ISSN: 2321-5593(Online)

IJRECE Vol5, Issue-6. Nov -Dec, 2017 ISSN: 2321-032X (Print)

Multilevel Hybrid PAPR

Reduction on OFDM Based System
Sikhinam Vinod Kumar*, Borra Surya Prasada Rao*
*Department of ECE, Student, PVP Siddhartha Institute Of Technology,

Vijayawada, A.P, India.

**Department of ECE, Faculty of Engineering, PVP Siddhartha Institute Of

Technology, Vijayawada, A.P, India.

(vinodkumarsikhinam123@gmail.com, suryaborra1679@gmail.com)

Corresponding Author: Sikhinam Vinod Kumar, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Student, PVP Siddhartha Institute Of Technology,
Vijayawada, A.P,
Postal code: 520001, India; Tel: +91 - 8019609284,
vinodkumarsikhinam123@gmail.com

Abstract - Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) is prescribed as a best

modulation for multiplexing technique for the future generation cellular and wireless
communications owing to its efficient usage of bandwidth, high bandwidth efficiency, strong
immunity to multipath fading, etc. However, the acknowledged accomplishing of the OFDM
arrangement necessitates several difficulties. The main drawback is that the transmitted
OFDM signal has large amplitude fluctuations, and therefore a high peak-to-average power
ratio (PAPR) leads nonlinear distortion, which results in loss of subcarrier orthogonality and
hence degradation in the system performance, occurs. In this paper, a multilevel composite
technique is implemented to lessen the PAPR and comparing the outcome with SLM as
well. Simulated results are presented confirm the theoretical results. MATLAB 7.5 is
acclimated to simulate the outcomes for the parameters considered to the OFDM system. This
paper show tone reservation (TR) technique to diminish PAPR. This proposed technique
show better execution to reduce PAPR.

Keywords OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), PAPR (Peak to-

Average Power Ratio), SLM (Selected
Mapping),PTS(PartialTransmitSequences),Tonereservation,Companding.

1. Introduction
From the last few years, researches
has been started took Orthogonal frequeny
division multiplexing(OFDM) as the
centre advances for cellular and wireless
communications and moreover it is a
standard transmission technique for
cellular and wireless communications such
as 3GPP-LTE, WiMAX, IMT, wireless
PAN, wireless LAN and digital
broadcasting [1] [8]. It is a promising
technique to combate frequency selective
fading channels for high speed data

1

IJRECE Vol5, Issue-6. Nov -Dec, 2017
transmission in wireless communication
[2]. It is known that in OFDM, the yield is
a superposition of numerous sub-carriers.
The high PAPR is a major drawback in
OFDM signals. When the peak power is
too high, it could be out of range of linear
power amplifiers. This gives rise to non-
linear distortion and changes the
superposition of the signal spectrum. It
also destroys sub-carrier orthogonality and
degrades the performance of OFDM.[3].
The high PAPR decreases the amplifiers
power efficiency. Thus, PAPR reduction
has become a subject of research.
In order to lessen the PAPR, several
strategies, have been suggested by
researchers. They can be sorted into two
categories: Schemes causing distortion,
Distortion less schemes. The schemes
belonging to the first category modify the
transmitted OFDM signals so that the
peaks are suppressed[9]. However, the
modification operations themselves can
introduce in-band noise, which may
degrade BER performance. The signal
clipping method and tone reservations are
examples of this category. The schemes in
the second category are distortion free and
the essential idea is that for one
information symbol sequence, the
transmitter generates multiple sequences
and chooses the one with the lowest PAPR
to transmit. The selective mapping (SLM)
scheme and the partial transmit sequences
(PTS) scheme are examples of this
category. These techniques advance the
PAPR statistics of an OFDM signal and
also, they require side information (SI) bits
in order to authorise the receiver to
retrieve the transmitter bits. The errors in
the detection of this side information may
degrade system performance. They can to
a great extent be sorted as distortion less
systems. Distortionless procedures are
included [1]-[7]. They make in-band signal
distortion, out-of band radiation. In [5], a
straight no symmetrical revamp is given
that accomplishes sensible tradeoffs
between PAPR and BER general
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execution. In this paper, a multilevel
composite technique is presented which
blends well known methods i.e. Tone
reservation and partial transmit sequence
utilizing sixty-four-QAM. The paper is
sorted out as takes after. The stage II gives
a short appearance to selective mapping,
clipping and companding. Area III
presents the proposed artistic creations for
tone reservation and PTS. The results and
conclusion agree to in portion IV and V
and along these lines the acknowledgment
is given.
1.1 PAPR
The high PAPR is the major drawback
for OFDM signals. The high PAPR occurs
due to the summation of subcarrier
components. When the N subcarrier
components are summed up with the same
phase, it will produce a peak power which
will be the N times the average power.
These peak pulses causes saturation in the
amplifiers foremost the intermodulation
products between the subcarriers and
create the in-band signal distortion and
out-of-band radiation. The in-band
distortion decreases the signal to noise
ratio and the out-of-band radiation yields
in creation of guard bands. By using the
PAPR reduction technique, the power
consumption will be to a great extent. The
peak power is generally expressed in
PAPR which is calculated by the given
below formula.
=
01{| |2 }
= (1)
E[|x t |2 ]
The Complementary Cumulative
Distribution Function (CCDF) is a
performance measure for PAPR reduction
techniques. Complementary Cumulative
Distribution Function (CCDF) is the
probability density function of PAPR
exceeding a threshold value.
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2. Related Work the original data and having high

computational complexity. The basic block
2.1 Selective Mapping and Clipping diagram for selective mapping and
clipping is shown in Fig.1.
Clipping is an effective technique
to reduce the PAPR by clipping the peak OFDM
M-QAM/
amplitudes of the OFDM signal to a Data M-PSK Modulation
certain threshold level. The main Tx MAPPER
disadvantages for this technique are:
Clipping genesis in-band signal distortion Clipping &
Selective
decreases the signal to noise ratio and the Filtering
Mapping
out-of-band radiation yields in creation of
guard bands. Filtering after clipping can Clipping & CCDF
lessen the spectral splatter but might be BER (SNR)
filtering Evaluator
causing the peak regrowth. If the clipping Evaluator
is done directly on the signal then the PSD AWGN
outcome will have inband noise and Evaluator
cannot be diminished by filtering [5]. In
this method, the L-times oversampled
discrete-time signal x1[m] is originated M-QAM/M- OFDM

from the IFFT (X1(k) with N.(L-1) Data PSK

demapper
Demodulation
Rx
padding of zeros in frequency domain) and
modulates with a frequency of carrier fc
contributes a bandpass signal xp(m). Let Fig. 1. Block diagram for selective
xpc(m) signifies the clipped signal of mapping and clipping for ofdm
xp(m), which is indicated as
2.2 Companding

= <
Where A is the threshold value. The above
equation is applicable to bandpass signals.
Selected Mapping (SLM) is a scrambling
technique to reduce the PAPR. In this
method scrambling rotations is employed
to a group of subcarriers.. Here, the input
data blocks transforms the serial data into
parallel data and the parallel data is
accumulated with the correlated phase
rotations and execute the N-point IFFT
operation. The rotations having the less
PAPR value will be used for the
transmission of data. The main advantage
is : It lessens the PAPR to a great extent.
The major drawback of SLM technique is
the side information bits necessitates the
receiver to recover the original transmitted
data. These bits are of no use after recover
Companding is predominantly used
to
(2) enhance the transmission rate of
OFDM. It is used to compand the OFDM
signal before it is converted into analog
waveform. The OFDM signal, after taking
IFFT, is companded and quantized. After
D/A conversion, the signal is transmitted
through the channel. At the receiver
end then the received signal is first
converted into digital form and
expanded. Companding is highly used
in speech processing where high peaks
occur in frequently. OFDM signal also
exhibit similar characteristic where high
peaks occur infrequently. Due to
companding, the quantization error for
peak signals is significantly high which
perverted the systems performance. So
the companding technique enhances the
PAPR. After simulation in matlab, the
waveforms for companding is shown in
Fig.2.

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oversampling factors is extended PTS

technique establishes huge complexity in
an exponential manner. The flow chart for
the multilevel hybrid PAPR reduction is
shown in Fig.3.

Generate an Apply Partial

information transmitted
signal sequence (PTS)
technique to reduce
PAPR effect
Apply the
Fig. 2. Companding waveforms for ofdm modulation on Apply companding
the technique on the
information
3. Proposed work signal to reduce
signal PAPR
3.1 Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) Padding of the
signal is done
Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) is Apply Tone
a scrambling technique to lessen the reservation on the
companded signal
PAPR. The high PAPR is resolved by
partitioning the input data block into Apply IFFT on
disjoint sub blocks. An N-point Inverse the padded
signal Calculation of
Fast Fourier Transform applies to the
PAPR is done
individual disjoint sub-blocks which
converts the signal from frequency domain
to time domain PTS rotations[6]. These
PTS rotations are thereafter accumulated
with the correlated phase rotations and Fig.3. Block diagram for PAPR reduction
can be combined optimally to acquire
lowest PAPR signal. Finding optimal The basic block diagram for Partial
phase rotations is highly complex. Transmit Sequence(PTS) is shown in
Furthermore, it necessitates side Fig.4.
information bits at the receiver for proper
Serial
decoding and demodulation of the IFFT
to
transmitted data [1] - [9]. The PAPR can paralle
be lessened by determining the appropriate Serial
l
phase factor rotations. PTS is a non- conver
sion IFFT
Data
transparent technique. The main advantage and
of this technique is lessening the PAPR to partiti
a great extent compared to SLM and of on into
Blocks
less redundancy. The major drawback is IFFT
the side information bits necessitates the
receiver to retrieve the transmitted data.
Peak power
These bits are of no use after recover the
optimization
original data and having high
computational complexity. When the no of
subcarriers, no of subblocks and no of

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Modulation QAM
Random OFDM 1000
symbols generated
Phase factor [ 1 -1 1i -1i]
Fig.4. The basic block diagram for Partial
Transmit Sequence(PTS).
4.1 Simulation results
3.2 Tone reservation (TR)

The Tone Reservation is the

efficient technique to lessen the PAPR of
an OFDM signal. The fundamental
intention of this technique depends on the
general additive model for lessening the
PAPR. By this technique, an appropriate
time domain signal is added to the original
time domain signal so the PAPR of the
OFDM signal is lessened. In the other
sense, the set of tones in the original signal
is especially for the peak reduction which
are not used for data carrying. The main Fig. 5. PAPR reduction by Selective
advantages of Tone Reservation are data
rate loss is less and acquires a small mapping
amount of power and does not exhibit
more noise in the filtered signal like in the
clipping and filtering and side information
bits is not necessity. The main
disadvantage is getting an appropriate
frequency domain signal for cancelation of
peak pulses show an impact on getting of
time domain signal.

1 1
= 2
,0
=0
(3)
Fig.6. PAPR reduction by Partial transmit
Where Yk is the symbol carried by the kth sequence
subcarrier, f is the frequency difference
between the sub carriers, and T is the
OFDM symbol duration in the transmitter.

4. Results and Discussion

Table 1. Simulation analysis for PAPR of

MIMO-OFDM

Parameters Values
Number of 64
Fig. 7. PAPR reduction by discrete
subcarriers
Oversampling 4 wavelet transforms

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best effective technique to mitigate PAPR

to a great extent.

Acknowledgements

The author acknowledge gratefully

to Mr. Surya Prasada Rao from PVP
Siddhartha Institute Of Technology,
Vijayawada, A.P, India helped me to do
this project.
Fig. 8. PAPR reduction for Multilevel
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