DETAILS OF A PROPOSED STRUCTURE

5.1 DETAILS OF STRUCTURE:

The proposed single storied building is used for residential purpose which is located at
Vanamthopu, Nellore under the guidance of M.Srikanth. An open well staircase is designed for
this structure. The shape of plan is rectangular type and contains a wide passage of 3.20m

. For the design of structural elements i.e. beams, slabs, columns, footings etc. LIMIT STATE
METHOD is adopted. The column sizes 300x300mm and slab thickness 110mm is provided.
These are cast monolithically with the beams.

Total 14 columns are provided on the structure. The building consists of two bed rooms.
One is designed as master bed room with attached bath room and bed room with attached bath
room, kitchen and dining room provided separately.

The first bed room is attached with bath room of size 6.04x2.90m. Another bedroom is
also attached with bath room of size 6.04x3.73m.Hall is of size 9.82x3.20m. Kitchen is of size
3.30x2.50 m

5.2 PURPOSE:
The building which is to be constructed is for the purpose of providing residence to the
small family containing four members. The building consists of the following
rooms;

Bed rooms - 02

Kitchen room - 01

Dining hall - 01

Living room - 01

Toilets - 02

5.3 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS:

The Nellore town is situated near to the sea shore of the Bay of Bengal. The temperature
is very hot in summer.

5.4 SOIL CONDITION:

1
 The soil at the site is silty (dry lumps easily pulverised by fingers) and the taken soil
bearing capacity of the soil is 180kN/m2.

5.5 STRUCTURE:
The structure is constructed with framed structure.

5.6 ROOF SLAB:

R.C.C. (1:2:4) slab of 220 mm thick over the entire span.

5.7 LOADS:
Loads are taken as per IS: 456-2000.

5.8 DEAD LOADS:

While calculating self-weight of member unit weight of material

R.C.C. - 25kN/m3

P.C.C. - 24kN/m3

Brick masonry - 20kN/m3

5.9 LIVE LOAD:

For roof slab 2.5 kN/m2

5.10 TOTAL AREA OF PLOT:

The total area of the plot is 110 m2.

The area of construction is 90 m2.

5.11 DESIGN PROCEDURE:

The design procedure followed throughout the designing of building is Limit state
design which gives more serviceability and safety. The design procedures is explained eight
chapter onwards.

2
 LAYOUT & PLAN OF A BUILDING
`6.1 LAY OUT BUILDING:

The layout of our proposed building is below:

NH-5 PROJECT

BUILDING

PENA BRIDGE VANAMTOPPU

KVR

Figure 6.1: Showing the layout of a building

3
6.2 PLAN OF OUR PROPOSED BUILDING :

Figure 6.2: showing the plan of a building

4
 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Structural members are the primary load bearing components of a building. The
structure of a building constitutes about 30% of the construction cost. Good structural design
can result in cost efficient building.

The structure of a building is the part which is responsible for maintaining the shape of
the building under the influence of the forces to which it is subjected.

A building must be designed to safely withstand the most severe combination of forces
or loads likely to be applied during its lifetime.

In any building design, the strength and stability of an overall building and its
individual components must be considered. This involves structural calculations to work out the
effects of all the forces acting on any component in the building and on the building overall. To
do this we need to resolve the forces in the system to see what the overall effects are likely to
be.

7.1: An overview of the many different forces acting on a building.

A summary of all the forces acting on the building. The dotted arrow is
the resultant force.

5
 A structure consists of many parts (or members) which act in different ways depending
on the loads and forces on them. .In this project we designed structural members which are
essential for a building. They are

(1) SLABS
(2) STAIRCASE
(3) BEAMS
(4) COLUMNS
(5) LINTELS
(6) LINTEL CUM SUNSHADE
(7) FOOTINGS

7.1 SLABS:
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of
steel reinforced concrete, typically between 10 and 50 centimeters thick, are most often used to
construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving

7.1.1 TYPES OF SLABS:

Slabs are of three types. They are

1. ONE WAY SLAB

2. TWO WAY SLAB
3. CONTINUOUS SLAB

1. ONE WAY SLAB: When l y/lx > 2 then is known as one-way slab

2. TWO-WAY SLAB: When l y/lx < 2 then is known as two-way slab.

Where l y/lx = slenderness ratio

From our design we got slenderness ratio greater than 2 and the slab is one-way slab
since slab is continuous we designed one way continuous slab.

7.1.2 DESIGN OF SLABS:

Spacing of beams = 3.20m

Characteristic strength of concrete = fck = 20N/mm2

Characteristic strength of steel = fy = 415N/mm2

7.1.2.1 Depth of slab:

6
 Assume an effective depth 85mm and cover 110mm

Overall depth = effective depth + cover

= 85+25
= 110mm

7.1.2.2Effective span:

Width of support = 230mm

Effective span is least of,

Center to center of supports = 3.20+0.23

= 3.43m

Clear span + d = 3.20+ 0.085

= 3.285m

Hence, effective span = 3.285m

7.1.2.3 Loads per meter width of slab:

Self weight of the slab = 0.11x1x25 = 2.75 kN/m2

Assume live load = 2.5 kN/m2

Floor finish = 1 kN/m2

Total dead load = self weight of the slab + floor finish

= 2.75+1
= 3.75 kN/m2

Factored dead load = factor of safety x total dead load

= 1.5 x 3.75
= 5.625 kN/m2

Factored live load = factor of safety x live load

= 1.5x2.5
= 3.75 kN/m2

7.1.2.4 Bending moment:

From table 12 of IS: 456-2000

7
 Maximum support moment occurs at support next to the end support,

Mu max = Dead load + live load

= - wl2/10 - wl2/9
= - 5.625(3.285)2/10 - 5.75(3.285)2 /9
= - 6.07 4.50
= - 10.57 kNm.

Maximum span moment occurs at the middle of end span,

Mu max = Dead load + live load

= wl2/12 + wl2/10

= 5.625(3.285)2/12 + 3.75(3.285)2 /10

= 5.06 + 4.05
= 9.11 kNm.
7.1.2.5 Shear force:

Maximum shear force at the supports next to the support

Vu = Dead load +live load

= 0.6 wl +0.6wl
= (0.6x5.625x3.285) + (0.6x3.75x3.285)

= 18.49kN

7.1.2.6 Depth required:

The minimum depth required to resist bending moment

Mu = 0.138 fckbd2

10.57 x 106 = 0.138x20x1000xd2

D = 61.88<85mm

Hence provided depth is adequate

7.1.2.7 Reinforcement at supports:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- fy Ast/ fck bd)

8
 10.57x106 = 0.87x415x Astx85x (1-415x Ast/20x103x85)
10.57x106 = 30689.25Ast-7.49Ast2
-7.49Ast2-30689.25Ast+10.57x106 = 0
7.49Ast2-30689.25Ast+10.57x106 = 0
Ast = 379.58 mm2
Using 10 mm diameter bars, spacing of bars
S = ast /Astx1000
= /4x102/379.58x1000
= 206.91 mm
Number of bars = 379.58/ /4x102
= 4.83 ~ 5 numbers
Maximum spacing is
(1) 3d = 3 x 85 =255mm
(2) 300 mm whichever is less
Hence provided 10mm bars at 210mnm c/c
7.1.2.8.Reinforcement at mid span:
Mu = 0.875 fy Astd (1-f y Ast/ fckbd)
9.11x106 = 0.87x415xAstx85x (1-415xAst/20x1000x85)
7.49Ast2-30689.25Ast+9.11x106 = 0
Ast = 322.18 mm2
Using 10 mm diameter bars,
Spacing of bars (s) = ast/Ast dx1000
= /4x102/322.18x1000
= 243.77 mm
Number of bars = 322.18/ /4x102
= 4.10~ 4 numbers

Maximum spacing is

(1) 3d = 3x85 = 255mm

9
 (2) 300 mm whichever is less

Hence provided 10mm bars at 245mnm c/c

7.1.2.9.Distribution reinforcement:

Ast = 0.12% of gross area

= 0.12/100x1000x110
= 132mm2

Using 8 mm bars,

Spacing of bars (s) = ast/Ast d x1000

= (/4x82/132)x1000 = 380.78 mm

Number of bars = 132/ /4x102 = 2.62~ 3 numbers

Maximum spacing is

(1) 3d = 5x85 = 425mm

(2) 450 mm whichever is less

Hence provide 8mm bars at 380 mm c/c

7.1.2.10. Check for shear:

Nominal shear v = vu/bd

= 18.49x103/1000x85
= 0.21 N/mm2

Percentage of steel = 100 Ast/bd

= 100x (379.58/2)/1000x85) = 0.23%

c maximum M20 grade concrete and 0.066% of steel

max = 2.8 N/mm2

K. max = 1.30x2.8

= 3.64N/mm2>0.21N/mm2

10
 Hence safe

7.1.2.11.Check for development length:

Ld < 1.3 M/V

1.3 M/V = 1.3x10.57x106/18.49x103

= 743.16mm
For M20 and fe 415,

Ld = 47

= 47x10=470mm < 743.16mm

7.1.2.12.Check for deflection:

L/d <

For continuous beam = 26

= 1

= 1

= 1

100 Ast /bd = 100x379.58/1000x85

= 0.45%

Modification factor = 0.58 fy x area required/area provided

= 0.58x415x379.58/5x/4x102

= 232.66

= 1.5

= 26 x1x 1.5x 1x 1 = 39

L/d = 3285/85 = 38.64<39

Hence safe

7.1.3 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

11
 ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

Figure 7.2: showing the reinforcement of slab

7.2 BEAMS:

12
 A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily
by resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the
external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending
moment.

Figure 7.3: showing the bending of beam

A statically determinate beam, bending (sagging) under an evenly distributed load.

7.2.1 TYPES OF BEAMS:

Beams are characterized by their profile (the shape of their cross-section), their length,
and their material. In contemporary construction, beams are typically made of steel, reinforced
concrete, or wood. One of the most common types of steel beam is the I-beam or wide-flange
beam (also known as a "universal beam" or, for stouter sections, a "universal column"). This is
commonly used in steel-frame buildings and bridges. Other common beam profiles are the C-
channel, the hollow structural section beam, the pipe, and the angle.

Beams are also described by how they are supported. Supports restrict lateral and/or
rotational movements so as to satisfy stability conditions as well as to limit the deformations to
a certain allowance. A simple beam is supported by a pin support at one end and a roller support
at the other end. A beam with a laterally and rotationally fixed support at one end with no
support at the other end is called a cantilever beam. A beam simply supported at two points and
having one end or both ends extended beyond the supports is called an overhanging we have
designed 3 beams of same size with different clear spans.

7.2.2 DESIGN OF BEAMS:

13
 Over all depth of the slab = 110 mm

Width of beam = 230 mm

Characteristic strength of concrete = fck = 20 N/mm2

Characteristic strength of steel = fy = 415 N/mm2

Clear span (L) = 5.5 m

7.2.2.1. Depth of beam :

Assume depth of beam = 2 x width of the beam

= 2 x 230

= 460 mm

7.2.2.2. Effective span :

Center to center supports (l) = 5.5+0.23/2+0.23/2

= 5.73 m

7.2.2.3. Loads per meter length of the beam:

Self weight of the beam = density x volume

= 25x(0.23x0.46x1)

= 2.645 kN/m

Dead load of the slab = 0.11x(2.74/2+0.23/2)x25

= 4.08 kN/m

Assume live load = 2.5 kN/m

Assume factor of safety = 1.5

Total load = self weight of the beam+dead load of the

slab live load

= 2.645+4.08+2.5

= 9.23 kN/m

Ultimate load = Factor of safety x total load

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 = 1.5 x 9.23

= 13.85 kN/m

7.2.2.4. Bending moment:

Maximum bending moment occurs at mid span of the beam

M = wl2/8

= 13.85 x (5.73)2/8

= 56.84 kN/m

Shear force SF = wl/2

= 13.85 x 5.73 /2

= 39.68kN

Let us assume it is a balanced singly reinforced beam

Mlim = 0.138 fck bd2

= 0.138 x 20 x230 x(460)2

= 134.32 kN/m

M< Mlim

.. . Design a singly reinforced beam

7.2.2.5. Depth required:

Mu = 0.138 fck bd2

56.84 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 230 x d2

... d = 299.23 mm < 460 mm

.. . Assume a overall depth of 375 mm

7.2.2.6. Loads:

Self-weight of the beam = density x volume

= 25 x (0.23 x 0.375 x1)

= 2.16 kN/m

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 Dead load of the slab = 0.11 x (2.74/2+0.23/2) x 25

= 4.08 kN/m

Assume live load = 2.5 kN/m

Assume factor of safety = 1.5

Total load = self weight of the beam+dead load of the

slab+live load

= 2.16+4.08+2.5

= 8.74 kN/m

Ultimate load = factor of safety x total load

= 1.5 x 8.74

= 13.11 kN/m

7.2.2.7. Bending moment:

Bending moment M = wl2/8

= 13.11 x (5.73)2/8

= 53.80 kN-m

7.2.2.8. Depth required:

Mu = 0.138 fck bd2

53.80 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 230 x d2

... d = 291.120 mm < 375 mm

.. . Hence provided depth is adequate

7.2.2.9. Tension reinforcement:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast x d(1- fy Ast / fck bd)

53.80 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 375(1-415 x Ast/20 x

230 x 375)

53.80 x 106 = 135393Ast 32.57 Ast2

16
 32.57 Ast2 135393 Ast+53.80 x 106 = 0

Ast = 444.99 mm2

Using 12 mm diameter bars

Number of bars = 444.99/(/4) x 122

= 3.93 ~ 4 Nos

Ast provided = 4 x ( /4) x122

= 452.39 mm2

7.2.2.10. Details of reinforcement:

17
 ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

Figure 7.4: showing the reinforcement of beam

Spacing of each bars = 230-75

18
 = 155

155/5 = 31mm

Hence provided spacing of each bar at 31 mm center to center.

7.2.2.11 Design of stirrups:

Normal shear stress v = vu/bd

= 39.68 x 103/230 x375

= 0.46 N/mm2

Percentage of tension steel at support

pt = Ast x 100/bd

pt = 417.86 x 100/230 x 375

= 0.48 %

Referring to the table 19 of IS: 456

Shear strength of concrete is c = 0.32 N/mm2

Maximum shear stress in concrete, max from table 20 of IS:456

max = 2.8 N/mm2

As v > c , design vertical stirrups.

(1) VERTICAL STIRRUPS:

Consider a 8 mm 2 legged stirrups

Asv = 2 x /4 x 82

= 100.53 mm2

Vuc = shear force that is resisted by concrete

= c bd

= 0.32 x 230 x375

= 27.60 kN

Vus = Vu-Vuc

= 39.68-27.60

19
 Vus = 12.08 kN

Vus = 0.87 fyAsvd/y

12.08 x 103 = 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 375/ Sv

Sv = 1126.75~ 1125mm

Maximum spacing is

(1) 0.75d = 0.75 x 375

= 281.25 mm

(2) 300 mm

Provided 8mm 2- legged stirrups at 300 mm from center to center

(2) AT MID SPAN:

Sv = 0.87 fy Asv/0.4b

= 0.87 x 415 x 100.53/0.4 x 230

= 394.52 mm
(1) 0.75d = 0.75 x375

= 281.25 mm

(2) 300 mm

... Hence provided 8mm 2 legged stirrups at 300 mm from center to center

7.3 STAIR CASE:

In this article, we will discuss different types of staircases and study the RCC design of a
dog-legged staircase

Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different floors
of a building. Since a stair is often the only means of communication between the various floors
of a building, the location of the stair requires good and careful consideration.

In a residential house, the staircase may be provided near the main entrance.In a public
building, the stairs must be from the main entrance itself and located centrally, to provide quick
accessibility to the principal apartments. All staircases should be adequately lighted and properly
ventilated.

7.3.1 VARIOUS TYPES OF STAIR CASES:

20
 1) Straight stairs
2) Dog-legged stairs
3) Open newel stair
4) Geometrical stair

The minimum width of staircase for

a) Residential buildings : 1.00m

b) Residential hostel buildings : 1.50m
c) Assembly buildings : 1.50m
d) Education buildings : 1.50m
e) Institutional buildings : 2.00m
f) All other buildings : 1.50m

The minimum width of the tread without nosing shall be 0.25m for residential and 0.30m
for other buildings. The maximum height of rise shall be 0.19m for residential and 0.15m for
other buildings and they shall be limited to 15 per flight. The minimal head room of a passage
shall be 2.20m.

7.3.2 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE :

Dimensions of stair hall = 2.13x3.20

Height of the floor = 3.18m with (160mm thick slab +20mm+floor

Finish)

Height of one flight = 1.595m

Rise = 145mm

Tread = 220mm

Width of landing = 1000mm

Number of rises = 1595/145

= 11

Hence number of treads = 11-1 = 10nos

For 10 treads length required = 250x10 = 2500mm

STEPS:

7.3.2.1. Effective span:

21
 Center to center distance of wall = 3.20+(0.23/2) = 3.32m

7.3.2.2 Thickness of waist slab:

Effective depth (d) = span/25

= 2130/25 = 85.2mm

Adopt d = 100mm

D = 120mm

7.3.2.3 Loads:

Loads per meter horizontal width of stair are as follows:

Inclined length of waist slab for one step = (R2+T2)1/2

= {(0.145)2+(0.220)2}1/2

= 0.93m

Area of the surface finish for one step = (0.220+0.145)x1.0

= 0.365m

Weight of waist slab in plan (wf) = (0.1934x0.12x25)/0.220

= 2.64kN/m

Weight of floor finish(wf) = (0.365x1.0)/0.220

= 1.6kN/m

Weight due to steps(ws) = (0.5x0.145x0.220x1.0x25)/0.220

= 1.81kN/m

Live load (wl) = 3kN/m

Total load(w) = wg+wf+ws+wl

= 2.64+1.6+1081+3.0 = 9.05kN/m

Factored load(wu) = 1.5x9.05

= 13.58kN/m

Depth of slab can computed by equating

22
 MU = MU,lim

Mu = wul2/8

= 13.58x(3.20)2/8

= 17.38kN-m

Mu = Mu,lim

For M20, Mu,lim = 0.138fckbd2

17.38x106 = 0.138x20x1000xd2

d = 80mm

Let us 10mm diameter bars

D = 80+10+10 10/2+10/2)

D =110mm

7.3.3.4. Tension reinforcement:

Mu = 0.87fyAstd(1-fyAst/fckbd)

17.38x106 = 0.87x415xAstx100(1-

415Ast/20x1000x100)

17.38x106 = 36105Ast-7.492Ast2

7.492Ast2-36105Ast+17.38x106 = 0

As t = 545mm2

Using 10mm diameter bars spacing of bars

S = (sat/Ast) x1000

As t = (x102)/(4) =78.54mm2

S = (78.54/545)X1000

S = 144.11mm

Hence provide spacing 10mm diameter bars @145mm center to center.

7.3.2.5 Distribution reinforcement:

23
 Ast = 0.12% of gross area

= 0.12x1000x(110/100)

= 132mm2

Using 8mm bar spacing

ast = (/4)x82

ast = 50.265mm2

S = (ast/Ast)x1000

= (50.265/132)x1000

= 380.79mm

Hence provide 8mm diameter bars @375mm c/c

7.3.3 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

24
 ELEVATION OF STAIR CASE

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN m

Figure 7.5: showing the elevation of stair case

TOP VIEW OF STAIR CASE

25
 ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN m

Figure 7.6: showing the top view of stair case

DESIGN OF OTHER STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

8.1 LINTELS:

26
 A lintel can be a load-bearing building component, a decorative architectural element, or a
combined ornamented structural item. It is often found over portals, doors, and windows.

8.1.1 DESIGN OF LINTELS:

Lintel on door 230 mm wall thicknesses:

fck = 20 N/mm2 ;

fy = 415 N/mm2

8.1.1 .1 Depth of beam:

Selecting the depth in range of l/15 to l/20 based on stiffness

d = 1050/20

= 52.5mm

Adopt d = 70 mm ;

D = 100 mm

Width of the wall (b) = 230 mm

Assume the bearing on walls = 80 mm

8.1.1.2 Effective span:

Least of

( i) Centre to centre of supports = 1.05 + 0.08 = 1.13 m

( ii) Clear span d = 1.05 + 0.07 = 1.12 m

Hence effective span = 1.12 m

8.1.1 .3 Loads:
Masonry load (rectangle) wm (or) weight of masonry above lintel

= 1.12 x 0.91 x 0.23 x 20 = 4.68 kN

Self weight of lintel wd = 0.23 x 0.1 x 1 x 25 = 0.58 kN/m

Factored bending moment Mu = (Wum.l/6 )+( Wud.l2/8)

= 1.5 x 4.68 x 1.12 /6 + 1.5 x 0.58 x

27
 1.122/8

Mu = 1.44 KN-m

Factored shear force Vu = Wum/2 + Wud.l /2

= 1.5 x 4.68 /2 + 1.5 x 0.58 x 1.12 /2

Vu = 3.99 KN

8.1.1 .4 Depth required:

The minimum depth required to resist the bending moment

Mu = 0.138 fckbd2

1.44 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 230 x d2

634.8 d2 = 1.44 x 106

d = 47.6 < 70 mm

Hence provided depth is adequate.

8.1.1 .5 Tension reinforcement:

Area of steel is calculated by equating Compression & Tension

0.87 fyAst = 0.36 fckbxumax

Ast = 0.36fckbxumax/0.87fy

= 0.36 x 20 x 230 x 0.48 x 70/0.87 x

415

Ast = 154.11 mm2

Provide 3 no's of 10 mm bars , Ast provided = 235.62 mm2

8.1.1 .6 Design of shear reinforcement:

Normal shear stress v = vu/bd

= 8.48 x 103 /230 x 70

= 0.53 N/mm2

Percentage of steel @ support Pt = ( Ast x 100) /bd

28
 = 235.62 x 100 /230 x 70

= 1.46 %

Refering to the table-19 of IS 456-2000

Shear strength of concrete is c = 0.712 N/mm2

Maximum shear stress in concrete, c max from table-20 of IS 456-2000

c max = 2.8 N/mm2

As v < c , minimum reinforcement has to be provided

Using 6 mm, 2 legged Fe250 stirrups

Asv = (2 x /4) x 62

= 56.55 mm2

Spacing from minimum reinforcement consideration as per IS 456-2000,

Asv/bsv = 0.4 / 0.87 x 415

SV = Asv x 0.87 x fy/ 0.4b

= 56.55 x 0.87 x 250/ 0.4 x 230

= 133.69 mm

Maximum allowed spacing = 0.75 d

= 0.75 x 70

= 52.5 mm

(or) 300 mm whichever is less

Hence, provide 2 legged 6mm stirrups @ 50 mm c/c

8.1.1 .7 Check for deflection (stiffness):

For simply supported beams basic value of l/d ratio = 20

Modification factor for tension steel F1

Percentage of steel = 1.46

fs = 0.58 x fy x area of steel required /Ast

29
 provided

= 0.58 x 415 x 174.21/235.62

fs = 177.96 N/mm2

From code book of IS 456-2000 , Modification factor

= 1.1

Maximum permitted l/d ratio = 1.1 x 20 = 22

l/d ratio provided = 1120/70

= 16 < 22

Hence deflection control is safe.

8.1.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

30
 ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

Figure 8.1 showing the reinforcement of lintel

8.2 LINTEL CUM SUNSHADE:

Lintel and in addition with sunshade is also designed below.

31
8.2.1 DESIGN OF LINTEL CUM SUNSHADE:
Sunshade with lintel on w2:

Opening = 0.91m

Length of lintel from wall surface = 400 mm

Wall thickness = 230 mm

Height above opening = 3 - 2.07

= 0.93

DESIGN OF SUNSHADE:

Sunshade is designed as a cantilever slab unit width

8.2.1 .1 Depth of sunshade:

Selecting as l/10 based on stiffness

d = 400/10

= 40 mm

Adopt an effective thickness of 40 mm; D= 60mm

8.2.1.2 Loads:
Self-weight of sunshade = 0.06 x 1 x 25

= 1.5 KN/m

Imposed load = 1.5 KN/m

Total load = 3 KN/m

Factored load = 1.5 x 3

= 4.5 KN/m

Factored Bending Moment

Mu = Wull2/8

= 4.5 x 0.42 /8

= 0.36 KN-m

32
8.2.1.3 Depth required:
The minimum depth required to resist Bending Moment

Mu = 0.138fckbd2

0.36 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x d2

d = 11.42 mm

Provided depth is adequate.

8.2.1.4 Main reinforcement:

Area of steel is calculated by equating compression & Tension

0.87 fy Ast = 0.36 fck b xu max

Ast = 0.36 fck b xu max / 0.87 fy

= (0.36 x 20 x 1000 x 0.48 x 40) / 0.87 x 415

Ast = 382.883 mm2

Using 8mm bars

Spacing S = (ast / Ast) X1000

= (/ 4) x 82 x (1000 / 328.883)

= 131.28 mm

Maximum spacing is

(1) 3d = 3 x 40 = 120 mm

(2) 300 mm whichever is less

Hence provide 8 mm bars @ 120 mm c/c

8.2.1 .5 Distribution reinforcement:

Ast = 0.12 % of gross area

= 0.12 x 1000 x 60 / 100

= 72 mm2

33
 Using 8 mm bars

Spacing S = ( /4 x 82) x 1000 / 72

= 698 mm

Maximum spacing is

(1) 5d = 5 x 40 = 200 mm

(2) 450 mm whichever is less

Hence provide 8 mm bars @ 200 mm c/c

8.2.1.6 Development length:

Ld = 0.87 fy / 4 bd

bd for HYSD bars = 1.25 x 1.6

Ld = (0.87 x 415 x 8) / 4 x 1.25 x 1.6

= 361.05 mm

The main tension bars of the sunshade should extend into the lintel over length of
370 mm.

DESIGN OF LINTEL:

(1) Depth of lintel:

Selecting the depth in the range of l/15 to l/20 based on stiffness

d = 900/ 15

= 60 mm

Adopt d = 60 mm

D = 90 mm

Width (b) = 230 mm

Bearing on walls = 100 mm

(2) Effective depth:

34
 Least of

1. Centre to centre of supports = 0.9 +0.1 = 1 m

2. Clear span d = 0.9 + 0.09 = 0.99 m

Hence effective span = 1m

(3) Loads :-

Masonry load ( Rectangle ) Wm = 1 x 1.36 x 0.23 x 20

= 6.26 kN

Self wt of lintel Wd = 0.23 x 0.09 x 1 x 25

= 0.52 kN/m

Factored BM Mu = ( Wum l)/6 + (Wud l2)/8

= (6.26 x 10/6 +( 0.52 x 12)/8

= 1.10 kN-m

Factored shear force Vu = Wum/2 + (Wud l)/2

= 6.26/2 + (0.25 x 1)/2 = 3.39 kN

(4) Depth required :-

The minimum depth required to resist the BM

Mu = 0.138 fck bd2

1.10 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 230 x d2

634.8 d2 = 1.10 x 106

d = 41.63 mm <60 mm

Hence provided depth is adequate

(5) Tension reinforcement:

Area of steel is calculated by equating C&T

0.87 fy Ast = 0.36 x fck x b x Xu max

=> Ast = (0.36 x 20 x 230 x 0.48 x 60)/ (0.87

35
 x 415)

=> Ast = 132.09 mm2

Provide 3 nos of 10 mm bars, Ast provided = 235.62 mm2

(6) Design of shear reinforcement;-

Nominal shear stress v = Vu / (b d)

% of Tension steel @ support Pt = (Ast x 150) / (b d)

Pt = (235.62 x 100) / (230 x 60)

= 1.70%

Referring to the table -19 of IS 456-2000,

Shear strength of concrete is c = 0.745 N/mm2

Maximum shear stress in concrete, cmax from table-20 of IS 456-2000

cmax = 2.8 N/mm2

As v < c , Minimum reinforcement has to be provided

using 6mm , 2-legged Fe 250 stirrups

Asv = 2 x (/4) x 62

= 56.55 mm2

Spacing from minimum reinforcement of consideration as per IS 456-2000,

Asv/ (b Sv) = 0.4/ (0.87 x 415)

Sv = ( Asv x 0.87 x fy) / (0.4 x 230)

Sv = (56.55 x 0.87 x 415) / (0.4 x 230)

Sv = 133.69 mm

Maximum allowed spacing = 0.75 d

= 0.75 x 60

= 45 mm (or) 300 mm whichever is

less

36
 Hence provide 2-legged 6mm stirrups @ 50 mm c/c

(7) Check for deflection (stiffness):

For simply supported beams basic value of l/d ratio =20

Modification factor for tension steel fy

Percentage of steel = 1.70

fs = 0.58 x fy x (area of steel

required)/(Ast provided)

= 0.58 x 415 x (132.09)/235.62

= 134.94 N/mm2

From code book of IS:456-2000 , modification factor =1.3

Maximum permitted l/d ratio = 1.3 x 20

= 26

L/d provided = 1000/60

= 16.67 < 26

Hence deflection control is safe.

8.2.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

37
 ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

Figure 8.2: showing the reinforcement of lintel cum sunshade

8.3 COLUMN:

38
 A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds
three times the least lateral dimension. Compression members whose lengths do not exceed three
times the least lateral dimension, may be made of plain concrete.

Early columns were constructed of stone, some out of a single piece of stone. Single-piece
columns are among the heaviest stones used in architecture. Other stone columns are created out
of multiple sections of stone, mortared or dry-fit together. In many classical sites, sectioned
columns were carved with a centre hole or depression so that they could be pegged together,
using stone or metal pins.The design of most classical columns incorporates entasis (the I
nclusion of a slight outward curve in the sides) plus a reduction in diameter along the height of
the column, so that the top is as little as 83% of the bottom diameter. This reduction mimics the
parallax effects which the eye expects to see, and tends to make columns look taller and
straighter than they are while entasis adds to that effect.

8.3.1 DESIGN OF COLUMN:

Overall depth of the slab = 110mm

Overall depth of the beam = 375mm

Self-weight of beam-1 = 0.23x3.20x0.375x25

= 6.9kN

Self-weight of beam-2 = 0.23x3.76x0.375x25

= 8.1075kN

Self-weight of beam-3 = 0.23x3.31x0.375x25

= 7.1371kN

Self-weight of beam-4 = 0.23x2.97x0.375x25

= 6.404kN

Total Self weight of beam = 6.9+8.1075+7.1371+6.404

= 28.549/2

= 14.27kN

Self-weight of the slab = 0.11x25x1 =2.75kN/m2

Total self-weight of the slab = 2.75xarea of the slab

= 2.75x6.63x13.48

39
 = 245.77kN

= 245.77/15

= 16.385kN

One side of the column = 0.23m

Assume another side of the column = 0.4m

Self-weight of the column = 0.23x0.4x3x25 =6.9kN

Live load = 2.5kN/m2 =2.5x1x1 =2.5kN

Total load = Total self-weight of the beam + self-weight

of the slab +self-weight of column + live
load

= 14.27+16.385+6.9+2.5

= 40.055kN

Factored load = Factor of safety x total load

= 1.5x40.055

= 60.1kN

Unsupported length (L) = 3m

Ends are effectively held in position and direction at both the ends (fixed ends)

Effective length (l) = 0.65L

= 0.65 x 3

= 1.95m

Slenderness ratio l/b = 1950/230

= 8.5<12

Hence, it may be designed as short column.

Minimum eccentricity,

40
 emin = {L/500 + D/30},subjected to a minimum of
20mm

= {3000/500 +400/30 }

= 19.33mm<20mm

Hence emin = 20mm

emin/D 0.05

emin/D = 20/400

= 0.050.05

The size of the column = 0.23x0.4m

Main reinforcement:

Factored load Pu = 60.1kN

Size of the column = 230mmx400mm

Gross area Ag = 230x400

= 92000mm2

Area of concrete Ac = Ag-Asc

= 92000-Asc

Pu = 0.4fckAc+0.67fyAsc

60.1x103 = 0.4x20x (92000-Asc)+0.67x415xAsc

-675900 = 270.05Asc

Asc = 2502.87mm2

Provide minimum reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement = 0.4% of gross area

= (0.4/100) x92000 = 368mm2

Using 12mm diameter bars

Number of bars = 368/ (/4x122)

41
 = 3.25 ~ 4 nos

Provide 4 bars of 12mm diameter, Asc provided =452.4mm2

Lateral tiles:

Diameter of lateral tiles should not be less than

(1) 1/4(diameter) = 12/4 = 3mm

(2) 6mm

Hence, adopt 6mm diameter bars.

Pitch of ties shall be minimum of

(a) Least lateral dimension of column = 230mm

(b)16 times the diameter of longitudinal bar = 16x12

= 192mm

(c) 300mm

Provide 6mm lateral ties @190mm center to center.

8.3.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS :

42
 ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

Figure 8.3 showing the reinforcement of column

43
8.4 FOOTINGS:

Foundation is the base of any structure. Without a firm foundation, the structure cannot
stand. That is the reason why we have to be very cautious with the design of foundations because our
entire structure rests on the foundation.

8.4.1 DESIGN OF FOOTING:

Size of the column = 230mm x 400mm

Axial load acting on the column = 40.055 kN

Self-weight of the footing = 10% 0f axial load

= (10/100) x 40.055

= 4.0055kN

Use M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel.

Safe bearing capacity of soil = 180kN/m2.

Depth of footing = 1.5m

Unit weight of soil = 20kN/m3.

Area of the footing = load/ safe bearing capacity

= (axial load + self-weight of footing)/180

= (40.055 + 4.0055) /180

= 0.248 m2

Weight of the soil = unit weight of soil x depth of the footing x

area of footing

= 20x1.5x0.248

= 7.44kN

Total load = Axial load acting on the column + Self

weight of the footing + Weight of the soil

= 40.055 + 4.0055 +7.44

44
 = 51.50kN

Now, the area of the footing = (Total load/ s.b.c)

= 51.50 /180

= 0.286 m2

Assume L/B = 3/2

B = 2L/3

Area = length x breadth

0.286 = L x (2L/3)

0.858 = 2L2

L = 0.65m

Then B = (2l/3)

= (2x0.65/3)

B = 0.43m

The size of the footing = 0.43 x0.65 ~ 0.5m x 0.7 m

Area of the footing = 0.35 m2

Net soil pressure acting on the footing

p0 = (1.5 x40.055)/0.35

= 171.66 kN/m2

Bending moment @ X-X in L span:

B.M = p0 x L x (L-a/2) x (L-a/4)

B.M = 171.66 x 0.7 x (0.7-0.4/2) x (0.7-0.4/4)

B.M = 171.66 x 0.7 x 0.15 x 0.075

B.M = 1.35kNm

Bending moment @ Y-Y in B spans:

B.M = p0 x B x (B-a/2) x (B-a/4)

45
 B.M = 171.66 x 0.5 x (0.5-0.23/2) x (0.5-0.23/4)

B.M = 171.66 x 0.5 x 0.135 x 0.0675

B.M = 0.78kNm

Assume it as a balanced section

B.M = 0.138fckbd2

1.35 x 106 = 0.138 x 20 x 700 x d2

d = 26.43 mm

Provide effective depth as 100 mm

m = 0.87fyAst d (1- fyAst/ fckbd)

1.35 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 (1- Ast x 415 / 20

x700 x 100)

1.35 x 106 = 36105 Ast( 1-2.9643 Ast)

1.35 x 106 = 36105 Ast -10.7 Ast2

10.7 Ast2 - 36105 Ast +1.35 x 106 = 0

Ast = 37.81 mm2

Provide minimum reinforcement both in longitudinal and transverse direction.

Therefore, provide 3 bars of 8mm diameter in longitudinal and transverse direction.

46
8.4.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

Figure 8.4: showing the reinforcement of footing

47
 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
TABLE SHOWING THE DETAILS OF BUILDING

9.1 RESULTS :

Structural Reinforcement details Diameter of Number spacing

member bars(mm) of bars mm c/c
Main
reinforcement

@ supports 10 5 210

Slab @ mid span

10 4 245

Distribution Reinforcement 8 3 380

Tension reinforcement 12 6 250

Beam
Shear reinforcement 2legged 8mm
stirrups 280
-

Stair case Tension reinforcement 10 7 150

Distribution Reinforcement 8 3 375

Tension reinforcement 10 3 509

Shear reinforcement 2legged 8mm 55

Lintel
stirrups

48
 Sunshade: 8 8 120
Main reinforcement
Lintel cum
Distribution Reinforcement 8 2 200
Sunshade
Lintel:
10 2 590
Tension reinforcement
2legged 6mm - 50m
Shear reinforcement
stirrups

Column Main reinforcement 12 4 168

Lateral tiles 6 - 190

Main reinforcement 10 4 300

Footing

Distribution Reinforcement 8 3 300

We designed the structural members of building slab, beams, staircase, lintels, lintels
cum sunshade, columns & footings as per IS 456-200

49
9.2 CONCLUSIONS:
The following conclusions were drawn from the PLANNING, DESIGNING AND
CONSTRUCTION OF A SINGLE STORYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.

1. As per the building byelaws we planned the singly storied residential building

2. The main goal of our project to provide good quality, construction and safe utilization of
structure

3. We designed the structural members of building slab, beams, staircase, lintels, lintels
cum sunshade, columns & footings as per IS 456-2000

50
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1) Design of reinforced structures:

By ASHOK JAIN

(2) Limit state design :

By B.C PUNMAI, ARUN KUMAR JAIN & ASHOK
KUMAR JAIN

SOFTWARES USED:

AUTO CAD

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