, finally, x = \ cos At + yg sin At t cos At.

Note that |x| - oo as ? -> x. This phenomenon is called pure resonance. It is due to the forcing function
F(t) having the same frequency as the circular frequency (see Problem 1.7) of the associated free undamped system. 1
11.49 Solve Problem 11.3 if, in addition, the mass is subjected to an externally applied force F(f) = 40 cos 8r.
I With m 0.625, k = 40, and a 0, (/) of Problem 1.69 becomes x + 64x = 64 cos 8f. Its solution
is found in Problem 9.175 to be x(f) = c, cos 8f + c 2 sin 8f + 4f sin 8f.
Applying the initial conditions x(0) }, ft and x(0) = 0, we find that ct = { and c2 0. Then
x(f) = gCos8f + 4f sin8f.
11.50 Describe (physically) the motion of the previous problem as t increases.
I As t bound so that the amplitude of the motion

increases, the term At sin 8f increases numerically without
The spring will ultimately break. This illustrates the phenomenon of resonance and
increases without bound.
shows what can happen when the frequency of the applied force is equal to the natural frequency of the system.
11.51 A mass of 16 lb is attached to a spring for which k 48 lb ft. Find the motion of the mass if. from rest, the
support of the spring is given a motion y sin N 3gt ft.
I We take the origin at the center of the mass when it is and let x represent the change in position of the
at rest,
mass at time t. The stretch in the spring is then x - y, and the spring force is 48(.x y). Thus, the
2
16<* X r- d2X
equation of motion is -
-j-jT = 48(x
48(.v sin \3at)
N 3</M or T + -= 3#x = 3g sin y/3gt. Its solution is found
g til- dt-
in Problem 9.176 to be x = (', cos v Jgt \ C2 sin \ 3gt - \ \ lai cosy/Jot.
Differentiation gives v = - (
', \ 3</ sin x 3gt + C2 \ 3y cos N 3gt \ \ 3<y cos N 3gt + t sin y/3gt. Then.
using the initial conditions x = and r-0 when t 0. we find that C, = and C2 = ': thus,
\ = '
sin N 3gt \\ ?>ut cos v 3gt.
The first term of this solution represents a simple harmonic motion, while the second represents a vibratory
motion with increasing amplitude (resonance). As t increases, the amplitude of the oscillation increases until there
is mechanical breakdown.
;i
MECHANICS PROBLEMS
11.52 A particle P of mass 2 g moves on the v axis toward the origin O acted upon by a force numerically equal
to 8x. Determine the differential equation governing the motion of the particle.
f Choose the positive direction to the right (Fig. 1 1.2). When \ > 0. the net force is to the left (i.e., negative)
and so is 8x. When x < 0, the net force is to the right (i.e., positive) and so is also 8x. Thus by Newton's
d2X
:
law. 2
</
</r
.Y
r- = - 8x or r +
in-
4.x = 0.
O P Fig. 11.2
11.53 Find an expression for the position of particle P of Problem 11.52 as a function of time if the particle is
initially at rest at x 10 cm.
f The solution to the differential equation of the previous problem is found in Problem 8.59 [with x(t) here
replacing v(.x)] to be x c, cos 2/ + c 2 sin It. Then v = =

at
2cj sin It + 2c 2 cos 2f.
Applying the initial conditions, we get 10 = x(0) = c, and = t(0) = 2c 2 or c2 = 0. Then the solution
becomes x=10cos2f.
~ "
11.54 Describe the motion of the particle of the previous problem.
# The graph of the motion is shown in Fig. 11.3. It is simple harmonic motion with an amplitude of 10 cm, a
period of n and a natural frequency of \/n Hz. The particle starts out at x = 10 cm at time zero and begins
s,
moving toward the origin, picking up speed as it moves. Its velocity is greatest in absolute value (i.e., its speed
is greatest) at time t = n/4, when the particle reaches the origin. The velocity is negative at that time, so
the particle continues through the origin; it begins slowing as its acceleration changes sign. The velocity reaches
zero at time t = n/2, when x = - 10. (Thus, at time t = n/2, the particle is at rest 10 cm to the left of
the origin.) The particle then begins picking up velocity as it is accelerated toward the origin. It reaches the
origin (x = 0) at t = 3n/4 with maximum speed. Once it is through the origin, its velocity decreases until it
again comes to rest at time t = n, now at x = 10. This completes one cycle of the motion; the particle will
continue to repeat that cycle in the absence of other forces.
Fig. 11.3
11.55 Solve Problem 11.53 if the particle is also subject to a damping force (or resistance) that is numerically equal to
eight times the instantaneous velocity.
f The damping force is given by 8 dx/dt, regardless of where the particle is. Thus, for example, if x < and
dx/dt > 0, then the particle is to the left of O and moving to the right, so the damping force must be acting to
2
d 2x
the left (i.e., negative). Thus by Newton's law, 2
d x
T =-8x-8
-r-
2
dx
= 8x 8
- or =-
-r-y
2
+ 4 + 4x =
dx
- 0.
dt dt dt dt
The solution to this equation is found in Problem 8.141 [with x(f) here replacing j(x)] to be
x = e
2
'(c :, + c 2 t). Since x = 10 and dx/dt = when t = 0, we have ct = 10 and c2 20. Then
x= 10f
2,
(1 +2r).
11.56 Describe the motion of the particle in the previous problem.
f For all t > 0, x 10? 2

'(1 + It) is positive; furthermore, x tends to zero as t -> oo. Thus particle P
approaches the origin but never reaches it. In addition, the velocity of the particle, v dx/dt = 40te~ 2 '
is
negative for all t > 0, indicating that the particle is always heading in the same direction (the negative x
direction); thus the motion is nonoscillatory.
11.57 A particle of mass m is repelled from the origin O along a straight line with a force equal to k > times the
distance from O. Determine the differential equation governing the motion of the mass.
I Denote the line on which the particle moves as the x axis, taking the positive direction to be to the right of the
origin. When x > 0, the net repellent force is to the right (i.e., positive) and is kx. When x < 0, the net
repellent force is to the left (i.e., negative) and is also kx. Since the repellent force is kx in both cases, by Newton's
d x
2
d2x k
second law of motion we have m -2r = kx or -=
2
x = 0.
dt dt m
11.58 Find an expression for the position of the particle of the previous problem if it starts from rest at some initial
position x .
# The solution to the differential equation of the previous problem is found in Problem 8.22 to be
= kmt y,TI7" t
x(f) c x e^ + c 2 e~ . Differentiating this equation yields
x'(f) = c , sfkjme-
kJmt
- c2 >Jkjme~ -
* "".
x = x(0) = c, + c2 and = x'(0) = c, yjk/m c 2 yjk/m
Solving these two equations simultaneously, we find that c {

c 2 \x , so that
x(t) = \x {e^
Wm + e~ a7^") = x cosh sfk/mt.
264 D CHAPTER 11
11.59 Find the position and velocity of the mass described in Problem 1 1.58 after 2 s, if numerically k =m and
from rest 12 ft to the right of the origin.
initially the particle starts
I With k m and x = 12, the result of the previous problem becomes x(r) = 6(e' + e~'). Therefore, the
velocity is = dx/dt 6(e' e~').
v(x) At t = 2, these equations become x(2) = 6(e
2
+ e~ 2 ) = 45.15 ft and
i;(2) = 6(e
2
-e- 2 = 43.5ft/s. )
11.60 Determine when the particle described in the previous problem will be 18 ft from the origin, and find its velocity
at that time.
I Setting x(t) = 6{e' + e~') 18 and solving for t, we obtain e

1
+ e~' 3 = 0. Multiplying this last
equation by e' and rearranging then yield (e')
2
3e' + 1 = 0, which may be solved for e' with the quadratic
formula. Thus, we find e' =- '- and f = In =- . Since time is positive in this problem, we
discard the negative choice and take t 0.962 s. At that time, the velocity is
r(0.962) = 6(e
0.962 e
0.986
)= 13.4 ft/s.
11.61 Determine the equation of motion for a mass m that is projected vertically upward from a point on the ground
if the resistance of the air is proportional to its velocity.
I We designate the point on the ground from which the flight began as the origin O. We take upward as positive,
and let x denote the distance of the mass from O at time t (Fig. 1 1.4). The mass is acted upon by two forces, a
dx
gravitational force of magnitude mg and a resistance of magnitude Kv = K both directed downward.
dx
Hence,
d2 x
m = = mg K
dx
dx
~d~X
or + k =
2
d x
dx
2
dx
dt
g, where K = mk.
Fig. 11.4
11.62 Find the maximum height attained by the mass in the previous problem if it is projected with initial velocity t .
I The solution to the differential equation of the previous problem is found in Problem 9.169 to be
x = C, + C 2 e~ k'
-
k
X . Differentiating yields r = =
dx
kC 2 e~ kt
-.
k
When = 0, x = and v =v Then C = C 2 and C> = + Making these

x .
x
T F
replacements, we get x
k
1
r (g + kv ){l e *') k
x. The maximum height is reached when v = 0. This
occurs when e~
kt
= r^r^
2
= - :
or f = T In - . Then the maximum height is
k C2 g + kv 9
g (1 g + kv Q \ if g g + kv
x = p- (g + kv )[
kv {
11.63 A perfectly flexible cable hangs over a frictionless peg with 8 ft of cable on one side of the peg and 12 ft on the
other side (see Fig. 11.5). Find the differential equation for the motion of the sliding cable.
f We denote the total mass of the cable by m, and the length (in feet) of cable that has moved over the peg at time
x by x. At time x there are 8 - x ft of cable on one side and 12 +x ft on the other. The excess of
)
Hi
Fig. 11.5
4 + 2x ft on one side produces an unbalanced force of (4 + 2x)mg/20 lb. Thus, m 2 =

c/f
2
=- (4 + 2x)
20
or
d2x
-r-y
dt
2

_0_
10
x = -. Observe that the motion is not influenced by the mass of the cable.
11.64 Find the time required for the cable of the previous problem to slide off the peg, starting from rest.
I The solution to the differential equation of the previous problem is found in Pro blem 9.26 to be
x = C e" 9/101 + C e - v
x 7
g! 1 Oi
- 2. Differentiating once with respect to t yields v= y/g/lOiC^ 9 10 - C 2 e _vWT7> ' ' ')-
When = 0, x = t and v = 0. Then C, = C, = 1 and x = e

v9/10 '
+ e' /97n5 -2 = 2 coshyfg/Wt - '
2.
x + 2 + V* 2 + 4x
Hence t = yflO/gcosh' \{x
1
+ 2) = y/l0/g\n When x = 8 ft of cable has moved over the
peg, t = y/10/g In (5 + 2 V6) s.
11.65 Determine the differential equation for the motion of the cable described in Problem 1 1.63 if, in addition, the force
of friction over the peg is equal to the weight of 1 ft of the cable.
I The force of friction retards the motion of the cable (so it is negative) and in absolute value is equal to mg/20.
According to the analysis developed in Problem 11.63, it follows that the net force on the cable is
(4 + 2x) _-_
mg
=
rng
(3 + 2x)-.
mg d2x
Then Newton's second law of motion gives m ^ (3 -I- 2x) or
df

20
2
d x 3g
2
g_
X =
dt 10 20'
11.66 Find the time required for the cable in the previous problem to slide off the peg, starting from rest.
f The solution to the differential equation of the previous problem is found in Problem 9.27 to be
x = de v?7T "' + C 2 e" v?7T -f. Applying the initial conditions x(0) =
r
and v{0) = 0, we find
C,=C 2 = so that x e
v9/l0r I
+ e -v9/10r _ I = | (cQsh 1). J^ t
We seek the value of t for which x = 8. Thus, we write 8 = f (cosh y/g/l0t - 1), or cosh -Jg/lOt = ^f.
Then JgJlOt = cosh" ^ = In (^ + V(19/3) - 1) = 2.53268, and = 710/^(2.53268) = 1.42 s, where

2 x
t
we have taken g 32 ft/s 2 .
11.67 Show directly that for v > 0, cosh l

v = \n{v yjv
2
- 1).
y = cosh" v, so that v = cosh y = %(e + e~ ); then we rewrite this as e + e~ - 2v =

y y
f We set
1 y y
0.
y 2 -
y
Multiplying by e and rearranging then yield (e ) 2ve y
+1=0, and the quadratic formula gives
e> = =^- = v y/v

2
1. Thus y = In (v yjv
2
1). Since y = cosh
-
'
v, the identity follows.
11.68 Show that if cosh" 1

v is known to be positive (from physical considerations), then cosh ' v = \n(v + yjv
2
- 1
for v > 0.
" 2
f We have, from the previous problem, that cosh l
v = In (i> s]v - 1 ), so all that remains is to eliminate the
minus sign in front of the square root as a possibility. If we set y = cosh v, it follows that v = cosh y and
that v > 1. It also follows that 2t; > 2 and that 2v -1> 1.
266 D CHAPTER 11
Then multiplying by 1 reverses the sense of the inequality, and adding v2 gives us 2
2v +1< v
2
- 1.
Factoring yields (v - l)
2
< V' 1 or v 1 < S*
V^ - 1, which we write as o yjv
2
< 1
1 If this is so,
then must be that In (v y/v 2

it 1 ) is negative. But this is a contradiction if cosh ~ * v is known to be positive
so the minus sign is impossible.
HORIZONTAL-BEAM PROBLEMS
11.69 Derive the differential equation for the deflection (bending) of a uniform (in material and shape) beam under
specified loadings.
I It is convenient to think of the beam as consisting of fibers running lengthwise. In the bent beam shown in
Fig. 1 1.6, the fibers of the upper half are compressed and those of the lower half are stretched, the two halves
being separated by a neutral surface whose fibers are neither compressed nor stretched. The fiber which originally
coincided with the horizontal axis of the beam now lies in the neutral surface along a curve called the elastic
curve (or curve of deflection). We seek the equation of this curve.
P(x.v) Fig. 11.6
Consider a cross section of the beam at a distance x from one end. Let AB be its intersection with the neutral
surface, and P its intersection with the elastic curve. It is shown in mechanics that the moment M with respect
to AB of all external forces acting on either of the two segments into which the beam is separated by the cross
EI
section is independent of the segment considered and is given by M =
R
, where E is the modulus of
elasticity of the beam, / is the moment of inertia of the cross section with respect to AB, and R is the radius of
curvative of the elastic curve at P.
For convenience, we think of the beam as being replaced by its elastic curve, and the cross section by point
P. We take the origin at the left end of the beam, with the x axis horizontal, and let P have coordinates (x, y).
Since the slope dy/dx of the elastic curve is numerically small at all points, we have, approximately,
2 312
[1 + (dy/dx) 1 d^y_
R = ]
~ d 2 y/dx~' so that M = El
d y/dx 2
2
dx 2
The bending moment M at the cross section (or at point P of the elastic curve) is the algebraic sum of the
moments of the external forces acting on the segment of the beam (or segment of the elastic curve) about line
AB in the cross section (or about point P of the elastic curve). We assume that upward forces give positive
moments and downward forces give negative moments.
11.70 Find the bending moment at a distance x from the left end of a 30-ft beam
on two vertical supports
resting (see
Fig. 1 1.7) if the beam carries a uniform load of 200 lb per foot of length and a load of 2000 lb at its middle.
30-x
*- * (30 -x)
15 -x
i2000
4000 200x 6000 -200x 4000
Fig. 11.7
I The OP in Fig. 1.7 are an upward force at 0, x feet from P, equal to one-half the
external forces acting on 1
total load, or }[2000 + 30(200)] = 4000 lb, and a downward force of 200x lb, which we assume is
concentrated at the middle of OP and thus ^x ft from P. The bending moment at P is then
M = 4000x - 200x(|x) = 4000x - 100x 2 .
11.71 Show that the bending moment in the previous problem is independent of the segment used to compute it.
I Consider the forces acting an upward force of 4000 lb at R, 30 - x ft from P;

on segment PR. They are (1) (2)
the load of 2000 lb acting downward 15 - x ft
at the middle of the beam,
from P; and (3) a force of
200(30 x) lb downward, assumed to be concentrated at the middle of PR, |(30 x) ft from P. Then the
total moment is, again,
M = 4000(30 - x) - 2000(15 - x) - 200(30 - x)

|(30 - x) = 4000x - 100x 2
11.72 A horizontal beam of length 2/ ft is freely supported at both ends. Find the equation of its elastic curve and its
maximum deflection when the load is w lb per foot of length.
I We take the origin at the end of the beam, with the x axis horizontal as in Fig. 1 1.8. Let P be any point
left
on the elastic curve, with coordinates (x, y), and consider segment OP of the beam. There is an upward force
of w/ lb at O, x ft from P; there is also a load of wx lb at the midpoint of OP, \x ft from P. Then, since
2
EI d 2 y/dx 2 M, we have El
d y
dx
r
2
= w/x wx(jx) = w/x jWX 2
1
.
ixNp<*.y) V x ' l
v'=o
Fig. 11.8
Integrating once yields wx 3 + C v At the middle of the beam, x =

El dy/dx = \wlx 2 / and
dy/dx 0. Applying these conditions then yields C = ^w/ 3 so that El dy/dx = jwlx 2 t
, wx 3 yw/ 3 .
A second integration now gives Ely ^w/x 3 2iwx* ^wl 3 x + C 2 At point O, x = y . 0.
w
Thus, C2 = and y = (4/x
3
- x4 - 3
8/ x).
11.73 Determine the maximum deflection of the beam in the previous problem.
f The deflection of the beam at any distance x from O is given by y. The maximum deflection occurs at the
4
w 4 4 4
5vv/
middle of the beam (x = /) and is -y max = -^7777 (4/ - I - 8/ )
24/ 24/
11.74 Solve Problem 1 1.72 if there is, in addition, a load of W lb at the middle of the beam.
1
wx
I P(*Ty)
v>U$W
(b) L<x<2L
I We choose the same coordinate system as in Problem 1 1. 72. Since the forces acting on a segment OP of the
beam differ according to whether P lies to the left or right of the midpoint, two cases must be considered.
268 D CHAPTER 11
When < x < I [Fig. 11.9(a)], the forces acting on OP are an upward force of wl + {W lb at 0, x ft
from P, and the load wx acting downward at the midpoint of OP, {x ft from P. The bending moment is then
M = (wl + {W)x - wx({x) = wlx + {Wx - {wx 2

(1)
When / <x< 2/ [Fig. 11.9(6)], there an additional force: the load of W lb at the midpoint of the beam,
is
x / ft from P. The bending moment is then
M = (wl + {W)x - wx({x) - W(x -l) = wlx + {Wx - {wx - W(x - 2

I) (2)
Both (/) and (2) yield the bending moment M = {wl + {Wl when x = The two cases may be treated at
2
/.
the same time by noting that
+ {Wx - {wx 2 =
wlx wlx - {wx 2 - {W{1 - x) + {Wl
and wlx + {Wx - {wx 2 - W(x - I) = wlx - {wx + 2
{W(l - x) + {Wl
Then we may EI d 2 y/dx 2 = wlx - {wx 2 + {W(l x) + {Wl with the understanding that the upper
write
sign holds for < x < /, and the lower for / < x < 21.
Integrating this last equation twice yields Ely = ^wlx 3 ji wx * + YiW(l x) 3 + {Wlx 2 + C x + C 2 Using 1
.
the boundary conditions x=y= at and x = 2/ and y = at R, we obtain C 2 = Wl 3 and ^

C, = -{wl 3 -{Wl
2
Then .
Ely = |w/x 3 - ^wx 4 - ]n/ 3 x + ? 2 W{1 - x) + {Wlx - \Wl x + &W1

3 2 2 3
-
wlv
6 wjx
3 L,.,v4
24 - W 3
* - &W\l - x| 3 + {Wlx 2 - {Wl 2 x + ^Wl 3
u W
and y = ^TF7 < 4/x3 - *4 " 8/3 *)
+ 7^F7 < 3/ *
2
" I'
" x 3
" 6/2x + /3
)
24/ 27 !
4
I 5vv/ Wl 3
The maximum deflection occurs at the middle of the beam where x I, and is }m3X
y_ 1
.
2AE1 6EI
11.76 A horizontal beam of length / ft is fixed at one end but otherwise unsupported. Find the equation of its elastic
curve when it carries a uniform load of w lb per foot of length.
Fig. 11.10
f We take the origin at the fixed end and let P have coordinates (x, y). Consider the segment PR in Fig. 11.10.
The only force is the weight n(/ - v) lb at the midpoint of PR. ,(/ - x) ft from P. Then
El d 2 y/dx 2 = w(l x)] = {w(l x) 2 and integrating once yields Eldy/dx ^w(l
x)[(l , x)
3
+ C,.
At 0, x = and dy/dx = 0; thus C, = -w/
3
and we have EI dy/dx = gu(/ - x) iw/
3 3
.
Integrating once again gives us Ely = ji w(l x) h w x + C 2 Applying the conditions ' . x = y =
at O then yields C2 = J
2 4 VV '
4
- Substitution and simpification finally give y (4/x
3
- 6/
2
x2 - x4 ).
24EI
11.77 Determine the maximum deflection of the beam in the previous problems.
4
1 w/
The maximum deflection, occurring at point R (where x = /), is y,
8T
11.78 A horizontal beam of length 3/ ft is fixed at one end but otherwise unsupported. It carries a uniform load of
w lb/ft and two loads of W lb each at distances / and 2/ ft from the fixed end (see Fig. 11.11). Find the equation of
its elastic curve.
<~(Zl-x)w
Fig. 11.11
I We let point P have coordinates (x, y). There are three cases to be
take the origin to be at the fixed end, and
considered, according to whether on the interval < x < I, I < x < 21, or 2/ < x < 3/. In each case,
P is
use will be made of the right-hand segment of the beam in computing the three bending moments.
When < x < / (P = P l in Fig. 11.11), there are three forces acting on PjP: the weight (3/ x)w lb
assumed to act at the midpoint of P R, \(3l x) ft from P,; the load l
lb, (/ x) ft from P,; and the W
load W lb, (2/ x) ft from P The bending moment about P, is then
x
.
2
d v 1
M, = 7-4z = _(3/-x)w (3/ W(l - x) - W(2l - x) = -- w(3/ - x)

2
- W(l - x) - W(2l - x)
dx
Integrating yields = >(3/ - x) 3 + \W(l - x) 2 + \W{2\ - x) 2 + C v At point O, x =

EI dy/dx and
dy/dx = 0; these conditions give C = Wl 2 so that x
,
EI dy/dx = >(3/ - x) + {W{1 - x) + \W{21 - x) - |w/ 3 - f Wl 2

3 2 2
A second integration yields .
EIy= -^w(3/-x) 4 -^(/-x) 3 -^(2/-x) 3 -fw/ 3 x-|VK/ 2 x + C 2 Since x = y = at . 0, we have

C 2 = ^w/ 4 + fW/ 3 and
/ y = -^w(3/ - x)
4 - W(l - x)
3
- iW{2l - x)
3
- fw/ x
3
- \Wl 2 x + ^w/ 4 + \Wl 3 U)
When < x < 2/ (P P 2 in Fig. 11.11), the bending moment about P 2 is

/
M 2
EI d 2
y/dx
2
= |w(3/ x) 2 W(2/ x). Integrating twice, we obtain
Ely ~2iw(3l x) 4 ^W(2l x) 3 C 3 x + C 4 Now we note that when x =
-I- . / this equation and (I) must
agree in deflection and slope, so that C 3 = Cj and C 4 = C 2 Thus, we have -
Ely = -2^w(3/ - x)
4 - iW{2l - x)
3
- fw/ x
3
- \W\H + ^w/ 4 + f W/ 3 (2)
When 2/ < x < 3/ {P = P 3 in Fig. 11.11), the bending moment about P 3 is

M 3
= EI d 2 y/dx 2 = \w(3l x) 2 Then, integrating twice and noting that the result must
. agree with (2) in
deflection and slope, we obtain
EIy= -w(3!-x)4 + C 5 x + C 6 -2^w(3/ - x)

4
- fw/ x
3
- \Wl 2 x - ^Wl* + Wl 3 (3)
Finally, we combine (7), (2), and (5) as follows:
w W
- - x 4) -
3 2
(12/x
v
3
54/
2
x2 + i (2x 9/x ) <x < 1
247 67
w W
- - -
x4)
2
^=S 247 (12/x
v
3
- 54/
2
x2 - + (x
3
6/x
2
3/ x + /
3
)
/ <x < 2/
67
w
;/
(12/x
3
-54/ 2 x 2 -x 4 ) + W (3/
3
-5/ 2 x) 2/ <x < 3/
f
The maximum deflection, occurring at point R (where x = 3/), is -y max = 1
(81w/
,
+ 48 Wl-
x V
270 CHAPTER 11
11.80 A horizontal beam of length / ft is fixed at both ends. Find the equation of its elastic curve if it carries a
uniform load of vv lb/ft.
Fig. 11.12
f We left end of the beam and let P have coordinates (x, y), as in Fig. 11.12. The external
take the origin at the
forces acting on segment OP are a couple of unknown moment K exerted by the wall to keep the beam horizontal
at O; an upward force of |m7 lb at 0, x ft from P; and the load wx lb acting downward at the midpoint of OP,
EI d 2 y/dx 2 = K + kwlx x
2
\x ft from P. Thus. lux Integrating once and using the conditions and .
dy/dx = El dy dx = Kx + \wlx 2 - 'u\y

3
at 0, we obtain (
.
At point R, x and dy/dx = l (since the beam is fixed there). Substituting these values into the last
equation yields = Kl + w/ 3 ^w/ 3 from which K 2 vv/ 2 Substitution for K, integration, and the
, .
use of x = y = at O finally yield
MX"
Ely = wl
2
x2 + w/x 3
n.v
4
or v = (2/x - I
2
24 12 24 24/
4
I vv/
The maximum deflection, occurring at the middle of the beam (where x = ,
^/), is ym
384/
11.82 Solve Problem I ISO if, in addition, there is a weight of W lb at the middle of the beam.
I We use the coordinate system of Problem 1 1.80. Figure 11.13 shows that two cases must be considered: x
between and '/. and x between When '/ and /. < x < [I. the external forces on the segment to the left
of Pi(x,y) are a couple of unknown moment K at 0: an upward force of \[w\ + W)]b at O, xft from P,:
and the load wx lb. Iv It from /',. Thus. El d 2 y dx 2 - K + \{wl + W)x wx - K +"
\wlx - {wx 2 + [Wx.
Integrating once and using the conditions \ = and dy/dx at O. we obtain
/:/ = Kx + iwlx 2 ,',

\
' \ \Wx 2 . Integrating once again and using x = j at O, we get
dx
Ely = \K
:
+ r^w/x
3
- ,'
4 hv 4 + feWx 2 (/I
(wl + W)
Fig. 11.13
When '/ < x < /. there is in addition the weight W lb at the middle of the beam, x - \l ft from P2 .
Thus. El d y dx =K+ \wlx - 2Wx + \Wx - W(x - \l). Integrating twice yields
2 2 2
Ely = \Kx 2 + iW-x 3 - 24WX4 + &Wx 3 \W{x - I/) 3 + f j.v + C 2 When x = \l, . the values of y and
dy dx here must agree with those for (/). Thus. C.=Ct = O. and
Ely \Kx 2 + ,U7x 3 - 24 1VX + hWx 2

U (A - \l)
2
(2)
)
To determine K, we let x = ,/ and dy/dx = in the equation for EI dy/dx above. 1 his yields
K = - fowl 2 - IWI, so that (/) and (2) become
vv W
o<x< ;/
y = <>
w w
(2/x
3
- l
2
x2 - x4 ) + -(/*_ 6/
2
x + 9/x
2
- 4x 3 ) |/ < x < /
24/ 48/
11.83 Find the maximum deflection of the beam in the previous problem.
The maximum deflection, occurring at the middle of the beam, is y -= (w/

4
+ 2 WP j
'
384r
11.84 A horizontal beam of length / ft is fixed at one end and freely supported at the other end. Find the equation of
the elastic curve if the beam carries a uniform load of vv lb/ft and a weight W lb at the middle.
I We take the origin at the fixed end (Fig. 1 1.14) and let P have coordinates (x, y). There are two cases to be
considered.
Fig. 11.14
When x < jl, the external forces acting on the segment P,P are an unknown upward force of S lb at
<
R, - x
I from P,; the load w(/ - x) lb at the midpoint of PjP, 2 (l - x) ft from P,; and
ft lb, W
jl x ft from P,. Thus, we have
EI d 2 y/dx 2 = S(l - x) - u(/ - x)[\(l - x)] - W{\1 - x) - S(l - x) - \w(l - x) - W(\l - x). Integrating once and
2
using the conditions = and dy/dx =

x at 0, we obtain
EI dy/dx = - x2 S(l - + w(/ - x) 3 + \W({1 - x) 2 + {SI 2 - w/ 3 - ^Wl 2

x)
2
. Integrating again
and using the conditions x = y at O yield
Ely = iS(l - x)
3
- ML - x)
4
- hW{# - x)
3
+ (iSl
2
- ^w/ 3 - iWl 2 )x - {SI* + ^w/4 + ^Wl 3 (1)
When \l <x < on P 2 R are the unknown upward thrust S at R, (/ x) ft from P 2 and
I, the forces acting ,
the load u(/ - x) ft from P 2 Thus, EI d 2 y/dx 2 = S{1 - x) - \\v(l - x) 2 from which we get
- x) lb, \{l . ,
Ely = lS(l - x) 3 - 24H'(/ - xf + CjX + C 2 When x = \l, the values of Ely and EI dy/dx here and in (/) .
must agree. Hence, C, and C 2 must have the values of the constants of integration in (/). so that
Ely = ISO - x)
3
- iMl ~ -v)
4
+ (iS/
2
- w/
3
- iWI 2 )x - kSI" + &w/4 + L Wl>
2s (2)
To determine S, we note that y = when x = /. so from (2), S = |wi + j^W. This yields
w W
- - 2x 4 ) -9/x 2 < x<U
2 3
(5/x
3
3/ x2 + (11.x )
48/ 96/
y =i
vv W - x+ -
2x 4 )
2 3
(5/x
3
- 3/
2
x
2
- + (2/
3
12/ 15/x
2
5x ) M< x < /
48/ 96EI
11.85 Locate the point of maximum deflection of the beam in the previous problem when / = 10 and W- lOw.
# It is clear from the result of Problem 1 1.84 that the maximum deflection occurs to the right of the midpoint of
the beam. Thus we substitute / = 10 and W= lOw in the second part of the solution, obtaining
vv
= (_2x 4 + 25x 3 + 450x - 6000x +
2
10,000). Since dy/dx = at the point of maximum deflection,
y
48/
272 D CHAPTER 11
we solve 8.x
3
75x 2 900x + 6000 = 0, finding that the real root is x 5.6 (approximately). Thus, the
maximum deflection occurs approximately 5.6 ft from the fixed end.
BUOYANCY PROBLEMS
11.86 Determine a differential equation describing the vertical motion of a cylinder partially submerged in a liquid of
density p, under the assumption that the motion is not damped.
I Denote the radius of the cylinder as R, its height as H, and its weight as W. Archimedes' principle states that
an object that is submerged (either partially or totally) in a liquid is acted on by an upward force equal to the
weight of the liquid displaced.
Equilibrium occurs when the buoyant force upward on the cylinder is precisely equal to the weight of the
cylinder. Assume by y, and take the upward direction to be the
that the axis of the cylinder is vertical, denote it
positive direction. At equilibrium, with the cylinder partially submerged, nR 2 hp = or h W/nR p,

2
W
where h is the number of units of the cylinder's height that are submerged at equilibrium (see Fig. 11.15). Let
y(t) denote the distance from the surface of the water to the equilibrium position as if it were marked on the
cylinder. We adopt the convention that y{t) > if the equilibrium position on the cylinder is above the
surface, and y\t) < if it is below the surface.
Z>
Equilibrium
r</)
position
y(t)
L_
Equilibrium/^
position
I I
I l_t
I I
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 11.15
=
W

According to Newton's second law, the total force F acting on the cylinder can be written F(t) y (t)
y
where g is the gravitational constant. The force F{t) can also be described as F(t) = -W+ buoyant force.
Since the submerged volume of the cylinder can be written nR\h - y(?)], we have by Archimedes' principle
that Fit) = - W + nR 2 [h - y(i)]p = - W + nR 2

hp - nR 2 y(t)p. But h was chosen so that W = nR 2
hp. so it
= -nR 2 vU)p.
W
- = -nR 2 v(t)p.
follows that F(t) and hence v"(f)
'
9
Therefore, the initial-value problem describing the motion of the cylinder is
y H v = v(0) = y y'(0) = vc
w -
where y is the initial position of the cylinder, and v its initial velocity.
11.87 In the notation of the previous problem, discuss what happens when W > nR 2
Hp.
i If the weight W of the cylinder is greater than the buoyant force generated when the entire cylinder is
submerged, then the cylinder must sink to the bottom of the liquid.
11.88 A cylinder with radius 3 in and weight 5rc(~ 15.71) lb is floating with its axis vertical in a pool of water (density
p = 62.5 lb/ft
3
Determine a differential equation that describes its position y(t) relative to equilibrium if it is
).
raised 1 in above equilibrium and pushed downward with an initial velocity of 4 in s.

# Here R = { ft, p = 62.5 lb/ft

3
, and W= 5\b, so the result of Problem 1 1.86 becomes
2
7t(l/4) (62.5)(32)
y +~ 2 - v = or y + 25y = 0. Its solution is found in Problem 8.72 (with y here replacing x)
to be y c, cos 5t + c 2 sin 5/.

With v(0) = T2 ft and >-'(0) = -\ ft/s as initial conditions, it follows that c, = 1/12 and c2 = -1/15.
Then y = ^(5 cos 5f 4 sin 5f).
11.89 Solve the previous problem if, instead of water, the cylinder is floating in a liquid having density 125 lb/ft 3 .
With the data as given, the result of Problem 1 1.86 becomes y" H -y = or \" + 50 v = 0.
571
Its solution is found in Problem 8.60 to be y = c, cosVÔf + c 2 sin y50t. Applying the initial conditions of the
previous problem, we find cl 5/60 and c2 2yJ2/60, so that y = ^q(5 cos y/50t 2 y/2 sin yj^t).
11.90 Find the period and the amplitude of the motion described in Problem 11.86.
# The motion is defined by the initial- value problem that is the result of Problem 11.86. The differential
equation is of the second order and linear, with constant coefficients, having as the roots of its characteristic
equation /. iR s/npg/yJW. Hence the general solution to the differential equation is
y(t) c cos (R\Jnpg/Wt) + c 2

t
sin (Ryjnpg/Wt). The initial conditions imply ct = y and
c2 \'Wv /RyJnpg, so that
fnpg \ sfWv . ( [npg
2jnW
Therefore, the motion of the cylinder is periodic, and the period T and amplitude A are given by T=
Ry/pg
and A =
j y% + ^2 . The amplitude depends on the initial position and velocity, but the period is
R npg
independent of the initial conditions. Notice also that the motion is independent of the height H (as long as the
amplitude of the motion is smaller than H/2).
3
11.91 A cylindrical can, partially submerged in water (density 62.5 lb/ft ) with its axis vertical, oscillates up and down
with a period of \ s. Determine the weight of the can if its radius is 2 in.
I Taking g = 32 ft/s
2
, R = ft, and T= \ Hz, we have, from the previous problem,
24*W UjnW
1
Therefore, nW = 2000/(24)
2
* 3.4722 and W* 1.105 lb.
2 ( 1/6) v (62.5)(32) ^2000
11.92 What is the minimum height of the can in the previous problem?
f Since the can does not sink, it follows from Problem 11.87 that W < nR 2
Hp\ thus
W
-~ 1 105
H>
nR 2 p
^F 2
tt(1/6) (62.5)
= 0-203 ft = 2.43 in.
3
11.93 A cylindrical buoy 2 ft in diameter floats in water (density 62.5 lb/ft ) with its axis vertical. When depressed
slightly and released, it vibrates with a period of 2 s. Find the weight of the cylinder.
f
With R = \, flf = 32, and T= 2, it follows from Problem 1 1.90 that 2 = 2JnW =2
nW
/
/
-.
1
V(62.5)(32) V2000
Therefore, W = 2000/tt = 636.6 lb.
11.94 Solve the previous problem by beginning with the differential equation of motion for the cylinder,
f With the numerical values given in the previous problem, the result of Problem 11.86 becomes
l)
2
(62.5)(32) 2WOn
7r(
^ + wh ich has as its solution
*
W W_
y = c, cos y/2000n/Wt + c 2 sin yf2W0n/Wt.
274 CHAPTER 11
2tt
The period of these oscillations is Since the period is known to be 2 Hz, it follows that
2n
2 = from which we find that W = 2000/71 = 636.6 lb as before.
V'2000jW
11.95 What is the minimum height of the buoy in Problem 1 1.93?
# Since the buoy does not sink, it follows from Problem 1 1.87 that W < nR 2
Hp: thus
W
H>- -=
636.6
=
=s 7-^-r^r 3.24 ft.
nR 2 p 2
7t(l) (62.5)
11.96 Suppose a cylinder oscillates with its axis vertical in a liquid of density p v What is pl if the period of the
oscillation is twice the period of oscillation in water?
3
f Let p denote the density of water (62.5 lb/ft ). Then it follows from the result of Problem 11.90 that the period
in water is Tw = 2-JnW /Ryfpg, whereas the period in the liquid of unknown density is T, = 2yJnW/R yfp ~g. 1
2
If T = 2Tw
t
, then = = 2- ir - = -.
1
Thus Pl = p/4 = 62.5/4 - 15.625 lb/ft

3
.
11.97 Solve the previous problem if the period of oscillation in the liquid of density p y is three times the period of
oscillation in water.
Using the notation of the previous problem, we have T, = 3T H ; hence = 3 ==,

RyJPiG R\'pg
3
or Thus Px = p/9 = 62.5/9 - 6.944 lb ft
3
.
\fp\ y/p'
11.98 Suppose a rectangular box of width S,. length S 2 and height H is floating in a liquid of density p, as ,
indicated in Fig. 11.16. As for the cylinder of Problem 1.86. let \it) denote the position of the box relative to 1
equilibrium, and suppose that is the weight of the box. W

How large should // be so that the box will oscillate?
position
lum /
/
y
s
T
v(f)
/ i
J
// /
/
/
/
VX& Fig. 11.16
f The volume of the box is SiSjH, and it will displace S S 2 Hp lb of liquid when the box is completely submerged.
i
If the box is to oscillate and not sink, then it must be that < S S 2 Hp. Thus. H > W/S 1 S 2 p- W x
11.99 Find a differential equation for the position y(t) of the box described in the previous problem.
I At equilibrium, h units of height of the box are submerged, such that S S 2 hp

1
W (see Fig. 11.16). (We adopt
the sign conventions and notations of Problem 11.86.) The buoyant force acting on the box when y(t) units of
height are displaced from the equilibrium position is S S 2 p[/i y(0]- The net force on the box then is 1
d2 v
W+ S S 2 p[h
x
y{i)\ so by Newton's second law of motion, we have m r = W + S S 2 p\h
x
yit)].
at
Setting m Wjg and noting that WS l
S 2 ph = 0, we simplify this differential equation to
S S 2 pg
y +
x
y = 0.
W

11.100 Suppose the box described in Problem 1 1.98 is displaced from the equilibrium position by units and given an
y
initial velocity v Find an equation that describes its position y as a function of time.
.
I Set co = y/SîPg/W. Then the result of the previous problem becomes y" + to
2
y = 0, which has as the
roots of its characteristic equation /, = ico and /.
2
= -ico. Since the differential equation is of the second
order, linear, and homogeneous with constant coefficients, its general solution is y = c, cos on + c 2 sin on.
Since y' = - c t co sin cot + c 2 co cos on, the initial conditions imply y = y(0) = c, and vQ = y'(0) = c 2 co\
that is, c, >'o and c 2 = v /co. Then
y = y cos com >

sin on = y cos
V
/
w t + .
slS,S 2 pg
= sm
V
/
W t
11.101 Determine the period and amplitude of the oscillations described in the previous problem.
1 w VS^^g
1 2njw
f = T==
.
The ffrequency offtthe

Tt, u oscillations
-11 r

is , so the period is
2?r 2n4w f y/s^S iP9
The amplitude is A = /(y ) +

vh/Uo y = /yj
,
+
^
11.102 How does the period of the oscillations change if S x
is doubled in the previous problem?
f
If Sj is doubled, then the period becomes T=
In-Jw
= 1 litsfw
^=. Thus the period is reduced to
V(2S,)S 2 pg N/2vS S 2 p0 1
about 71 of its original value.
11.103 How does the period of the oscillations in Problem 1 1.101 change if both Si and S 2 are tripled?
f t
If
,_
both Si and S 2 are
, o
,
tripled, the
, ,

period becomes
, ,
T= .
271^
= 2nyfw
1
,
Thus the period is
reduced by a factor of three.
11.104 A prism whose cross section is an equilateral triangle with sides of length L is floating in a liquid of density p,
with its height H parallel to the vertical axis. How large should H be so that the prism will oscillate?
2
f The volume of the prism is -j3L H/4, so it will displace yj3pL 2 H/4 lb of liquid when it is completely
submerged. If the prism is to oscillate and not sink, then it must be that W
< y/3pL 2 H/4 or H > 4W/y/3pL 2 ,
where W is the weight of the prism.
11.105 Find a differential equation for the position y(t) of the prism described in the previous problem,
f We adopt and notations of Problem 1 1.86. At equilibrium, h units of height of the prism
the conventions
are submerged, such that = W. The buoyant force acting on the prism when y(t) units of height
y/3pL 2 h/4
sJ3pL [h y(t)]/4. The net force on the box then is
2
are displaced from the equilibrium position is
r 2 [h
W + yj3pL y(f)]/4, so by Newton's second law of motion we have
d2 r 2 \)i
m yy = W + \j7>pL y(f)]/4.
i 2
vFx
Setting m = Wjg and noting that W >/3pL 2
h/4 = we simplify this equation to y" +
4W
y= 0.
11.106 The prism described in Problem 1 1.104 is displaced y units from its equilibrium position and given an initial
velocity v . Find its position y as a function of time.
2
/ Set co
2
= 2
yf3pgL /4W. Then the result of the previous problem becomes y" + co y = 0. Solving this
equation with the initial conditions y(0) = y and y'(0) = v (see Problem 11.100), we obtain
y = y cos on H v
co
sin
.
wt = y cos
tfisfpgLt
2yfw
= h
2yfWv Q
tfijpgL
.
sin
tfJJp~gLt
2JW
=
11.107 Determine the period of the oscillations obtained in the previous problem.
The period is T=-=

1

2n 4tiV^
/ 0) tfeJpgL
276 D CHAPTER 11
11.108 How does the period of oscillations change if L is doubled in the previous problem?
# It follows from result of the previous problem that if L is doubled, then the period is halved.

11.109 Describe how to obtain two initial conditions for the current in a simple series RCL circuit with known emf, if
initial conditions for the current and the charge on the capacitor are given at t 0.
# Denote the current in the circuit and the charge on the capacitor at time t by 7(r) and qUi respectively. We
are given 7(0), which is one initial condition for the current. From Kirchoffs loop law [see (7) of Problem 1.81].
dl
+ L+
1
we have Rl q E(t) = 0. Solving this equation for dl/dt and then setting t 0, we obtain
dt C
dl 1 R 1
= (0) 7(0) q(0) as the second initial condition.
It
11.110 Find two initial conditions for the charge on the capacitor in the circuit of the previous problem.
I We are given q(0) and 7(0); the first of these quantities provides one initial condition for q(t). Since
dq
dq/dt = 7, it follows that
dt
= 7(0) is the second initial condition.
1 =
11.111 A series RCL circuit has R = 10 Q, C=10" 2

F, L= \ H, and an applied voltage E = 12 V. Assuming
no initial current and no initial charge at / = when the voltage is first applied, find the subsequent current
in the system.
I _ d2I dl
Kirchoffs loop law (see Problem 1.85) gives -j-j + 20 + 2007 = 0, which has as its solution
dr dt
/ = e ""(< , cos 10f + c 2 sin lOf) (see Problem 8.64).
dl u^ JO
I he initial conditions are 1(0) and, from Problem 1 1.109,
dt
~
1/2 1/2
(0)-
(
1
2 , (0)
= 24.
(1/2)(10
10
These conditions yield c, = and c2 y; thus. / = '
5 -c~ 'sin lOf.
11.112 Solve the previous problem by first finding the charge on the capacitor.
I The differential equation for the charge on the capacitor is given in Problem 1.84 as q + 2Qq + 200q = 24.
10
Its solution is found in Problem 9.22 to be q = e~ Vi cos lOf + c 2 sin lOf) + ,\
Initial conditions for the charge are q(0) and q{0) = 0; applying them, we obtain c, = c2 = 3/25.
Therefore, q = -e ,(
" ( h cos lOr + A sin 10r) + 2\,
and 7 = -^
dt
= e~ 10 '
sin lOf as before.
5
11.113 A series RCL circuit with R = 6 Q, C= 0.02 F, and L = 0.1 H has no applied voltage. Find the
subsequent current in the circuit if the initial charge on the capacitor is ,'
n C and the initial current is zero.
f Using Kirchoffs loop law (see Problem 1.86). we get -^ + 60 + 5007 = 0. which has as its solution
dt at
I = c x e~
50 '
+ c 2 e~
l0 '
(see Problem 8.10). We are given the initial condition 7(0) = 0, so that c , + c2 = 0.
Differentiation of our expression for 7 yields = 50c,^ -50 '

10c 2 e"
10 ',
from which we conclude that
dl
50c, 10c 2 . Moreover, from the result of Problem 11.109 we have
di
1 =
dl
It ,_
=
0.1
16 (0)
0.1
(0)
' (0.1)(0.02) 10
11 = -50
which implies that 50 = 50c, 10c 2 This is . a second equation in c, and c 2 . Solving the two
simultaneously, we obtain c, = f and c 2 = |, so that / = |(c
50t c"
10
').
11.114 Solve the previous problem by first finding the charge on the capacitor.
I With R = 6, C- 0.02, L = 0.1, and E - 0, (7) of Problem 1.82 becomes

dt
% + 60 -j-
dt
+ 500q = 0,
which is the same differential equation as in the previous problem (with 7 replaced by q). Its solution is
= 50 ' 10 '.
q c l e- + c 2 c"
We are given the initial condition q(0) = ,' so we have ,' = c, + c

,
2 Also, wc have . /(()) = #0) = 0,
so that -50c, - 10c 2 = 0. Solving these two equations simultaneously yields c, = 4',, and c2 - .
that q **-&-* + fa- 101 . Then / = ^ = 5-*ot _ * -to.

as before .
lit 4 4
11.115 A series 7?C an inductance of 0.05 H, a resistance of 5 fi, a capacitance of

circuit consists of 4x10 4
I . and
a constant emf of 10 V. Find the current flowing through the circuit as a function of time if
1
initially there is
no current in the circuit and no charge on the capacitor.
4
I With L = 0.05, R = S, C= 4 x 10 , and =110, (2) of Problem 1.81 becomes
/ + 100/ + 50,000/ =0. The solution to this equation was found in Problem 8.56 to be
50 ' 50 '
/ - c,c cos 50Vl9f + c 2 e~ sin 50>/l9r.
Applying the initial condition /(0) = 0, we find that c, = 0, so this last equation becomes
/ c 2 e~
50(
sin 50V19t, which has as its derivative
= c 2 (-50e-
5O,
sin50 > /i9t + 50Vl9g- 50 'cos50 > /r90 (7)
With q(0) = 1(0) = 0, it follows from the result of Problem 1 1.109 that 7(0) - (0) = = 2200. Then
we make use of (7) to find that 2200 = 7(0) = c 2 (50vT9); thus, c2 = 44/VT9 and
/=
44\/19 e- 5Or
sin50 x/l9f.
,

11.116 Solve the previous problem by first finding the capacitance.
I We make use o. (I) of Problem 1.82, which becomes q + \00q + 50,000*/ = 2200. The solution to this
_50
equation is found in Problem 9.21 to be q = c,e" 50 'cos 50yfl9t + c 2 e 'sin 50y/\9t + 2yo Since .
q = at
t 0, this gives us = c, + jio, or ct Ho-
We also have 7(0) = q(0) 0. Since differentiation yields
q = c,(-50e 5O
'cos50>/79j - 50>/i9e~
50
' sin 50>/19f) + c 2 (-50e
5O
'sin50Vl9r + 50^\9c 50
' cos 50>/l9f)
we have = q(0) = -50c, + 50Vl9c 2 or c2 = - 1 1 ^19/4750. Then
q = e
"
50 '
(
- cos 50y/\9t j sin 50^19*) + and 7 - -j = c~ - 50 '
sin 50/l9f as before.
11.117 Solve Problem 11.115 if instead of the constant emf there is an alternating emf of 200 cos lOOf.
4
I Now we have L = 0.05, R = 5, C = 4(10)~ and = 200 cos OOt, so that , 1 (2) of Problem 1.81 becomes
7 + 1007 + 50,0007 = -400,000 sin lOOf. Its solution is found in Problem 9.90 to be
7 - c^-so'cosSOyfWt + c 2 e'
50
'sin 50jl9t + f^cos lOOf - ^ Q
sin lOOf
4
Applying the initial condition 7(0) = yields = cx + or c, = ff.
With 7(0) = q(0) 0, we obtain the second initial condition by using the result of Problem 1 1.109:
7(0) =- (0) = (200) = 4000. Then differentiation gives
50
7 - c,(-50e- 5O 'cos50Vl9r - 50,/l9 sin 50>/l90 + c 2 (-50e 'sin 50 v/l9t + 50^19 cos 50^19/)
4000 .
nn 16,000
sin lOOf cos lOOf
17 17
so we have 4000 - 7(0) =s -50c, + 50>/19f 2

/ 16,000
t=, or c2 =
1640^19
.
o L . .
Substitution of the values of c,
40 r 1640x/l9 r \ 40
/
-
and c 2 yields / = e'
5Q
'i --cos50 N/l9f + -
^ sin50V19H + (cos lOOf 4 sin 100f).
11.118 Solve the previous problem by first finding the charge on the condenser.
f With L = 0.05, R = 5, C - 4 x 10 4 , and - 200 cos lOOf, (7) of Problem 1.82 becomes
q + 1004 + 50,000r/ - 4000 cos 100*. Its solution is found in Problem 9.91 to be
~ 50 ' 50 '
q = cxe cos 50/l9r + c 2 e" sin 50 Vl9r + t% cos 100f + TTo sin lOOf.
278 D CHAPTER 11
Then differentiation yields
q = c^-SOe-^'cosSOs/Wt - 50n/19V 50 '

sin SOvÔ + c 2 (-50e-
50
' sin 50 % T9f + 50^19^ 50 ' cos 50Vl9t)
-^sinlOOf + f^cosl00f
Applying the initial conditions, we obtain = q(0) = C, + p^, or C, p^, and
=./(0) = q(0) = -50c, + 50 sf\9c 2 + #, from which we find c2 = - 12^19/1615. These values for c, and c 2
give q = e"
50 '( cos 50 v 19f sin 50yf\9t
J
+ (4 cos lOOf + sin lOOr). Differentiation yields the
same expression for / = dq/dt as before.
11.119 An RCL circuit has R= 180Q, C= 1/280 F, L = 20 H, and an applied voltage (r) = 10 sin t. Assuming
no initial charge on the capacitor, but an initial current of 1 A at t = when the voltage is first applied, find
the subsequent charge on the capacitor.
1 The differential equation governing this system is formulated in Problem 1.82 as q + 9q + \4q |sin t,
where q denotes the charge on the capacitor. The solution to this equation is found in Problem 9.89 to be
q = c e +c 2 e~ lt + 5Viosinf- jffecosr.
21
x
Applying the initial conditions q{0) and $0) = 1, we obtain c, = 110/500 and c2 = 101,500.
Hence, q - ô(l \0e~ 2 - lOle
7
+ 13 sin f - 9 cos r). ' '
11.120 Determine the transient and steady-state components of the charge in the previous problem.
I Since the homogeneous (complementarj function. $$e 2l - ê lt tends to zero as t ) ,

-* x. it is the
transient component. The steady-state component is the remaining part of the charge, namely
g, = 5ou(13sint -9 cost).
11.121 Determine the amplitude, period, and frequency of the steady-state charge of the previous problem.
I The amplitude is A = MM
'
, >/(13)
2
+ 9) 2
( 0.0316. The natural frequency is f 2n. so the period is
T = l/f=l/2n.
6
11.122 A series circuit contains the components L = 1 H, R =1000 0, and C= 4 x 10 F. At t = 0, while
the circuit is completely passive (thai is. while Q I = 0), a battery supplying a constant voltage of E 24 V
is suddenly switched into the circuit. Find the charge on the capacitor as a function of time. (Here Q denotes
the charge on the capacitor.)
f Substituting the numerical values for R. I.. C. and into (/) of Problem 1.82 yields
2
dQ
Q
d
dt
=-
2
-I- 1000
dt
h-r
4 x 10
Q
r
"
= 24. The solution to this equation is found in Problem 9.25 to be
500 500 '

Q= Cl e- '
+ c 2 te- + 9.6 x 10"
5
.
Differentiation now yields ^ = /= -500c,f-

dt
500 '
+ c 2 (e~
500 ' - 500f<T 500 '). Substituting Q= at
t = 0, we find c, = -9.6 x 10 5
. Substituting / = at t = 0, we find = -500c, + c2 , so that
500
c 2 = -4.8 x 10~ 2
. Hence Q = -9.6 x lO'V 500 - 4.8 '
x 10 2
fc" '
+ 9.6 x 10~
5
.
11.123 Determine the current as a function of time in the circuit of the previous problem.
/ = - = 24rc
500 ',
in amperes.
dt
11.124 A series RLC circuit has R = 4 Q, L = | H, C= ye F, and a constant emf of 13 V. Find the charge on the
capacitor as a function of time if initially the circuit is completely passive.
f Substituting the given values for R. L. C, and the emf into (/) of Problem 1.82, we obtain
Q + 8Q + 52Q = 26, where Q denotes the charge on the capacitor. The solution to this equation is found in
4
Problem 9.20 to be Q = c,c" 4 cos 6r + c 2 e sin 6r + \. The current / is then ' '
/ = =
dt
c,(-4c" 4 'cos6f - 6c"
4r
sin6f)
_4
+ c,(-4^ 'sin 6r + 4
6c" 'cos6r)
Applying the initial conditions, we obtain = (()) = c, + 2 , or c, = -\, and = /(()) - -4c, + 6c 2 ,
S
from which c2 = i- Substitution of these values then yields 0(f) = -c 4 '
'
- e
4!
+
2 3 2
11.125 Find the steady-state current in the circuit of the previous problem.
Differentiation of the result of the previous problem yields / = =

dt 3
e'
4 '
sin 6t Since this tends to
zero as t -> oo, the steady-state current is zero.
11.126 Find the steady-state charge on the capacitor in the circuit of Problem 1 1.124.
The steady-state charge may be computed as lim Q = lim I

e~ 4t e~
4'
h -
J
= -.
->oo r-a> \ 2 3 2/ 2
11.127 Solve Problem 11.124 if, instead of being constant, the emf is E = 16cos2f.
I The differential equation becomes Q + 8() + 52Q 32 cos 2f, which has as its solution
Q c e~ 4 cos6r + c 2 e 4 'sin6f + f cos2f
}
'
-I- ^sin 2f (see Problem 9.87). Thus the current is now
/ = -f-
= c l (-4e~
4t
cos6t -6e~ 4 'sin6f) + c-
2 (-4e~ 4, sin6r + 6e-~
4
'cos6r) - | sin 2f + fco:>2r
at
Applying the initial conditions, we obtain = Q(0) = cx + f, or c{ f, and = 1(0) 4c'! -I- 6c 2 + f,
from which we find c2 = iV- Substitution of these values yields
fl
__3.-_ _- 7.-. sin6f +
.,cos6f
s
.
-J-
cos 2r
+
sin 2f
11.128 Find the steady-state charge on the capacitor in the previous problem.
I Since the homogeneous (complementary) function, 35 e' 4 ' cos6t ,^~ 4 'sin6r, tends to zero as t -> oo,
the particular solution is the steady-state component. The steady-state charge is thus Q = s I cos 2r + ^ sin 2f.
11.129 Express the steady-state charge of the previous problem in the form A sin (2? + <).
/ Since A sin (2f + <f>)

A cos 2f sin </> + A sin 2t cos cj) cos 2r + \ sin 2t, we require A sin </> = | and
/I cos = 5.
It now follows that (f)

2
+ (j)
2
= A2 sin
2
</> + A2 cos
2
= <4
2
, so that A = VlO/5. Moreover,
/4Sm<
tan </> -
4cos0
^ = -J- =
1/5
3, so = arctan 3 * 4tt/10. Thus & ^ (VTo/5) sin (2f + 4tc/10).
11.130 An inductance of 2 H, a resistance of 16 Q, and a capacitance of 0.02 F are connected in series with an emf
= 100 sin 3f. At t = the charge on the capacitor and the current in the circuit are zero. Find the charge
at t > 0.
f Letting Q and / be the instantaneous charge and current at time f, we find by KirchhofTs laws (see Problem
1.82) that -yy + 8 -=- + 25Q = 50 sin 3f. The solution to this equation is found in Problem 9.88 to be
Q= c x e~
4 '
cos 3f + c 2 e~
4t
sin 3f + f sin 3f
- 5! cos 3f. The current is then
/ = Cl (-4e~
4 '
cos 3r - 3e~
4,
sin 3f) + c 2 (-4e
-4 '
sin 3f + 7>e~
4'
cos 3f) + ^cos 3r - ^ sin 3f
Applying the initial conditions, we obtain = (0) = c, - f, or c, = H, and

= /(0) = -Ac + l
3c 2 + it, so that c2 = |f. These values yield
Q = If (2 sin 3t - 3 cos It) + ff e~ 4, (3 cos 3f + 2 sin 3f ).
11.131 Determine the current in the circuit of the previous problem at f >
* /=^
j= z~ = ~ (2cos3f
(2
K
cos '3f + 33sin3f)-^-
sin 3f) e
4,
sin 3f +
(17sin3f
(17
52
4- 6 cos 3f).
6cos3/). The
Th first term is the steady-state current and
dt 52
the second, which becomes negligible as time increases, is the transient current
.
280 D CHAPTER 11
11.132 An electric circuit consists of an inductance of 0.1 H, a resistance of 20 Q, and a capacitance of

25 [iF = 25 x 10" 6 F. Find the charge q and the current i at time t, given the initial conditions q = 0.05 C
and i dq/dt = when = 0. f
I Since L = 0.1, R= 20, c = 25xl0 -6 ,

and E(t) = 0, (7) of Problem 1.82 reduces to
2
d q ^ nn dq
TT2
-jy + 200 ^T + 400,000q = 0. The solution to this differential equation is found in Problem 8.69 to be
dt dt
100 100t
q = c ,e~ 'cos 100^39/ + c 2 (?" sin lOOV^- Differentiation yields
q = c^-lOOe-^'cos 100V39r - 100V39V 100 'sin l(X)V39r)

+ c 2 (-100<T 100, sin 100V39r + 100V39V ,00 'cos 100 V^r)
Applying the initial conditions, we obtain 0.05 = q(0) = cx and = q(0) = - \00c + 100V39c 2 from
l ,
100,
which c2 = 0.05/ ^39 = 0.008. Substitution then gives q = e~ (0.05 cos 624.5r + 0.008 sin 624.5r).
11.133 Find the steady-state current for the circuit of the previous problem.
dq
f Differentiating the result of the previous problem, we find / = -j- = -lie 100 '
sin 624.5f. Since this
dt
quantity tends to zero as t -* oo, the current is all transient and there is no steady-state current.
11.134 Solve Problem 11.132 if there is an initial current of 0.2 A in the circuit.
I This change affects only the initial conditionsjbr the problem, from which we now obtain 0.05 = q(0) = cx
as before, and -0.2 = q(0) = - 100c, + 100>/39c 2 . This latter equation yields c2 = 0.0077, so the result
= 100
becomes q e' '(0.05 cos 624.5f + 0.0077 sin 624.5f).
11.135 A circuit consists of an inductance of 0.05 H, a resistance of 20 CI, a capacitance of 100 /iF, and an emf
E = 100 V. Find i and q. given the initial conditions q and /' = when t = 0.
Here (/) of Problem 1.82 becomes - -~

TT 2 +
-I- 400 -f T + 200,000^/ = 2000. The solution to this differential
dt dt
= 200
equation is found in Problem 9.23 to be q e~ '(A cos400f + Bsin400f) + 0.01. Differentiating with
2OO
respect to t yields i = -^ = 200e" '[(->J + 2B)cos400f + (-B- 24)sin400r].
Use of the initial conditions yields A = 0.01 and B = 0.005. Then substitution yields
- 200 '( -0.01 200
q = e cos 400f- 0.005 sin 400/) + 0.01 and i = 5e '
sin 400f.
11.136 Solve the previous problem if the constant emf is replaced with a variable emf E(t) = 100 cos 200f.
d2q . dq
The differential equation now becomes -^1 + 400 + 200,000^ = 2000 cos 200f, which has as its solution
dt dt
q = e' 200 '(A cos400f + B sin 400f) + 0.01 cos 200f + 0.005 sin 200f (see Problem 9.93). Therefore,
i = e ~ 200, [( - 200 A + 400B) cos 400f + - 200fi - 400 A) sin 400f ] - 2 sin 200r + cos 200f (
Use of the initial conditions yields A = -0.01 and B = -0.0075. Then
= 2CO '(-0.01 -
q e" cos400f 0.0075 sin 400f) -I- 0.01 cos200f + 0.005 sin 200r
and i = e~ 200,
(
- cos 400f + 5.5 sin 400r) - 2 sin 200f + cos 200r
11.137 A series circuit contains an inductance L= 1 H, a resistance R = 1000 Q, and a capacitance

C = 6.25 x 10~ 6 F. At t = 0, with the capacitor bearing a charge of 1.5 x 10" 3
C, a switch is closed
so that the capacitor discharges through the (now) closed circuit. Find Q and /'
as functions of t.
2
I d Q dQ
With E(t) = 0, (/) of Problem 1.82 becomes
-^~f
2
+ 1000
dt
-j + 160,0000 -
1000-^
dt
0. Its solution is found in
Problem 8.19 to be Q = c.e'

200 '
+ c^ -800 ', and differentiating yields i = -lOOc^ 200 - '
800c 2 e"
800 '.
Substitution of the initial data into the equations for Q and i yields
1.5 x 10" 3
= c, +c 2 0- -200c! - 800c 2
-4
Solving these two equations simultaneously, we obtain c, =2x 10" 3
and c2 5 x 10 . Hence
200 ' 800 '.
Q = 2 x lO" 3 ?" 200 - 5 x 10- 4 e- 800 and ' '
i = -0.4e- + 0.4e-
5
11.138 When is the absolute value of the current a maximum for the circuit of the previous problem?
# The extreme value of the current occurs when di/dt = 0. Hence we must solve the equation
2OO '-320<?- 8OO
= Multiplying by e 200 and dividing by 320, we obtain
^ = 80e- '
0. '
e"
600
'^, from
which 600r = In 4 and t = 0.00231 s.
11.139 What is the extreme value of the current in the circuit of Problem 11.137?
I We use the result of the previous problem, noting that the extreme value of the current occurs at f = 0.00231.
Then i = -0.4e" 462 + 0.4e" 1848 = -0.189 A.
11.140 A series RCL circuit with R = 5 Q, C=10 _2 F, and L= |H has an applied voltage E(t) sin t. Find
the steady-state current in the circuit.
2
I ._.._.. .... d n dl
We use (2) of Problem 1.81, which becomes -^2 +
I
40 + 800/ = 8 cos t. Its solution is found in Problem 9.95
dt dt
to be I e
20,
(c,cos20t
1
+ c 27 sm20t)-\
>
cost -I sin t. The complementary function, composed
v
640?0 oi 640,001
of the first term of this equation, tends to zero rapidly, leaving as the steady-state solution
/s =
640,001
(6392 cos t + 320 sin t).
11.141 Solve the previous problem if there is no applied voltage.
# With no external emf, the current in the circuit must tend to zero. If, initially, the system is passive, then the
current is always zero. In any event, /s = 0.
11.142 Find the amplitude and frequency of the steady-state current in Problem 11.140.
I 17 6392 Y^ 7 320 Y^
The amplitude is A = /(
J
+ I
A .
nnm )
=0.001. The period of both sin t and cos r is 2n, so the
frequency is 1/27T.
11.143 For a series circuit consisting of an inductance L, a resistance R, a capacitance C, and an emf E{t) =E sin cot,
derive the formula for the steady-state current i = E o( R

I
X
sin cot - cos cot \ = sin (cor -
E , mi.
where
0),
J
X= Leo - 1/Cco, Z= yjx 2 + R2 , and 9 is determined from sin 6 = X/Z and cos 9 = R/Z.
2
I d q da q dq
By differentiating L -f +
/? + - = sm cor and using
, .
i = , we obtain
dt dt C at
L
dt
-
2
+R +=
dt C
(
\
LD 2 + RD -\C ) i
= co cos cot. The required steady-state solution is the particular
integral of this equation:
coE
i
LD + 2
co
RD+IC
cos cot = -,
r-r cos cot
Dn ( Leo \ co
RD I
1
\ C ")
coE (RD + Xco) E
X cos cot)
.
cos cot = (R sin cot

2
R D 2
-X 2
co
2 j
R + X2
2
X
=
E fR
z\z
sm .
sin cot - cos

z
cot
\
)
) = -y sin (cot - 9)
11.144 A series circuit consisting of an inductance L, a capacitance C, and an emf E is known as a harmonic oscillator.
Find q and when i E= E cos cof and the initial conditions are q = q and i = i when t = 0. Assume
that co # lVCL.
T + = -j- cos
2 I?
With R = 0, (J) of Problem 1.82 becomes cot. If co # lA/CL, the solution to

^
282 D CHAPTER 11
this differential equation is
1 E 1 1 E C
+ - 2
1 . 1
q = A cos . t + B sin f cos cot A cos == + B sin t r -1 = cos cor
VCL VCL ^ ^ + 1/CL V^Z
;
V^Z 1 - co 2 CL
and / = .
JCL
1 /
\
A sin
JCL
1
f + B cos
JCL
.
1
f
\
J 1

- CL
Cw
<o
=
2
.
sin cot
Use of the initial conditions then yields A = q ^

CL
and B= yfCLi . Then
1 co
E C \ fr 1 E C
= (Uo -
1
4 1 iTrr cos -== + VCLi t sin

.
-== + j- cos cot

t
\ 1 - co
2
CLJ Jcl Jcl - co 2 CL 1
E C Cw
-== - -== / q - j\ sin -== 1
1 1
and / - j cos t
.
t
- j -
.
sin cot
JCL JCL \ 1 - co
z
CLJ Jcl 1 - co
z
CL
11.145 Solve the previous problem under the condition that co = l/JCL.
2
I E E
Here (/) of Problem 1.82 becomes
d q

dr
+ =- co
2
q
L
cos cot. Then q A cos cot + B sin cot H
2Lco
E (\
= A + -
.
and i co( sin cot + B cos cot) I sin cot + t cos cot
2L \co
Use of the initial conditions now yields A = q and 5= i /aj. Then
q = q cos cot H 'o
o>
sin cot + -
2Lco

Eo
t sin a>f, and
. .
/ = i cos cot q co sm cot

E (\
+ o
2L
I
\co
sin cot + t cos cot
\
J
.
Note that here the frequency of the impressed emf is the natural frequency of the oscillator, that is, the
frequency when there is no impressed emf. The circuit is in resonance, since the reactance X= Leo \/Cco is
zero when co\/JCL. The presence of the term ( f/2L)cosa>f, whose amplitude increases with f,
indicates that eventually such a circuit will destroy itself.

CHAPTER 12
Laplace Transforms
TRANSFORMS OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

12.1 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = 1.
I We have J?{1} = P e~ sx(i)dx. For s = 0,
f ^"rfx = I*" e- (0)W dx = lim f* I dx = lim xl* = lim K =

= oo
Hence the integral diverges. For s # 0,
I

e
sx
dx = lim I e
sx
dx lim
R->oo
( e
s*
I = lim
R-*oo V S
1
- e - SsRR +
1
-
When s < 0, si? > 0; hence the limit is oo and the integral diverges. When s > 0, sR < 0' hence, the
limit is 1/s and the integral converges. Thus, ^{l} = -, for s > 0.
ax
12.2 Find 2>{e ).
,(a-s)x\x = R
I 00
sx ax ~ s)x
&{e ax
) = f e~ e dx = lim f* e
la
dx = lim
,(a-s)R
- 1
= lim for s > a
r-><d \ a s
Note that when s < a, the improper integral diverges.
12.3 Find the Laplace transform of f(t) = t.
g 'I e
~\ P
x -
&(t) = f e
s
'(t)dt = lim T te _s,
<fr = lim (
t-
S
J P- J Px
P-r^ \
V S
1 e JV
lim for s >
where we have used integration bv parts.
12.4 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = x2 .
# Using integration by parts twice, we find that
x=R
2x
i?{x
1
2
} = re-"x 2 rfx= lim rx 2
<T"dx= lim e
, sx
' J R-ooJ R-x\ s x=
K e-"--3-
2
2/? - S*
Hm
R-ao
- -3 vK
e +
f!
For s < 0, lim I e~
sK
] = oo, and the improper integral diverges. For s > 0, it follows from repeated
R->ac
use of L'Hopital's rule that
R2 ~ R2 ~ 2R "2
-sr\ V V V A
lim
R->x S / R->ooSe /{-.oc^f R->x J e
lim
R-x 5 / k- x , se R-j f
283
.
284 CHAPTER 12
Also, lim
R->oo
re sR directly; hence the integral converges, and F(s) = 2/s
3
. For the special case
s = 0, we have I e~" x 2 d x=l

c
,
e" s(0) x 2 dx = lim x 2 dx = lim = oo. Finally,
combining all cases, we obtain if {x 2 } = 2/s

3
, for s > 0.
12.5 Find the Laplace transform of /(f) = te"', where a denotes a constant.
,{a -
roc ro te"
S
"V /r e'
s)t
'
(a-s)l c (a-s)( (a -sir

1
= lim
T-x a s (a s)
1
Jo t-x ( a s a - s (a - s)
2
(a - s)
2
,(fl-s)T (a-s)T
1 1
+ hm lim for s > a

(a - s)
2
r-x a s r^ x a s (a s)
2
12.6 Find if {sin at}, where a denotes a constant.
f r e
xt
(tx sin Bt - B cos Bt)
Using integration by parts twice and the formulas e sin /Jr dt = and
B2
2
z +
C
J
*,
e" cos
o
fit dt
j
= e *'(* cos P*
ex
+
j + B-J
P sin P*)
, we obtain
e
st
{
s sin at a cos at)
if {sin af} = 1
e
st
sin at dt = lim f e
s
'sin at dt = lir
' Jo P _ Jo p^ s
2
+ a
2
sF
e (s sin aP + a cos aP)~\
-I-
um 2 2 2 2
for s >
pw s + a s + a
12.7 Find if {cos at}, where a denotes a constant.
I Using integration by parts twice along with the formulas given in the preceding problem, we obtain
w
e ( -scosaf + asinaf)
if {cos af} = \ e " cos at dt lim I e " cos at dt - lim
2
s + a2
e (s cos aP a sin aP)

= lim 2 2 2 2 2 2
for s >
s + a s + a s + a
12.8 Solve the previous two problems by utilizing complex numbers.
I Assuming that the result of Problem 12.2 holds for complex numbers (which can be proved), we have
<?{e""} =- -= -^ =. Using Euler's formula, we also have e"" cos at + isinaf, so

s ia s
1
+ a
1
if {*?'<"} = f* e'
sl
(cos at + i sin at)
r x
= \ e~
s'
cos at dt + i f e'
s'
sin at dt = {cos at} + i'if{sinar}
Equating our two expressions for J?{e""} and then equating real and imaginary parts, we conclude that
f {cos at} = 2 2
and if {sin at} 2 2
'
s + a s + a
ix
12.9 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = e .
Using the result of Problem 12.2 with a = 3, we have {e 3x }

s-3
12.10 Find the Laplace transform f(t) e

4(
.
f The Laplace 4)
2>{x e -*'}
'
=
s-(-4)
l
-
transform of f(t)
= s + 4
is the same as that of f(x), so the result of Problem 12.2 (with a yields

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 285
12.11 Find the Laplace transform of sin 7if.
# n
Using the result of Problem 12.6 with a n, we have if {sin nt\ 2 T .
s + n2
12.12 Find the Laplace transform of cos 2x.
i The Laplace transform of f(x) is the same as that of /(f), so the result of Problem 12.7 (with a = 2) gives
if {cos 2f } = 2 2 2
s + 2 s + 4
12.13 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = sin( 3x).

f The Laplace transform of f(x) is the same as that of /(f), so the result of Problem 12.6 (with a = 3) yields
12.14 Find the Laplace transform of /(f) = cos( 5f).

m S S
Using the result of Problem 12.7 with a 5, we obtain if{cos( 5f)} 2 2 2
s +(-5) s + 25
4 '.
12.15 Find the Laplace transform of /(f) = te
Using result of Problem 12.5 with a = 4, we have M = =

B the <\te~
X \ ^ -.
'
(-4-s) 2 (s + 4Y
x
12.16 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = xe .
Using the result of Problem 12.5 with a = 1, we have y\xe x \ = = = T .
X
12.17 Find if {/(x)} if f(x) = \~] ~].
[ 1 x >4
= x
I se{f(x)} e-*f{x)dx = e-* {-\)dx + " e~ sx(l)dx
Jo J*
x =-4-
A
sx
+ lim e dx
S J*
4s
1 ,. l-\ A \ 1 2<T 1
+ hm - -e-
Rs
+ -e~ 4s = for s>0
5 S R-oo V s S I S S
:
0<
\l !>3'
îf(t)} =
J
" e-f(t)dt = ^ s
'(5)^f +
f"
e"
s
'(0) di
5j V s
Vf = 5-
3
5(1 -e~ 3s )
[x <x< 2
12.19 Find the Laplace transform of /(x) = <
sx 2
*{A*)} = jo
e~ A*)dx =
Jo
e~**xdx + " e~*\2)dx
J 2 CM
( sx 1) + hm
, i- ->
2
2 e dx
s m J2
e" 2 Ms 2s
- 2s
$-2s- <s
l)
1
+ -r+ hm
,. / 2e"
+
2e~ \ I e~
5 S M->oo V s s / s
286 D CHAPTER 12
[1 < x < 1
12.20 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = <e x 1 <x<4

x>4
r
<f{f{x)} -
Jo e'^fWdx
= P e
sx
($dx + j* e~
sx x
e dx + e "(0)dx
ps
- 1)x
= P e'
sx
dx + P e~ is
dx =
s- 1
1 -e
s- 1
< x < 2
12.21 Find the Laplace transform of f(x)
x>2'
#{/(*)} = /J e "/( vj^/x - e""(0)ix + e"(4)dx

-s>- s2> 2s
4e 4g
4(?
_sx
dx lim + 1 = 4
P- x J "
12.22 Find the Laplace transform for the (Heaviside) unit step function about the point c, defined by
[0 x < c
u(x-c)
Hi 1 x ^
> c

-
2>(x - c)} = P e'
sx
u(x - c)dx = Pe "(0)dx + f" e
tx
(l)dx = f ' e~"dx
e "Ox = lim = - e for s >

R-x J' H
S S
12.23 Find the Laplace transform of /(x) = sin ox,

2
where a denotes a constant.
-

L

<
i sin
> ^
ax =
c<
J
e sin
>
axdx= . .
lim
ci-
J"
e "sin
>
axdx= . ,
lim <e
r _ Vl I 1 2a sin 2ax
z
2

s cos 2axT)
=
>
'
/ -, /. -, I
L 2s 2(s + 4,r)
Jj
sl
a
1 2a(sin2aL)e s(cos2aL)e
= lim
2
2s 2|s
:
+4<r) 2(s
2
+ 4<r) 2(s + 4a 2 ) I
2
1 2a
for s >
2s 2(.s
:
f 4a 2 ) M.v
:
t 4a 2 )
<\
12.24 Find the Laplace transform of /(.v) = sin (ax + ft), where both a and b denote constants.
Km '\<
+ =
se
sv
sin (ax + ft) ae " cos (a;
ax + ft) T
PAfnr^noiu^ ^{smfax + b)} = x ft)</.v lim
J o
s
2
+ Ci
2
~S*.
U, - ^(o-K+fc) ^:C c(y = , im
se vP
sin(aP + ft)
2
ae
2
"cos(aP + ft)
+
s sin ft
2
+ a cos 6]
+ +
Aii:0,Ol>(d4rtJ) /r-H Sl
s sin ft + a cos ft
s a s
for s >
a-V-jV^ i
2
+ a2
12.25 Find the Laplace transform of cos (ax + ft), where both a and ft denote constants.
se sx
cos (ax + ft) + ae
sx
sin (ax + ft)
y{cos(ax + ft)} = lim
f
e "cos (ax + ft) dx lim 2 2
P-. r
J P^X s + a
se cos (aP + b) + ae sin (aP + ft) s cos ft
a sin ftH
+
+ ^~ "J
lim 2 2 2
P- X s + a s
s cos ft a sin ft
2
for s >
s + a2
1/e < < f e

12.26 Find <f{ft [t)}, where / (f)
f >6
"
&{/#)} = J7 e-*fJLt)dt =
p e~"-dt + J/
o
e (0) dl
I re - . 1 -e~ s '
12.27 Show that lim Sf{ft (t)} = 1 in Problem 12.26. Is this limit the same as if{lim/e (f)}? Explain.
-0 f -o
I The required result follows at once, since
cô se -oo se -o \ 2! /
It also follows by use of L'Hospital's rule.

Mathematically speaking, lim f(t) does not exist, so that f {\im f {t)}
e
is not defined. Nevertheless it proves
useful to consider S(t) lim/e (f) to be such that J&?{<5(f)} = 1. We call d(t) the Dirac delta function or impulse
-0
function.
TRANSFORMS INVOLVING GAMMA FUNCTIONS

12.28 Define the gamma function T(p), and then show that T(p + 1) = pT(p) for p > 0.
~ x
I The gamma function is defined, for any positive real number p, as T{p) xp 1
e~ dx.
Using integration by parts, we have
-l r -1 ?"*
T(p+ 1)= f xlp+1) e' x dx= lim P x pe~ x dx = lim ( -x p <H + ['px" dx
)
" r-oo " r-*co \ I J
y
= (-r p e~ + r p_1 _Jc
=
lim 0) + p f x e dx pY{p)
**
r-oo
The result lim r p e~

r
is easily obtained by first writing r p e
r
as r p/e
r
and then using L'Hopital's rule.
12.29 Prove that T(l) = 1.
I T(l)= fx
"
1-1
e-^x= lim fV
**
x
</x = lim (-<?"*)' = lim (-e' + r
1) - 1
r->oo r->oo r-oo
12.30 Prove that if n is a positive integer, then T(h + 1) n\.
I The proof is by induction. First we consider n = 1. Using Problem 12.28 with p = 1 and then Problem
12.29, we have T(l + 1) = 1T(1) = 1(1) =1 = 1!.
Next we assume that T(n + 1) = n\ holds for n = k and then try to prove its validity for n =k+ 1.
From Problem 12.28 with p k + 1 and using the induction hypothesis, we have
T[(fc + 1) + 1] = (k + l)r(it + 1) = (k + l)(k!) = (/c + 1)!
Thus, r(rc + 1) = n! is true by induction.

Note that we can now use this equality to define 0!; that is, 0! = T(0 + 1) = T(l) = 1.
12.31 Prove that T(p + k + 1) = (p + k)(p + k - 1)

(p + 2)(p + l)T(p + 1).
I Using Problem 12.28 repeatedly, where p is replaced first by p + k, then by p + k 1, and so on, we
obtain
r(p +k+ 1) = r[(p + /c) + i] = (p + fcjr(p + *)
=(p + /c)r[(p + /c - i) + i] = (p + k)(p + k- i)r(p + * - i) =
= (p + fc)(p + fc - 1)
(p + 2)(p + l)T(p + 1)
12.32 Evaluate r(6)/2r(3).
I T(6) 5! (5)(4)(3)(2)
= =
2T(3) 2(2!) (2)(2)
' ~ ~ ~ .
288 CHAPTER 12
1X5/2)
12.33 Evaluate
ni/2)-
H5/2) (3/2)r(3/2) (3/2)(l/2)r(l/2) 3
T(l/2) r(l/2) Hl/2) 4
r(3)r(2.5)
12.34 Evaluate
r(5.5)
r(3)r(2.5) 2!(1.5)(0.5)r(0.5) 16
H5.5) (4.5)(3.5)(2.5)(1.5)(0.5)r(0.5) 315
6H8/3)
12.35 Evaluate
5H2/3)"
6T(8/3) 6(5/3)(2/3)r(2/3) 4
= =
5T(2/3) 5H2/3) 3
x
12.36 Evaluate P x 3 e' dx.
I f x 3 e~ x dx = f(4) = 3! = 6
1 2.37 Evaluate " x6e 2x

dx.
J
Let 2x y. Then the integral becomes

J
( e
1
= =
l\\-,lL- "
7
I
J
v e
6 y
dv = =-
7
= -"r7 =
\2/ 2 2 2 2 8
2
12.38 Express e~* dx as a gamma function.
I Let z = x2 ; then x = z 1/2 and dx \z ll2

dz. Substituting these values into the integral and noting
that as x goes from to oo so does z, we have
, fw - --*-5 r i
xr-"-*-jr--6--" )*-ijr- 6)
12.39 Prove that T(|) = Vtt.
2
f We have r(^) = f
x
l 2
e
x
dx 2 \* e~" du, where we have substituted x u
2
. It follows that
If we change now to polar coordinates (p, <f>),

substituting u pcos(f) and r = p sin (/>, the last integral
becomes 4 1"* T e
p:
pdpdd> = 4\ -{e' p \
d(p = n, and so Hi) = yjn.
y3
12.40 Evaluate * yjye~ dy.
~ Xil
I If we let y
3
= x, the integral becomes *
Jxê x
(\x
2' 3
dx) =\ *
x e~ x dx = \Y{\) = ^/3.
Jo J*o
_4z2
12.41 Evaluate 3 d"z.
Jo
x ~ 4"2 M "'
I We write the integral as
Jq
3 dz = (e
ln 3
)
* l2
dz - e
,4 ln
rfz. Now we let (4 In 3)z
2
- x,
m \
ax = ==.
f- xJ * f" x -1/2 c -*A Hl/2) l sfc
and the integral becomes e d\ = .
,
I ' =
Jo Jo
V4hO/ 2 N/4ln^ 2 V 41n3 4 v /lriT
dx
12.42 Evaluate
Jo'
y^hT
u
# Let -lnx = u. Then x = e~". When x = 1, u = 0; and when x = 0, u= x. Thus, the given
a-
integral becomes

du = )

u~ 1/2
e~" du = T(|) = yfn.
J
12.43 Using the relationship T(p + 1) = pr(p) of Problem 12.28 as the definition of T(p) for nonpositive p, find
(a) T(-i); (6) r(-|); (c) r(-|); (d) r(0); (e) T(- 1); (/) T(-2).
I (a) For p=-i we have T(i) = -|r(-i). Then r(-) = -2TQ) = -2<Jn.
(b) For p=-l we have r(-) = -fr(-f). Then r(-|) = -fr(-|) = W.
(c) For p=-f, we have r(-f) = -fr(-f). Then r(-f) = -|r(-f)= -&>/.
(d) For p = 0, T(l) = 0r(0). It follows that T(0) must be infinite, since r(l) = 1.
(e) For p = - 1, T(0) = T( and it follows that T(- 1) must be infinite.
1 1 ),
(/) For p = - 2, r( - 1) = - 2T( - 2), and it follows that T{ - 2) must be infinite.

In general, if p is a positive integer or zero, T{ p) is infinite and
/2\ /2\ (2
r(-p-{) = (-ir l
1/VVW \2p+l
12.44 Prove that <{t

n
)
= n ^ for n> -1, where s > 0.
/ We have 5{t
n
\= y e~
sl
t
n
dt. Letting st = u and assuming s > 0, we obtain
12.45 Prove that i?{r 1/2

} = Vn/s, where s > 0.
I Let =-l/2 in Problem 12.44. Then J^{r 1/2

} = *-^ =
s
'
^=
s '
/-.
\] s
12.46 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = vx-

I Using the result of Problem 12.44 with x replacing t and n = \, we have
ro/2) (i/2)r(i/2) i
r _
3/2
5 2
12.47 Find the Laplace transform of f{x) = x"~ 1/2

(n = 1, 2, . . .).
f Using the result of Problem 12.44 with x replacing t and n 1/2 replacing n, we have
n + 1/2
i?{x"- 1/2
} = r(n + |)/s Then repeated use of the formula of Problem 12.28 yields
.

r(n + 1/2) (w - l/2)(n - 3/2)
(5/2)(3/2)(l/2)r(l/2) (2w - l)(2n - 3)
(5)(3)(l)y^
î x + 1/2 + 1/2 +1/2
/ s" s
n
2V
12.48 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = x" for n a positive integer.
I The Laplace transform of f(x) is identical to the Laplace transform of f(t), so it follows from Problem 12.44
that J?{x"} = t
, which, as a result of Problem 12.30, may be written as if{x"} = j-r.
12.49 Find the Laplace transform of x 4 .
I 4
4! 24
It follows from the previous problem that if {x }
= -^y = -j-.
12.50 Find the Laplace transform of x 14 .
I 14'
It follows from Problem 12.48 with n = 14 that J^{x 14 } = -yj.
290 D CHAPTER 12
LINEARITY
12.51 Prove the linearity property of Laplace transforms: If both f(x) and g(x) have Laplace transforms, then for
any two constants c t and c 2 , ^{cjix) c 2 g(x)} c x if{/(x)} + c 2 {g(x)}.
I = e-"[ Cl f(x) = " e~ sx c 2 j*

2>{cJ{x) c 2 g(x)} c 2 a(x)] dx Cl f(x) dx e~"g{x) dx
Jj" J"
= Cl JSf{/(x)} c 2 2>{g(x)}
12.52 Find the Laplace transform of sinh ax, where a denotes a constant.
f Using the linearity property and the result of Problem 12.2, we have
^{sinhax} = Se{
(V>* _ e -)
\
i
= -<e{eax --^{e'"} =-
i 1111
2 J2 }
2 2s a 2 s + a
1 (s + a) (s a) a
2 (s a)(s + a) s
2
i
a
12.53 Find the Laplace transform of cosh ax, where a denotes a constant.
I Using the linearity property and the result of Problem 12.2, we have
if{coshax} = if^
{e
ax
+ e
~ ax
)
\
1
= -&{?*}+ -&{ e ->*}=--

1 1111
+ -- - - = -=
s
[ 2 J
2
l J
2
l J
2s-o 2 s + a 5
2
-a j 2
12.54 Find the Laplace transform of cos 2 ax, where a denotes a constant.
I Using the linearity property and the results of Problems 12.1 and 12.23, we have
1 2a
2
s
2
- 2a
2
if {cos 2 ax} = if { 1 - sin

2
ax} = { 1 }
- if {sin 2 ax} = 2
4a 2 )
2
s s(s + s(s + 4a 2 )
12.55 Find ^{3 + 2x 2 }.

m 1
") 1 A
2>{3 + 2x 2 } = 3JSf{l} + 2if {x 2 } = 3- + 2^ =-+^
s s s s
12.56 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = x + x2 .
i?{x + x2 } = i'{x}+i'{x 2 }=i +

J r
12.57 Find JS?{20x + 4x 2 }.
I 1 2! 20 8
if {20.x + 4.x
,
2
} - 20i"{x} + 4i^{.x
2
J
=20^ +
s
4-^ =
s
^ + -^
s
z
S
J
12.58 Find j^{-15x 2 + 3x}.
I 2! 3 30
= ^-^
1
, ,
if{-15x 2 + 3x} = -15j^{x 2 } + 3i"{x} = -15-^ + 3^
s s s s
4
12.59 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = 15x x2 .
f 4' 360 2
=15^-^ = ^
2'
if {15x
4 - x2 } = 15^{x 4 - } J^{x 2 } ,
s s s s
12.60 Find the Laplace transform of f(x) = 2x 2 3x + 4.
if{2x 2 -3x + 4} = 2if{x 2 } - 3^{x} + 4i?{l} = 2^-3- + 4- = -

T -^ + -
12.61 Find if{-7x + 4x 2 + 1}.
2' 1 8 7
-7^ + 4^ + - = ^-^
1 1
j^{-7x + 4x 2 + 1} = -7if{x} + 4if{x 2 } + if{l} = +-

s s s s s s
12.62 Find the Laplace transform of /(x) = 79x 14 - 8x 2 + 32.
I 14' 2' 1
J^{79x 14 - 8x 2 + 32} = 79j^{x 14 } - 8^{x 2 + } 32if{l} = 79 -^ - 8 -^ + 32 -

13
S S 5
_ 79(14!) 16 32
12.63 Find J^{9x 4 - 16 + 6x 2 }.
J^{9x
4 - 16 + 6x 2 = 9j^{x 4 -
} } 16j^{1} + 6j^{x
2
}=9^- 3
16 - + 6^ = ^- + ^
J 5 J
s s s s s s
12.64 Find S?{x 8 + x3 - 26 + 40x 2 }.
S?{x 8 + x3 - 26 + 40x 2 = } if{x 8 } + ^{x 3 - 26^(1} + } 40if{x 2 } = ^ + ^- - 26 - + 40^

s s s s
8! 6 26 80
s s s s
12.65 Find S{ - 14x 5 + 6x 4 - 100x}.
S{ - 14x
5
+ 6x 4 - 100x} = - 14i^{x 5 } + 6i^{x 4 } - lOOif {x} = - 14 % + 6 -^ - 100 \
1680 144 100
6
+ 5 2
s s s
12.66 Find ^{19x 3 - 40 Vx"}

I
^{19x 3 -40>/x~} = 19j^{x 3 } -40&{yfx} = 19 -^ - 40- Vrcs _3/2 =-i ^
12.67 Find jSf{17>/x - 10/>/x + 25x 2 }
I
j^jnTx" - -^L + 25x 2 j = - 17 i - lOV^s" 2
17JSf{Vx"} lOSe \^=\ + 25if{x 2 } = V^s"
3/2 1 '
+ 25 ^
50
=
17
y/ns
2
r- _,.,
3 2 '
IOVtt
^+^
Vs s
12.68 Find if {14x

3 2'
+ 13x - 10x
I/2
}
J^{14x 3 '
2
+ 13x- 10x 1/2
li2
\
} = \\9>\x v
\4Sf{x 2
3!2
\
}
>
\lS?lx\ -
+ US*{x} \OS?lx 1/2
10i*{x ll2
\
} = 14-^+
14 13-^-10-^ 5/2 2
4s s 2s
21 Jn 13 5Jn
512
+ ^r-
2 3/2
2s s s
12.69 Find the Laplace transform of 2 sin x + 3 cos 2x.
f
Se{2 sin x + 3 cos 2x} = 2S {sin x} + 3 if {cos 2x} = 2 -2
s
1
+ 1
+ 3 -2
s
2
+
s
-=
4
-2
s
2
2
+ 1
+ -2
s +
3s
4
12.70 Find the Laplace transform of 65 sin 7x 8 cos (

3x).
j^{65sin7x-8cos(-3x)} = 65if {sin 7x} - 8i^{cos(-3x)} = 65^2

s
+ -
49
8
s
2
+ 9 s
2
+ 49 s
2
+ 9
12.71 Find the Laplace transform of 6 cos 4x - 3 sin ( - 5x).
^{6cos4x - 3 sin (- 5.x)} = 6if {cos4x} - 3if{sin(-5x)} = 6

s
2
S
+16
- 3 -2
s
2
+ = 25 s
2
+16
S
+
s
2
+ 25
1 5 5
292 U CHAPTER 12
12.72 Find if {5 sin x + 10 cos x}.
if {5 sin x + 10 cos x} = 5if {sin

1
x} J
+ 10i"{cos
l
x} = 5 -,
2
+ 10 -^ = IJL^l
2 2
' s + 1 s + 1 s + 1
12.73 Find the Laplace transform of 10 cos lOx sin( lOx).
-10 10s +10

if {lOcos lOx - sin(-lOx)} = 10JSf{cos 10x} - if {sin(-lOx)} - 10 2 2 2
s + 100 s + 100 s + 100
12.74 Find if {/(x)} if f(x) = sin 3x + x3 - 25x.
&{f(x)} = if {sin 3x} + 2>{x 3 } - 25J^{x} - ^ + 7-7

10x
12.75 Find if {9 sin 4x + 20 cos ( - 5x) + \0e }.
10 10x
I ^{9sin4x + 20cos(-5x) + 10e *} = 9if{sin4x} + 20if {cos(-5x)} + 10if{e }
= 9
s
2
+
4
16
+ 20 -z
s
2
+
s
+ 10
25 s -
1
10 s
2
36
+ 16
+
s
2
20s
+ 25
+ -
s
10
10
12.76 Find if{ 103e"

6x
- 18 cos 5x - 9x 14 + 2}.
# J^{103<r 6jc - 18cos5x-9x 14 + 2} = 103if{e- 6x } - 18i^{cos 5x} - 9if {x 14 } + 2if{l}
= 103
s + 6
18
s
2
+ 25
9 + 2- =
14!
.1
1
s s
103
+ 6 s
18s
+ 25
9(14!)
s
1
+
2
9/2
12.77 Find if {2x + 16e*}.
I Using the results of Problems 12.2 and 12.47, we have
{W r 7= 945V"
16
^} (
* ] 1
if{2x 9 ' 2
+ 16e*} = 2^{x 9/2 } + 16^{^} = 2 Vn + 16 -. ,, +
s-1 32s 1/2 s-1 1
12.78 Find if {/(f)} where /(f) = 4e

5'
+ 6f
3
- 3 sin 4f + 2 cos 2f.
11 = 4<f{e
<e{f{t)\
s
'\ + 6^{/ 3 - 3^{sin 4f} + } 2if {cos 2f} = 4 + 6^-3
4
-^j + 2 -^
s- 5 s + 16 s
2
s
2
+4 A
4 36 12 2s
s-5
+ -r-^
s*
+s +4
s +16
2 2
where s > 5.
1 if < f < 1
2 if 1 < f < 3
12.79 Find the Laplace transform of /(f) = <
4'
4 if 3 < f <
-2 if 4<f
4 (--
3 r
I
I i 1 I
(J
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
Fig. 12.1
.
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS D 293
I The graph of this function is shown in Fig. 12.1. Using the unit step function (see Problem 12.22). we can write
= + u(t - 1) + 2u(t - 3) - 6u(t - 4).
/(f) 1 It then follows from linearity that
Se{f{t)} = if {1} + &{u{t - 1)} + 2if{u(f - 3)} - 6if{u(r - 4)}
=-+
2
1
+
e~>
s
e
2
s
is
e
~4s
for s >
[0 if < f < a
12.80 Find the Laplace transform of a(f) = < 1 if a<t<b for < a < b.
if b < t
I This function is known as a square pulse; its graph is given in Fig. 12.2. Since g(t) = u(t a) u(f b),
it follows from linearity and Problem 12.22 that
- as
bs
e e
ba
if {a(f)> = &W ~ a)} - y{u(t - b)} = s>0
-- f
Fig. 12.2
12.81 Find i^{}(sinh at sin at)}, where a denotes a constant.
if {^(sinh at - sin af)} = fSf {sinh at} - \S {sin af} =

la la
4 ^4
2 s a 2 s + a
2
s a
12.82 Find if {^(cosh at cos at)}, where a denotes a constant.
1 s 1 s
if {|(cosh af - cos at)} = |if {cosh af} - |if {cos af} 4 4
2 s
2
-a 2 2 s
2
+ a
2
s - a
12.83 Find if {^(sinh af + sin af)}, where a denotes a constant.
as
i^{|(sinh af + sin af)} = \$ {sinh af } + \S {sin af} = - 2 T + -
2 s - a 2
2 s
2
+ a
2
s* - a
12.84 Find if {^(coshaf + cosaf)}, where a denotes a constant.
if {^(cosh af + cos af)} = |if {cosh af} + i^{cos af} = - 2 7 + 4 4

2 s - a
2
2 s
2
+ a
2
s - a
2
12.85 Use the linearity property to find if {sin ax}, where a denotes a contant.
2
1 1 1 2a
2
J^{sin ax} = if {^(cos 2ax - 1)} = ^{cos 2a.x} - \tf {1} 2 2 2 2
2s + (2a) 2 s s(s + 4a )
(Compare this with Problem 12.23.)
12.86 Find ^ , where a and b are constants.

a-b
'
294 CHAPTER 12
' ,{-L^l
a b J
a

- fr
* {0 a-fc
, M a - b s - a a - b s b (s a)(s b)
12.87 Find 5'{

r x-b -
abya
'

be-""}
b)
>.
J
where a and o denote constants.
xb -
1111
(ae~ be~ xl"\ 1 _ 1
b(a-b)s-(-\/b) a(a-b)s-(-l/a) {I + as){l + bs)
12.88 Find l-^(eM 1 at)}, where a denotes a constant.
l\ (e - -
a
2
at
1 at)]
j
= \
a
J?{e
2
at
}
- \
a
^{1} - - ^{t}
2
a a
2
s a a
2
s a s
2 2
s (s a)
FUNCTIONS MULTIPLIED BY A POWER OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

12.89 Prove that if & if(t)} = F(s), then {t nf(t)} = (- 1)"
d"
as"
F{s) = (- l) n F <n,
(s), where n = 1,2,3,....
I We have F(s) f* e~*'f(t)dt. Then by Leibnitz's rule for differentiating under the integral sign,
r
= " - - A = ~^{t/W}
= /(0* -
1^
F(s)
^J e-
| ~*/M* - J n
-te-f{t)dt
-J"
e-*{t/(t)}
t/F
Thus y|f/(f)| = = F'(s), which proves the theorem for n = 1.
ds
To establish the theorem in general, we use mathematical induction. We assume the theorem is true for n k;
d
that is, we assume (^ e
s
'{t
k
J(t)\ dt = (-l)*F(k)(s). Then
Is J q
'
e
_s,
{f*/(0} A = (- l)*F ( " +1,
(s) or, by
Leibnitz's rule.
-P" t k+i = {-lf'Fik+1 \s)

e- {t f{t)}dt
n = (-l)* H F
That is, f" e {r* '
l
/(t)) dt
l (* '
"(x). Thus the theorem is true by induction.
2t
12.90 Find <f{te \.
Since 'J\c
2
'} =-
s

2
, Y |k-
:
'!
ds\s 21 (s 2)
12.91 Find ^{fV}

I
Since ^ '}~, 2
n< e '}=^(^) =
2 2
(s - 2)-
12.92 Find y{tV'}.
I
Since
bince ê
i^'^ 2 '^
J
=
s _ 2
,
i?h 3 e 2
x\t '
x
]
=
&3 ^ _ 2J
I 1
=
(s - 2)
4
12.93 Find ^{xe 4 *}.

f * 1 * d / 1 \ 1
Since
4
if {e *}
, ,
= -, if {xe
f 4x ,
}
=
s 4 ds V s 4 / (s - 4)
,2
12.94 Find if {xV*}.
I , , , 1 , , ._. d3 / 1
Since < {e Ax } = -, if{xV*}
s-4 l
dsMs-4/ (s-4)
12.95 Find &{x 6 e* x }.
I d6 (
&,{eAx ... .. .... 1 \ 720
1
Since } =- -, < (xV 1

= - !
-
k (
'
)
1
' s-4 ' '
ds
h
6
\s - 4/
\s-Aj (s - 4)
7
12.96 Find y{x 5 e~ 3x }.
Since jSf{e-
3x
]
'
= -i-,
5 + 3
J^{x 5 <r 3 *}'
'
- ds^ f\s +5
)
3/
=
(s
-^.
+ 3)
6
12.97 Find if{xcosax}, where a is a constant.
Taking f(x) cos ax, we have F(s) if {/(x)} -^

A
s +

a'
. Then
2
J
i?{xcosax} = S fl
'
ds\s 2 + a
2
) (s
2
+ a
2 2
)
12.98 Find i?{x 2 cos ax}, where a is a constant.
* 2 3
2
s d ( s \ 2s 6sa
Since if {cos ax} = -=
2 2
=, i\x 2 cos ax} = ^2 (
-=
2 2
r
2 2 2 3
s + a
J
oV
ds Is
\i' + a /) (s + a )
12.99 Find if {f sin af }, where a denotes a constant.
f , . a d / a \ las
Since Y'{sinai}=^2 j,' if {? sin af} 2 2
'
+ 2 2
+ + a2 )2
' '
s a 0"sV5 a / (s
12.100 Find {t 2 sinaf}, where a denotes a constant.

2
- 2a 3
Since JSf {sin at) = .2
<*
2? ,
if
,
r
i .
sin at
,
= d T / -= a
7
\
~
das
2
'
s +a '
ds
2
\s
2
+ a )I
2
(s + a2 3 )
12.101 /M v
f
Find if{x
- 2
I Define f(x) = y/x. Then x 7/2 = x 3 Vx = x 3/(x) and, from Problem 12.46,
3
d
y{/(x)J = Se{yJx~}={Jiis-* 12 . Therefore, {x 3 Jx~} = (- I) 3 -piles' 3 ' 2
) = f^J-" 2
.
(Compare this with the result of Problem 12.47 for n = 4.)
12.102 Find ^{x 4 /^}.

I From Problem 12.45, we have &{l/yfx} = s/ns^
1 ' 2
.
-Wr-<^MmmV"-" = Jts- 9 2 '

.
12.103 Find if {x cosh 3x}.

2
# s d / s \ s +9
We know that (cosh 3x] = -= . Therefore, if x cosh 3x} = -52 - -
.sr 9 v \.s
d.v \s -
9/
9 / (s
2
- Q\2
9)
12.104 Find^{tsinh5t}.
I
Since if{sinh5t}=^2
s
-255
,
, if }rsinh5f}l '
d /
ds\s -25 2
5 \
1 (s
2
10s
-25) 2
2
12.105 Find J^{r sinh4f}.
2
I ,,.,,
2
d2 / 4 \ 24s + 128
J^{f sinh4f}
ds
2
\s
2
- 16 I (s
2
- 16)
'
296 CHAPTER 12
TRANSLATIONS
12.106 Prove the first translat ion or shifting property: If JSf {/(t)} = F(s), then jf{e"'/(t)} = F(s - a).
I We have &{f(t)} = f" e~ f{t)dt

st
= F(s). Then
x
^{e*/(0} = ~
V/(0} dt = Jo e^-^f(t)dt = F(5 - a)
J7
12.107 Find &{t 2 e 3t }.
I
- = 2 2
2'
We have sekt
1
}
= . Then if {tV} = -T .
1 J
s
3
s
3 l J
s - 3
3
12.108 Find ^{e" 2 '

sin At).
I
We have i*{sin4f}=^2
4
. Then J^{e~ 2 'sin4r} = 4 = - 4
2 2 20'
s + 16 (s + 2)+ + + 16 s 4s
41
12.109 Find if{<? cosh 5r}.
4 4
Since if {cosh 5t} = -2
s
2

-25
, if{<?
4
' cosh 5f] -
(s -
s
2
- 25 s
2
-
s
8s - 9
4)
Alternative Method:
4
= iê 4
e
Jt
+ e <"
9x -\ _ 111 1 s-4
i^{<? ' cosh 5f }
'
<{e +
.
e +
2 s-9 s+ 1 s
2
-8s -9
12.110 Find if {<? 2 cos

'
It}.
# s s - 2
Since J^{cos It } = -= = F(s), &{e 2t cos 7f } = F(s - 2) =
s
2
+49 (s - 2)
2
+ 49
12.111 Find 5 {e 3 cos'

It}.
I s-3
-3) =
, ,
With F(s) as defined in Problem 12.110, we have ^{e 3 'cos7t} = F(s

(s - 3)
2
+ 49
12.112 Find ^{e~ 3 '

cos It}.
| + 3
s
With F(s) as defined in Problem 12.110, we have ^{e~ 3 ' coslt} = F[s - (-3)] = F{s + 3)=- -j-
(s + 3) 2 + 49
12.113 Find ^{e' 5t cos It}
I s + 5
With F(s) as defined in Problem 12.1 10, we have if{e" 5
' cos 7r} = F[s - (-5)] = F(s + 5) - -j
2
(s + 5) + 49
5
12.114 Find if {e" ' cos 6t}.
*
Setting F{s) = i^{cos 6f } = , we have J^{<?~
5
' cos 6t} = F[s - (-5)] = F(s + 5) = 7777^ 2
36 (s + 5) +
2
s + 36
ix
12.115 Find se{e~ cos 5t}.
5
Setting F(s) = if{cos5f} = ^g
we have J5f{e"
5'
cos 5t} = F[s - (-5)] = F(s + 5) = 777-^72
2
s
2
+ 25
,
(s + 5) + 25
12.116 Find {e' cos 5r}.
With F(s) as defined in Problem 12.1 15, we have <{f cos 5f} = F(s - 1) = -5
(s - l)
2
+ 25

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS D 297
12.117 Find <{e' sin 5t}.
Setting F(s) = if {sin 5t} = -

s
2
+ 25
, we have if {e' sin 5t} J
= F(s - 1)
'
=
(S - l)
2
+ 25
5'
12.118 Find if {<?~ sin 5f}.
Using F(s) as defined in the previous problem, we have <{e

5r
sin 5t} = F[s - 5)] =
( F(s + 5) 2
(s + 5) + 25
12.119 Find Sf {e~ St sin 6t}.
Setting F(s) = ^{sin6f}

1 ;
= -=
2
+

36'
, we have ^{e'
l
5t
sin 6t\ = F[s
L n =
- (-5)1 =
2
+
.
s ' (s + 5) 36
-2
12.120 Find if{e ' (3 cos 6r - 5 sin 6f)}.
f
j^{3 cos 6r 5 sin 6t} = 3if {cos 6t} - 5^{sin 6r} = 3-2 - 5^ = -
s 6 3s
2
30
3(s + 2) - 30 3s - 24
so that &{e 2
'(3 cos 6f - 5 sin 6f } =
(s + 2) 2 + 36 s
2
+ 4s + 40
2x
12.121 Find ^{e~ sin 5x}.
Setting F(s) = ^{sin 5x} = -

s
2
+ 25
, we have ^{e~ 2x sinl
5x}
'
= F(s
v
+ 2) =
(s + 2)
2
+ 25
_x
12.122 Find if {e x cos 2x}
I s
2 -4
.
Let /(x) = xcos2x. From Problem 12.97 with a 2, we obtain F(s) = ^2 2 . Then
(s + 4)
(s+ l)
2
-4
x
j^{e" xcos2x} = F(s+ l) = 2
[(s + l) + 4]
12.123 Find J^{xe 4 *}.
Setting F(s) = {x) = -T , we have if{e

4jc
x} = F(s - 4) = =-. (Compare this with Problem 12.93.)
s (s 4)
12.124 Find if{x 3 e 4jc }.
f 3'
Setting f(x) = x3 , we have F(s) = i*{x 3 } = 3!/s
4
. Then 2>{x 3 e
4x
} = F(s - 4) = ~. (Compare
with Problem 12.94.)
12.125 Find 2>{x 6 e* x }.
# 6<
Setting f{x) = x6 , we have F(s) = ^{x 6 } = 6!/s
7
. Then y{x 6 e* x } = F(s - 4) = _' (Compare
(S 4)
with Problem 12.95.)
12.126 Find &{e 3x y/x}.

I From Problem 12.46 we have if{Vx~} = iV^s _3/2 , so &{e 3x Jx} = ^(s - 3)" 3/2
.
12.127 Find iê" 4 *^}-

3/2
I Since f{4x} - |V^s" 3/2 , we have j^{*T
4jc
V*} = W(s + 4)" .
12.128 Find if{e 2 '/Vf}.
I From Problem 12.45 we have ^{l/yft} = yfn/s. Then if{e /Vt}

2,
= V*/(s - 2).
298 D CHAPTER 12
2t 15
12.129 Find J?{e- t }.
H8.5)
It follows from Problem 12.44 with n = 7.5 that ^{f 75 } = ,8.5 Then
-2 T(8.5) (7.5)(6.5)(5.5)(4.5)(3.5)(2.5)(1.5)(0.5)r(0.5) (15)(13)(11)(9)(7)(5)(3)(1)^

2>{ e 't
7 5
-
}
= 8.5 8.5 8
(s + 2) (s + 2) 2 8/.
(S +
.
2)
-)\8.5
12.130 Find &{te 2t sin t}.
I
= 2
2s
If we set /(f) = f sin f, then it follows from Problem 12.99 with a = 1 that F(s) = if {f sin t} -
T .
(s + l)
2
2(s - 2)
Therefore, Se{te
2t
sin f} = F(s - 2) =
[(5 - 2)
2
+ \y
-
12.131 Find ^{f 2 ? ' sin 3f}.
f If we set /"(f) t
2
sin 3f, then it follows from Problem 12.100 with a 3 that
F(s) = 2
i"{f sin 3f} = -2
18s

2
- 54
-3-. Therefore, i?{t e
2 -
'
sin 3f} = F(s + 1) =
18(s
[(s
+ l) 2 - 54
+ l) 2 + 9]-
12.132 Find i^sin ax sinh ax}, where a denotes a constant.
I a
Setting /(x) = sinax, we have F(s) = if {sin ax} = -^
z j. Then, using the principle of linearity, we obtain
s + a'
i^{sin ax sinh ax} =i 7

<(sin ax) = \<{e
ax
sin ax} - ^{e"" sin ax} = \F(s - a) - |F(s + a)
1 a a (s
2
+ las + 2a
2
)
- (s
2
- las + 2a
2
)
2a
2
s
2 (s - a)
2
+ a
2
2(s + a)
2
+ a
2
2 (s
2
- 2as + 2a
2
)(s
2
+ 2as + 2a 2
) s
4
+ 4a
12.133 Find i^{sin ax cosh ax}, where a denotes a constant.
f With F(s) as defined in the previous problem, we have

~ajc 1 ^ ax
i^sin ax cosh ax} = Sf < (sin ax) = if {e" sin ax] + \!{e~
ax
sin ax} = ^F(s - a) + |F(s + a)
2
I a a(s + 2a 2 )
+
2 (s - a)
2
+ a
2
2 (s + a)
2
+ a
2
s
4
+ 4a 4
12.134 Find if {cos ax cosh ax}, where a denotes a constant.
I s
Setting /'(x) = cosax, we have F(s) = i?{cos ax} = 2 t.
2
Then
s + a
*
.ax
+e - ax
1
ax ax -
i?{cos ax cosh ax} = SB \ (cos ax) \ = \<{e cos ax} + \Se{e~ cos ax} = ^F(s a) + |F(s + a)
1 .s + a s-a
1 \ (s + a)(s
2
- 2as + 2a 2 + (s - a)(s 2 + las + ) 2a
2
)
s
3
2(s + a)
2
+ a2 2(s-a) 2 + a 2 2 (s + 2as + 2a )(s - 2as + 2a
2 2 2 2
)
s
4
+ 4a 4
12.135 Prove the second translation or shifting property: If if {/(f)} = F(s) and a(f) = < then
i"{a(f)} = e~ as F(s).
I se{g(t)} = e~
st
g{t) dt = |; e"
s
'a(f) df + " *-#) A
J7
a X X +
= <?-*(0) 0"f + e" /(f
s,
- a) rft - e'
s{u a)
f(u) du
|o Ja JQ
= e~
as
f" e~ suf(u)du = e~
as
F(s)
where we have used the substitution t u + a.

Observe that y(t) may be written compactly as git) = f(t - a)u(t - a), where u(t - a) denotes the unit
step function (see Problem 12.22). Thus the second shifting property may be stated as follows: If
J?{f(t)} = F(s), then f{f(t-aMt-a)}=e- aif(s).
(t-2) 3 f > 2
12.136 Find the Laplace transform of git) = ,
[0 t<2
4
i Since ^{t 3
} = 3!/s , it follows from the previous problem (with a = 2) that &{g(t)} = 6e~
cos (f - 2n/3) t > 2?r/3

12.137 Find if {/(f)} if f(t) =
t < 271/3'
2n,v 3
Since J^{cosf} = -2 -, it follows from Problem 12.135 (with a = 2tc/3) that &{f{t)} = '2
12.138 Find X{f(t)} if /(0 = {_ 3 |

>y
Since i^{e'} = , it follows from Problem 12.135 (with a = 3) that Sf{f(t)\ =- -e~ 3s .
s l s \
f <3
12.139 Find &{f(t)} if /(f) = j r | >3"
f If we write e' = 3
e e'~
3
, then /(f) = eV~ 3 u(f - 3), and
&{f(t)} = ^{e 3 e'~ 3 u(t - 3)} = e

3
^{e'~ 3 u(t - 3)} = e
3
-e
- 3s 3(s-l)
S- 1 S- 1
f >3
12.140 Find the Laplace transform of /(f)
f
<3'
{e M =
'
eM
4' '~ 3
If we write e = e
l2
\ then /(f) = e
l2
e M,
3)
u(t - 3). Since \ , it follows that
s 4
3(s 4)
eM lf{e M,i) u(t

'-
&{f{t)} = 2>{e
l2 3)
u(t - 3)} = e
12 - 3)} = e -e~ 3s = -
s-4 s-4
12.141 Discuss the graphical relationship between an arbitrary function /(f) defined for all nonnegative x and the function
u(x c)f(x c), where c is a positive constant.
With fix) defined for x > 0, the function u{x c)f(x c) = < represents a shift, or
[f(x - c) x > c
translation, of/(x) by c units in the positive x direction. For example, if fix) is given graphically by Fig. 12.3, then
u(x c)f(x c) is given graphically by Fig. 1 2.4.
u(x c) f{x c)
Fig. 12.3 Fig. 12.4

300 D CHAPTER 12
12.142 Graph the function f{x) u{x n)cos 2(x n).
I f(x) is sketched in Fig. 12.5.
Fig. 12.5
12.143 Graph the function f(x) = \{x - \)

2
u(x - 1).
I f(x) is sketched in Fig. 12.6.
1 >/(*)
2
/i
/ 1
1
f 1
1
.5
1
X
Ms
i i
1 2 3 4 5 Fig. 12.6
12.144 Find the Laplace transform of u(x rc)cos 2(x n).
s
Since if {cos 2x) = -=
2
. it follows that Sf{u(x - 7r)cos 2(x n)} = -=
2
e~**.
'
s + 4 '
s + 4
12.145 Find the Laplace transform of $x $

2
u(x 1).
f 1 /2'\ 1 1
Since i?{ix
2
} = }if{x 2 } = -I -j I = -y, it follows that if{|(x - l)
2
u(x - 1)} = -, e
("0 x < 4
Find if {g(x)} if s(x)_
[(x-4) 2 x>4'
f If we define f(x) = x2 , then g(x) can be given compactly as g(x) = u(x 4)/(x 4) = u(x 4)(x 4)
2
.
4s
Noting that if{/(x)} = 2/s
3
, we conclude that ^{^(x)} = e ^.
X
12.147 Find if {g(x)} if 9 (x) = | ^*
x2 x > 4
f We first determine a function f(x) such that f(x - 4) = x2 . Once this has been done, g(x) can be written
as g(x) = u(x - 4)/(x - 4). Now, f(x - 4) = x 2 only if /(x) =/(x - 4 + 4) = (x + 4)
2
= x2 + 8x + 16.
Then
&{f(x)} = if {x 2 } + 8^{x} + 16if {1} = ~ + -I + -
and it follows that &{g{x)} = 5{u{x - 4)/(x - 4)} = <?- 4s (J +

\S
4+
s
2
s
).
TRANSFORMS OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

fie-*f(t)dt
12.148 Prove that if f(t) has period T> 0, then Se{j\t)}
sT
1 -e
I We have Sf{f(t)} = f* ?
s
'f(t)dt, which we write as
J V"/W
^{/(f)} = * + J" e~*/X0 A + * ^'/'(f) A +
In the first integral let t = u; in the second integral let t = u + T; in the third integral let t = u + IT;
and so on. Then
+ + 27
&{f(t)} = e~ f(u)du
su
+ e- u T)
f(u +T)du + <r s<u y(u + 2T)du +
/J" f* JJ"
T
=
|o
e~ f(u) du
su
+ e~
sT
JJ
s
e" Y(M) </u + e~
2sT
^ e~ su
f(u) du +

V-/()Ai
J"o
1 -e" s'
where we have used the periodicity of /(f) to write f(u + T) = f(u), f(u + IT) = f{u), . .
.
, along with the fact
that 1 + r + r
2
+ r
3
+ = , for \r\ < 1.
1 r
"
12.149 Graph the function j\t) = \ extended periodically with period 2n, and find if {f(t)\.
n < t < 2n
I The graph appears in Fig. 12.7. By Problem 12.148, since T= 2n, we have
s
ssin cost)
&{f(t)} = ;- f
2
"
e~
s,
f(t) dt = Lr- f* e~
s'
sin t dt = U=-
e \
2
+ 1
t
s
I
1 1
1 -e" 2 " s
2
+ 1 (1 -c _,B)(s 2 + 1)
The graph of the function /(f) is often called a half-wave-rectified sine curve.
F(t)
- f
2tt
Fig. 12.7
12.150 Find the Laplace transform of the function graphed in Fig. 12.8.
f Note that /(x) is periodic with period T= 2n, and in the interval < x < 2n it can be defined
x < x <n
analytically by /(x) = Thus, using the formula of Problem 12.148 with x replacing t,
2n x n < x <2n
302 D CHAPTER 12
2
"
e~ sxf(x)dx
we obtain i?{/(x)} = ^-e
f
1
_,..
2 its
.
2 _sx _ _sx
*
g /(x)<ix = e "xdx + " e (2n - x)dx = ^(e~ 2K5 - 2e~
ns
+ 1) = -^(e'" - l)
2
J*o Jj
it follows that
= (\
){e-" - - e"->
2 2 2 2
. ,, u
if{/(x)} = (l/s
)(e-"-l)
1-e
3^- : ___
-e' 2 ns ^r
+ e~ \l+e (1
(l/s
ns
)(\
l)
KS
s
1
2
I I
tanh
1
f(x)
i
-^ x Fig. 12.8
77 2jt 3it 47T 5tt 6tt 77T
12.151 Find y{/(x)} for the square wave shown in Fig. 12.9.
fix)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| i I I |
I I
I
I I I I I
-HI
Fig. 12.9
f Note that f(x) is periodic with period 7=2, and in the interval <x < 2 it can be defined analytical!)
f 1 < x < 1
by f{x) = < Thus, from the formula of Problem 12.148 with x replacing r. we have
- 1 1 < x < 2
JV/<x) dx
nn*)} = 2s
-. Since
1 -e
2 2
f
sx
e~ f(x)dx = P e
sx
(\)dx + f e
_SJC
(-l)<fcc = - (f
2s
- 2e~
5
+ 1) = - (e w
it follows that
(e-
s
-D 2
(l-O s2
1 -e
F(s)
s(l-e" )
^/2 _g-s !
2s
s(l -e
gi/2
_s
)(l
_ e -*/2
+ O s(l+<T s
-
)
r = p: i=r
s2
= - tanh -
e*
a
s(l+0 s{e*
2
+ e ) s 2
12.152 Find the Laplace transform for the function shown in Fig. 12.10.
I We note that f(x) is periodic with period T= 2, and that in the interval (0, 2) it is defined analytically as
1 < x< V/(x) dx

fix) = It follows from Problem 12.148 that (
J'\f(x)\
uy n = J"
But
1 < x < 2 1 - e
2v
1
2 1
e-/(x)dx - e-"(l)dx + g-"(0)ix = -- e = -d ~e *)

Jo JJ J'

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SCHAUMS

SOLVED PROBLEMS SERIES

2500 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN

A complete and expert source of problems with

Richard Bronson, Ph.D.

Fairleigh Dickinson University

SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES

Other Contributors to This Volume

# Frank Ayres, Jr., Ph.D., Dickinson College

I James Crawford, B.S., Fairleigh Dickinson College

# Thomas M. Creese, Ph.D., University of Kansas

f Robert M. Harlick, Ph.D., University of Kansas

f Robert H. Martin, Jr., Ph.D., North Carolina State University

I George F. Simmons, Ph.D., Colorado College

I C. Ray Wylie, Ph.D., Furman University

Project supervision by The Total Book.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS 1

Classifications / Formulating proportionality problems / Problems involving

Chapter 3 SEPARABLE FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 37

Chapter 4 EXACT FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 66

Chapter 5 LINEAR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 92

Chapter 6 APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 110

Chapter 7 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS^THEORY OF SOLUTIONS 149

Chapter 8 LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH 166

Chapter 9 THE METHOD OF UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS 191

Chapter 10 VARIATION OF PARAMETERS 232

Chapter 11 APPLICATIONS OF SECOND-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL 255

Chapter 12 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 283

Chapter 13 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND THEIR USE IN SOLVING 306

translations / Partial-fraction decompositions / Convolutions / Solutions using

Chapter 14 MATRIX METHODS 337

Chapter 15 INFINITE-SERIES SOLUTIONS 354

Chapter 16 EIGENFUNCTION EXPANSIONS 415

(b) /" + 2(y")

a partial differential equation because it contains at least one partial derivative.

(a) (sin x)y = 3x 3

1.7 Define order for an ordinary differential equation.

1.8 Define degree for an ordinary differential equation.

1.9 Define linearity for an ordinary differential equation.

linear if it has the form

b 2 (x)=l, b 1 (x)=-5x, b o(x) = 0, and g(x) = e*+l.

6,(x) = -5x, b 2 (x) = b (x) = 0, and g(x) = e* + 1.

raised to a power other than the first.

I Second order: the highest derivative and the independent variable

raised to a power other than the first.

b 2 (t) = -sin t, 6,(r) = 0, b (t) = -cos t, and g(t) = 0.

b 1 (t) = 2e\ b (t)=-3, and g{t) = t.

t. No degree: the equation cannot be written as a polynomial in the unknown

to a power other than the first.

1.50 Must a linear ordinary differential equation always have a degree?

1.51 If an ordinary differential equation has a degree, must it be linear?

I Nc Counterexamples are provided by Problems 1.45 and 1.49.

FORMULATING PROPORTIONALITY PROBLEMS

proportional to R. Thus, dR/dt = kR, where k is a constant of proportionality.

M. Derive a differential equation

withdrawals or additional deposits.

(Ethyl acetate) (water) (acetic acid) (ethyl alcohol)

or finally dC/dt = -kC.

PROBLEMS INVOLVING NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING

PROBLEMS INVOLVING NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

I The new force is k(dy/dt)

proportionality. Newton's second law then yields