2.

016 Hydrodynamics
Professor A.H. Techet

0.1 Derivation of Added Mass around a sphere

When a body moves in a uid, some amount of uid must move around it. When the body accelerates,
so too must the uid. Thus, more force is required to accelerate the body in the uid than in a vacuum.
Since force equals mass times acceleration, we can think of the additional force in terms of an imaginary
added mass of the object in the uid.
One can derive the added mass of an object by considering the hydrodynamic force acting on it as it
accelerates. Consider a sphere of radius, R, accelerating at rate a = U/t = U . We nd the hydrodynamic
force in the xdirection by integrating the pressure over the area projected in the xdirection:


Fx = P d A x

where
x = cos dA
dA
dA = 2rds
r = R sin
ds = Rd

P = t + 1
2 ||2 , by unsteady Bernoullis equation

R 3
= U cos 2r

2 , for axisymmetric ow around a sphere

R3
t |r=R = U
cos 2r R
2 = U cos 2

1 3 3
2
2 || |r=R = 12 |(U cos Rr3 , U sin 2Rr3 )|2 = 21 [U 2 cos2 + 41 U 2 sin2 ]

so

1 2
Fx = + || cos 2R2 sin d

t 2
0
R 1 2 1 2 2
= 2
U cos + (U cos + U sin ) cos 2R2 sin d
0 2 2 4

R 1 1
= 2R2 U sin cos2 d 2R2 U 2 [sin cos3 + sin3 cos ]d
2 0 2 4
0
=2/3 =0
2
= R3 U
3

where a = U is the acceleration of the body, and the negative sign indicates that the force is in the negative
xdirection, opposing the acceleration. Thus, the body must exert this extra force, and the apparent added
mass is
2
ma = R3
3

1
 Similarly, for a cylinder of radius, R, and length, L, accelerating at rate a = U/t = U . We nd the
hydrodynamic force in the xdirection by integrating the pressure over the area projected in the xdirection:


Fx = P d A x

where
x = cos dA
dA
dA = Lds
ds = Rd

P = t + 1
2 ||2 , by unsteady Bernoullis equation

2
= U Rr
cos , for ow around a cylinder
2
t |r=R = U Rr cos = U
R cos
1 2 2
2
2 || |r=R = 12 |(U Rr2 cos , U Rr2 sin )|2 = 12 U 2

so
2

1 2
Fx = + || cos RLd
0 t 2
2
1 2
= U R cos + U ) cos RLd
0 2
2
1 2 2


= RL U R 2
cos d RL U cos d
2
0 0
= =0
2
= R LU

where a = U is the acceleration of the body, and the negative sign indicates that the force is in the negative
xdirection, opposing the acceleration. Thus, the body must exert this extra force, and the apparent added
mass is
ma = R2 L