ADM NO : EEMI/05012/2013S

NAME : MURUNGI L L GICHUNGE

DEPARTMENT : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIT : HYDRAULICS AND
PNEUMATICS( 4TH YEAR SEM 2)

ASSIGNMENT
Use diagrams to illustrate the centrifugal pump.

Centrifugal pump

It is a hydraulic machine which converts mechanical energy into

hydraulic energy (i.e. pressure energy) by the use of centrifugal force
acting on the fluid. The flow of liquid takes place in radial outward
direction which is reverse of the inward radial flow reaction turbine. It is
used in different areas where fluid is needed to raise from low level to
high level.

Working Principle
It works on the principle of forced vortex flow. The forced vortex flow
means when a certain mass of fluid or liquid is allowed to rotate by an
external torque than there is a rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid
takes place. This rise in pressure head is used to deliver water from one
location to another. It is centrifugal force acting on the fluid that makes it
to flow within the casing.
The rise in the pressure head of the rotating liquid at any point is directly
proportional to the square of the tangential velocity of the rotating liquid.

CAT
Use diagrams to illustrate the construction operation and
application of actuator packing

What impacts stroking range

- Unbalanced force calculated by multiplying the unbalanced area in the

control valve times the maximum process pressure the valve will
experience.

- Required seat load based on plug-to-seat contact area for a given valve
configuration and specified leakage class.

- Total friction in the valve, which is dominated by packing friction.

Valve packing principles

Subject the packing to a constant and correct amount of stress to achieve

and maintain a seal. This action is accomplished using live-load springs,
but only on a packing system designed to be live-loaded. Do not attempt to
live-load packing that is not specifically designed for that purpose.

Use no more packing than the minimum amount required to affect the seal.
This procedure minimizes the adverse effects of thermal expansion and
reduces total packing friction.

Install less pliable anti-extrusion rings on either side of flexible graphite seal
rings to prevent the packing from extruding out of the packing box.

Use guide bushings on the valve stem. In most control valve designs the
packing itself acts a bushing to centre the stem in the packing box.

Be sure the valve stem has a smooth, highly-polished finish to reduce

packing friction and minimize leak paths.

Application of Actuators

Actuators are used extensively to operate valves remotely. A valve so

equipped is termed a control valve. A typical actuator for a globe valve
needs to be capable of turning the valve stem through its many
revolutions between open and closed. Often a globe valve actuator will
consist of an electric motor that drives a worm gear which in turn rotates
a nut that engages the threads of the valve operator stem. Quarter-turn
valves such as ball valves often use pneumatic actuators to push and
pull racks past pinions which impart rotary motion to the valve ball,
butterfly, etc. In short, valve actuator designs are closely aligned with the
design of the valve they are intended to operate.

Actuators are also used in many linear motion applications where air
power is not available to drive cylinders or where extra force is needed
from compact designs. One unusual linear actuator uses chain which
when straight forms a rigid length but which can curve around the driving
gear to obtain its motion. Other linear motion actuators use toothed
belts, lead screws, or rack and pinion sets, to achieve push/pull action.
Smaller linear and rotary actuators often employ direct drive voice coil
motors.

Linear actuators are used in packaging machines, medical equipment,

and production machinery as well as in a host of transportation industry
applications from aircraft to rail. Linear actuators sometimes combine
stepper motors with ball screws to achieve precise controllable
positioning (left).
Both linear and rotary actuators are available as manual models that
serve as motion devices for slides and as operators for manually
operated valves. In some cases, manual valve actuators are used as
override devices for control valves that are normally actuated with fluid
or electric powered actuators (right). They are designed to declutch from
the control actuators during normal automatic operation so as not to
harm bystanders.