The Internship Project Report

On
EXECUTION OF HIGH RISED BUILDINGS
AT
PURVA WESTEND, BANGALORE

Starworth Infrastructure and Construction Limited

Internship Project Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

V. GIRISH 14121A01A8

P.MANOJ KUMAR 14121A0171

K.VASUDEVA REDDY 15125A0111

P.ANAND KUMAR 15125A0123

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. P. RAMESH
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

(Affiliated to JNTU, Anantapur, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NBA&NAAC A Grade)
Sree Sainath Nagar, A.Rangampet-517102
Chittoor Dist, A.P.
2014-2018
 Department Of Civil Engineering
SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to JNTU, Anantapur, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NBA&NAAC A Grade)
Sree Sainath Nagar, A.Rangampet-517102
Chittoor Dist, A.P.

Certificate
This is to certify that the project report entitled

EXECUTION OF HIGH RISED BUILDINGS

Is the bonafide work done and submitted by

V. GIRISH 14121A01A8

P.MANOJ KUMAR 14121A0171

K.VASUDEVA REDDY 15125A0111

P.ANAND KUMAR 15125A0123

in the Department of Civil Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Rangampet, Tirupati,
Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Ananthapur, Ananthapuramu in the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor Of Technology in Civil Engineering
during 2014-2018.

Internal Supervisor: External Supervisor: Head Of The Department:

Dr. P.Ramesh Mr. Satiyanarayanan Mahadevan Dr. M V Subba Reddy

Associate Professor Cheif Executive Officer Associate Professor &HOD
Dept. Of Civil Engineering Starworth Infra & constructions Ltd. Dept. Of Civil Engineering
SVEC. Bangalore. SVEC
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Success is epitome of hard work, cogency for fulfilling the mission, indefatigable perseverance
and most of all encouraging guidance and steering.

It gives us an immense pleasure to express our gratitude to Mr. Muralidhara H N (Senior Project
Manager), Mr. S Sunil (Sr Executive) for their esteemed guidance and able supervision during
internship.

We would like to express my profound sense of gratitude to our supervisor Dr. P.Ramesh, Asso.
professor, Department of Civil Engineering for his valuable guidance and constructive suggestions
made at various levels of the work.

We are thankful to Dr. M. V Subba Reddy, Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Civil
Engineering, for his constant encouragement and support.

We express my gratitude to beloved Principal Dr. P.C Krishnamachary for his continous support
and encouragement. Our heartfelt thanks to all our Teachers in the department of Civil Engineering
of Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College for their moral support and good wishes.

We would like to express my sincere thanks to all of the engineers for providing me an opportunity to
complete our internship project successfully.

Finally, I would thank my parents and my team members for their support without which this would
not have been completed.
 Contents

S. No Topic Page no
INTRODUCTION 01
1.0
SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS
V. GIRISH 02
2.0
QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY
P.MANOJ KUMAR 06
3.0
ACESSMENT K.VASUDEVA REDDY
SITE EXECUTION 15
4.0 P.ANAND KUMAR
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.No Figure Name Page no

1

1 Sieve analysis 06

2 Sieve shaker 07

3 flakiness test 07

4 Elongation index 08

5 Slump test 11

6 Curing of cubes 12

7 Compression test 12

8 Batching plant 13

9 Procedure in batching plant 14

10 Total station 16

11 Dumpy level 17

12 Plain cement concrete 19

13 Column 20

14 Block work 24
 Chapter-1
Introduction
Starworth infrastructure and construction limited (SICL) isa wholly owned subsidory of purvankara group, a
leading real-estate developer, with over 40 years of real estate development and construction experiance.SICL
was conceptualized as an internal engineering division of the purvankara grou, in 2001, to extend its business
model through backword integration in construction.During these years, the team delivered some of the most
iconic projects of purvankara group like purva Riviera and purva Venezia. To leverage the internal experiance
and to diversify the business, SICL was estrablished in 2009, as an independant general contracting company,
to pursue externalconstruction contracts as well back-end service privder to parent group. Today SICL is a key
pillar and profitability driver of the group, successfully providing, construction and development services for
captive as well as third party external clients.

Purva Westend is onether spectacular project from purvankara property group offering luxary appartments at
Hosur main road, Bengalore.inspired by the vibrant culture centers such as Londons west end and
Newyorks Broadeway, the architecture of this project thoughtfully blends contemporary high rise
living with life style choices of Art, Music and Cinema.

Purva westend has been aesthetically designed tolet you enjoy the large living spaces in luxary and style.all
the apartments of this project exude luxary and exemplify magnificence. The project is spread over 8.25 acres
compraising of 5 blocks with 3BHK Apartments for sale.

Equal focus on design has been given to each and every apartment in this project to ensure that the residents
enjoy the magnificence of this project. Furthermore, theswe 3BHK Apartments at hosur road connect you to
all the major hubs of the city.

Inspired by the vibrant culture centers such as Londons west end and Newyorks Broadway, the
architecture of this project thoughtfully blends contemporary high rise living with lifestyle choices of Art,
Music and Cinema.

Purva westend is a residential developments in bengalore.it is among the ongoing projects of Purvankara
projects. It offer 2 BHK and 3 BHK Apartments and is well equiped with all the modern day amenities.the site
is well connected by different modes of transportation and is in close proximity of various civic utilities.

Project details:

Total area: 8.25 acres

Number of blocks: 5

Number of floors: G+19

Number of units: 739

1
 Chapter-2
SAFETY
Purpose:
To create a safe working environment for employees, consultants, contractors and visitors.

Responsibility:

Project in charge and safety officer shall be responsible for implementing and maintaining
Safety procedures at site.

2.1. Site rules:

DOS:

1. Under goes EHS induction training before entering in to project site. Provide and proper use of personal
protective equipment.

2. Ensure proper lugs, welding, locking of wheels is done for scaffolding and concrete mixer.

3. Provide safety nets where there is danger of falls of person and material.

4. Check front, back, bottom of the vehicles before starting to move the vehicles.

5. House cleaning.

DONTS:

1. Person below 14 years of age applicable as per labours law. Pregnant, handicapped persons are not
permitted for doing work.

2. Smoking is not allowed at site. And there should be no permission for drinking liquor.

3. Run the vehicle beyond 15 kmph speed. And play with hazardous chemicals.

4. The Lungi, Half pant do not allowed while doing work.

5. Dont do work at heights during raining and heavy winds.

2.2. Housekeeping:

1. Good housekeeping on a project site is mandatory. Arrangement shall make to maintain general neatness of
working areas, daily disposal of waste, maintenance of clear passage ways and ventilation.

2. The construction materials (debris) from the activities shall be removed and dumped at disposal area.

2
2.3. Rules for work place safety:
1. You are responsible for your safety and safety of others. All accidents is preventable.

2. Dont take shortcuts always follow the rules.

3. If you are not trained dont do it.

4. Use right tools and equipments and use them in a right way.

5. Access the rules before you approach your work.

6. Never wear loose cloths and slippery foot wear.

7. Dont indulge in horseplay while at work. Practice good housekeeping.

8. Always wear personal protective equipments.

2.4. Environment protection:

1. Oil, Grease, Fuels, Lubricants, Paints, Chemicals and contaminated waste water shall not be allowed to
migrate into site drain.

2. Spills of petroleum products, Chemicals must be reported to the EHS departments.

3. EHS officer shall write report within three hour of spill and will distribute report to PIC.

4. There will be no open burning of any materials.

5. Non toxic waste such as trash, materials, concrete rubble and scrap metal generated in project will properly
disposed.

2.5. Personal Protective Equipment:

1. Safety Helmet

2. Safety goggles

3. Reflective Jackets

4. Dust Mask

5. Ear plug

6. Safety hand gloves

7. Safety shoes

8. Gum boots

9. Safety belts.

3
 S.no Activity
1. Excavation
2. External plastering
3 Mason work
4 Bar bending work
5 Granite /tile work
6 External painting
7 Fire work
8 Plumbing
9 Shuttering
10 Scaffolding
Hazards Safety precautions
Soil can collapse Methods of excavation
Vehicle can collapse Bench cutting
Slope cutting
Showering method if less area is
available
Trench method
PPES
Man and material may fall PPES
Scaffolding may collapse Vertical and horizontal safety net should
provide.
Before start the work check the
scaffolding arresting is proper.
Check base ground level.
Adequate platform for stocking material
and stand man properly.
Fall of man and materials PPES
Caution board must provide
Safety net
House keeping
Slip and strip while shifting PPES
materials manually hit to The materials should kept in proper
others manner in stationary yard.
Area should be free from water.
The waste material should be placed in
scrap yard.
Handling and lifting PPES
Broken of cutting wheels. Proper circuit board should be provided.
Electric shocks The cable wire should not passes through
water, passes above ground.
While mixing chemicals PPES
breathing problems. Life line rope should provide.
Skin contact. Scaffolding should provide properly
Man and materials may fall
Smoking PPES
Electricity wire cuts We should provide fire extinguishers
Welding sparks carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder.
Fire can occur due to Housekeeping
combustion materials.
Man and materials may fall PPES
Face mask
Life line rope should provide
Man and material may fall PPES
from height Experience person should work
Providing life line rope.
Area clearance
Scaffolding must provide well.
May collapse of scaffolding Basement shall be provided good.
4
 due to lack of arresting. We should provide sufficient supports
Man and materials may fall from arresting the rods.
Swivel couples must arrange properly.
Life line rope should provide.
PPES

11 Concrete mixing Electrical shocks PPES

Fuel hazard Gumboots
Personal hygiene problems Skilled supervisor should allotted
Housekeeping
12 Material shifting crane Fall of material due to The crane should be supported by tension
improper arrangement of members fixed to walls.
load Experience person should operate cranes.
Whileshifting can hit We should provide free space while
somebody on building lifting materials.
Signal should give properly.
PPES
13 Material shifting hoist Man and material may fall PPES
Vertical net should provide.
We should provide tyre below the hoist
machine.
Authorised person should operate.
14 Welding Eye damage PPES
Fire explosions Skilled labour
Burns Keep area clean without any combustible
Electrical shocks during materials.
welding

Advantages:

1. Protecting the health of human.

2. Wastage of material can be reduced.

3. We can avoid accidents.

4. Environmental pollution can be controlled

Disadvantages:

1. Cost will increase

2. Skilled supervisors required

5
 Chapter-3
Quality control/Quality assurance
Purpose:
To develop quality control procedures to ensure delivery of projects with negligible customer complaints by
effective implementation of state of art of Execution, Testing, Contract procedures.

Responsibility:

Project in charge is responsible to ensure the setting up the laboratory and processes are implemented and
QA/QC engineer to fallow the testing process and calibration process.

3.1. The tests performed in quality control are:

1. Sieve analysis test

2. Flakiness and Elongation test

3. Density test

4. Moisture correction test

5. Specific gravity test

6. Slump test

7. Compressive strength test.

3.1.1. Sieve analysis test:

A sieve analysis is a procedure used to asses the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of grannular
material.

Fig.1 Sieve analysis

6
Procedure:

1. A Representative weighed sample is poured in to the top sieve which has the largest screen openings. Each
lower sieve in the coloumn has smaller opening than the one above. At the base is a round pan called the
reciever.

2. The coloumn is placed in a mechanical shaker . The shaker shakes the coloumn, usually for some fixed
amount of time. After shaking is complete the material on each sieve is weighed.

3. The weight of sample of each sieve is then divided by the total weight to give a percentage retained on each
sieve.

Fig.2 sieve shaker

%=

4. The result of this test are used to describe the properties of aggregates and to see if it is appropriated for
various civil engineering purposes.

3.1.2. Flakiness and Elongation test:

3.1.2.1. Flakiness index test:

Flakiness is the term applied to aggregate or chipping that are flat and thin with respect to their length or
width, aggregate particles are said to be flaky when their thickness is less than 0.6 of their mean size.

Fig.3 flakiness test

7
Procedure:
1. Sieve the sample through IS Sieve.

2. Measure the total weight of the sieve sample. Let it be W.

3. In order to separate the flaky material, measure each fraction for thickness on a thickness gauge.

4. Weigh the flaky material passing through the gauge. Let it be W1.
= %
.

3.1.2.2. Elongation index test:

Elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest dimension (length) is
greater than 1.8 times their mean dimensions. This test is not applicable for sizes less than 6.3mm.

Fig.4 Elongation test

Procedure:
1. Sieve the sample through IS sieve.

2. Measure the total weight of the sieve sample. Let it be W.

3. In order to separate elongated material, measure each fraction for length on a length gauge.

4. Weigh the elongated material retained on gauge. Let it be W1.

8
 = %
.

3.1.3. Density test:

Aim:
To determine the density of given sample. (Aggregates)

Apparatus:

Balance, Cylindrical metal measure(3 litters for fine aggregate, 15 litters for aggregates up to 40 mm),
Tamping rod.

Procedure:

1. Measure the volume of cylindrical metal measure by pouring water in to the metal measure and record the
volume V in litters.

2. Fill the cylindrical metal measure about one third full with thoroughly mixed aggregate and tamp it 25
times using tamping bar.

3. Add on ether layer of one third volume aggregate in metal measure and give 25 strokes with tamping bar.

4. Finally fill aggregate in metal measure to over flowing and tamp 25 times.

5. Remove the surplus aggregate using the tamping rod as straight edge.
6. Determine weight of aggregate in the measure and record the weight w in kg.
=
(Kg/m3).

3.1.4. Absorption test:

Aim:
To determine the moisture content of the given sample (Aggregate).

Apparatus:
Wire basket, water, and oven.

Procedure:
1.About 2 kg of dry aggregate sample is placed in wire basket and immersed in water for 24 hours.
2.The weight of sample is taken.

3. The aggregate sample is placed in oven (100-110) for 24 hours.

9
4. After complete drying dry weight of sample is taken.

5. Percentage of water absorption is calculated.

Observations:
1. Weight of empty container = W1 (gms)

2. Weight of soaked aggregate + Weight of container = W2 (gms)

3. Weight of over dried aggregate + Weight of container = W3 (gms)

Calculations:

Water absorption in percentage = %.

3.1.5. Specific Gravity test:

Aim:

To determine the specific gravity of a given sample.

Apparatus:
Pycnometer, water, aggregate.

Procedure:
1. Make the pycnometer dry and weight it with cap and ring.

2. Unscrew the cap and put 200 grams of aggregate and weigh it.

3. Add water to the top of brass cap. Remove all the trapped air by pouring additional water.

4. Dry the pycnometer and fill it to the top and weigh it. And repeat the procedure, find the average specific gravity.

Observations:
1. Weight of empty pycnometer = W1 (gm)

2. Weight of pycnometer + Aggregate = W2 (gm)

3. Weight of pycnometer + Aggregate + Water = W3 (gm)

W

4. Weight of pycnometer + water = W4 (gm) W W W

specific gravity

= W W

3.1.6. Slump test:

Procedure:
10
Four mixes are to be prepared with W/c ratio (by weight) of 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8respectively and for each mix
take 10 Kg. of coarse aggregate, 5 Kg. of sand and2.5 Kg. of cement. Then the mix proportions are 1:2:4
(Cement: Sand: Coarse Aggregate). If needed, slump values of other mixes i.e. mix of different proportions
can also be found. The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and freed from superfluous
moisture and any old set concrete before commencing the test. Fix slump cone to the base. The base should be
smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface. Apply lubricating oil to the inside walls of slump cone so
that concrete is prevented from sticking to the walls of the slump cone.
Steps:
1) Measure the height of the slump cone. Let it be "h1" cm.
2) Preparation of concrete mix: First mix cement and sand in dry state till admixture of uniform colour is
obtained and to this mixture add coarse aggregate and again mix all the three ingredients.
3) The mould is then filled in four layers, each approximately (1/4) of the height of the mould. Each layer is
tamped 25 times by the tamping rod taking care to distribute the strokes evenly over the cross-section.
4) After the top layer has been rotted, strike off the top with a trowel, so that the mould is exactly filled.

5) The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and carefully in a vertical
direction.

6) As soon as the concrete settlement comes to a stop, measure the subsidence of concrete .

7) Repeat the procedure for different W/c ratios. NOTE: Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off
laterally gives incorrect results and if this occurs, the test is repeated.

Fig.5 Slump test

11
3.1.7. Compressive Strength test:

Procedure:

(According to IS: 516-1959)In the design of concrete mixes, the compressive strength of concrete is generally
the main target since it usually represents an overall picture of quality of concrete. The compressive strength is
the maximum load per unit area sustained by concrete before failure under compression .since the strength
development of concrete depends on both temperature .it can be said the strength is a function of summation
of product of time and temperature .this summation is called maturity of concrete. The cube specimens cured
as above are tested as per standard procedure after removal from the curing tank and allowed to a dry under
shade. The cube specimens tested under microprocessor based compression testing machine of 2000KN
capacity.

Fig.6 curing of cubes

Fig.7 Compressive Strength test

12
3.2. Batching plant of concrete:

Batching plant is a device that combines various ingredients to form aggregate. The Ingredients are 10mm
aggregate, 12mm aggregate, cement, manufactured sand, GGBS (Ground Granular Blast furnace Slag), Water,
Add mixture.

Fig.8 Batching plant

Procedure:
1. Batching plant may be of manually operated type (or) may be operated with the help of computer aided software.

2. The quantities are filled in the computer and start key is pressed, the sensors provided near the gates get in to action
and according to the load scale value, that much quantity of manufactured sand, 12mm aggregate, & 20mm aggregate
are filled in a bucket.

3. When the required quantity of the aggregate is filled the gates get closed automatically and the bucket is pulled up as
shown in fig: 4.2.

13
 Fig 9 Procedure in batching plant

4. The cement and GGBS (Ground Granular Blast furnace Slag) are filled in the silo1, silo2. The cement is
sent in to silos by using air compressor. Here the air compressor is connected to the inlet of cement bulker.

5. Then the inlet is closed and the hose pipe which carries cement and air is connected to the silo pipe which is
extended up to the top of silo.

6. Now the silo is filled with cement &air and the air in the silo is removed by using filters which are present
at the top of the silo.

7. The Cement and GGBS are sent to the mixer by using motor, screw conveyer followed by mechanism and
all the ingredients are mixed in the mixer. The concrete is mixed by pneumatic mechanism in concrete mixer
and then it is collected in batching machine.

14
 Chapter-4
Site Execution
The site work plays an important role in the construction of building. The site work includes the following
works.

1. Surveying
2. Foundation
3. Formwork
4. Slab
5. Block work
6. Plastering
7. Finishing work

4.1. Surveying:

4.1.1. Total station:

Total station is a surveying equipment combination of Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instrument and
electronic theodalite. It is also integrated with micro processor, Electronic data collector and storage system.
The Instrument can be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance of object to
the Instrument.

Procedure:

1. The total station instrument is mounted on a tripod and is levelled by operating levelling screws. Within a
small range instrument is capable of adjusting itself to the level position. Then vertical and horizontal
reference directions are indexed using onboard keys. It is possible to set required units for distance,
temperature and pressure (FPS or SI). Surveyor can select measurement mode like fine, coarse, single or
repeated.

2. When target is sighted, horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distances are measured and by
pressing appropriate keys they are recorded along with point number. Heights of instrument and targets can be
keyed in after measuring them with tapes. Then processor computes various information about the point and
displays on screen.

3. This information is also stored in the electronic notebook. At the end of the day or whenever electronic note
book is full, the information stored is downloaded to computers.

The point data downloaded to the computer can be used for further processing. There are software like auto
civil and auto plotter clubbed with AutoCAD which can be used for plotting contours at any specified interval
and for plotting cross-section along any specified line.

15
 Fig.10 Total station

Advantages of total station:

1. Field work is carried out very fast.

2. Accuracy of measurement is high.

3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.

4. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for temperature and pressure are
automatically made.

5. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-sections. Contour intervals and
scales can be changed in no time.

However, surveyor should check the working condition of the instruments before using. For this standard
points may be located near survey office and before taking out instrument for field work, its working is
checked by observing those standard points from the specified instrument station.

4.1.2. Dumpy level:

Dumpy level is an optical surveying levelling instrument consisting a telescope tube firmly secured in two
collars fixed by adjusting screws to the stage by the vertical spindle. The telescope can rotate only in a
horizontal plane. Relative elevation of different points of a surveying land is determined with dumpy level.

Use of dumpy level in surveying:

16
The dumpy level is mainly used in surveying for the following purposes:
1. To determine relative height and distance among different locations of a surveying land.

2. To determine relative distance among different locations of a surveying land.

Advantages of Dumpy Level Survey:

1. Simple construction with fewer movable parts.

2. Fewer adjustments to be made.

3. Due to the rigidity of dumpy levels, it retains its two adjustment for a long time.

4. High optical power.

Disadvantages of Dumpy Level Survey:

1. Civil Engineers may be found it difficult in making accurate measurements.

2. Difficulty in using.

Fig.11 Dumpy level

How to Use a Dumpy Level for Surveying:

1. At first the Dumpy Level instrument is set up on a tripod.

2. Using foot-screws (levelling screws) the Dumpy Level is set to a levelled condition.

3. The operator looks through the eyepiece of the telescope.

4. An assistant holds a tape measure or graduated staff vertical at the point under measurement.

17
5. The elevations (levels) of different points are gathered with the help of the instrument and staff.

6. Measurement generally starts from a benchmark with known height determined by a previous survey, or an arbitrary
point with an assumed height.

4.2. Foundation:

A foundation is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads
from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep.

The works involved in foundation are:

1. Excavation
2. Plain cement concrete
3. Anti termite work
4. Footing
5. Column
6. Back filling

4.2.1. Excavation:
1. Excavation shall be done as per specifications and drawings.

2. Proper shoring and shuttering shall be provided to maintain and prevent sides of excavation from
collapsing.

3. No heavy equipment shall be allowed within 6 meters from the edge of excavation.

4. Excavated material shall not be deposited with in 1.5 meter from the edge of excavation.

5. If by mistake excavation is carried out below the mentioned drawing the same shall be made up to correct
level by filling it with concrete.

6. If water table is high lowering of water table shall be carried out by well point system. So that general water
table is below excavation level.

7. Excavation in rock shall be carried out either by chiselling with Pneumatic drills.

4.2.2. Plain cement concrete (PCC):

Plain cement concrete is provided for strong and stable base for foundation. It also provides flat base for
upcoming foundation rather than undulated base.

PCC is done by using M10 grade in our project at podium area.

18
 Fig.12 Plain Cement Concrete

As per Is 456:2000 M10 grade of concrete mixture of ratio 1:3:6 is used where cement, Manufactured sand,
Coarse aggregate.

4.2.3. Anti Termite Work:

1. Decide chemical and receive material at site and inspect material as per Incoming Material Inspection
Procedure.

2. Identify the areas to be treated i.e., top surface of plinth filling, junction of walls, floor, and expansion
joints.

3. Before excavation holes on the total area of building and outside the building to be made. Then chemical is
applied at holes.

4. Treatment for footing shall be carried out by spraying the chemical under the footing using power sprayers.

5. Chemical shall be applied at the rate of 4 lts per square meter to back fill soil.

4.2.4. Footing:

An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column .it is usually either square or rectangle in
plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and most widely used footing whenever possible square
footings are provided so as to reduce the bending moments and shear forces at their critical sections. Isolated
footings are used in case of light column loads, when columns are not closely spaced, and in case of good
homogeneous soil.

In our site the size of footing at podium T2PDC3=1.85*1.4 m

Dia of main bar=12mm; Dia of distribution bar=12mm; Spacing of bars=125 c/c; Side Clear cover=75 mm ;
Bottom clear cover=50mm

19
4.2.5. Columns:

A column in a structural engineering is a structural element that transmits through compression, the weight of
structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member.

Fig.13 Column

In our site the size of column at podium T2PDC3=300*750 mm

Dia of bars in column =4 nos of 16mm and 10 nos 0f 10 mm with 200 mm

Centre to centre distance.

Dia of stirrups in column=8mm

4.2.6. Backfilling:
1. Materials used for backfilling should be any one or combination of soil types mentioned.

2. Backfilling shall be done in layers. The thickness of layer shall not be exceeding 200mm from top 1 meter
depth of backfill and 300mm for depth below 1meter.

3. The top layer sub grade achieves 95% compaction. The three layers below sub grade achieve 90%
compaction. The layer below three layers achieves 80% compaction.

4. After completion of the final layer of soil at least 3 cores shall be taken from the areas directed by the client
and soil can be tested in laboratory for degree of compaction to be achieved.

5. If the soil is excessively wet, it shall be allowed to dry sufficient before compaction and optimum moisture
content should be maintained.

4.3. Formwork:
Formwork in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only
to harden subsequently. Formwork can also be named based on the type of structural member construction
such as slab, beam formwork, column formwork for use in beams and columns respectively. Timber is the
20
most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage with timber formwork is that it will warp, swell,
and shrink.

A GOOD FORMWORK SHOULD SATISFY THE FALLOWING REQUIREMENTS:

1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.

2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and vertically, so as to
retain its shape.

3. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.

4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences without damage to
the concrete.

5. The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for reuse.

6. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plain surface.

7. It should be as light as possible.

8. The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the elements.

9. It should rest on firm base.

TYPES OF FORMWORK:

Timber formwork:
Timber for formwork should satisfy the fallowing requirement:

It should be

1. Well seasoned.

2. Light in weight.

3. Easily workable with nails without splitting.

4. Free from loose knots.

Plywood formwork:

Plywood sheets are attached to the timber frames to make up panels of required sizes. It should have the
fallowing requirements:

1. It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in surface finishing is there.

2. By use of large size panels it is possible to effect saving in the labour cost of fixing and dismantling.

3. Number of reuses is more as compared with timber shuttering. For estimation purpose, Number of reuses can be
taken as 20 to 25.

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Steel formwork:

This consists of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by small steel angles. The
panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts and nuts. The panel can be
fabricated in large number in any desired modular shape or size. Steel forms are largely used in large projects
or in situation where large number ruses of the shuttering are possible. This type of shuttering is considered
most suitable for circular or curved structures.

4.4 CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE FORMWORK:

This normally involves the fallowing operations:

1. Propping and Centring
2. Shuttering
3. Provision of camber
4. Cleaning and Surface treatment.

Propping and centring:

The props used for centring may be of steel, Timber post or ballies. Pillar made up of brick masonry in mud
mortar are also sometimes used sas props.

Shuttering:

Shuttering can be made up of timber planks or it may be in the form of panel unit made either by fixing
plywood to timber frames or by welding steel plates to angle framing.

Provision of camber:

Certain amount of deflection in structure is unavoidable. It is there fore desire to give an up word camber in
the horizontal member of concrete structure to counteract the effect of deflection.

Surface treatment:
1. Before laying concrete the formwork should be cleaned of all rubbish particularly the saw dust savings and chippings.

2. Before lying concrete the face of formwork in contact with the concrete shall be cleaned and treated with release
agent like raw linseed oil or soft soap solution as to prevent the concrete getting struck to the formwork.

Order and method of removing formwork:

1. Shuttering from vertical faces of walls, beams and column sides should be removed first. Shuttering forming soffit to
slab should be removed next.

2. Shuttering forming soffit to beams, girders or other heavily loaded member should be removed in the end.

4.4. Slab:
A concrete slab is common structural element of buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically
between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimetres) thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while
thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.
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4.4.0. Flat slab:

Flat slab directly rests on the column and load from the slab is directly transferred to the columns and then to the
foundation. To support heavy loads the thickness of the slab near the support with the column is increased and these are
called drops, or columns are generally provided with enlarged heads called column head or capitals.

Absence of beam gives a plain ceiling, thus giving architectural appearance and also less vulnerability in case of fire
than in usual cases where beams are used.

Definition of flat slab:

In general normal frame construction utilizes Columns, Slabs and Beams. However it may be possible to
undertake construction without providing beams, in such a case the frame system would consist of slab and
column without beams. These type of slabs are called flat slabs, since their behaviour resembles the bending
of flat plates.

4.4.0. Components of flat slabs:

1. Drops

2. Column heads.

4.4.1. Drops:

To resist the punching shear which is predominant at the contact of slab and column support, The drop from
the slab to dimensions should not be less than one-third of panel length in that direction.

4.4.2. Column heads:

Certain amount of negative moment is transferred from the slab to the column at the support. To resist this
negative moment the area at the support needs to be increased. This is facilitated by providing column capital
or column heads.

Advantages of flat slab:

1. Simple formwork.

2. No beams-Simplifying under-floor services outside the drops.

3. Minimum structural depth.

4. Usually does not require shear reinforcement at the columns.

Disadvantages of flat slab:

1. Medium spans.

2. Generally not suitable for supporting brittle (masonry) partitions.

3. Drop panels may interfere with larger mechanical ducting.

4. Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around columns.

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4.5. Block work:
Blocks are components of durable masonry construction in which uniformly shaped individual units are laid in
courses with motor as the bed and binding material.

Fig.14 Block work

Procedure for block work:

1.Ensure all clearances, Material approval from the concerned client. The selected working area should be barricaded to
accidents and damages.

2. Before work began ensure that dimensional setting, levels alignment of all openings are properly check and be
responsible for the true and proper setting out of work as per indicated in the design drawings and reference grid lines.

3. First layer will be solid for an accurate set out work provide uniform spacing of bond patterns and joint particularly in
the openings and ensure plumb shall be check on jambs, Header of walls etc. Maintain a clear gap at head of each wall
or partition as specified for head restraints to accommodate slab deflection.

4. Allow units to dry before lying unless wetting of units is specified. Install cut units with cut surfaces and where
possible cut edges are concealed. Damaged material shall not be used, and leave openings for equipment to be installed
and leave openings for equipment to be installed before completing masonry.

5.For the work and free from the lumps, Mortar containing air-entraining add mixtures shall be mixed by machines, but
not over mixed. Ratio shall be 1:3 (1 part cement and 3 parts of sand).

6. Lay solid masonry units with completely filled bed and head joints, butter joints with sufficient mortar at starting on
the footings and to put in place cut joints flush for masonry walls to receive plaster or other direct applied finishes unless
otherwise indicated.

7. After mortar is thoroughly set and cured, clean exposed masonry as fallows. Remove large mortar particles by hand
with wooden paddles and non metallic scrape hoes. Dispose of clean masonry waste, including excess or soil
contaminated sand, Waste motor and broken masonry units unless otherwise indicated.

8.All walls shall be properly cured as per specifications.

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Advantages of block work over brick work:
1. Labour saving (easy to cut, larger units).

2. Easier fixing (must take direct fixing of screws and nails).

3. Lower density.

4. Higher thermal insulation properties.

5. Provides a suitable key for plaster and cement rendering.

Disadvantages of block work:

1. Lower strength

2. Loss resistance to rain penetration.

3. Load bearing properties less.

4. Lower sound insulation properties.

4.6. Plastering:
Plastering is the process of covering rough surface with a plastic material to obtain an even smooth, regular,
clear and durable surface. External plastering also termed as rendering is done with the object of improving
the resistance of the surface to rain water penetration and other atmospheric influences.

The Plastic material or plaster is made by working together a mixture of building material which may be
cement, lime or clay, fine aggregate and water. Cement plastering is commonly used as ideal coating for
external and internal surface of wall. Cement plaster is usually applied in a single coat or double coat. Double
coat plaster is applied where thickness of plaster is required to be more than 15mm or when it is required to be
more than 15 mm or when it is required to get a very fine finish.

The process of applying a double coat cement plaster on wall surface consists of the fallowing 5 steps.

1. Preparation of surface for plastering.

2. Ground work plaster.

3. Applying a first coat.

4. Applying a second coat.

4.6.1. Preparation of surface for plastering:

1. Keep all the mortar joints of wall rough, so as to give a good bonding to hold plaster.

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2. Clean all the joints and surfaces of the wall with a wire brush, There should be no oil or geese etc. left on
wall surface.

3. If the surface is smooth or the wall to be plastered is old one, then rake out the mortar joint to a depth of at
least 12mmto give a better bonding to the plaster.

4. If the projection on the wall surface is more than 12 mm, then knock it off, so as to obtain a uniform surface
of wall. This will reduce the consumption of plaster.

5. If there exist any cavities or holes on the surface, then fill it in advance with appropriate material.

6. Roughen the entire wall to be plastered. Wash the mortar joints and entire wall to be plastered, and keep it
wet for at least 6 hours before applying cement plaster.

4.6.2. Ground work for plaster:

1. In order to get uniform thickness of plastering throughout the wall surface, first fix dots on the wall. A dot means patch of plaster of size 15mm 15mm and having
thickness of about 10 mm.

2. Dots are fixed on the wall first horizontally and then vertically at a distance of 2 meters covering the entire
wall surface.

3. Check the verticality of dots, one over the other by means of plum-bob.

4. After fixing dots, the vertical strips of plaster, known as screeds serve as the gauge for maintaining even
thickness of plastering being applied.

4.6.3. Applying first coat or under coat or Rendering coat:

1. In case of brick masonry the thickness of first coat plaster is general 12 mm and in case of concrete
masonry this thickness varies from 9 to 15mm.

2. The ratio of cement and sand for first coat plaster varies from 1:3 to 1:6.

3. Apply the first coat of plaster between the spaces formed by the screeds on the wall surface. This is done by
means of trowel.

4. Level the surface by means of flat wooden floats and wooden straight edges.

5. After levelling, Level the first coat to set but not to dry and then roughen it with a scratching tool to form a
key to the second coat of plaster.

4.6.4. Applying a second coat or finishing coat or Fine coat:

1. The thickness of second coat or finishing coat may vary between 2 to 3 mm.

2. The ratio of cement and sand for second coat plaster varies from 1:4 or 1:6.

3. Before applying the second coat, damp the first coat evenly.

4. Apply the finishing coat with wooden floats to a true even surface and using a steel trowel, give a finishing
touch.

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5. As far as possible, the finishing coat should be applied starting from top towards bottom and completed in
one operation to eliminate joining marks.

4.7. Painting work:

Purpose:

Paint is the general term for liquid that is used to add colour to the surface of any object by covering it with a
pigmented (coloured) coating. Paint is used to protect all sorts of buildings and structures from the effects of
water and sun.

The steps involved in painting work are:

1. Surface preparation

2. Coating.

4.7.1. Surface preparation:

1. Surfaces are to be prepared in accordance with good painting particles and in accordance with the technical
product information sheets of the painting products.

2. Painting must not take place where the surface are moist or greasy before application of the first coat of
paint.

3. Painting must not take place when the surface Temparature is less than 3 above surrounding air dew
temperature is below 5 .The surface

point, when the air relative humidity is higher than 85%and when the

has no cracks.
4.7.2. Coating:

1. Each coat shall be applied uniformly over the entire surface. any uneven surface shall be rectified by filling
up using approved acrylic filler, then apply sanding when dry and apply recoat .

2. Each coat shall be allowed to dry for the time specified by approved before application of any succeeding
coat.

3. Dust and loose particles shall be removed by sanding until the surface is dry, sound and cleaned. When the
surface is ready to receive top coat then applied the required coating.

4. Coating shall be continuous that means free of pin holes, voids, bubbles and other defects. And where
application is to be carried out by brush, brushes shall be of good quality and roller is also used which permit
proper application of material.

5. For spray application spray guns, hoses and pump shall be cleaned before new material us added.

6. Specified film thickness for coating material shall be strictly observed. Dry film thickness shall be checked
with appropriate film thickness gauges.

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IS CODE REFERENCES:-

IS 456:2000 - Design
IS 269:1989 Specification for ordinary Portland cement
IS 383:1970 Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete
IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
IS 2502:1963 Code of practice for bending and fixing of bars for concrete reinforcement
IS 3558:1983 Code of practice for use of immersion vibrators
IS 4926:2003 Ready mixed concrete Code of practice
IS 7320:1974 Specification for concrete slump test apparatus

IS 9013:1978 Method of making, curing and determining compressive strength of

accelerated cured concrete test specimens
IS 9103:1999 Specification for admixtures for concrete
IS 10262:2009 Guidelines for concrete mix proportioning
SP 16(S&T): 1980 Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456:1978
IS 1791-1985: "General Requirements for Batch Type Concrete Mixers" by Bureau of Indian Standards.

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REFERENCES

1. Shetty. M. S, "Concrete Technology Theory and Practice" (2005), S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Dr. V. L. Shah & Late Dr. S. R. Karve, "Illustrated Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings", fifth edition,
Structures Publications, Pune.
3. A. R. Sanhakumar, "Concrete Technology" (2012), Oxford University Press.
4. www.wikipedia.com
5. nptel.ac.in
6. aileen.co.in/polyglaze/polyglaze-plaster/
7. Dr. N. Krishna Raju, "Design of concrete mixes" (2009), CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi

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