KOMPONEN DIAGRAM

Cellular structure and function are determined by various cellular components. Glandular
epithelial cells, such as the lining of the small intestine with a brush border, have microvilli.
Glandular epithelial cells may have cytoplasmic mucin vacuoles. Epithelial cells are
characterized by the presence of desmosomes that connect them. Many types of cells have
cytoskeletal proteins. Squamous epithelial cells may have cytoskeletal elements such as
tonofilaments. Cells with neuroendocrine differentiation tend to be rounded and may have
cytoplasmic neurosecretory granules.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of a variety of components. An adhesion complex

in the cell links to integrin that extends outward. Seen here is a basement membrane. An
important component of basement membrane is laminin, which acts as a "lag bolt" to connect
cells via integrin to the ECM. Collagen (type IV in basement membrane and types V and VI as
fine fibrils) comprises the structural component of ECM that provides shape and stability.
Fibronectin is an adhesive protein that acts as a "glue" to hold the various components together.
SEL PENGHUBUNG

Cells are connected by various components that form junctions.

The zonula occludens toward the apical margin, acts as an "O" ring to provide a tight seal so
there is no leakage, and movement of fluids, ions, and small molecules is rigorously controlled.
Key proteins include occludin and claudin as well as several zonula occludens (ZO) proteins.
Actin filaments extend out into the cytoplasm.

The zonula adherens provides cellular attachment similar to caulking. Key proteins include
catenins just inside the cell membranes and E-cadherin with calcium between the membranes.
Actin filaments extend out into the cytoplasm.

The macula adherens, or desmosome provides cellular attachment similar to a rivet, with
desmoglein and desmocollin proteins with calcium between the cell membranes linking two
plaque regions with plakoglobin and desmoplakin proteins just inside the cell membrane.
Intermediate filaments extend into the cytoplasm for anchoring.

The hemidesmosome attaches the cell to the basement membrane.

Connexons with connexin protein provide conduits for fluid, ions, and molecules passing
between cells.
ATROPY, MUSCLE FIBER

Some of these skeletal muscle fibers here show atrophy, compared to normal
fibers. The number of cells is the same as before the atrophy occurred, but the
size of some fibers is reduced. This is a response to injury by "downsizing" to
conserve the cell. In this case, innervation to the small, atrophic fibers was
lost. (This is a trichrome stain.)

Question: What is the most common cause for muscle atrophy?

ATROPY, TESTIS, GROSS

The testis at the right has undergone atrophy and is much smaller than the
normal testis at the left.

Question: Why would one testis be atrophic?

ATROPY, SEREBRUM
This is cerebral atrophy in a patient with Alzheimer disease. The entire size of the brain is reduced, but
some parts are more affected than others. The gyri are narrowed and the intervening sulci are widened,
most pronounced toward the frontal lobe region shown here at the right.

ATROPY, SENTRIBULAR LIVER, MIKROSKOPIS

Here is the centrilobular portion of liver next to a central vein. The cells have reduced in size or been lost
from hypoxia. The pale brown-yellow pigment is lipochrome that has accumulated as the atrophic and
dying cells undergo autophagocytosis.

HIPERTROPY, HEARTH, GROSS