Cedric G.

Martinez

Stem A14

Types of Solution

Depending upon the dissolution of the solute in the solvent, solutions can be
categorized into supersaturated, unsaturated and saturated solutions.
A supersaturated solution comprises of a large amount of solute at a temperature
wherein it will be reduced as a result the extra solute will crystallize quickly.
An unsaturated solution is a solution in which solvent is capable of dissolving any
more solute at given temperature.
A saturated solution can be defined as a solution in which solvent is not capable of
dissolving any more solute at given temperature.

Energy of solution Formation

Concentration of Units
Mass Percent: The mass percent is used to express the concentration of a solution
when the mass of a solute and the mass of a solution is given:
Mass Percent=Mass of Solute/Mass of Solution 100%
Volume Percent: The volume percent is used to express the concentration of a solution
when the volume of a solute and the volume of a solution is given:
Volume Percent=Volume of Solute/Volume of Solution 100%
Mole Fraction

Mole fraction is a unit of concentration, defined to be equal to the number of moles of a

component divided by the total number of moles of a solution. Because it is a ratio, mole
fraction is a unitless expression. The mole fraction of all components of a solution, when
added together, will equal 1.

Molality

Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is important the
mass of solvent is used and not the mass of the solution. Solutions labeled with molal
concentration are denoted with a lower case m. A 1.0 m solution contains 1 mole of
solute per kilogram of solvent.

Molarity

The molarity or molar concentration of a solute is defined as the number of moles of

solute per liter of solution (not per liter of solvent!)

Solution stoichiometry

The topic solution stoichiometry deals with quantities in chemical reactions taking place
in solutions. Once you have mastered this topic, you will be able to prepare solutions of
desirable concentrations, carry out chemical reactions using correct amounts of
solutions, predict amounts produced, and calculate yields. In order build your skills, you
are going to calculate concentrations and amounts of solute present in the solution.
Factors affection Solubility

Colligative properties of nonelectrolyte and electrolyte solutions

A simple example of an electrolyte solution is sodium chloride in water. In the presence

of water, solid sodium chloride dissociates as it is dissolved, forming an electrolyte
solution:

NaCl(s)Na+(aq)+Cl(aq)NaCl(s)Na(aq)++Cl(aq)

Nonelectrolyte solutions are those in which the solute does not dissociate into ions
when dissolved; sugar does not dissociate, for example. The number of moles of
dissolved particles is greater for electrolyte solutions, so there will be a greater impact
on colligative properties.