CHEMICAL REACTIONS
YASSER ASHOUR
|
Abstract
The experiment is to study the effect reaction time and to determine the relationship between
reaction rate with conversion, reactor volume and feed rate. The reaction started when Ethyl Acetate
and Naoh were mixed with equal volume by using continuous stirred tank reactor. After 1 minute the
first 50mL sample of solution is collected and thus undergo the titration process with 0.1M NaoH. The
sample is taken again for minutes 8,18,23 consecutively. The amount of Naoh been used in that
titration has been recorded in the result. Moreover, result has been recorded, thus calculation is
made, and the graphs were plotted based on the results.
Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Advantages...................................................................................................................................... 8
Disadvantages ................................................................................................................................. 8
calculations ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Results ................................................................................................................................................... 11
Procedures .............................................................................................................................................. 9
Discussion.............................................................................................................................................. 13
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 14
References ............................................................................................................................................ 15
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 CSTR .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 7
A CSTR can also function as a loop reactor when a heated, pressurized fluid is injected into the
system to facilitate the stirring. This allows for higher heat and mass transfer rates while simplifying
maintenance because there is no agitator. The picture below is of a cell culture reactor. An initial
number of cells are placed in the fibrous-bed basket. A nutrient rich medium is continuously fed into
the reactor, and products are harvested. As the cells grow, they produce by-products, which are
continuously removed from the reactor. The reactor below uses a pitched-blade impeller to
continuously mix the reactants. (robert, 1997) , (stanley, 1959)
Continuous stirred-tank reactors are most commonly used in industrial processing, primarily in
homogeneous liquid-phase flow reactions, where constant agitation is required. They may be used by
themselves, in series, or in a battery. CSTRs are also used in the pharmaceutical industry as a loop
reactor.
Fermenters are another application of CSTR s that involve the use of a biological catalyst to generate
products. In a fermenter, microbes catalyse a reaction that breaks down much larger molecules into
smaller molecules such as ethanol, methanol, or other hydrocarbons. Vapor product can be removed
from the top of a unit without separation, or liquid product can be removed from the bottom, filtering
out and recycling the microbial media. Fermenters are used in many industries such as brewing,
pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment, and hydrocarbon processing. The pilot-plant fermenter on
the left has a 500L capacity, while the production scale fermenter on the right has a 12,000L capacity.
Cheap to construct
(charles, 1977)
Disadvantages
Conversion of reactant to product per volume of reactor is small compared to other flow reactors.
(charles, 1977)
calculations
where Fio is the molar flow rate inlet of species i, Fi the molar flow rate outlet, and Vi stoichiometric
coefficient. The reaction rate, r, is generally dependent on the reactant concentration and the rate
constant (k). The rate constant can be determined by using a known empirical reaction rates that is
adjusted for temperature using the Arrhenius temperature dependence. Generally, as the
temperature increases so does the rate at which the reaction occurs. Residence time, T, is the average
amount of time a discrete quantity of reagent spends inside the tank.
Assume:
constant density (valid for most liquids; valid for gases only if there is no net change in the number of
moles or drastic temperature change) isothermal conditions, or constant temperature (k is constant)
A products
NA = CA V (where CA is the concentration of species A, V is the volume of the reactor, NA is the
number of moles of species A)
CA=CA0/1+KT
To model systems that do not obey the assumptions of constant temperature and a single reaction,
additional dependent variables must be considered. If the system is considered to be in unsteady-
state, a differential equation or a system of coupled differential equations must be solved. CSTR's are
known to be one of the systems which exhibit complex behaviour such as steady-state multiplicity,
limit cycles and chaos. (scoh, 1998)
Procedures
1. The following solutions were prepared:
b) NaOH solution was carefully poured into vessel T2 and Et(Ac) solution into vessel T1.
5. The heater was not switched on until it was fully submerged in the liquid. Liquid level was
maintained above the heater to avoid damage to the heater.
6. The stirrer assembly was secured properly to avoid damage to the mechanical seal.
7. All tubings were inspected periodically for leakage and worm out. Leakage might cause damage
to equipment by corrosive reactants.
Experimental Procedures
1 Pump P1 was switched on to pump 1.25 L of 0.05 M Ethyl Acetate from the feed tank into reactor.
Pump P1 was switched on.
2. Pump P2 was switched on to pump 1.25 L of 0.05 M Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, into the reactor.
Pump P2 was stopped when 2.5 L of total volume was reached.
3. The stirrer and the heater were switched on and temperature were sited.
4. The timer was started and After 1 minute of reaction, 50 mL of sample was collected from the
reactor. The sample was titrated with sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
5. Step 4 was repeated for reaction times of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes.
7. Titration Procedures
1.
2.
50 mL sample collected was added to the conical flask to quench the saponification reaction.
3.
4. The mixture was then titrated with 0.1 M NaOH until it turned light pink (neutralized).
a. The cooling water valve from main pipe was kept open to allow the cooling water to continue
flowing.
b. Both pumps P1 and P2 were switched off. The stirrer and heater were switched off to let the
equipment to cool down to room temperature.
e. After each experiment, the reactor tubings were cleaned properly as NaOH and Ethyl Acetate are
corrosive and could damage the tubings.
Results
Table 1results
Zero
0.165
0.16
0.155
0.15
0.145
0.14
0.135 R = 0.9884
0.13
0 5 10 15 20 25
First
Series1 Series2 Linear (Series2)
Linear (Series2) Linear (Series2)
0.5
0.4
0.3 R = 0.9925
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Discussion
As seen in the above graphs that the concentrations decrease with time which means that the
concentration is inversely proportional to time. Moreover, in our calculations we consider that the
flow rate and temperature is constant as this reaction is isothermal reaction which means that it
does not have any temperature changes. Furthermore, it was clearly noticed that the only graph
which have the best fit is the second order reaction as a result of this we consider that this reaction
is a second order of reaction with constant rate of reaction of 0.0499.
2- The colour of light pink that obtained in titration must be same for entire experiment to avoid any
variation in result.
3- Result could be affected if volume taken is slightly late than it should be.
Conclusion
The aim of the experiment was to study the relation between time, concentration, rate of reaction
and the conversion. Moreover, the experiment was carried out when equal volumes of Naoh and Ethyl
acetate were mixed in the continuous sterried tank reactor. Then for the first minute a 50 ml of the
solution was collected to titrate it with 0.1M of naoh then this step was repeated for time 8,18,23 and
the volume of naoh used in the titration were recorded. however, after plotting the zero, first and
second order of reaction graph (concentration, time) it was clearly shown that the reaction is a second
order reaction with reaction rate constant of 0.049. in this experiment calculation we have assumed
that the flow rate and the temperature are constants as in the CSTR there is an isothermal reaction
which means that the temperature is constant. Finally, recommendations has been suggested to
minimize the in accuracy and to get more accurate results.
References
Chemical Reactors." CIEC Promoting Science at the University of York, York, UK. University of York,
18 Mar. 2013. Web. http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org
Fogler, Scott H. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering . 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1998. Print.
Hill, Charles G., Jr. An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design . New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1977. Print.
Lozowski, Dorothy, Gregory, Jim, Green, Bob, Courtemanche, Nicolle, Kehn, Richard, Chemical
Engineering . Rockford, MD: Access Intelligence, Mar. 2014. Print.
Perry, Robert H., and Don W. Green. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook . 7th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Inc., 1997: 7-17 - 7-19. Print.
Trambouze, Pierre, Van Landeghem, Hugo, and Wauquier, Jean-Pierre. Chemical Reactors .
Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 1988. Print.
Walas, Stanley M. Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design . Boston: Butterworth-
Heinemann, 1990. Print.
Walas, Stanley M. Reaction Kinetics for Chemical Engineers . New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1959.
Print.