Barbara Beck

Electronically Served 27-CV-10-28862
11/3/2017 11:40 PM
Hennepin County, MN
Expert Report of
Barbara D. Beck, Ph.D., DABT, ATS, ERT
in the Matter of
State of Minnesota vs. 3M Company
Prepared by
Barbara D. Beck, Ph.D., DABT, ATS, ERT
Prepared for
Brewer Attorneys & Counselors
1717 Main Street, Suite 4800
Dallas, Texas 75201
November 3, 2017

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Table of Contents
Page
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Case Overview......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Qualifications of Dr. Barbara D. Beck...................................................................... 1
2 Summary of Opinions ......................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Summary of Primary Opinions ................................................................................ 3
2.2 Methodology........................................................................................................... 4
2.3 PFC Chemistry and Monitoring ............................................................................... 4
2.4 ADME/PBPK and Modes of Action .......................................................................... 4
2.5 Animal and Human Studies ..................................................................................... 6
2.6 Evaluation of US EPA and Minnesota Toxicity Criteria and Environmental
Guideline Levels ...................................................................................................... 6
2.7 Evaluation of Data in Specific Locations at Issue .................................................... 9
2.8 State of Knowledge ............................................................................................... 13
2.9 Comments on Plaintiff's Expert Reports ............................................................... 14
3 Methodology..................................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Information Used and Analyses Performed ......................................................... 15
3.2 Evaluating Risks from Chemical Exposures ........................................................... 16
3.2.1 Introduction to Toxicology ........................................................................ 16
3.2.2 Introduction to Epidemiology ................................................................... 18
3.2.3 Extrapolation from Animals to Humans ................................................... 18
3.2.4 Toxicity Criteria ......................................................................................... 19
3.2.5 Risk Assessment Methodology ................................................................. 20
3.2.6 Regulatory Toxicology vs. Causation Analysis .......................................... 22
3.2.7 Evaluating the Weight of Evidence ........................................................... 22
4 Overview of PFC Chemistry, Properties, Production, Disposal, and Monitoring ............. 24

4.1 The Chemistry of PFCs .......................................................................................... 24
4.2 Environmental and Biological Properties of PFCs ................................................. 25
4.3 The Synthesis of PFCs............................................................................................ 25
4.4 3M Production of PFOA and PFOS ........................................................................ 26
4.5 PFC Waste Disposal ............................................................................................... 26
4.6 PFC Monitoring Programs ..................................................................................... 27
5 Understanding Mechanisms of Toxicity ........................................................................... 29

5.1 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion .......................................... 29
5.1.1 Absorption ................................................................................................ 29
5.1.1.1 Rats and Mice ............................................................................. 30
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5.1.1.2 Monkeys and Humans ................................................................ 30

5.1.2 Distribution ............................................................................................... 31
5.1.2.1 Volume of Distribution ............................................................... 31
5.1.2.2 Tissue Distribution ...................................................................... 32
5.1.2.3 Placental and Lactational Transfer ............................................. 36
5.1.3 Metabolism ............................................................................................... 37
5.1.4 Excretion ................................................................................................... 37
5.1.4.1 Sex Differences in Excretion ....................................................... 40
5.1.4.2 Excretion via Menstruation and Lactation ................................. 41
5.1.4.3 Accounting for Interspecies Differences in Elimination Half-
lives ............................................................................................. 41
5.2 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models ....................................... 42
5.3 PPAR Mode of Action Associated with a Species-specific Response for
PFOA ...................................................................................................................... 44
5.3.1 PPAR and PFOA Liver Effects .................................................................. 45
5.3.2 PPAR and PFOA Immunological Effects .................................................. 46
5.3.3 PPAR and PFOA Developmental Effects ................................................. 47
5.3.4 Implications of a PPAR Mode of Action for Minnesota's PFOA
Drinking Water Guideline ......................................................................... 48
6 Animal Studies .................................................................................................................. 49

6.1 PFOA ...................................................................................................................... 50
6.1.1 Key Endpoints ........................................................................................... 50
6.1.1.1 Liver Effects ................................................................................ 50
6.1.1.2 Serum Lipid Effects ..................................................................... 53
6.1.1.3 Thyroid Hormone-related Effects ............................................... 54
6.1.1.4 Immunotoxicity Effects ............................................................... 55
6.1.1.5 Developmental and Reproductive Effects .................................. 59
6.1.2 Cancer ....................................................................................................... 60
6.1.3 Overall Conclusions for PFOA ................................................................... 61
6.2 PFOS ...................................................................................................................... 62
6.2.1 Key Endpoints ........................................................................................... 62
6.2.1.1 Liver Effects ................................................................................ 63
6.2.1.2 Serum Lipid Effects ..................................................................... 65
6.2.1.3 Thyroid Hormone-related Effects ............................................... 67
6.2.1.4 Immunotoxicity Effects ............................................................... 69
6.2.1.5 Developmental and Reproductive Effects .................................. 72
6.2.2 Morbidity and Mortality ........................................................................... 74
6.2.3 Cancer ....................................................................................................... 74
6.2.4 Overall Conclusions for PFOS .................................................................... 75
6.3 PFBA ...................................................................................................................... 76
6.3.1 Liver Effects ............................................................................................... 76
6.3.2 Serum Lipid Effects ................................................................................... 76
6.3.3 Thyroid Hormone-related Effects ............................................................. 76
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6.3.4 Developmental and Reproductive Effects ................................................ 77

6.4 PFBS....................................................................................................................... 77
6.4.1 Liver Effects ............................................................................................... 77
6.4.2 Serum Lipid Effects ................................................................................... 77
6.4.3 Kidney Effects............................................................................................ 78
6.4.4 Blood Effects ............................................................................................. 78
6.4.5 Thyroid Hormone-related Effects ............................................................. 78
6.4.6 Developmental and Reproductive Effects ................................................ 78
6.5 Overall Conclusions for Animal Toxicity ............................................................... 79
7 Human Studies .................................................................................................................. 80

7.1 PFOA ...................................................................................................................... 80
7.1.1 Serum Concentrations in Workers ............................................................ 80
7.1.2 Occupational Health Studies ..................................................................... 82
7.1.2.1 Reproductive and Developmental Effects .................................. 82
7.1.2.2 Liver Enzymes and Disease ......................................................... 82
7.1.2.3 Serum Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease .................................. 83
7.1.2.4 Immunological Effects ................................................................ 87
7.1.2.5 Kidney Effects ............................................................................. 87
7.1.2.6 Cancer ......................................................................................... 88
7.1.3 Serum Concentrations in the General Population and Non-
occupationally Exposed Cohorts ............................................................... 90
7.1.4 Studies in the General Population ............................................................ 95
7.1.4.1 Reproductive and Developmental Effects .................................. 95
7.1.4.2 Liver Enzymes and Disease ......................................................... 99
7.1.4.3 Thyroid Hormones and Disease................................................ 100
7.1.4.4 Serum Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease ................................ 101
7.1.4.5 Immunological Effects .............................................................. 103
7.1.4.6 Kidney Effects ........................................................................... 106
7.1.4.7 Cancer ....................................................................................... 106
7.1.5 C8 Science Panel ..................................................................................... 108
7.1.5.1 High Cholesterol ....................................................................... 109
7.1.5.2 Thyroid Disease ........................................................................ 109
7.1.5.3 Pregnancy-induced Hypertension and Preeclampsia............... 110
7.1.5.4 Ulcerative Colitis ....................................................................... 111
7.1.5.5 Kidney Cancer ........................................................................... 111
7.1.5.6 Testicular Cancer ...................................................................... 112
7.1.5.7 Overall Conclusions for C8 Science Panel................................. 113
7.1.6 Overall Conclusions for Human Studies of PFOA .................................... 113
7.2 PFOS .................................................................................................................... 114
7.2.1 Serum Concentrations in Workers .......................................................... 114
7.2.2 Health Endpoint Studies in Workers ....................................................... 115
7.2.2.1 Reproductive and Developmental Effects ................................ 116
7.2.2.2 Liver Enzymes ........................................................................... 116
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7.2.2.3 Liver Disease ............................................................................. 117

7.2.2.4 Serum Lipids ............................................................................. 117
7.2.2.5 Cardiovascular Disease ............................................................. 118
7.2.2.6 Cancer ....................................................................................... 119
7.2.3 Serum Concentrations in the General Population and Non-
occupational Exposed Cohorts ............................................................... 120
7.2.4 Studies in the General Population .......................................................... 122
7.2.4.2 Liver Enzymes and Disease ....................................................... 133
7.2.4.4 Serum Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease ................................ 136
7.2.4.6 Kidney Effects ........................................................................... 141
7.2.4.7 Cancer ....................................................................................... 142
7.2.5 Overall Conclusions for Human Studies.................................................. 143
7.3 PFBA and PFBS .................................................................................................... 143
7.3.1 PFBA and PFBS Exposure ........................................................................ 143
7.3.2 Studies in the General Population and Non-occupationally Exposed
Populations ............................................................................................. 143
7.3.2.3 Serum Lipids ............................................................................. 144
7.4 Overall Conclusions ............................................................................................. 145
8 Agency Guidelines ........................................................................................................... 146

8.1 PFOA .................................................................................................................... 147
8.1.1 US EPA ..................................................................................................... 147
8.1.1.1 RfD ............................................................................................ 147
8.1.1.2 Drinking Water ......................................................................... 148
8.1.2 Minnesota ............................................................................................... 149
8.1.2.1 RfD (2008) ................................................................................. 149
8.1.2.2 HRL ............................................................................................ 149
8.1.2.3 RfD (2017) ................................................................................. 149
8.1.2.4 HBV ........................................................................................... 150
8.1.2.5 Soil ............................................................................................ 151
8.2 PFOS .................................................................................................................... 152
8.2.1 US EPA ..................................................................................................... 152
8.2.1.1 RfD ............................................................................................ 152
8.2.1.2 Drinking Water ......................................................................... 152
8.2.2 Minnesota ............................................................................................... 153
8.2.2.1 RfD (2008) ................................................................................. 153
8.2.2.2 HRL ............................................................................................ 154
8.2.2.3 RfD (2017) ................................................................................. 154
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8.2.2.4 HBV ........................................................................................... 155

8.2.2.5 Soil ............................................................................................ 156
8.3 PFBA .................................................................................................................... 156
8.3.1 RfD ........................................................................................................... 156
8.3.2 Water ...................................................................................................... 156
8.3.3 Soil ........................................................................................................... 157
8.4 PFBS..................................................................................................................... 157
8.4.1 US EPA ..................................................................................................... 157
8.4.1.1 RfD ............................................................................................ 157
8.4.1.2 Water ........................................................................................ 158
8.4.1.3 Soil ............................................................................................ 158
8.4.2 Minnesota ............................................................................................... 158
8.4.2.1 RfD ............................................................................................ 158
8.4.2.2 Water ........................................................................................ 159
8.5 PFHxS................................................................................................................... 159
8.6 Relative Source Contribution .............................................................................. 159
8.7 Comparison of Drinking Water Guidelines to Animal Data ................................ 160
8.8 Minnesota's Calculation of Health Risk Indices .................................................. 162
8.9 Characteristics of Hazardous Waste Under Minnesota Rules Part 7045.0131 .. 163
9 Site Data .......................................................................................................................... 165

9.1 Data Processing and Compilation ....................................................................... 165
9.2 Groundwater ....................................................................................................... 168
9.3 Surface Water ..................................................................................................... 169
9.4 Soil ....................................................................................................................... 170
9.5 Sediment ............................................................................................................. 170
9.6 Fish ...................................................................................................................... 171
10 Evaluation of Site Data .................................................................................................... 173

10.1 Potentially Exposed Populations ........................................................................ 173
10.2 Development of Exposure Point Concentrations ............................................... 174
10.3 Exposure Equations and Assumptions ................................................................ 175
10.3.1 Ingestion of PFCs in Groundwater .......................................................... 175
10.3.2 Ingestion of PFCs in Sediment ................................................................ 176
10.3.3 Dermal Contact with PFCs in Sediment .................................................. 177
10.3.4 Ingestion of PFCs in Surface Water ......................................................... 177
10.3.5 Ingestion of PFCs in Fish ......................................................................... 178
10.4 Comparison of Exposures with the PODs Used to Set Agency Guidelines ......... 178
10.4.1 Past Adult Female Resident's Exposures to PFCs in Private Wells ......... 179
10.4.2 Past Adult Female Resident's Exposures to PFCs in City Wells............... 180
10.4.3 Current Adult Female Resident's Exposures to PFCs in Private Wells .... 180
10.4.4 Current Adult Female Resident's Exposures to PFCs in City Wells ......... 181
10.4.5 Adult Female Recreational User's Exposure to PFCs .............................. 181

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10.5 Comparison of Resident PFC Serum Concentrations with Worker and
AnimalPFCSerumConcentrations.....................................................................182
10.6 Conclusions.........................................................................................................185
11 DevelopmentofScientificKnowledgeofPFCToxicityOverTime..................................196
11.1 Introduction........................................................................................................196
11.1.1 AnalyticalMethodology..........................................................................196
11.1.2 Bioaccumulation.....................................................................................198
11.2 OverviewoftheChronologyof3MScientificKnowledgeandActions..............198
11.2.1 1970s.......................................................................................................198
11.2.2 1980s.......................................................................................................199
11.2.3 1990s.......................................................................................................200
11.4.4 Early2000s..............................................................................................201
11.3 Summary.............................................................................................................202
12 AwarenessofHealthRisksfromWasteDisposal...........................................................204
12.1 WasteDisposalandContaminationofGroundwater.........................................204
12.2 AwarenessofChemicalsintheEnvironment.....................................................206
12.3 Summary.............................................................................................................207
13 CommentsonPlaintiff'sOpinions..................................................................................208
13.1 CommentsonDr.DeWitt'sOpinions..................................................................208
13.1.1 Cancer.....................................................................................................209
13.1.2 DevelopmentalToxicity..........................................................................212
13.1.3 Immunotoxicity.......................................................................................213
13.1.4 ThyroidDisease.......................................................................................214
13.1.5 ConsiderationofDose.............................................................................215
13.1.6 ConsiderationofCausation.....................................................................216
13.1.7 ConsiderationofRiskAssessment..........................................................216
13.1.8 DrinkingWaterGuidance........................................................................216
13.1.9 StateofKnowledge.................................................................................217
13.1.10 AppendixB:Estimating"Safe"PFOSDoses..........................................219
13.2 CommentsonDr.Grandjean'sOpinions............................................................219
13.2.1 Immunotoxicity.......................................................................................220
13.2.2 ReproductiveandDevelopmentalOutcomes........................................223
13.2.3 Cancer.....................................................................................................225
13.2.4 OtherEndpoints......................................................................................229
13.2.5 StateofKnowledge.................................................................................229
13.2.6 SerumAnalysesfromMinnesotaResidents...........................................234
13.2.7 AlternativeDrinkingWaterLimits..........................................................234
13.3 CommentsonDr.Sunding'sOpinions................................................................235
References..................................................................................................................................237

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Appendix A Curriculum Vitae and Testimony Table (Last 4 Years) of Barbara D. Beck,
Ph.D., DABT, ATS, ERT
Appendix B Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Data
Appendix C Site Data
Appendix D Exposure Calculations
Appendix E Other Materials Considered
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List of Tables
Table 2.1 Comparative Doses from Animal Studies: Number of 8 oz. Glasses of Water at the HBV
an Adult Would Need to Drink to Reach the Serum Concentrations Used as the Basis for
the HBVs
Table 2.2 Lowest MOE Values for Specific Pathways
Table 2.3 MOEs Based on 95th Percentile Serum Concentrations in Southern Washington County
Residents
Table 4.1 PFCs with a Sulfonate Functional Group
Table 4.2 PFCs with a Carboxylate Functional Group
Table 5.1 PFC Volume of Distribution Values in Humans, Monkeys, Rates, and Mice (L/kg)
Table 5.2 Tissue Distribution of PFCs by Species and Sex
Table 5.3 PFC Liver to Serum Ratios
Table 5.4 Liver Tissue Distribution Across Species, Sex, and Dose
Table 5.5 Placental and Lactational Transfer
Table 5.6 PFC Elimination Half-lives
Table 5.7 Comparison of Developmental Effects in Wild-type vs. PPAR-knockout Mice
Table 7.1 Serum PFOA (ng/mL) in Representative Occupational Populations
Table 7.2 Serum PFOA (ng/mL) in Representative Non-occupational Populations
Table 7.3 Non-occupational PFOA Cohorts
Table 7.4 Summary of 3M Occupational PFOS Serum Concentrations (ppb or ng/mL)
Table 7.5 Serum PFOS (ng/mL) in Representative Non-occupational Populations
Table 7.6 Non-occupational PFOS Cohorts
Table 8.1 Comparative Doses from Animal Studies: Number of 8 oz. Glasses of Water at the
Guideline Concentrations an Adult Would Need to Drink to Reach the NOEL or LOEL
Used as the Basis for PFC Guidance Values
Table 9.1 Summary of Files Containing Sample Results
Table 9.2 Groundwater Location Types
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Table 9.3 Data Availability and Generalized Data Grouping Areas for Named Water Bodies
Table 9.4 Fish Sample Types, by Water Body Type
Table 9.5 Summary of Reported Fish Data Units Basis
Table 10.1 Summary of Hypothetical Daily Intakes and Margins of Exposure for Past Resident's
Groundwater Exposure for Private Wells
Table 10.2 Summary of Hypothetical Daily Intakes and Margins of Exposure for Past Resident's
Groundwater Exposure from City Wells
Table 10.3 Summary of Hypothetical Daily Intakes and Margins of Exposure for Current (2014-2017)
Resident's Groundwater Exposure from Private Wells with Highest Exposure Estimates
Table 10.4 Summary of Hypothetical Daily Intakes and Margins of Exposure for Current (2014-2017)
Resident's Groundwater Exposure from City Wells
Table 10.5 Summary of Hypothetical Daily Intakes and Margins of Exposure for Past and Current
Recreational User
Table 10.6 Serum Concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in Southern Washington County Residents
Compared to the US Population
Compared to 3M Workers, MDH LOEL/NOEL, and Chang et al. (2017) Study
Table 10.8 Margin of Exposure Comparisons Based on Serum Concentrations in Southern

Washington County Residents
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List of Figures Within the Report
Figure 4.1 Chemical Structures of PFOA, PFOS, PFBA, and PFBS
Figure 9.1 Interrogatory Boundary
Figure 9.2 Site and Landfill Boundaries

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Abbreviations
3M 3M Company
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Acox1 Acyl Coenzyme A Oxidase
ADHD Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
ADME Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
ALP Alkaline Phosphatase
ALSPAC Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
ALT Alanine Aminotransferase
AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio
APFO Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate
ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder
AST Aspartate Aminotransferase
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
AUC Area Under the Curve
BMCL5 Benchmark Concentration for a 5% Response
BMDL10 Benchmark Dose Level for a 10% Response
BMI Body Mass Index
C8 Cohort C8 Health Project Cohort
CCK Cholescystokinin
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CHEF Children's Health and Environment in the Faroe Islands
CHirP Chemicals, Health, and Pregnancy
CI Confidence Interval
CIMT Carotid Intima Media Thickness
CNS Central Nervous System
ConA Concanavalin A
COPC Constituent of Potential Concern
CSF Cancer Slope Factor
CVD Cardiovascular Disease
DA Dermal Absorption Fraction
Danish EPA Danish Environmental Protection Agency
DCH Diet, Cancer, and Health
DWEL Drinking-water-equivalent Level
DWI Drinking Water Intake
ECF Electrochemical Fluorination
ED-RIA Equilibrium Dialysis Followed by Radioimmunoassay
EFSA European Food Safety Authority
eGFR Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
Ehhadh Enoyl Coenzyme A Hydratase
ELCR Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk
EPC Exposure Point Concentration
F0 Parental Generation
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F1 First Generation
F2 Second Generation
FA Fraction Absorbed
FAI Free Androgen Index
FSH Follicle-stimulating Hormone
GAC Granular Activated Carbon
GACA Genetics and Biomarkers Study for Childhood Asthma
GD Gestational Day
GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate
GGT Gamma-glutamyl Transferase
GWSS Ground Water Supply Survey
HA Health Advisory
HBV Health-based Value
HDL High-density Lipoprotein
HED Human Equivalent Dose
HI Hazard Index
hPPAR Humanized Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor
HQ Hazard Quotient
HR Hazard Ratio
HRI Health Risk Index
HRL Health Risk Limit
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
IFN- Interferon Gamma
Ig Immunoglobulin
IgA Immunoglobulin A
IgE Immunoglobulin E
IgG Immunoglobulin G
IgM Immunoglobulin M
IHD Ischemic Heart Disease
IL-2 Interleuken 2
IL-4 Interleuken 4
IL-5 Interleuken 5
INUENDO Biopersistent Organochlorines in Diet and Human Fertility
IQR Interquartile Range
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
IRR Incidence Rate Ratio
IUR Inhalation Unit Risk
iv Intravenous
Kow Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient
LD50 Median Lethal Dose
LDL Low-density Lipoprotein
LH Luteinizing Hormone
LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
LOEL Lowest Observed Effect Level
LOQ Limit of Quantitation
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level
MDH Minnesota Department of Health
Minnesota State of Minnesota
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MIRC Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals

MMR Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
MoA Mode of Action
MOE Margin of Exposure
MPCA Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
N-EtFOSE N-ethyl Perfluorooctanesulfonamido Ethanol
NAS National Academy of Sciences
NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NK Natural Killer
NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level
NOEL No Observed Effect Level
NPL National Priorities List
NRC National Research Council
NTP National Toxicology Program
OAT Organic Anion Transporter
Oatp Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OR Odds Ratio
PBPK Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic
PFBA Perfluorobutanoic Acid
PFBS Perfluorobutane Sulfonate
PFC Perfluorinated Chemical
PFHxA Perfluorohexanoic Acid
PFHxS Perfluorohexane Sulfonate
PFOA Perfluorooctanoic Acid
PFOS Perfluorooctane Sulfonate
PFPeA Perfluoropentanoic Acid
PND Post-natal Day
POD Point of Departure
PPAR Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor
ppb Parts Per Billion
ppm Parts Per Million
PXR Pregnane X Receptor
QC Quality Control
RAGS Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RfC Reference Concentration
RfD Reference Dose
RME Reasonable Maximum Exposure
RSC Relative Source Contribution
RSL Regional Screening Level
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SGA Small for Gestational Age
SHBG Sex-hormone-binding Globulin
SIR Standardized Incidence Ratio
siRNA Small Interference RNA
SMR Standard Mortality Ratio
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SRBC Sheep Red Blood Cell

SRV Soil Reference Value
T3 Triiodothyronine
T4 Thyroxine
TDAR T-cell-dependent Antibody Response
TGAb Thyroglobulin Antibody
TIAR T-cell-independent Antibody Response
TMAb Thyroid Microsomal Antibody
TNP Trinitrophenyl
TPOAb Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody
TRH Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TSH Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
TTP Time to Pregnancy
TWA Time-weighted Average
UCLM Upper Confidence Limit on the Mean
UF Uncertainty Factor
UK FSA United Kingdom Food Standards Authority
UK United Kingdom
UN Minnesota Unique Well Number
US United States
US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS United States Geological Survey
Vd Volume of Distribution
VLDL Very Low Density Lipoprotein
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
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1 Introduction
1.1 Case Overview
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Table 2.1 Comparative Doses from Animal Studies: Number of 8 oz. Glasses of Water at the HBV an Adult
Would Need to Drink to Reach the Serum Concentrations Used as the Basis for the HBVsa
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Guideline Value
Agency
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accelerated
male
puberty
PFOS MDH HBV = Luebker et Reduced NOEL 0.1 0.00051 1,300 5,600
0.000027 al. (2005a)/ weight gain
Rat in F2 pups
Notes:
F2 = Second Generation; HBV = Health-based Value; HED = Human Equivalent Dose; LOEL = Lowest Observed Effect Level; MDH =
Minnesota Department of Health; NOEL = No Observed Effect Level; PFC = Perfluorinated Chemical; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid;
PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.
(a) Water intake is rounded to two significant digits.

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Table 2.2 Lowest MOE Valuesa for Specific Pathways
Past Past Current Current
Hypothetical
Hypothetical Hypothetical Hypothetical Hypothetical
Exposure,
POD Exposure, Exposure, Exposure, Exposure,
PFC Adult Female
(mg/kg-day) Private Well City Well with Private Well City Well with
Recreational
with Highest Highest with Highest Highest
User
Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration
PFOA 0.0053 50 190 170 1,000 3,200
PFOSb 0.00051 4.3 12 31 83 4.6
PFOSc 0.002 17 47 120 330 18
PFBA 0.86 1,100 10,000 5,000 21,000 2,400,000
PFBS 0.42 39,000 39,000 170,000 220,000 1,500,000
Notes:
PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFBS = Perfluorobutane Sulfonate; PFC = Perfluorinated Chemical; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic
Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate; POD = Point of Departure.
(a) MOEs rounded to two significant digits.
(b) POD selected by US EPA and MDH.
(c) Alternative and better-supported POD (see Section 2.6).

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Table 2.3 MOEs Based on 95th Percentile Serum Concentrations in
Southern Washington County Residents
95th Percentile Serum
Animal Serum POD
PFC Year Concentrations in Residents MOEa
(g/L)
(g/L)
PFOA 38,000 2008 60 630
(LOEL)b,c 2010 49 780
2014 26 1,500
PFOS 6,260 2008 100 63
(NOEL)b 2010 70 90
2014 70 89
PFOS 25,000 2008 100 250
(NOEL)d 2010 70 360
2014 70 360
Notes:
LOEL = Lowest Observed Effect Level; MOE = Margin of Exposure; NOEL = No Observed
Effect Level; PFC = Perfluorinated Chemical; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS =
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate; POD = Point of Departure.
(a) MOE = POD / Serum Concentration. MOEs were rounded to two significant digits.
(b) Serum concentrations at the US EPA/MDH POD.
(c) Using the more scientifically supported POD would change the PFOA LOEL to a NOEL.
(d) Based on a more scientifically supported NOEL of 0.4 mg/kg-day (see Section 8.2).

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Table 4.1 PFCs with a Sulfonate Functional Group

Compound Abbreviation Carbon Length
Perfluorobutane Sulfonate PFBS 4
Perfluorohexane Sulfonate PFHxS 6
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate PFOS 8
Perfluorodecane Sulfonate PFDS 10

Table 4.2 PFCs with a Carboxylate Functional Group
Compound Abbreviation Carbon Length
Perfluorobutanoic Acid PFBA 4
Perfluoropentanoic Acid PFPeA 5
Perfluorohexanoic Acid PFHxA 6
Perfluoroheptanoic Acid PFHpA 7
Perfluorooctanoic Acid PFOA 8
Perfluorononanoic Acid PFNA 9
Perfluorodecanoic Acid PFDA 10
Perfluoroundecanoic Acid PFUnA 11
Perfluorododecanoic Acid PFDoA 12
Perfluorotetradecanoic Acid PFTA 14

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Table 5.1 PFC Volume of Distribution Values in Humans, Monkeys, Rats, and Mice (L/kg)
Exposure
Species Sex PFBA PFBS PFOA PFOS
Route
Humansa N/A N/A N/A 0.170 0.230
Cynomolgus Monkeysb Females iv 0.443 0.255 0.198 0.274
Males 0.526 0.254 0.181 0.202
Sprague-Dawley Ratsc Females iv 0.187 0.351 N/A 0.586
Males 0.253 0.330 N/A 0.649
Sprague-Dawley Ratsd Females iv N/A N/A 0.171 0.352
Males N/A N/A 0.112 0.383
Sprague-Dawley Ratsc Females Oral 0.173 0.391 N/A 0.521
Males 0.209 0.676 N/A 0.765
Sprague-Dawley Ratsd Females Oral N/A N/A 0.154 0.289
Males N/A N/A 0.106 0.280
Wistar Ratse Females iv N/A N/A 0.211 N/A
Males N/A N/A 0.339 N/A
CD-1 Micef Females Oral 0.134 N/A N/A 0.261
Males 0.296 N/A N/A 0.263
Notes:
iv = Intravenous; N/A = Not Available; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFBS = Perfluorobutane Sulfonate; PFOA =
Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.
Volume of distribution (Vd) values for animals are all based on a single dose.
(a) Data from Thompson et al. (2010); calculated assuming a first-order, one-compartment model.
(b) Data from Chang et al. (2008a) for PFBA (10 mg/kg); Olsen et al. (2009) for PFBS (10 mg/kg); Butenhoff et al.
(2004a) for PFOA (10 mg/kg); and Chang et al. (2012) for PFOS (2 mg/kg).
(c) Data from Chang et al. (2008a) for PFBA (30 mg/kg); Olsen et al. (2009) for PFBS (30 mg/kg); and Chang et al.
(2012) for PFOS (2 mg/kg).
(d) Data from Kim et al. (2016) for PFOA (1 mg/kg) and PFOS (2 mg/kg).
(e) Data from Ohmori et al. (2003) for PFOA (~20 or 50 mg/kg; estimated based on administered dose reported by
Ohmori et al. as being, alternatively, 48.64 mol/kg or 48.64 mmol/[2.5 mL/kg]; conversion based on molecular
weight of 414.069 [ATSDR, 2015]).
(f) Data from Chang et al. (2008a) for PFBA (30 mg/kg) and from Chang et al. (2012) for PFOS (20 mg/kg).

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Table 5.2 Tissue Distribution of PFCs By Species and Sex

Rats Males Serum >> Livera N/A 5 mg/kg 0.3 mg/kg
Liver >> Serum > Kidney Liver >>> Serum
>> Spleen>> Brainb Kidney >> Spleen
>> Brainc
10 mg/kg
Serum Liver Kidney >> 2 mg/kg
Spleen >> Brainb Liver >> Serum >>
Kidney >> Spleend
Females N/A N/A 5 mg/kg 2 mg/kg
Serum Liver Kidney >> Liver >> Serum >>
Spleenb Kidney >> Spleend
10 mg/kg)
Serum > Kidney > Liver >>
Spleen >>> Brainb
Mice Males Serum >> Livera Liver > Kidney >> Liver > Serumf Liver >> Kidney >>
Spleen >> Braine Spleen >> Braing
Females N/A N/A Liver >> Serumf N/A
Monkeys Males N/A N/A Serum >> Liverh Liver > Serumi
Humans N/A Kidney >>> Liver Kidney >> Liver Liver >> Kidney Kidney Liver >>>
>> Brainj (ND in brain)j (ND in brain)j Brainj
Notes:
CSF = Cerebral-spinal Fluid; N/A = Not Available; ND = Not Detected; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFBS = Perfluorobutane
Sulfonate; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.
indicates tissue concentration is comparable or slightly greater than tissue concentration in comparison tissue.
> indicates there is a less than 2-fold difference in relative tissue concentration.
>> indicates there is a 2- to 10-fold difference in relative tissue concentration.
>>> indicates there is a greater than 10-fold difference in relative tissue concentration.
(a) Chang et al. (2008a).
(b) Data from multiple studies (summarized in Appendix Table B.1); data for PFOA levels in female rat brain at low doses are
not available.
(c) Iwabuchi et al. (2017).
(d) Kim et al. (2016).
(e) Bogdanska et al. (2014).
(f) Data from one male and one female mouse (Hundley et al., 2006).
(g) Bogdanska et al. (2011).
(h) Butenhoff et al. (2004a); evaluated only serum and liver concentrations.
(i) Seacat et al. (2002); evaluated only serum and liver concentrations.
(j) Data from 20 human cadavers (Perez et al., 2013).

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Table 5.3 PFC Liver to Serum Ratiosa

Species PFBA PFOA PFOS
Rats Males Females (0.1 mg/kg)c Femalesc
0.24 (0.22-0.27)b N/A 2.9 (1.9-47)
Males (0.1 mg/kg)c Malesc

2.4 (1.7-3.7) 8.8 (2.6-51)
Females (1 mg/kg)c
0.64 (0.28-0.81)
Males (1 mg/kg)c
0.9 (0.59-2.3)
Mice Females Females (10 mg/kg)e N/A
0.17 (0.15-0.17)d 2.4
Males Males (10 mg/kg)e

0.23 (0.21-0.28)d 1.6
Monkeys N/A 0.18 (3 mg/kg)f 1.8 (0.9-2.2)g
0.13 (10 mg/kg)f
Humans N/A 1.2, 3.2h 1.3i
Notes:
N/A = Not Available; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFC = Perfluorinated Chemical; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid;
(a) Values represent median and range; studies report concentrations in either serum or plasma, with values in either serum or
plasma considered equivalent. Unless otherwise specified, there was no clear dose-dependent or sex-dependent differences in
liver and serum concentrations.
(b) Data for males only (Chang et al., 2008a).
(c) Ratios based on data from multiple studies (summarized in Appendix Table B.2).
(d) Data for doses of 10-100 mg/kg (Chang et al., 2008a).
(e) Serum PFOA concentrations were estimated from whole-blood concentrations from Hundley et al. (2006) using a factor of
1.9, as estimated from data reported by Iwabuchi et al. (2017) and Kudo et al. (2007).
(f) Data from Butenhoff et al. (2004a) for males only; values represent median for n = 4 monkeys/dose.
(g) Data from Seacat et al. (2002); no apparent difference between females and males, or among doses (from 0.03-0.75 mg/kg-
day).
(h) Data available for only two cadavers (Olsen et al., 2001; also discussed in Olsen et al., 2003b).
(i) Data as reported by Olsen et al. (2003b).

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Table 5.4 Liver Tissue Distribution Across Species, Sex, and Dose
Comparison
PFBA PFOA PFOS
Across:
Species Rats Mice Mice Humans > Rats > Monkeys Rats > Monkeys Humans
Sexes Males Females Males > Females (Rats) Males > Females (Rats)
(Mice) Females Males (Mice) N/A (Mice, Monkeys, and Humans)
N/A (Monkeys and Humans)
Doses N/A Low Dose > High Dose (Rats) N/A
N/A (Mice, Monkeys, and Humans)
Notes:
N/A = Not Available; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.

5.1.2.3 Placental and Lactational Transfer
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27-CV-10-28862
Table 5.5 Placental and Lactational Transfer

Placental Transfera Lactational Transferb Offspring/Maternal Ratioc
PFC
Humans Rats Humans Rats Humans Rats
PFOA 0.79 0.42 0.04 0.10 3.0 0.26
(0.62-1.5) (0.03-0.12) (1.8-4.6)
PFOS 0.37 2.3 0.01 0.31 1.1 0.68
(0.29-0.56) (0.01-0.03) (0.93-1.4)
Notes:
PFC = Perfluorinated Chemical; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.
Underlying data included in Appendix Table B.3.
(a) Presented as fetal (cord blood)/maternal (serum or plasma) ratio. Values for humans represent
median and range. Value for rats selected as lowest dose (as being most comparable to exposure
and sample collection in humans).
(b) Presented as breast milk/serum (or plasma) ratio. Values for humans represent median and
range. Values for rats selected as lowest dose, and at earliest time-point (as being most comparable
to exposure and sample collection in humans).
(c) Values for humans represent average of three studies, using earliest post-natal time point, based
on PFC concentrations quantified in serum or plasma. Values for rats selected as lowest dose, at
earliest post-natal time point; based on PFC concentrations quantified in either serum or plasma.

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Table 5.6 PFC Elimination Half-livesa

Humansb Females/ 2.9 days 25.8 days 2.3-8.5 years 3.3-5.4 years
Males
Monkeys Females 1.7 days 3.5 daysc 32.6 days 110 to ~200 days
Males 1.7 days 4.0 daysc ~20 days 132 to ~200 days
Rats Females 1.0 hours (iv exposure) 0.64-7.4 hours 1.9-4.6 hours (<25 mg/kg) 24-83 days
1.8 hours (oral exposure) 16.2 hours (25 mg/kg)
24 hours (50 mg/kg)
Males 6.4 hours (iv exposure) 2.1-4.7 hours 1.6-15 days (<25 mg/kg)d 26-82 dayse
9.2 hours (oral exposure) 6.5 days (25 mg/kg)
4.4 days (50 mg/kg)
Mice Females 2.9 hours (10 mg/kg) 38 days (1 mg/kg-day)
3.1 hours (30 mg/kg) 30 days (20 mg/kg-day)
2.8 hours (100 mg/kg)
Males 13.3 hours (10 mg/kg) 43 days (1 mg/kg-day)
16.3 hours (30 mg/kg) 36 days (20 mg/kg-day)
5.2 hours (100 mg/kg)
Notes:
iv = Intravenous; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFBS = Perfluorobutane Sulfonate; PFC = Perfluorinated Chemical; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid;
27-CV-10-28862
Data for individual studies is included in Appendix Table B.4.

(a) Unless otherwise specified, data represent both oral and iv exposures, both acute and chronic exposures, and a range of doses.
(b) PFBA data from Chang et al. (2008a); represents geometric mean for three employees from the Cottage Grove, Minnesota, facility and nine
employees from the Cordova, Illinois, facility. PFBS data from Olsen et al. (2009). Data for PFOA and PFOS are as summarized in Appendix Table B.4..
(c) Mean terminal serum elimination half-life (T0.5) for PFBS is from Olsen et al. (2009), estimated using a three-compartment model. Note that
Chengelis et al. (2009) reported elimination half-lives of 8.1 and 15 hours, respectively, for males and females. However, they monitored serum PFBS
concentrations for only 7 days vs. 31 days in Olsen et al. (2009). Hence, Chengelis et al. (2009) might not have captured the third phase of elimination
observed by Olsen et al. (2009), reflected in the much longer half-lives estimated by Olsen et al. (2009).
(d) Excludes data from Johnson and Ober (1980). Although the elimination half-life as reported by ATSDR (2015) was 4.8 days, the basis for estimating
the half-life was not clear from the underlying data provided in Johnson and Ober (1980).
(e) Excludes data from Johnson and Ober (1979a). Although the elimination half-life as reported by ATSDR (2015) was 7.5 days, the basis for
estimating the half-life was not clear from the underlying data provided in Johnson and Ober (1979a).
39

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Table 5.7 Comparison of Developmental Effects in Wild-type vs. PPAR-knockout Mice
Effecta Wild-type Mice PPAR-knockout Mice
Pre-natal mortality Statistically significant increase at 0.6 Statistically significant increase at 5
mg/kg-day. mg/kg-day.
Reduced post-natal Statistically significant increase at 0.6 and 1 No significant effect (up to 3 mg/kg-day).
survival mg/kg-day.
Delayed eye Trend for a delay at 0.6 mg/kg-day. No significant effect up to 1 mg/kg-day.
openingb
Statistically significant increase at 1 mg/kg- Initial eye opening delayed by 1 day, but
day. mean for all pups was not significantly
different from control at 3 mg/kg-day.b
Reduced post-natal Statistically significantly reduced at 1 No significant effect up to 3 mg/kg-day.
body weight gainc mg/kg-day.
Notes:
PPAR-knockout Mice = Transgenic mice in which the mouse gene for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor is deleted.
As reported by Abbott et al. (2007).
(a) Prenatal mortality was evaluated up to 20 mg/kg-day PFOA, in both wild-type and PPAR-knockout mice; other effects were
evaluated up to 1 mg/kg-day in wild-type mice, and up to 3 mg/kg-day in PPAR-knockout mice
(b) Whereas eyes were fully opened for some of the pups on post-natal day 13 at PFOA doses of 1 mg/kg-day, eyes were not
fully opened for any of the pups at 3 mg/kg-day. On post-natal day 14, the percentage of pups with fully opened eyes in the 3
mg/kg-day treatment group was comparable to that in the control group.
(c) Although there was no significant effect of PFOA on body weight gain at any single dose, Abbott et al. (2007) reported there
were dose-related trends for both wild-type and PPAR-knockout mice.

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6.3.4 Developmental and Reproductive Effects
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6.4.3 Kidney Effects
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6.4.6 Developmental and Reproductive Effects
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6.5 Overall Conclusions for Animal Toxicity
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7.1 PFOA
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7.1.1 Serum Concentrations in Workers
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Table 7.1 Serum PFOA (ng/mL) in Representative Occupational Populations

Arithmetic Geometric
Cohort/Population N Range Reference
Mean Mean
Male PFOA Production Workers, Italy
2000 25 1,540-86,300 18,800 11,700 Costa et al. (2009)
2001 42 730-91,900 19,700 10,200
2002 46 340-91,900 19,300 9,300
2003 41 380-74,700 13,700 6,900
2004 34 540-46,300 11,400 6,500
2006 49 540-41,900 10,800 5,800
2007 50 200-47,00 11,600 5,400
2007 (Current Exposure) 39 200-47,040 12,930 4,020
(SD: 14,430)
2007 (Former Exposure) 11 530-18,660 6,810 3,760
(SD: 6,060)
3M PFOA Production Workers (Employed between 1985-1989)
Cottage Grove, MN plant 115 ND-26,000a NR 3,300 Gilliland and
(SD: 4,680) Mandel (1996)
Male 3M PFOA Production Workers
1993 (Cottage Grove, MN Plant) 111 ND-80,000 5,000b,c 1,100c,d Olsen et al. (1998)
(SD: 12,200)
1995 (Cottage Grove, MN Plant) 80 ND-114,100 6,800b,c 1,200c,d
(SD: 16,000)
1997 (Cottage Grove, MN Plant) 74 100-81,300 6,400b 1,300d Olsen et al. (2000)
(SD: 14,300)
2000 (Cottage Grove, MN Plant) 122 10-92,030 4,630b 950d Olsen and Zobel
(SD: 12,530) (2007)
2000 (Antwerp, Belgium Plant) 196 10-7,040 1,020b 650d
(SD: 1,060)
2000 (Decatur, AL Plant) 188 40-12,700 1,890b 1,510d
(SD: 1,610)
2000 (All Plants Combined) 506 10-92,030 2,210b 1,100d
(SD: 6,400)
Washington Works Facility Workers, West Virginia
2004 (Current Exposure to PFOA) 259 17.4-9,500 NR 494d Sakr et al. (2007a)
2004 (Intermittent Current 160 8.1-2,070 NR 176d
Exposure to PFOA)
2004 (Past Exposure to PFOA) 264 8.6-2,590 NR 195d
2004 (No PFOA Exposure) 342 4.6-963 NR 114d
2005-2006 1881 NR 325 113d Steenland and
(SD: 920) Winquist (2015)
C8 Health Project Cohort (2005-2006)
Worker Cohort Only 3,713 55.9-256.2e 324.6b 112.7d Winquist and
(SD: 920.6) Steenland (2014a)
Notes:
N = Number of Participants/Samples; ND = Non-detectable; NR = Not Reported; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; SD = Standard
Deviation.
(a) Measured total fluorine as a surrogate for PFOA, because PFOA was the primary exposure at the plant.
(b) Unclear whether an arithmetic or geometric mean; because geometric means are more common, it was assumed to be a
geometric mean (unless a median was also reported, in which case the mean value was assumed to be an arithmetic mean).
(c) Values reported in Olsen et al. (2000).
(d) Median values.
(e) 25th-75th percentile.
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7.1.3 Serum Concentrations in the General Population and Non-occupationally Exposed

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Table 7.2 Serum PFOA (ng/mL) in Representative Non-occupational Populations

Arithmetic
Cohort/Population N Range Geometric Mean Reference
Mean
50th-95th
NHANES
Percentile
1999-2000 1,562 5.20-11.9 NR 5.21 (95% CI: 4.72-5.74) CDC (2015)
Male 743 6.00-12.1 5.71 (95% CI: 5.17-6.31)
Female 819 4.70-11.3 4.80 (95% CI: 4.32-5.34)
2003-2004 2,094 4.10-9.80 3.95 (95% CI: 3.65-4.27)
Pregnant Women 76 2.6-5.6 2.39 (SE: 0.24) Woodruff et al.
Non-pregnant Women 400 3.2-8.4 3.19 (SE: 0.16) (2011)
2005-2006 2,120 4.20-11.3 3.92 (95% CI: 3.48-4.42) CDC (2015)
2007-2008 2,100 4.30-9.60 4.12 (95% CI: 4.01-4.24)
2009-2010 2,233 3.20-7.50 3.07 (95% CI: 2.81-3.36)
Male 743 6.00-12.1 3.53 (95% CI: 3.22-3.87)
Female 1,158 2.70-6.90 2.69 (95% CI: 2.45-2.96)
2011-2012 1,904 2.08-5.68 2.08 (95% CI: 1.95-2.22) CDC (2017a)
Male 966 2.38-5.62 2.37 (95% CI: 2.22-2.53)
Female 938 1.78-5.68 1.84 (95% CI: 1.68-2.01)
2013-2014 2,165 2.07-5.57 1.94 (95% CI: 1.76-2.14)
Male 1,031 2.37-5.67 2.29 (95% CI: 2.09-2.50)
Female 1,134 1.67-5.07 1.66 (95% CI: 1.48-1.87)
50th-95th
American Red Cross Donors
Percentile
2000-2001 645 4.7-12.0 NR 4.72 (95% CI: 4.52-4.93) Olsen et al.
2006 600 3.6-7.9 3.44 (95% CI: 3.32-3.75) (2017)
2010 600 2.5-5.6 2.44 (95% CI: 2.34-2.65)
2015 616 1.1-3.2 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03-1.14)
C8 Health Project Cohort (2005-2006)a
Total Cohort 69,025 NR 82.9 32.9 (SD: 240.8) Frisbee et al.
(12 to 60 years old) (2009)
Male 33,240 98.2 39.4 (SD: 284.3)
Female 35,785 68.8 27.9 (SD: 190.6)
Pregnant Women 1,845 IQR: NR 48.8 (SD: 77.8) Stein et al.
10.3-49.8 (2009)
Children (1 to <18 years old) 12,470 NR NR 69.2 (SD: 111.9)a Frisbee et al.
(2010)
Aarhus Birth Cohort (2008-2013), Denmark
Pregnant Women 1,533 IQR: NR 2.01 Bjerregaard-
1.53-2.64 Olesen et al.
(2016)
Danish National Birth Cohort (1992-2002)
Pregnant Women 1,399 NR NR 5.6 (SD: 2.5)a Fei et al. (2007)
(First Trimester)
Pregnant Women 200 4.5 (SD: 1.9)a
(Second Trimester)
Infants (Cord blood) 50 3.7 (SD: 3.4)a
Children (Average Age: 11, 973 Control NR 3.88-4.06b Liew et al.
Born: 1998-2003) IQR: (2015)
4.00-5.42
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Arithmetic
Mean
Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort (1993-1997)
Men and Women 753 NR NR 7.1 Eriksen et al.
(50-65 years old) (2013)
Decatur Cohort 95th
Percentile
2010 153 61.1 NR 16.3 (95% CI: 13.2-19.6) Worley et al.
2016 45 39.1 NR 11.7 (95% CI: 18.7-14.6) (2017)
Flemish Environment and Health Study (2007-2015)
2007-2011 218 NR NR 1.51 (95% CI: 1.43-1.59) Schoeters et al.
(Infants: Cord Blood) (2017)
2012-2015 269 NR NR 1.19 (95% CI: 1.12-1.26)
(Infants: Cord Blood)
Hokkaido Study on Environment and 25th-75th
Children's Health (2002-2005) Percentile
Pregnant Women 306 0.9-2.0 1.52 NR Kishi et al.
(SD: 0.89) (2015)
HOME Study, Cincinnati, Ohio 25th-75th
(2003-2006) Percentile
Pregnant Women 204 3.7-7.7 NR 5.3 Braun et al.
(2016)
Taiwan Birth Panel Study (2004-2005)
Pregnant Women 429 NR NR 1.84 (SD: 2.23) Chen et al.
(2012)
Washington County, Minnesota Communities (2008)b
Men and Women 196 1.6-177 NR 15.4 (95% CI: 13.6-17.4) Landsteiner et
(20-86 years old) al. (2014)
Men 88 NR 16.6 (95% CI: 13.9-19.8)
Women 108 14.4 (95% CI: 12.1-17.2)
Young Taiwanese Cohort Study 50th-90th
Total (12-30 years old) 551 3.64-9.71 NR 2.67 (SD: 2.96) Lin et al.
Men 214 NR 2.71 (SD: 2.94) (2013a)
Women 337 2.64 (SD: 2.98)
12-19 years old 212 2.80 (SD: 2.90)
20-30 years old 339 2.59 (SD: 3.00)
Notes:
CI = Confidence Interval; HOME = Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment; IQR = Interquartile Range; NHANES =
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NR = Not Reported; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid.
(a) The C8 Health Project cohort includes residents of four water districts in Ohio (City of Belpre, Little Hocking Water Association,
Tuppers Plains, and Village of Pomeroy), two water districts in West Virginia (Lubeck Public Service District, and Mason County),
and some private wells in both states.
(b) Included current and former 3M workers (the authors reported that serum concentrations were not significantly different
between those who worked at 3M and those who did not [17.0 vs. 15 ng/mL, respectively]).

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Table 7.3 Non-occupational PFOA Cohorts
Cohort Study Population Location PFOA Exposure Source Outcomes Investigated
C8 Health Project Cohort Ongoing study of 69,000 adults Mid-Ohio Valley, US Contaminated drinking water Developmental and reproductive,
and children recruited from a liver enzymes, thyroid hormones and
community surrounding a disease, serum lipids, immunotoxicity,
PFOA plant kidney effects, cancer
Danish National Birth 100,000 pregnant women Denmark Background: Drinking water, Developmental and reproductive
Cohort enrolled in 2000-2002 food, products
Hokkaido Birth Cohort ~500 mother-child pairs Japan Background: Drinking water, Immunotoxicity
Study on the Environment studied from 2002-2005 food, products
and Child's Health
Norwegian Mother and >90,000 pregnant women and Norway Background: Drinking water, Developmental and reproductive,
Child Cohort their offspring enrolled in food, products liver enzymes, thyroid hormones,
1999-2008 serum lipids, immunotoxicity, kidney
effects
NHANES Ongoing representative sample US Background: Drinking water, Thyroid hormones and disease, serum
of general US population food, products lipids
INUENDO Cohort >3,000 pregnant mothers and Sweden, Poland, Background: Drinking water, Developmental and reproductive,
their children enrolled in Ukraine, and food, products immunotoxicity
2002-2004 Greenland
ALSPAC Cohort >14,000 pregnant women and UK Background: Drinking water, Developmental and reproductive
27-CV-10-28862
offspring recruited in food, products

1991-1992
Odense Child Cohort >2,000 pregnant women and Denmark Background: Drinking water, Developmental and reproductive,
children enrolled in 2010-2012 food, products immunotoxicity
CHEF Project Cohort Ongoing study of >1,000 Faroe Islands, halfway Background: Drinking water, Immunotoxicity
children born beginning in between Norway and food, products; diet high in fish
1986 Iceland and whale meat
Taiwan Birth Panel Study 486 mother-infant pairs Suburban and Urban Background: Drinking water, Developmental and reproductive
enrolled in 2004-2005 Taiwan food, products
Danish DCH Cohort 4,769 men and women >50 Denmark Background: Drinking water, Serum lipids
years old recruited 1993-1997 food, products
European Youth Heart >1,700 boys and girls 9-15 Denmark, Estonia, Background: Drinking water, Serum lipids
Survey years old beginning in 1997a Norway, and Portugal food, products
Notes:
ALSPAC = Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; CHEF = Children's Health and the Environment in the Faroes; DCH = Diet, Cancer and Health; INUENDO = Biopersistent
Organochlorines in Diet and Human Fertility; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; UK = United Kingdom; US = United States.
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Table 7.4 Summary of 3M Occupational PFOS Serum Concentrations (ppb or ng/mL)
Arithmetic Geometric
Plant N Range Reference
Mean Mean
Antwerp
1995 88 0-12,830a 1,930a NR Olsen et al. (1999)
1997 65 100-970a 1,480a NR
2000 196 40-6,240 950 NR Olsen and Zobel (2007)
2000 255 40-6,240 800 440 Olsen et al. (2003a)
2001 30 190-1,350 500 430 Olsen et al. (2003c)
Cottage Grove
2000 122 30-4,790 860 NR Olsen and Zobel (2007)
2002 38 50-1,170 334 254 Olsen and Mandel (2003a)
Decatur
1995 90 0-12,830a 2,440a NR Olsen et al. (1999)
1997 84 100-970a 1,960a NR
1998 (chemical plant) 126 91-10,600 NR 941 Olsen et al. (2003d)
1998 (film plant) 60 15-946 NR 136
2000 188 60-4,170 1,290 NR Olsen and Zobel (2007)
2000 263 60-10,060 1,320 910 Olsen et al. (2003a)
2002 54 82-4,258 1,621 1,008 Olsen and Mandel (2003b)
Notes:
N = Number of Participants; NR = Not Reported; ppb = Parts Per Billion.
(a) For the Antwerp and Decatur plants, combined.
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Table 7.5 Serum PFOS (ng/mL) in Representative Non-occupational Populations

Arithmetic
Mean
50th-95th
NHANES
Percentile
1999-2000 1,562 30.2-75.7 NR 30.4 (95% CI: 27.1-33.9) CDC (2015)
Male 743 34.9-78.3 33.4 (95% CI: 29.6-37.6)
Female 819 27.8-75.7 28.0 (95% CI: 24.6-31.8)
2003-2004 2,094 21.2-54.6 20.7 (95% CI: 19.2-22.3)
Pregnant Women 76 12.0-21.8 12.29 (SD: 1.02) Woodruff et al.
Non-pregnant Women 400 15.5-44.0 16.26 (SD: 0.84) (2011)
2005-2006 2,120 17.5-47.5 17.1 (95% CI: 16.0-18.2) CDC (2015)
2007-2008 2,100 13.6-40.5 13.2 (95% CI: 12.2-14.2)
2009-2010 2,233 9.70-32.0 9.32 (95% CI: 8.13-10.7)
Male 1,075 11.8-37.4 11.5 (95% CI: 9.93-13.3)
Female 819 7.80-28.8 7.65 (95% CI: 6.73-8.71)
2011-2012 1,904 6.53-21.7 6.31 (95% CI: 5.84-6.82) CDC (2017a)
Male 966 8.31-24.1 7.91 (95% CI: 7.19-8.70)
Female 938 5.27-17.5 5.10 (95% CI: 4.70-5.53)
2013-2014 2,165 5.20-18.5 4.99 (95% CI: 4.50-5.52)
Male 1,031 6.40-22.1 6.36 (95% CI: 5.62-7.20)
Female 1,134 4.00-15.1 3.96 (95% CI: 3.60-4.35)
50th-95th
American Red Cross Donors
Percentile
2000-2001 645 35.8-75.1 NR 34.9 (95% CI: 33.3-36.5) Olsen et al.
2006 600 14.2-31.5 14.5 (95% CI: 13.9-15.2) (2017)
2010 600 8.6-21.8 8.3 (95% CI: 7.9-8.8)
2015 616 4.3-8.6 4.3 (95% CI: 4.1-4.6)
C8 Health Project Cohort (2005-2006)
Total Cohort 66,899a NR 23.3 19.2 (SD: 15.6) Frisbee et al.
(12 to 60 years old) (2009)
Male 33,240 26.0 21.9 (SD: 16.5)
Female 35,785 20.7 17.0 (SD: 14.1)
Pregnant Women 5,262 IQR: NR 14.1 (SD: 7.7) Stein et al. (2009)
9.0-17.7
Children (1 to <18 years 12,470 NR NR 22.8 (SD: 12.6)b Frisbee et al.
old) (2010)
Aarhus Birth Cohort (2008-2013)
Pregnant Women 1,533 IQR: NR 7.90 Bjerregaard-
6.0-10.7 Olesen et al.
(2016)
Danish National Birth Cohort (1992-2002)
Pregnant Women 1,399 NR NR 35.3 (SD: 13.0)b Fei et al. (2007)
(First Trimester)
Pregnant Women 200 29.9 (SD: 11.0)b
(Second Trimester)
Infants (Cord Blood) 50 11.0 (SD: 4.7)b
Children (Average Age: 11, 973 Control NR 25.40-27.40c Liew et al. (2015)
Born: 1998-2003) IQR:
27.4-35.6
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Arithmetic
Mean
Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Cohort (1993-1997)
Men and Women 753 NR NR 36.1 Eriksen et al.
(50-65 years old) (2013)
95th
Decatur Community Cohort
Percentile
2010 153 149 NR 39.8 (95% CI: 30.9-48.9) Worley et al.
2016 45 70.6 NR 23.4 (95% CI: 18.5-28.4) (2017)
Flemish Environment and Health Study (2007-2015)
2007-2011 218 NR NR 2.66 (95% CI: 2.48-2.85) Schoeters et al.
(Infants: Cord Blood) (2017)
2012-2015 269 NR NR 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02-1.18)
(Infants: Cord Blood)
25th-75th
Hokkaido Study (2002-2005)
Percentile
Pregnant Women 306 4.0-7.5 6.02 NR Kishi et al. (2015)
(SD: 2.67)
HOME Study, Cincinnati, Ohio 25th-75th
Pregnant Women 204 9.1-18 NR 13d Braun et al.
(2016)
Taiwan Birth Panel Study (2004-2005)
Pregnant Women 429 NR NR 5.94 (SD: 1.95) Chen et al.
(2012)
Washington County, Minnesota, Communities (2008)
Men and Women 196 3.2-448 NR 35.9 (95% CI: 32.2-40.1) Landsteiner et al.
(20-86 years old) (2014)
Men 88 NR 43.9 (95% CI: 38.1-50.7)
Women 108 30.5 (95% CI: 26.1-35.7)
Young Taiwanese Cohort Study (2006-2008)
Males 250 NR NR 8.97 (95% CI: 3.24-12.72) Lin et al. (2013b)
Females 394 7.21 (95% CI: 4.41-11.75)
12-19 years old 231 7.25 (95% CI: 2.44-23.69)
20-30 years old 413 8.21 (95% CI: 6.27-34.71)
Notes:
CI = Confidence Interval; HOME = Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment; IQR = Interquartile Range (25th-75th
Percentile); NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NR = Not Reported; SD = Standard Deviation; PFOS =
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.
(a) Total number of participants is 69,025, but serum data were only available for 66,899 samples.
(b) Unclear whether an arithmetic or geometric mean; because geometric means are more commonly used, it was assumed that
this is a geometric mean.
(c) Depending on case or control status.
(d) The authors reported this value as the median in Supplemental Table S2, but as the geometric mean in the text.

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Table 7.6 Non-occupational PFOS Cohorts
Cohort Study Population Location PFOS Exposure Source Outcomes Investigated
C8 Health Project Cohort 69,000 adults and children Mid-Ohio Valley, US Contaminated drinking Developmental and reproductive,
recruited from a community water thyroid hormones and disease,
surrounding a PFOA plant serum lipids, immunotoxicity,
kidney effects, cancer
Danish National Birth 100,000 pregnant women enrolled Denmark Background: Drinking Developmental and reproductive
Cohort in 2000-2002 water, food, products
Hokkaido Birth Cohort ~500 mother-child pairs studied Japan Background: Drinking Immunotoxicity
Study on the Environment from 2002-2005 water, food, products
and Child's Health
Norwegian Mother and >90,000 pregnant women and their Norway Background: Drinking Developmental and reproductive,
Child Cohort offspring enrolled in 1999-2008 water, food, products liver enzymes, thyroid hormones,
serum lipids, immunotoxicity,
kidney effects
NHANES Ongoing representative sample of US Background: Drinking Liver enzymes, thyroid hormones
general US population water, food, products and disease, serum lipids and CVD,
kidney effects
INUENDO Cohort >3,000 pregnant mothers and their Sweden, Poland, Background: Drinking Developmental and reproductive
children enrolled in 2002-2004 Ukraine, and Greenland water, food, products
ALSPAC Cohort >14,000 pregnant women and UK Background: Drinking Developmental and reproductive
27-CV-10-28862
offspring recruited in 1991-1992 water, food, products

Danish Fetal Origins 1988 965 pregnant women (30 weeks' Denmark Background: Drinking Developmental and reproductive
Cohort gestation) enrolled in 1988-1989 water, food, products
Odense Child Cohort >2,000 pregnant women and Denmark Background: Drinking Developmental and reproductive
children enrolled in 2010-2012 water, food, products
CHEF Project Cohort Ongoing study of >1,000 children Faroe Islands, halfway Background: Drinking Immunotoxicity
born beginning in 1986 between Norway and water, food, products; diet
Iceland high in fish and whale meat
Taiwan Birth Panel Study 486 mother-infant pairs enrolled Suburban and Urban Background: Drinking Developmental and reproductive
in 2004-2005 Taiwan water, food, products
Danish DCH Cohort 4,769 men and women Denmark Background: Drinking Serum lipids
>50 years old water, food, products
124

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Cohort Study Population Location PFOS Exposure Source Outcomes Investigated
European Youth Heart >1,700 boys and girls 9-15 years old Denmark, Estonia, Background: Drinking Serum lipids
Survey beginning in 1997a Norway, and Portugal water, food, products
Young Taiwanese Cohort >700 students in grades 1-12 Taiwan Background: Drinking Serum lipids and CVD
Study enrolled in 2006-2008 water, food, products
Notes:
ALSPAC = Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; CHEF = Children's Health and the Environment in the Faroes; CVD = Cardiovascular Disease; DCH = Diet, Cancer, and
Health; INUENDO = Biopersistent Organochlorines in Diet and Human Fertility; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid;
PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate; UK = United Kingdom; US = United States.
(a) This is an ongoing prospective study; thus, newer studies (not discussed in this report) likely include additional children recruited after 2000.
27-CV-10-28862
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Table 8.1 Comparative Doses from Animal Studies: Number of 8 oz. Glasses of Water at the Guideline Concentrations an Adult Would Need to
Drink to Reach the NOEL or LOEL Used as the Basis for PFC Guidance Values
Intake of Water at
HED for a
a Guideline Value Needed
Agency LOEL/ Dose HED 70-kg
PFC Study Species Critical Effects to Reach HEDb,c
Guidance NOEL (mg/kg-day) (mg/kg-day) Human
8 oz. Glasses/
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Day
PFOA Lau et al. US EPA Mouse Delayed skeletal LOEL 1 0.0053 0.371 5,300 22,000
(2006) HA ossification, accelerated
male puberty
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(2002) HRL weight
Lau et al. MDH Mouse Delayed skeletal LOEL 1 0.0053 0.371 11,000 45,000
(2006) HBV ossification, accelerated
male puberty
PFOS Luebker et al. US EPA Rat Reduced weight gain in the NOEL 0.1 0.00051 0.0357 510 2,200
(2005a) HA F2 pups
Seacat et al. MDH Monkey Decreased HDL and T3 NOEL 0.15 0.0031 0.217 720 3,100
(2002) HRL
Luebker et al. MDH Rat Reduced weight gain in the NOEL 0.1 0.00051 0.0357 1,300 5,600
(2005a) HBV F2 pups
27-CV-10-28862
PFBA NOTOX B.V. MDH Rat Decreased cholesterol and NOEL 6.9 0.86 60.2 8,600 36,000
(2007a) HRL increased relative thyroid
weight
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(2009a) HA
Lieder et al. MDH Rat Decreased hemoglobin and NOEL 60 0.42 29.4 4,200 18,000
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changes in the kidney
Notes:
F2 = Second Generation; HA = Lifetime Health Advisory; HBV = Health-based Value; HDL = High-density Lipoprotein; HED = Human Equivalent Dose; HRL = Health Risk Limit; LOEL =
Lowest Observed Effect Level; MDH = Minnesota Department of Health; NOEL = No Observed Effect Level; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFBS = Perfluorobutane Sulfonate; PFC =
Perfluorinated Chemical; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate; T3 = Triiodothyronine; US EPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency.
(a) As calculated by US EPA (2014c, 2016a,b) and MDH (2008a,b, 2011a,b).
(b) Water intake is rounded to two significant digits.
(c) The US EPA Lifetime HA and the MDH HBV for PFOS are based on potential effects in infants. An infant aged 1 to <2 years weighing 11.4 kg (US EPA, 2011d) would have to drink
350 cups of water at the Lifetime HA level and 910 cups of water at the HBV to reach the NOEL used as the basis of the guidance.
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Table 9.1 Summary of Files Containing Sample Results

Total Number of Results by Sample Media
Date
Bates Number or File Name Number Surface Other Reference
Received Groundwater Sediment Fish
of Results Water Media
2017-02-07_1750 3/7/2017 8,783 7,787 24 972 Weston Solutions, Inc. (2017a)
2017-02-07_1752 3/7/2017 3,952 2,281 263 103 1,305 Weston Solutions, Inc. (2017b)
2017-02-07_1805 3/7/2017 8,323 1,843 1,944 2,105 254 2,177 Weston Solutions, Inc. (2017c)
AnchorQEA_20170207 3/7/2017 63,876 63,876 Anchor QEA (2017)
STATE_02424691 4/21/2017 23,010 23,010 Minnesota (Undated-a)
STATE_02471758 4/21/2017 6,512 6,407 105 Minnesota (Undated-b)
STATE_02496119 4/21/2017 377 377 Minnesota (Undated-c)
STATE_04722967 4/28/2017 130 117 13 Minnesota (2013a)
STATE_04723267 4/28/2017 117 117 Minnesota (2013b)
STATE_04723415 4/28/2017 117 65 52 Minnesota (2013c)
STATE_04752940 4/28/2017 182 182 Minnesota (Undated-d)
STATE_04753551 4/28/2017 533 533 Minnesota (2008)
STATE_02512625 5/8/2017 3,559 3,559 Minnesota (2003-2011)
STATE_05826237 5/8/2017 19,847 4,632 3,859 140 8,067 3,149 Minnesota (Undated-e)
AttachmentA1.xlsx 6/15/2017 245 245 MDH (2017h)
AttachmentH1.pdf 6/15/2017 55 55 Hogan (2017)
27-CV-10-28862
STATE_04744448 6/27/2017 790 790 Wisconsin (2006-2011)

STATE_04767657 6/27/2017 14 14 MDH (Undated)
STATE_04783203 6/27/2017 164 164 Minnesota (2009-2015)
STATE_05681717 6/27/2017 7 7 Minnesota (2012)
STATE_06293075 & 6/27/2017 & 399 399 Minnesota (2011a, Undated-f)
STATE_04743544 7/10/2017
STATE_04899541 6/28/2017 14 14 Minnesota (2013-2016)
STATE_05001933 7/1/2017 1 1 Minnesota (2011b)
STATE_05079553 7/10/2017 1 1 Wisconsin (2001-2011)
STATE_05395786 7/10/2017 1 1 Minnesota (2005-2013)
STATE_05464928 7/10/2017 21 21 Minnesota (2005-2016)
STATE_06262214 7/10/2017 725 725 Minnesota (1998-2014)
Samples with well advisories 7/17/2017 973 973 (MDH, 2017i)
since August 2016
Notes:
Groundwater includes samples called drinking water or groundwater.
Other media includes invertebrates, liver, rain water, stormwater, unknown water, porewater, sludge, soil, and solids.
166

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Main St N
Mahtomedi
Gem Lake
Segment 1 (Assumed): Segment 2 (Confirmed):
Shoreview
Based on most direct connection from the Based on Interrogatory statement listing the
Vadnais Heights White Bear Lake northern boundary as "Lake Elmo to the North."
N Century Ave
northern boundary of the City of Lake Elmo
to the western boundary of Washington County. Grant Stillwater
gs
rin
State Hwy 36
e Sp
Oak Park Heights
Division St
Pin
Little Canada
I- 694
Division St
Roseville
Segment 9 (Assumed):
Segment 3 (Assumed):
The Interrogatory cites the western
Washington County Landfill The Interrogatory cites the
boundary as "Mississippi to the south and west."
y5 eastern boundary as
However, because Mississippi does not provide a
Sunfish Hw "Manning Avenue to the east."
border to the northwestern portion of the area of ate
St However, because the northern
State Hwy 120

interest, the western boundary of Washington Lake
portion of Manning Avenue
County is assumed as the boundary for this segment. 34th St N 34th St N
Stillwater Blvd N terminates at Stillwater Boulevard,
Oakdale Dump Site the assumed boundary follows the
eastern boundary of the
Lake Elmo City of Lake Elmo.
Ramsey County Oakdale Lake
Geneva Ave N
Raleigh Creek Elmo
I- 694
Segment 8 (Assumed): Eagle
Based on the most direct connection from the Point
Mississippi River to the western boundary of Lake
Washington County, drawn to include the water bodies West Lakeland Twp.
Century Ave N
in this area that are named in the complaint.
Goose Lake
Tanners Lake
St. Paul US Hwy 12 I- 94 US Hwy 12 I- 94
reek
Battle C Battle Creek Lake
Powers
Lake
4
49
Segment 4 (Confirmed):
I-
Pigs Eye Based on Interrogatory

94
statement listing the

4
Lake
I-
eastern boundary as
Washington County "Manning Avenue to the east."
Carver Lake
Afton
Woodbury
West St. Paul
US
Mendota Heights
Hwy
40th St S
10
M is
siss
South St. Paul Newport

Point
ippi River
D
ougla
Sunfish Lake
Segment 7 (Confirmed): Woodbury Disposal Area
s Dr S
Based on Interrogatory statement

listing the southern boundary as
"Mississippi to the south and west."
Manning Ave S
Dakota County
US
Hw
State Hwy 95
St. Paul Park

y
61
Inver Grove Heights US

Hw
Eagan
y1
0
Cottage Grove Po
int
D ou
LEGEND gla
s Dr Ravine
Interrogatory Boundary S Denmark Twp.
Lake
Dashed = Assumed Segment
Grey Cloud Island Twp.
Solid = Confirmed Segment Segment 5 (Assumed):
Cottage Grove 3M Plant
The Interrogatory cites the
Primary Roads eastern boundary as
East Cove "Manning Avenue to the east."
County Boundaries
However, because the
Mississip pi Ri southern portion of Manning
File Path: G:\Projects\214032.60_Minnesota\GIS\CADGIS\100\214032_100_11_Boundary.mxd
NOTES: v
Avenue terminates at US 61/10,
er
1) Confirmed boundary segments are based on

the eastern boundary of the
Fl
specific statements detailing the boundaries of the

o
injuries/damages as stated in the Third Supplemental City of Cottage Grove is

w
Objections and Response to Defendant 3M Company's

First Set of Interrogatories (Minnesota, Attorney
assumed as the boundary for
General, 2012). this segment until it meets the
2) Assumed boundary segments are assumed based confirmed Interrogatory boundary
on professional judgment and consideration of
statements in the State of Minnesota's Responses to
of the Mississippi River.
Interrogatories. Spring Lake
3) All site features and locations are approximate.
4) The original figure was produced in color. Significant
information will be lost if copied in black and white.
Nininger Twp. Boundary includes
SOURCES: Rosemount Mississippi River Pools
1) Minnesota Geospatial Commons, 2007.
2) Minnesota Geospatial Commons, 2015. Segment 6 (Confirmed): 2, 3, 4, 5, 5A, and 6.
3) USGS, 2016a-c. Based on Interrogatory statement
Ravenna Twp.
4) Minnesota, Attorney General, 2012. Hastings

5) ESRI, 2017a.
listing the southern boundary as
"Mississippi to the south and west."
FIGURE
0 0.75 1.5
Interrogatory Boundary
Miles 9.1
Coates
Washington County, Minnesota Date: 8/22/2017

&21),'(17,$/68%-(&772$3527(&7,9(25'(5(17(5(',1+(11(3,1&2817<',675,&7&285712&9
27-CV-10-28862
State Hwy 36
Centuary Ave
Washington County Landfill
B lv
ter
Sunfish
ill wa
Lake St
State Hwy 120 Geneva Ave N

State Hwy 5 34th St N 34th St N
Oakdale Dump Site
Lake
Raleigh Creek Elmo
I- 694
I- 694
Eagle
Point State Hwy 5 34th St N 34th St N
State Hwy 5
Oakdale Dump Site
I- 694
Lake
I- 694
Century Ave N
Goose Lake
Tanners Lake
US Hwy 12 I- 94 US Hwy 12 I- 94
k
B attle Cree Battle Creek Lake
Ramsey County
Powers
Lake
4
49
I-
4
Pigs Eye
49
I-
Lake
Carver Lake
40th St S
M is
si s
sipp
i River
US H
Washington County
wy 10
Woodbury Disposal Area Manning Ave S
LEGEND
Fish Hatchery Dump
US
Cottage Grove Site

Hw
y
State Hwy 95
61
Oakdale - Abresch Dump Site
Oakdale - Brockman Dump Site
Oakdale - Eberle Dump Site

US
Washington County Landfill Boundary Hw
y
61
Woodbury Site Boundary
Po
int
Primary Roads D ou
g la
sD
County Boundaries rS
File Path: G:\Projects\214032.60_Minnesota\GIS\CADGIS\100\214032_100_17_Sites.mxd
NOTES:
Po Ravine
1) All site features and locations are approximate. int
2) The original figure was produced in color. Significant D Lake
ou
information will be lost if copied in black and white. gla
s Dr
S
SOURCES:
3) USGS, 2016a-c. Cottage Grove 3M Plant
4) Minnesota, Attorney General, 2012.
5) Ramsey County, Minnesota, 2017.
6) Weston Solutions, Inc., 2011.
7) Short Elliott Hendrickson Inc., 2007. East Cove
8) Minnesota Dept. of Health, 2005.
9) ESRI, 2017b.
US
Hw
y1
Mississippi River F 0
lo
w
0 0.5 1
FIGURE
Miles
Site and Landfill Boundaries
9.2
Dakota County 3M PFCs, Minnesota Date: 8/17/2017

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27-CV-10-28862
Table 9.2 Groundwater Location Types

Location Type Use in Groundwater Exposure Assessment?
Private Well Yes
City Well Yes
Industrial Well No, not possible drinking water
Irrigation Well No, not possible drinking water
Landfill Well No, not possible drinking water
Monitoring Well No, not possible drinking water
Non-comm. Well No, are not regularly used wells
3M Monitoring Well No, not possible drinking water
Filter Test No, not possible drinking water
Other DNR Wella No, not possible drinking water
Treatment Plant No, not possible drinking water
Test Well No, not possible drinking water
Notes:
DNR = Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
(a) These wells belong to the DNR and are used for groundwater monitoring
(MDH, 2017j).

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Table 9.3 Data Availability and Generalized Data Grouping Areas for Named Water Bodies
Surface Water Sediment Fish
Water Body Generalized Group
Data Data Data
Raleigh Creek Lakes Yes Yes
Battle Creek Lakes Yes Yes
Battle Creek Lake Lakes
Carver Lake Lakes Yes
Powers Lake Lakes Yes Yes
Ravine Lake Lakes Yes Yes
Pigs Eye Lake Lakes Yes
Tanners Lake Lakes Yes Yes
Sunfish Lake Lakes
Eagle Point Lake Lakes
Lake Elmo Lakes Yes Yes
Goose Lake Lakes Yes
Mississippi River East Cove Mississippi River Pool 2 Yes Yes
Mississippi River Pool 2 Mississippi River Pool 2 Yes Yes Yes
Mississippi River Pool 5 Mississippi River Pool 5/5A Yes
Mississippi River Pool 5A Mississippi River Pool 5/5A Yes
Mississippi River Pool 6 Mississippi River Pool 6
Mississippi Unknown Pool Mississippi River Yes
Notes:
No apparent data provided for: Battle Creek Lake, Sunfish Lake, Eagle Point Lake, or Mississippi River Pool 6.
The Generalized Group "Lakes" also includes the creeks that flow in and out of the lakes.

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Table 9.4 Fish Sample Types, by Water Body Type
Mississippi River Mississippi River Mississippi River Mississippi River
Sample Type Lakes
Pool 2 Pool 3 Pool 4 Pool 5/5A
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Table 9.5 Summary of Reported Fish Data Units Basis

Fish Results Original Reported Units Number of
Water Body
(Wet/Dry Weight Basis, if Available) Samples
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Mississippi River Pool 2 ng/g 37
(report available confirming wet weight basis)
ng/g 296
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g/kg 46
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Table 10.6 Serum Concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in Southern
Washington County Residents Compared to the US Population
Serum Concentrations, Geometric Means (g/L)
Fold
PFC Year Southern Washington
USb GM (95% CI) Increase
Countya GM (Range)
PFOA 2008 14.9 (1.6-177.0) 4.12 (4.01-4.24) 3.6
2010 11.2 (0.94-110.5) 3.07 (2.81-3.36) 3.6
2014 5.5 (0.24-47.0) 1.94 (1.76-2.14) 2.8
PFOS 2008 35.7 (3.2-448.0) 13.2 (12.2-14.2) 2.7
2010 24.9 (1.6-234.0) 9.32 (8.13-10.7) 2.7
2014 18.5 (1.0-180.0) 4.99 (4.50-5.52) 3.7
Notes:
CI = Confidence Interval; GM = Geometric Mean; PFC = Perfluorinated Chemical;
PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.
(a) Population is comprised of 149 people living in southern Washington County (MDH, 2008-
2014, 2016e).
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Compared to 3M Workers, MDH LOEL/NOEL, and Chang et al. (2017) Study
Serum Concentrations of PFOA and PFOS (g/L)
Southern Washington Countya Serum Concentrations Highest Value in
PFC 3M
GM (Range) at MDH RfD Chang et al. (2017)
Workersb
2008 2010 2014 (LOEL/NOELc) Study
d
PFOA 14.9 11.2 5.5 3,300 38,000 Not Tested
(1.6-177.0) (0.94-110.5) (0.24-47.0) (LOEL)
PFOS 35.7 24.9 18.5 2,440e 6,260 165,000d
(3.2-448.0) (1.6-234.0) (1.0-180.0) (NOEL)
Notes:
GM = Geometric Mean; LOEL = Lowest Observed Effect Level; MDH = Minnesota Department of Health; NOEL = No Observed
Effect Level; PFC = Perfluorinated Chemical; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate; RfD = Reference
Dose.
(a) Population is comprised of 149 people living in southern Washington County (MDH, 2008-2014, 2016e).
(b) Highest serum concentrations reported in US workers. PFOA values are from Gilliland and Mandel (1996); PFOS values are
from Olsen et al. (1999).
(c) Using a more scientifically supported POD would change the PFOA LOEL to a NOEL. For PFOS, the serum concentration at
the more scientifically supported NOEL would be 25,000 g/L (as calculated by US EPA, 2016b). The comparison to the
Minnesota population would then result in a 700-fold difference.
(d) Authors do not specify whether this is an arithmetic or geometric mean.
(e) Arithmetic mean (geometric mean not reported).

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Table 10.8 Margin of Exposure Comparisons Based on Serum Concentrations in

Southern Washington County Residents
Geometric Mean 95th Percentile
Animal Serum Serum
PFC Serum POD Year Concentrations Concentrations
MOEa MOEa
(g/L) in Residents in Residents
(g/L) (g/L)
2008 14.9 2,600 60.0 630
38,000
PFOA 2010 11.2 3,400 48.7 780
(LOEL)b, c
2014 5.5 6,900 26.0 1,500
2008 35.7 180 100.0 63
6,260
2010 24.9 250 69.5 90
(NOEL)b
2014 18.5 340 70.0 89
PFOS
2008 35.7 700 100.0 250
25,000
2010 24.9 1,000 69.5 360
(NOEL)d
2014 18.5 1,400 70.0 360
Notes:
LOEL = Lowest Observed Effect Level; MDH = Minnesota Dept. of Health; MOE = Margin of Exposure;
NOEL = No Observed Effect Level; PFC = Perfluorinated Chemical; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid;
PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate; POD = Point of Departure.
(a) MOE = POD / Serum Concentration. MOEs were rounded to two significant digits.
(b) Serum concentrations at the MDH POD.
(c) Using the more scientifically supported POD would change the PFOA LOEL to a NOEL.
(d) Based on a more scientifically supported NOEL of 0.4 mg/kg-day (see Section 8.2).

10.6 Conclusions
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Table 10.1 Summary of Hypothetical Daily Intakes and Margins of Exposure for Past Resident's Groundwater Exposure from Private Wells
Alternative
Hypothetical Point of Margin of
Constituent Groundwater Alternative Margin of
Daily Intake from Departure Exposure
Exposure Area of Potential EPC POD Exposure
Groundwater (POD) (MOE = POD/
Concern (mg/L) (mg/kg-day) (MOE = POD/
(mg/kg-day) (mg/kg-day) Daily Intake)a
Daily Intake)a
Cottage Grove Private Wells PFOA 0.0012 0.000043 0.0053 120
Cottage Grove Private Wells PFOS 0.00025 0.0000090 0.00051 57 0.002 220
Cottage Grove Private Wells PFBA 0.0087 0.00031 0.86 2,800
Cottage Grove Private Wells PFBS 0.00030 0.000011 0.42 39,000
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Wells PFOA 0.00044 0.000016 0.0053 340
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Wells PFOS 0.00094 0.000034 0.00051 15 0.002 60
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Wells PFBA 0.0021 0.000074 0.86 12,000
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Wells PFBS 0.000058 0.0000021 0.42 200,000
Lake Elmo Private Wells PFOA 0.0030 0.00011 0.0053 50
Lake Elmo Private Wells PFOS 0.0033 0.00012 0.00051 4.3 0.002 17
Lake Elmo Private Wells PFBA 0.022 0.00080 0.86 1,100
Lake Elmo Private Wells PFBS 0.000050 0.0000018 0.42 240,000
Maplewood Private Wells PFOA 0.000022 0.00000077 0.0053 6,900
Maplewood Private Wells PFOS 0.000019 0.00000068 0.00051 750 0.002 3,000
27-CV-10-28862
Maplewood Private Wells PFBA 0.00060 0.000021 0.86 40,000

Maplewood Private Wells PFBS 0.0000090 0.00000032 0.42 1,300,000
Newport Private Wells PFOA 0.000017 0.00000061 0.0053 8,800
Newport Private Wells PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Newport Private Wells PFBA 0.0015 0.000054 0.86 16,000
Newport Private Wells PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
Oakdale Private Wells PFOA 0.00080 0.000028 0.0053 190
Oakdale Private Wells PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Oakdale Private Wells PFBA 0.012 0.00042 0.86 2,100
Oakdale Private Wells PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
St. Paul Private Wells PFOA NA NA 0.0053 NA
St. Paul Private Wells PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
St. Paul Private Wells PFBA 0.00064 0.000023 0.86 38,000
St. Paul Private Wells PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
St. Paul Park Private Wells PFOA 0.000095 0.0000034 0.0053 1,600
St. Paul Park Private Wells PFOS 0.000021 0.00000075 0.00051 680 0.002 2,700
187

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Alternative
Daily Intake)a
St. Paul Park Private Wells PFBA 0.0018 0.000064 0.86 13,000
St. Paul Park Private Wells PFBS 0.0000090 0.00000032 0.42 1,300,000
West Lakeland Twp Private Wells PFOA 0.00011 0.0000038 0.0053 1,400
West Lakeland Twp Private Wells PFOS 0.00021 0.0000073 0.00051 70 0.002 270
West Lakeland Twp Private Wells PFBA 0.00042 0.000015 0.86 57,000
West Lakeland Twp Private Wells PFBS 0.0000010 0.000000036 0.42 12,000,000
Woodbury Private Wells PFOA 0.00011 0.0000040 0.0053 1,300
Woodbury Private Wells PFOS 0.00016 0.0000057 0.00051 89 0.002 350
Woodbury Private Wells PFBA 0.0023 0.000082 0.86 10,000
Woodbury Private Wells PFBS 0.0000090 0.00000032 0.42 1,300,000
Notes:
EPC = Exposure Point Concentration; NA = Not Available; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFBS = Perfluorobutane Sulfonate; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane
Sulfonate.
(a) MOEs were rounded to two significant digits.
27-CV-10-28862
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Table 10.2 Summary of Hypothetical Daily Intakes and Margins of Exposure for Past Resident's Groundwater Exposure from City Wells
Alternative
Constituent of Groundwater Alternative Margin of
Exposure Area Potential EPC POD Exposure
Daily Intake)a
Cottage Grove City Wells PFOA 0.000040 0.0000014 0.0053 3,700
Cottage Grove City Wells PFOS 0.0000050 0.00000018 0.00051 2,900 0.002 11,000
Cottage Grove City Wells PFBA 0.0018 0.000064 0.86 13,000
Cottage Grove City Wells PFBS 0.00030 0.000011 0.42 39,000
Lake Elmo City Wells PFOA 0.00020 0.0000071 0.0053 740
Lake Elmo City Wells PFOS 0.00020 0.0000071 0.00051 72 0.002 280
Lake Elmo City Wells PFBA 0.0019 0.000068 0.86 13,000
Lake Elmo City Wells PFBS 0.000012 0.00000043 0.42 980,000
Newport City Wells PFOA 0.000010 0.00000036 0.0053 15,000
Newport City Wells PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Newport City Wells PFBA 0.00070 0.000025 0.86 34,000
Newport City Wells PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
Oakdale City Wells PFOA 0.00079 0.000028 0.0053 190
Oakdale City Wells PFOS 0.0012 0.000042 0.00051 12 0.002 47
27-CV-10-28862
Oakdale City Wells PFBA 0.0020 0.000071 0.86 12,000

Oakdale City Wells PFBS 0.000053 0.0000019 0.42 220,000
St. Paul City Wells PFOA NA NA 0.0053 NA
St. Paul City Wells PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
St. Paul City Wells PFBA NA NA 0.86 NA
St. Paul City Wells PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
St. Paul Park City Wells PFOA 0.000058 0.0000021 0.0053 2,500
St. Paul Park City Wells PFOS 0.0000070 0.00000025 0.00051 2,000 0.002 8,000
St. Paul Park City Wells PFBA 0.0023 0.000082 0.86 10,000
St. Paul Park City Wells PFBS 0.0000060 0.00000021 0.42 2,000,000
Woodbury City Wells PFOA 0.000052 0.0000019 0.0053 2,900
Woodbury City Wells PFOS 0.0000090 0.00000032 0.00051 1,600 0.002 6,200
Woodbury City Wells PFBA 0.00050 0.000018 0.86 48,000
Woodbury City Wells PFBS 0.000010 0.00000036 0.42 1,200,000
Notes:
EPC = Exposure Point Concentration; NA = Not Available; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFBS = Perfluorobutane Sulfonate; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS =
189

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Table 10.3 Summary of Hypothetical Daily Intakes and Margins of Exposure for Current (2014-2017) Resident's Groundwater Exposure from
Private Wells with Highest Exposure Estimates
Hypothetical Alternative
Point of Margin of
Constituent Groundwater Daily Intake Alternative Margin of
Departure Exposure
Exposure Area of Potential EPC from POD Exposure
(POD) (MOE = POD/
Concern (mg/L) Groundwater (mg/kg-day) (MOE = POD/
(mg/kg-day) Daily Intake)a
Cottage Grove Private Well 182977 PFOA 0.00032 0.000011 0.0053 470
Cottage Grove Private Well 182977 PFOS 0.00018 0.0000062 0.00051 82 0.002 320
Cottage Grove Private Well 182977 PFBA 0.0014 0.000050 0.86 17,000
Cottage Grove Private Well 182977 PFBS 0.000024 0.00000085 0.42 490,000
Cottage Grove Private Well 257301 PFOA NA NA 0.0053 NA
Cottage Grove Private Well 257301 PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Cottage Grove Private Well 257301 PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
Cottage Grove Private Well 257334 PFOA 0.00090 0.000032 0.0053 170
Cottage Grove Private Well 257334 PFOS 0.000026 0.00000091 0.00051 560 0.002 2,200
Cottage Grove Private Well 257334 PFBS 0.000020 0.00000069 0.42 600,000
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Well 257693 PFOA 0.000034 0.0000012 0.0053 4,400
27-CV-10-28862
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Well 257693 PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Well 257693 PFBA 0.00082 0.000029 0.86 29,000
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Well 257693 PFBS 0.000068 0.0000024 0.42 170,000
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Well 257694 PFOA 0.00035 0.000012 0.0053 430
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Well 257694 PFOS 0.00047 0.000017 0.00051 31 0.002 120
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Well 257694 PFBA 0.00081 0.000029 0.86 30,000
Grey Cloud Island Twp Private Well 257694 PFBS 0.000031 0.0000011 0.42 390,000
Lake Elmo Private Well 151703 PFOA 0.00026 0.0000093 0.0053 570
Lake Elmo Private Well 151703 PFOS 0.000028 0.00000100 0.00051 510 0.002 2,000
Lake Elmo Private Well 151703 PFBA 0.0048 0.00017 0.86 5,000
Lake Elmo Private Well 151703 PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
Lake Elmo Private Well 730403 PFOS 0.00040 0.000014 0.00051 36 0.002 140
Lake Elmo Private Well 730403 PFBS 0.000041 0.0000014 0.42 290,000
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Point of Margin of
Departure Exposure
(POD) (MOE = POD/
Lake Elmo Private Well 730663 PFOS 0.00042 0.000015 0.00051 34 0.002 130
Lake Elmo Private Well 730663 PFBS 0.000039 0.0000014 0.42 300,000
Maplewood Private Well 122019 PFOA 0.000013 0.00000045 0.0053 12,000
Maplewood Private Well 122019 PFOS 0.000035 0.0000012 0.00051 420 0.002 1,600
Maplewood Private Well 122019 PFBA 0.00026 0.0000091 0.86 95,000
Maplewood Private Well 122019 PFBS 0.000030 0.0000011 0.42 400,000
Maplewood Private Well 427872 PFOA 0.000014 0.00000051 0.0053 10,000
Maplewood Private Well 427872 PFOS 0.000034 0.0000012 0.00051 420 0.002 1,600
Maplewood Private Well 427872 PFBA 0.00039 0.000014 0.86 63,000
Maplewood Private Well 427872 PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
Newport Private Well 443910 PFOA 0.000029 0.0000010 0.0053 5,100
Newport Private Well 443910 PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Newport Private Well 443910 PFBA 0.00076 0.000027 0.86 32,000
27-CV-10-28862
Newport Private Well 443910 PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA

Newport Private Well 551000 PFOA NA NA 0.0053 NA
Newport Private Well 551000 PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Newport Private Well 551000 PFBA 0.00019 0.0000068 0.86 130,000
Newport Private Well 551000 PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
St. Paul Private Well 274360 PFOA NA NA 0.0053 NA
St. Paul Private Well 274360 PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
St. Paul Private Well 274360 PFBA 0.00035 0.000012 0.86 69,000
St. Paul Private Well 274360 PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
St. Paul Park Private Well 257849 PFOA NA NA 0.0053 NA
St. Paul Park Private Well 257849 PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
St. Paul Park Private Well 257849 PFBA 0.0016 0.000055 0.86 16,000
St. Paul Park Private Well 257849 PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
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Point of Margin of
Departure Exposure
(POD) (MOE = POD/
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 257205 PFOA 0.00010 0.0000036 0.0053 1,500
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 257205 PFOS 0.000065 0.0000023 0.00051 220 0.002 860
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 257205 PFBA 0.00042 0.000015 0.86 57,000
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 257205 PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 274301 PFOS 0.000015 0.00000053 0.00051 950 0.002 3,700
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 274301 PFBS 0.000026 0.00000091 0.42 460,000
27-CV-10-28862

West Lakeland Twp Private Well 274304 PFOA NA NA 0.0053 NA
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 274304 PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 409672 PFOA NA NA 0.0053 NA
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 409672 PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 409672 PFBS 0.0000030 0.00000011 0.42 3,900,000
West Lakeland Twp Private Well 427898 PFOS 0.00021 0.0000073 0.00051 70 0.002 270
Woodbury Private Well 257241 PFOA 0.000063 0.0000022 0.0053 2,400
Woodbury Private Well 257241 PFOS 0.000093 0.0000033 0.00051 150 0.002 600
Woodbury Private Well 257241 PFBA 0.00028 0.0000098 0.86 87,000
Woodbury Private Well 257241 PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
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Point of Margin of
Departure Exposure
(POD) (MOE = POD/
Woodbury Private Well 507776 PFOA NA NA 0.0053 NA
Woodbury Private Well 507776 PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Woodbury Private Well 507776 PFBA 0.0012 0.000043 0.86 20,000
Woodbury Private Well 507776 PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
Notes:
EPC = Exposure Point Concentration; NA = Not Available; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFBS = Perfluorobutane Sulfonate; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane
Sulfonate.
For private wells, PFC concentrations are averaged individually by well, as discussed in Section 10.2. The exposure analysis was performed for 736 individual private wells in which
PFCs were detected. Exposure estimates and MOEs are displayed in the table above for wells that had the highest exposure estimates for PFOA or PFOS or the lowest overall MOEs.
27-CV-10-28862
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Table 10.4 Summary of Hypothetical Daily Intakes and Margins of Exposure for Current (2014-2017) Resident's Groundwater Exposure from
City Wells
Alternative
Hypothetical Daily Point of Margin of
Intake from Departure Exposure
Daily Intake)a
Cottage Grove City Wells PFOA 0.000029 0.0000010 0.0053 5,200
Cottage Grove City Wells PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Cottage Grove City Wells PFBA 0.00072 0.000026 0.86 33,000
Cottage Grove City Wells PFBS 0.000053 0.0000019 0.42 220,000
Lake Elmo City Wells PFOA 0.000046 0.0000016 0.0053 3,200
Lake Elmo City Wells PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Lake Elmo City Wells PFBA 0.00022 0.0000077 0.86 110,000
Lake Elmo City Wells PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
Newport City Wells PFOA NA NA 0.0053 NA
Newport City Wells PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
Newport City Wells PFBA 0.00033 0.000012 0.86 73,000
Newport City Wells PFBS NA NA 0.42 NA
Oakdale City Wells PFOA 0.00014 0.0000051 0.0053 1,000
27-CV-10-28862
Oakdale City Wells PFOS 0.00017 0.0000061 0.00051 83 0.002 330

Oakdale City Wells PFBA 0.00040 0.000014 0.86 61,000
Oakdale City Wells PFBS 0.000037 0.0000013 0.42 320,000
St. Paul Park City Wells PFOA 0.000024 0.00000086 0.0053 6,200
St. Paul Park City Wells PFOS NA NA 0.00051 NA 0.002 NA
St. Paul Park City Wells PFBA 0.0012 0.000041 0.86 21,000
St. Paul Park City Wells PFBS 0.000020 0.00000072 0.42 580,000
Woodbury City Wells PFOA 0.000034 0.0000012 0.0053 4,300
Woodbury City Wells PFOS 0.000036 0.0000013 0.00051 390 0.002 1,500
Woodbury City Wells PFBA 0.00023 0.0000083 0.86 100,000
Woodbury City Wells PFBS 0.000048 0.0000017 0.42 250,000
Notes:
EPC = Exposure Point Concentration; NA = Not Available; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFBS = Perfluorobutane Sulfonate; PFOS =
For city wells, PFC concentrations are averaged individually by well and then averaged together to provide an average exposure to city well water based on the assumption
that water is equally distributed between the wells.
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Table 10.5 Summary of Hypothetical Daily Intakes and Margins of Exposure for Past and Current Recreational User
Recreational User Alternative
Point of Margin of
Constituent of Hypothetical Alternative Margin of
Departure Exposure
Exposure Area Potential Daily Intake, POD Exposure
(POD) (MOE = POD/
Concern Non-cancer (mg/kg-day) (MOE = POD/
Lakes PFOA 0.0000017 0.0053 3,200
Lakes PFOS 0.00011 0.00051 4.6 0.002 18
Lakes PFBA 0.000000039 0.86 22,000,000
Lakes PFBS 0.00000000099 0.42 420,000,000
Mississippi River Pool 2 PFOA 0.00000047 0.0053 11,000
Mississippi River Pool 2 PFOS 0.000090 0.00051 5.7 0.002 22
Mississippi River Pool 2 PFBA 0.00000035 0.86 2,400,000
Mississippi River Pool 2 PFBS 0.00000028 0.42 1,500,000
Mississippi River Pool 3 PFOA 0.0000000014 0.0053 3,800,000
Mississippi River Pool 3 PFOS 0.000035 0.00051 14 0.002 57
Mississippi River Pool 3 PFBS 0.0000000020 0.42 220,000,000
Mississippi River Pool 4 PFOA 0.0000000027 0.0053 1,900,000
Mississippi River Pool 4 PFOS 0.000034 0.00051 15 0.002 60
27-CV-10-28862

Mississippi River Pool 4 PFBS All ND 0.42 All ND
Mississippi River Pool 5/5A PFOA All ND 0.0053 All ND
Mississippi River Pool 5/5A PFOS 0.000035 0.00051 15 0.002 57
Mississippi River Pool 5/5A PFBA All ND 0.86 All ND
Mississippi River Pool 5/5A PFBS All ND 0.42 All ND
Notes:
ND = Not Detected; PFBA = Perfluorobutanoic Acid; PFBS = Perfluorobutane Sulfonate; PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic Acid; PFOS = Perfluorooctane Sulfonate.
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11 Development of Scientific Knowledge of PFC

Toxicity Over Time
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Barbara Beck

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Electronically Served 27-CV-10-28862

Barbara D. Beck, Ph.D., DABT, ATS, ERT

2 Summary of Opinions ......................................................................................................... 3

4 Overview of PFC Chemistry, Properties, Production, Disposal, and Monitoring ............. 24

5 Understanding Mechanisms of Toxicity ........................................................................... 29

5.1.1.2 Monkeys and Humans ................................................................ 30

6 Animal Studies .................................................................................................................. 49

6.3.4 Developmental and Reproductive Effects ................................................ 77

7 Human Studies .................................................................................................................. 80

7.2.2.3 Liver Disease ............................................................................. 117

8 Agency Guidelines ........................................................................................................... 146

8.2.2.4 HBV ........................................................................................... 155

9 Site Data .......................................................................................................................... 165

10 Evaluation of Site Data .................................................................................................... 173

Table 2.2 Lowest MOE Values for Specific Pathways

Table 4.1 PFCs with a Sulfonate Functional Group

Table 4.2 PFCs with a Carboxylate Functional Group

Table 5.2 Tissue Distribution of PFCs by Species and Sex

Table 5.3 PFC Liver to Serum Ratios

Table 5.5 Placental and Lactational Transfer

Table 5.6 PFC Elimination Half-lives

Table 5.7 Comparison of Developmental Effects in Wild-type vs. PPAR-knockout Mice

Table 7.1 Serum PFOA (ng/mL) in Representative Occupational Populations

Table 7.2 Serum PFOA (ng/mL) in Representative Non-occupational Populations

Table 7.3 Non-occupational PFOA Cohorts

Table 7.4 Summary of 3M Occupational PFOS Serum Concentrations (ppb or ng/mL)

Table 7.5 Serum PFOS (ng/mL) in Representative Non-occupational Populations

Table 7.6 Non-occupational PFOS Cohorts

Table 9.1 Summary of Files Containing Sample Results

Table 9.2 Groundwater Location Types

Table 9.4 Fish Sample Types, by Water Body Type

Table 9.5 Summary of Reported Fish Data Units Basis

Table 10.8 Margin of Exposure Comparisons Based on Serum Concentrations in Southern

List of Figures Within the Report

Figure 4.1 Chemical Structures of PFOA, PFOS, PFBA, and PFBS

Figure 9.1 Interrogatory Boundary

Figure 9.2 Site and Landfill Boundaries

MIRC Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals

SRBC Sheep Red Blood Cell

1.1 Case Overview

2.1 Summary of Primary Opinions

2.5 Animal and Human Studies

2.8 State of Knowledge

3.1 Information Used and Analyses Performed

3.2.1 Introduction to Toxicology

4 Overview of PFC Chemistry, Properties, Production,

4.1 The Chemistry of PFCs

Table 4.1 PFCs with a Sulfonate Functional Group

5 Understanding Mechanisms of Toxicity

5.1.1.1 Rats and Mice

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Table 5.2 Tissue Distribution of PFCs By Species and Sex

Table 5.3 PFC Liver to Serum Ratiosa

Males (0.1 mg/kg)c Malesc

Males Males (10 mg/kg)e

Table 5.5 Placental and Lactational Transfer

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Table 5.6 PFC Elimination Half-livesa

Data for individual studies is included in Appendix Table B.4.

5.1.4.1 Sex Differences in Excretion

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