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    Mark Goeffrey Soguilon Gustilo
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    Great Political Thinkers Plato To The Present (Full Version) PDF

    Diunggah oleh

    Mark Goeffrey Soguilon Gustilo

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    GREAT POLITICAL THINKERS PLATO TO THE PRESENT FIFTH EDITION William Ebenstein (1910-1976) i Prieta Mate aS EE Geni by Hat Rie at Yo a ‘Sg pos Sy Rac ad Wit ne ‘spre 5 akties ‘cpr needy Bat el (cr cored Er asain ant aber Pentel tbe rave Sa pf pcan ney beep sr a eco peel cle. eg mron eerste Wis, av oS ear, ay Aso er Ria. To Ruth Works by WILLIAM EBENSTEIN ote aoe Peete to cman Fasn Cain ton, Nah Edin sh) -enica coving vn rain coSTUNY seca gency WORLD eRSCTIVE orks by ALAN O. EBENSTEIN a he een FN Eon PREFACE PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION ‘Over he fy years nce is Fis edition appeared in 1951, Great Pac Shanes: Pato tothe Preen has eeablted sel tone of he alii bs stices the aea of ite history of pale ther The purpse of the fit ‘Stone toupdatethe mater presented The method ofhitedtios remains Statithas ens be ino esp een pla ters jafatu flowed by Hey eects from she tinre pete wore TRS Spach combines the svenphs of orginal readigs sad of commentary In aslition comprehensive “iblierpmeal Noes ate provided atthe en oF Txtcvne market resarch was performed advance of tise. Surveys ‘nits to exting ser of Ure Foil Thinrs, a personal eres, Sere conte. As eau thre hunker bane Been eeluaed-Clement te Tse Lord indy of Beker and Hugh Gaitel-and eight unk ie bee ‘delhi Roi Fiedich Haye, Manunas Gan Frcanch cae, ‘kath, Willa Eberscn was Working on book ote taled The Revs of the Tat the purpose of which woul have been fo ac he beginnings af wesera pris thoghtto Gest uoalet,Jorth mownheis aad Chratin fove shaper deat on exe subjects have bea corporate beret ie 3 more TExsting uses of Great Poca! Thinkers wil find that, with the exception cc chapter “Democatc Sosa ao the Welle Sue (clang Ate, yd Lindy und Cah tei edo retaes lena alo te fourth, ‘Aifhapters both intoguctory ean nd endings, have, however beef ‘teved tnd updated where nevesars,Otier gaficant changer are pacing Hep ins chaper a hat own ang selection ots Soba Start Mills Te Subj of Women tote chapter ncn hit, raranging the oder of trea chapter moving Gunnar Mal tothe char tat wacom Fried of Heber Spencer and John Maynard Keyoes Tot ir adver satance, encouragement and support onthe ih edition of Gres Pole Thiers Tould lke than the god Tends of 8) fide "Pesas ary Ads Tom Seok, snd Codon Se ar Caton vi Preface ORIGINAL PREFACE ‘The purpose ofthis book to present the malortrsing pnts of Western poll thought fom Pato the present The best way trendestand these Sialand tabling dea so ead the peat writers temselvs rather oan ‘woes about tem. Tere is room for cometary ad tal anal, Dut Fetherean take the place of the rea! ources Poles hospi, ite ail lose, est almay cas abd Unambiguous, snd the feprodeeton of he ‘iia strc liars th aes mes lly Wa the neato ‘he Fak classics not only because tey"reveal philoophical depth a ‘enctation but because they are peeatally eth aad ectng a8 pee oF Fferature roriing ethic plewrare and enjoyment aa well tesco Challenge and stimulaten. The preseataton of eareuly selected portions ftom onginel writings show lel to stain Both beens sented inthis book into orays is cach chapeefpvtaced byt in- ‘Hoductory enay that see 16 pace thes and true ithe prope ite. ‘alsin and perspective Sicond, the Bitiogrephcal Nokes at te ec ofthe book contin explanatory and rticl data and-comments designed {@ hep the student in ie reregch ons particular astbor or pobisn The ‘Sslomary isting of mere ies for farther feaiog if of Ile use to the ‘laden who dene to broaden the range and scope of his Enwlesae a iC hoped that the more GetatledBrbographca! Nowe im thi bank ‘hull him in iscovering and exploring the vas testeie of politcal Ditloseny, The problem of selecting important poiiea writers fora book ofthis ort, ‘snot witout ue acute, Some auhors sr vious mt ters ae est npr, ith ear o American plc hough, he eid has owe 0 stope to Hs imoorance. Als, the question aes whether each author Show Bersted by means oft comparatively lengthy selection from his major ‘ter orb sera beer excep om seta his works Mest chapier ‘hurbook desl wits ony one wete, the section sway Hate a is shale mestimportant Work Sacha pethod makes t posse for he Fader © Concenesteon fore authors a to farlarine ise moe thoroughly wih ‘he ountandin poitial Sass of meld ieture ad philosoysy "The pure ose of providing portions of rest monks inthe orginal to whe he reador’s $Eppeite to read them i their ent, andi hoped tha ts book wll, Bmrnbete yo tha ene ‘Wheres al authors included deserve tobe called “great i open osu sion Pasiulcly egading the moce recat writers, histor) alone wil tell Sccnuse they have had consderblenucace on pls and berate ter ‘ements ply a nie seo of though that rect an ial cow Place = into the domain of waditional political sence, But i i ped ha a reat economist ke Keynes, ora great psychologist, Ike Pewd, wil awaken Inthe student of plies the awareness tht Gur politcal wisi will, tow in proportion fo our aby to daw on ne sources a koowledge and ‘sine Witiam Bhenstein Prien, Now Jersey 150 _—r CONTENTS PREPACE vii 1. ROOTS OF WESTERN POLITICAL THOUG! 2. THE GREEK FAITH IN REASON 5 3. PLATO (ea. 27-347 nc) 18 Sete athe Ine ofthe Seng 30 Rokog tam at 33 The edie of Socal Oatguton 577 Ne Luanna Ste 2 /The {Garlane Temperament Penary Haven a te Over ‘tag 5 Varese ene 49 The Tee Pea So Sy "ihe Viste he nd dah Falta oman $f Abin heal forthe Coxon) Yo uate Plopber ese find 77h algo hn, 73/ Decent Desa 4. ARISTOTLE (384-322 ne) 81 Sia eae aa rea (8 ey Eire severe au coments 5. POLYBIUS (ca, 204-122 nc) 127 “rurvesrones 10 “Tp Forgot Sat, 20 / The Creo Pla Chases, 13. Abang CMe emi. irr noi ats 137 Te Bey 6. CICERO (106-83 nc) 139 secearuaiicand weiss 4 "Gc Rexpasiy he Dis and Rewarde 68 The Main Typesof Sate, SPR ESatitan150' 7 eral wa te ty of og 52 7, STOICISM AND EPICUREANISM. 155 itt (on. 0.50120), nH SCOURS and THEWASWAL 166 “ie te Al Go Knsren 166 J How to Bee Tova Tyan 18 Oncomaey 16) marcos rl (49 121-180) eprint 75 ‘My Spiiul Hors, 173 / Harun Reon apd One Wo 177 f ements Sse 8 nv epcurs (ex 341-2708), UTR TOMENOECEUS end PRUNC Pokaan to Menoecun 188 Fries Doi, 87 8. THE JUDEO-CHRISTIAN BACKGROUND 191 9, ST. AUGUSTINE (54-830) 204 eee ema ctee Hecate ‘Gip. B10 7 Lamtatne of Socal Lte214 / sholoming of Human Juste, Se Reetraa on sha aaie ier iar a hoa tang Soyeeeaiee re Ris rive Siena eet “The Tae apne of the Rules 10, JOHN OF SALISBURY (ct. 1120-1180) 224 "Inc Nae au ous Repl Auten, 232 The Ration othe Place ane S83 Thc Price Soran tee Press 350) Tose er S82 the te a an Oa 37 The ea of he Meret 397 f The Love ef ity ad ee Sgneh 238 / The Dien tetmeen Tyaneard a Trac Pee 259 Tyan, 200 Petia Tyan conten il 11. ST THOMAS AQUINAS (ca 1225-1274) 246 Betton a Kings, 29 {Rule by On by Many? 764 Resist 0 fers ‘Team 62 7 Ror eS 12 pane ¢24s-190) 25 ore Trial mini ne War Sea ence mese Authoive Setlement of Dispwtes between Safes 286 J Freedom under ori ees Sana oeenencct eieenaee Hae Beem Sroees tSneEn A Sere 13, MARSILIO OF PADUA (1270-1342) 295 swuepermeoekoreace_ 306 Mis ies 3 i = The Recoil otRuers, 3131 The MM, MACHIAVELLE (1467-1527) 316 ‘ConsatRenns for War, 325 / Why Pence Are Pred oe Ried, 326 ‘iba Sed Nigatcline 32 Cron and emery I Bee to Be eed or Fara 30 tn at iy ents Mat Keep ath 39) Prcee Mths Departed 1 tenn Fore |S, THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 337 1 ater (1485-156 secon aeons 10 WHAT TENT HESHOULD BE nor Deis om Got, 344 Now Resince 39 | The Two Rees RE? occas Siar ty aes Hay Se ay contents calvin (309-1969, s8sTETESOF DHECRAN RELIC 396 ‘Sri! ea Poll Goveromes, 386 The ciel the Chrch: No SEERA Ge ea Ueierart se ) the buty Paes! ire S80 j Tae Duy aC Sohjec, 31 Restance to Tyeay 364 iy nis Br eu) ADEENSEOF LIBERTY AGAINST TYRANTS 366 ‘hediace to races ori9 Gost we Lawl Resistance to Psi ‘efeer of Bane 3h / Ring Madey ne Poe 10 The People RP iRekie ST Wy kings ete etd, 7 Ne Rage none Laut 36 / Succ he Kine Sines 379 | Athy Based on Cn, SY Reine to Tans 7 16, BODIN (1530-1596) 384 sixeooxson HERTS 39 “Te Stn, 89 Severn 39 / Leptin espe Moni espe 135 he Temes Ua Rete 3937 Rational Sid ace, ot | he oc Chae of Reon, 398 7 39 17, HOBBES (1588-1679) 397 “hes fA 47 Te ScalCotrc 49 Te Capen TFT sal te Sorte 415 iberelhe abet, ae / Ca ae Seaham a8 Seber Poles Sots, 1B LOCKE (1682-1708) 425 “he Sate tre 48 / Sate of War, 38 Sry, 40 / Prost BET PoltelSoety se) Thebnd eGoveromea 6 / The imo Giedatens te | Te Ri to Rebs 50 19, MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755) 455, snore Tobermory (er Sie ones ieee wy ASOT Patties HEESas 20. HUME (1711-1776) 471 Ofte Onna Gevrmment 48 Osher Cnr 80 contents » 21, ROUSSEAU (1712-1778) 493 Bias Born Fes, 05 / The Rig fie Stomp 05 / Stes, 306 / The Fis Comat Sosy a8 Se India of Sree, 13 7 ‘soft Sve 804) 528 23, SMITH (1723-1790) $47 ‘he Divison of Labor, 354 / Eooomic Ve $56 Monopay, 559 Ga 35 7 nen seo SF 24, BURKE (1729-1797) 562 “Tne French Revo nde Bri Comin, 572 Repetto ‘rope 3777 Why GoveementteCoopin Sa / Sexiest and Lael Fetes $e ‘nell Say ten 8 Ret an Reva 3 Roveaon a bstary Desprm, 92 25, BENTHAM (1748-1832), 594 (Ofte enc of Vly, 03 / OF Pcp Adverse to That of Uy, Bat Sit Pee Sanne Ssrecuet faa ed Pee 687 Mal SCelefezate oui, How oe Mesut 61 ; 2% TRE. RIAG, OF DAMDCRACY EMERTY AND FERIA ‘rat i men mane 89 Foran aoe ethene ng Ba Wy Deere Noe ve Eau re nas Livery, 65 Sate eaten ner ctr Coming Era of World Deroocracy, 647" = aan 63 The 2161, (80-1879) 650 Tovey 650 ner an Autor, 680 / Lier of Though and icin, 684 1 Mare GE18-I73),tecnomeanoraesonentsastacnirrs 26 11 Mar an Engl (80-1895) THE COMMUNIST AANIFESTO 737 Bouts and Pokies, 737 Praia pd Cmeni 744 ‘U1 Lenin (180-1920, SELECTED WORKS. 156 ‘roleionslReoltioares 755 | Clas Soi abd he Sts, 758 Miaonty Detaaraip adie Wo 70 ’ 29, THE LIMITS OF REASON. 774 PNetacheH844-1900) 784 ‘Muses 883-189) THE DOCTRINEOF FACED 196 Fandub! Mess 79% / Poti an Sov Dong, 729 30. FREUD (1856-1939) 806 Tacks fap 0 / Tae Ngee lp, 9 / The Sagi eee 21, GANDI tse) 23 srt) Sem acme Sten Sis) Sayuri Abram vos 456 / Saute 32, FROM LIBERALISM TO DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM 843 1 Spence 800-1903), soa tA and SHEN VERSUS TTT BSE 27, HEGEL (1770-1831) 645 Fredo in Nate ad Society 92 / Monarch eras Poel ‘Govrament, 686) Pesan War 701 28. REVOLUTIONARY COMMUNISM 704 | contents a Reyoes(IRB-I846) END Oe LaIser2 rNe_5T6 ie ‘tons fears dain, 6 ("The Far Orpstanon MIMyetl 1998-1997, wen Te WaLaaRE soe 289 Dales 9) 7 Coavrging Nea tes) heed Haro 33, HAYEK (1899) 899 ‘The Abaodoned Rou, 95 / The Grea oi 909 / avai and “he Dc ef Sein a he Ra othe Wee Sate, 312 / Tain, 315 7 Mosley Pte 913 mays) 9m Bae oem eta Spporaniy, 9587 The Tendency tw Bqaity, 9997 Tae Paaey of ben, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 945, INDEX. 1075 GREAT f POLITICAL. THINKERS —— POLITICAL THOUGHT ROOTS OF WESTERN 2 Great Poiteat Thinkers aay a onane tbo Se soit ecaseieianneeer hear ieading artiste scent, and imtlietual caring house a the word nthe Some cewent mmo ‘Over the lat five hundred years, hardly corner ofthe world, from the Sere ate mes een as Roots af Wester Fulitial Thovedt 3 set non wat rps ate sei gl cna sci and Sone Rar nahi a te rer th ela meres pe te ci ete Eiicom echl Sees oka pl ta wie ate chs Tee er oat eta Tice ee cig oe te ae roe een eee See ee ston tet iven Bo epee agen tere ied eel en chet apat senate acta ety Eeeaeeanted cet oy evetsama pate Ee So et eed ret ee eee res eeresumt ei ahaa aearee cabcehant te Se Se ee ee oo tee ae Oe es Sr i Se rt rt Ce en a fy imap eect eet pa ond et Scale sy ed wan tnd Se ee onan th ere ec i etna te Sa a en mo or ey are hs eee ae ante epee at Papen eey ro ereget gerd Eu ont ebneaienete june eek ee ae tesidusgn reenact aunt neta ss aoe cree ere et es ea abet Se er acehtciae aetna il we A ecu ual Teh auc uo sade was Nae yc cea nae Saeed tae ee oer ere heer areca Fae ee a a ae itn oer the tag ener ne Chea or potted Section na sae eect eg Tor tesa terena ep "Geena tie warhead Samy eee Bape ed we Foner oestrogen ean tata Sosa tates recreate Anis sions te alana Sikee Sterne sche yea coow eine meaner See ee ea a tear og cae eee 2 Remeber ae SEG See! Sen Soma pene Shee Stent ee ard 4 (Get Politi Thinkers ‘Get nr the Jewish conception of love has the unconition) waivers char. cg of Chetstian love. tn Christin thought love notin he poiphery of ie, Iplherare moments of testy but nthe ceater fife: Love wife elf Mone tha any otber fre, ths hat has powered oer i is and Sa) the Imovemest toward han equa, an emphateally political concer The the roots of weser Ie--Creck rationalism, Jewish menoteism, ‘and Carus lovee eo encompassing tat tial, not imposible, to devive speelficsocl, conor, or pital stems les thom Both th ‘Git and New Testaments have been ivoked 0 jsily Savery and oman Freedom, obedience a poverinent sm elation democracy snd monarch, 0 ial soca fo men ao, SiGe aoa ‘lanned economy and trv enterprise censorship and freedom of thought and ‘hay oer comico poles ad pinisopbisl ste There contradiions hee te etses. Fr the eoneptons of Greckraton- alam, esi monoteim ant Chis lowe hive never fully been Une upto in he werern word They have sered wr pundng wel, bt prc tae oen laagec behind the eae Second anda reso wichw often veriooked ese tine sures ofaesier tought tert completely complementary There bas thneybece atenaton-—hough ot rteconcibe~ between te ve leet 4 prose which hasbeen bath pastel and fatal In anguty He. fatale, Greets and Jews were not oer Tondo one anlar To te ancient ‘Grech, he apetet Jew os patil putas, living by act coe that ie sino concestons human fait) or loi. To the few te eck oth al ‘heonsing and cadens philsopbiing wat an itvel barbara, whore 2s Ini eschew tha wb eed noon eo ‘Srasy ther ite tension between Chistunty onthe a ide and Greek and Jewish cals othe other, Christianity eno the mechanical mest of ‘Gree and Jewish dzale beta ateapt to trance them eb something ne ‘Sndhiferet th process of gaing beyond” Greek sad beth deals neta Produced spiritual distances, gap, stfeses At ther wors, hee tensions ‘ied nthe buring of papae” Greek and Roman bSoks by Chat pete fd zs inthe erty Middle Ages. on Chistian persecutions of Jews at Siriou mes Acer es, tensions between Christy abd te Ore aad Jewish anceedents have cca hattontsed is seeptionl persons ke ert Sehweitae Hs example testifies tunis posible fo ute none Ke the {her Grecoudeo. Christan sdetis of easy eit, and lve As eho loses artis he woul neve ben compte at her ihe ad Been sd Sealy wanepate ofitvcentary Aten sconvction tat mom beet must Dace him in he central tadton of Judaism: hs choc to wore amon the ‘Pete af aniy places bm song teen Chinn ofall ie ‘ne knows Bu, ceraily the sting cedurance a the tee rote of he west Incite perma elements inthe human ssl an reyehe, whic show the Peaks hurmanty may tench, and which may define Bovadares or poli Sconomie and social stent CHAPTER TWO THE GREEK FAITH IN REASON nepeoatn te eee oon meet atta ahem ot teint “The birthof western scence and philosophy secured in the sixth century nc So ees atin Senora « Geet Pliten Thinkers world fom ates taditons)perepectve, both yeientiially and palicly, ‘They were fon fo organic sats and lara se-gorernment Since the oat strip of asia Mino where they sete was pare, and land there ftmted, they eat took to msvigation tnd commerce, exploring st ig bus ‘esate Meaitrranean from tzentere shes in Egypt hs westera shores ‘Staoutnera Pages igdoatedy thee atl also facated ther progress Tisha teeta fhe gna ad esis fant Greve, which cottnue fo shins brightly and faupce afer more than twotbowsand Pare. ‘ver betreorsnce have so many rian minds been clustered In sich 3 Shall part of time and space Ther sodden risen civiation=—u0 els eve fore nic ch ie acne the Grn Set [igh instantanem. sce teeries tnd plitea!plosophies emer Fy owe Ae he pe fam fr who Ale oe “The men who diaconcred this Enowicdge were obviously not “modern” in the seein fich we ao ee ster to designate th periogrognly from {300 {ore resent) but hey surely were he ssolte mers of hei Gay, which ‘thy me soatnuetoremerser and dacus tem ourtime. The onceptsand ampoules sons, psn, erate, pes ade ‘Suncemory mc emia thooght mars the begining of western since, sly dasribed as “the Grea way of thinking about the word The most ‘peta foi ey mat Milt rich pore and commerce ene the fis ‘urgces civilian Inthe west sod the brmpace of the ist three grea (Grea thinkers Thtes Ansmander, and Anakimens, the founders of the ee af thes ya of Grek sees an pip a lunetincs aly scenes erly a prtade to Pato ad Aste rather hans ‘he prenest period of Grek oie, compared wih which Pato and Arie {oie mare teary ofthe cd, rater tue se pea, of Ges create ssn authentic atment survives Teeny reason we know epproximately ‘hen bled beeaae he prc an cpu which stoma as stok Tate fh 59S Abou dozen ins porvie sf Anatimander We now That [Romsimenes wrote one Hook. A single sentence as came dowa 1 ws ‘Compare wo the mast follnes of the works of Patlo-and Astle, he centr fees of pe Socratic Gres thought are thm ogee. Ye, the ate ad ‘eile of reSoceatc Crook thinker ca be analyed trough the escons SPIRE conrporaries andy ore fen, of ier meter sll loge enough To {Gee usan aloud rfleton of preSoctic thot. "Xsecond reson, ta addon to mere paucity af sures, that pre Socratic ‘thowgt has oo ected the ateation it Sserves the in loence of Carta Iyrimmany seeps, Chrisantyitesy minis of Grea pd Jews hous Wouthe Gresk coments ie Cheistanty ar pomarly Paton: and Antti, ‘Thee lu neta sngle cement of prorat Crckthoup i Chrigsans. Te Thain ews of te peSocrate, om te siteeemury Loman cleats and nlosoper tothe ifiecentury spots relies oppoed or atleast eller Pavia tfe male teetsof Chetan pauorop. The lack osyeapathy felt ‘The Grek Faith in Reason ; ely Chitin thologians with respect to pe Socratic Grek thooght was in i2RSiom Pato, an woreso masy other this preferences and animosies. ie main steret of te nia sents and pdoophers wae te ational cxlaration uf ature. The very concep of “native” (oh is el Greek $aUiteoat dacoveryandsventon the poe Cues oosconie word there {Pfolcancept of tates stem a uneanl ws d regearicsgraspble [Bfreson Brive mean aware gol of adhd thins ad event athe 10 de worl, primary from the vewpat other wll arharoulnes fo ial‘ prmiivecutlook of he word aime iteera demon, pire imsnity mere fock or ee This lads toa worl iow tat srs aad ‘Shenae y the saperaaural and mythical. ie ine Geek dncovery of atte so ofthe few erat itlecteal revo sn fall ea ted enn, Fo ily on Gre es wee Firmly convinced tht satre could be undetsiond Tae mosern dition (efudencintist and phesoper Yas incdemaly, uname tobe Geeks "inorby" meant in Grek love of kanwledge" “ave ct widann= was tant tday brane of earning butte rocco learning sll. Phir Coty implied he searchin or Knowledge in allavene™ sent etaphyia SBRLGOS! Thc emptaas further was oo he activity of erching fer Keowee ‘Ie undesitandng, regards of what theresa mgt be From ine de iat tatute can be onde-stood, cary Gresk thinkers stepped sothestll bles ide hat ef etur can beudertood higsep i fur ed {ee concn ht contig nas pt tate and wate hs cancuson denied the exnence othe sperastralpoveraed Byatt tnt whims of dso detona-Therisoay one Eind of phenomenon: wate Everything is tober so ts laws which human fecge and ders cannot Inluence, nd from which even ie gods ate not exempr, Whetess prime ‘Run Sought “by praetor sactfce- “to aflcnce exteren pheacmens ov ok |e tbe Grok eh i er and rtd ay eg at Gece canines ee ny conse wi te ta {God"vodcatureniy andthe seas event runting Counter to sarc ‘aw because willed by Godpaysa very smal part Whereann the Dude" ‘Gris view God is alone aie, changing ts repulartes when He se ‘Se Grech regions view sets the divine noature:the lw of mare expres aC Aisne reason The Jadeo-Chratian marae, on the thet ha expe he Alvin nl Fr the Jew and Christan. a mrscle tates place 'when dine ‘ncrenion canes the expel eur of pater: for he Gch he In Iner Hellenistic thoueht, the identification of Gat snd nature become ial comple clung nthe ae regis phlsony of Panter, view Thales may hve expresed sentutis eater na watemen sted fhm, all things ae fll tgs Tis a bate fo tye Grecs sense of eealsm—so ley expressed in nit ‘iterate darth they fire tacked te ronal uaertanding of psa alte Bete taking onthe much more comics ob of rational aster. mao. Theciacrswerethe lira people natn it ie aye, Dot Piet la, 5 eat Political Thinkers activites oa higher order. The intlecual aa distinct Soda type, whether he be a thaker etento weiter, lecture, of teacher the inaiidualwhosesole bien tts think aking now queatoas and propose owt anares to oid qoslons isa enone nthe western wind tht Bet ack wo the Crest, “ine tread of Ionian tiene obvevation and plosopica speculston challenged taditonat mode of tong Te fi to attack trad onal Gres fetgioue belefs mas Xenophanes, whose eel tes with Toman philosophy imlted nim to describe the proses of mate a the esl satu as Src one can clesyreadby careful obect-nton of ntaral phenomena ae Fide of religion, Xenoptanes put forwards view fro whic al sad) of Comparative religion haz snce Sram susenabce’ tat ma rete Gad at ‘image eather tha theater Way sround 5 he ble pote. Xenopbanes Ulead Homer ang Hesiod, the two greatest Oreck prc for -atibutag the pode a thing that sre shame nds daeace among en he, Susy, tn deception He nao riled the current images ofthe gods as being Created by bir like homans, ering garments apd powesing bodies and ‘ze like humans, He noted that he Etoplans Visualized thet gods Back, ‘ed halt. To drive home his poim. Xenophanes then takes one of te mast Etnies the try of he my fig i ncn orbs Tike en and horses ike horses" “fe rll and emprical tendency in Xenophave is als reflected in his sual toward truhand knowlege. Certs rth i posible, he 3s Particaary when t comes ta the mt quetont sou man or he sod {Cenjestre o probaly call hat man can attain nbs search oath Tbe fds bave sol revesied all things tg wen from tie beisaing But by long ‘Eeking te dncone atte” Nenopaes he sages that he fad Protagores (80-811 sc), te frst of he vhs, eprenes sma lew out te ature nd imitations of human knowledge: “Concerniop the gods, ‘Em unabe to kaow whsther ty exe or not, nor wnat form fey Mawes {Himes reten ths Knowledge’ he obscurity she problem ard the Grey of Protgors famous saying that “man ie he measure of al things” expresses Sompletely ansrchical and irresponsible way. hie standards of knowledge and lanorance, ruth snderor,vrac an vce What Protaras wie oy tht, less we tla ota sine reves trath (whch be denied we Canon ‘obias our human resautces in ying to discover howled about mankind "int of im man i te source of al subsaquent endences ia Wester ci ‘zation tha go under the name of humanism, Grek human didn a at tien teenaged worbip man ss the“Lard of Creation,” nord = wor ny oter idl Te reatnes of pre Patonic humanism consisted precisa ia ‘human iteligence and creat anim Prometheus arouses he anger Of Zeus or faving taht ew the a ttre: Zeus punishes him ty clang him toa mountain sock, and edere¢ Care, Prac biaally made between Zeorand Promethean either coming ‘Guts tie Prometheus does nt merky ssbmtin the ead fas does Job ‘kam, isa Bilical sory of jx man ecelvng undeserved ilo ‘ne fo Gd ot, tough, does he usu over Cod as be wouldve done fad the Greeks been human worshippers. Protgras aad Detocetay, eho was an originator of the atomic theory, adhered the pillovophy ofempietism,haiing tha knowledge derives al from experience (and pot om revelation), and that kaowledge fs teseore sabectocnan grand mpoveat hh Praga eed Demecas Kel emprcism and poliicauberlism bas eften beta ‘spend in nesters ‘hous st canbe seta fe the ter amples of Locke, Thomas Jefe, [hn Dewey, and Bertrand Ras “Fine Fag ccd Fra yg oman ring he me of {ndnot man Ti sntrompial and ntrbumanst cw of Pato refed {n'usplitcal pubsophy: Knowledge of uth and esorof ah aad wrong ssc, tease unl ders fom s mses of God a nly few are capable of attaining after alo preparatory sisson uch STroto certainty, these are to rue philoopersings:Abvole pola ‘hot athe fe istased in Pato onthe asumption tht ony ae ave te Seen w madera tay de para! ew that ony a few are capale of ceching tat {ruth On the otberhand: those who have hed that tute never final hat 1 Sanever be more naib tha Elise man hime: have tore een ten ‘he iew tut everjobe tas the capacity fo each the perfect eu that esse "pnt ofthe ely Grek thinkers wa tse The Bablonians were Said in observing the stay but thet primey ners was avtcogy, not aSonony. The Egypisey weve shied sere Ieasutemens but they aid st ust mathemati further Chistian weitere Regal Cosi erect tear harmony betwee they and pacce ofthe Gres: fo them, phlowophy aur ¢ difleeat meaning HE ‘teataion comempai, wiv sd ifr Pao psd oneetan of pifosohy onto Chrstaiy, ibe tstation ofa Po ‘ered from typical an representative eek taking a ‘The plosopeal orgs of dernocray tn anciet Crete ae no ase, a in ten mistakenly asta, onthe shalom atone peund ofthe pero iy of mankind On te coatary, the pe Sorat tines sw the impereston ‘aaliy ouman judgment aad knowledge Ty theciaeconsaeaed oe Silman aren the same Bost of doabr an uncesiny. Theres nocenoc oe The Greek Faith Reason e neh man wei erm neva md Siem (arin te Oneal desporims of Egypt aed Babynnsy nor wat hea Seige. {Presta of Prometheus a dramatic by Acryl clery lunes eck 0 ‘Great Poiscal Thinkers tose who know (as Pato thought) Therefore (and here hllosophy meres ith Laas whe noe Ot out standard of ight a one, the opinions ofthe Fe aay eral te only aeenative fo nis postion is for the a a efor te majrty-vbich even ter xin Te eee when, The plaophy ofempirican ma tains a mile re Seneccsakcpam (ascerding Te which no Keawicdze posse) sg Basti bee ing ia mhich uth abobtely cern), Pokal Frerenes ary eld the madi round betwcen anarchy (no oveTo=EN sepesifeitaranse oe totaiarianism (ll pervasive exechment a res goa weet century of 0320 Reus oe Fat a i one psy now considered a method of a eee erat uly exptows and cunning lope Dodero» Seen ane pe Ceginallyeocam te Greck skid cratoman and stay ne ree ne an nt, Unie oe ean ee retin cr seston, he sopsta were he fis dees ett chottsn of be whole man, particulary the poutical mn saree hi nate tt pein es git ams iapeca ls eaten omer, mune, oratory. Tateads Pan i police” manasa one gwen atfas prudent, ve ae Aaciy tad speatang and acting forthe est nthe fais of the te. 1 ee a ar eSbcotoaal concept ofthe sophie was an 2 gece ange of Gr Sot roan mea aor pcg acre, bre neta thou tes of Dom sea aby were (ma eed customs revered and ulated i the Te ‘gems acne, Bin the Serr pubic afar Telia nog dpe nme ie go Fe a a te pa om ewan fe ee Sate esha chug ees whch ony the, weonds coal od ke any thes om ot elthou noagtve wd competent Dole ears Ee saree cy sates produced val poicl pares and factions Cee estas (ar helene?) Inclded both the cotent and frm ths a ot reno (Og crn sete nereasingly stood for te Fort re han ti Zontet a poicl or etal ratory. The a aan one aa sat tae that ihe spat were stacked a rl Mca propeenods, adversog and salesmanship rater tian seach taartte aed hghmundea statesman, ea rie hits ancl many because they emphasing whe on RPE rad an what bows. At all mca, veaie police “the Geek Faith in Reason u svalpsis has produced the charge that it leadsto moral cynic. This charge an {Slattaostce been levels spon aris and weer who present Wi irae tenas sold, The nh nto the stars gn ter fone [Epreeted as injvecsl tr an jstic, and they may therefore resent anyone sree ail ay npc pilsopy cna nee ‘Betas oft cater Thay hose andl nations ‘of he product sf superhuman, divine forces, endowed with asolte truth jst Canad inst he sophie ements Sn Beta ga i oder ne cms mc society might be Ram ‘Sit thr denied hat laws to pnernments could eer ate he cnn fr aibsn.con aire op wth st nhs socal cont ery ot ast ori dened the doctrine ofthe sive at iG rote last cannes weney ots ween ak Semocratic conception of overmrent 1 const Te tases deere Ba honor 0 he ‘Athealana wiv gave ther ves ia the wa with Sparta, Sein hen iy woe ot ica re ws ‘Sthoneanaer Wear oo anywho nego ithe does hat eke nt ‘esc pute ura okt whith hog arms nolessane Opes See ithe ef tet ond ato the unerites twa mae ince heat and ihe ayy de Meramec are Hectic ete mpi ores snaicon Seppo i he ah al ane | ‘here skin simlrity tween Perc fuera adress and Ababa incotas Getysre Agar er gecons fo honor thse who ad ven their Iasi ede oo ata, ites Tso tat Hes, thi oe tha etre or ama, but & person, Sostatn Cor tn gc chug, direct and mirectycvOueh, Brae eon pone On of ean nae Fema ead aa imi erae with anyone who wished 10 do s0, and “to answer questions Torrich and poor ae Sanding thal jst as Knowledge unravelled the mysteries of physical aL, 2 alzedawwleage of the craftsman or expert im particule aan eee oF meat rite ip ic al acco be veo ire ics the a Fae er et ad ss what mates him w encher secondo Petco proseed by question ad answer, helprsg te other person tO WHE . ere eee 8 ere te a sy ratyt exten ten arses veces tnt Em ind ining sees th aestons at ue sw i mepaecenanymaemeetnee nents toveeeeisane BB fat me Se et at oat nce ing satan then of hee aon, re ea ferns oon’ caer tesa te po BY SO, Ib ctl cuampc ofthese sate concept, Soxris heed he lon: Sn hil alan Heth ion Sfceaes ners elt aeymens ee it! aR then Foe Reins Enc fd ‘Shusnhy orkiowcg ie gi Reco ene Tite rales St BEERS tn ences serch ete knowledge of height a tmsind san om conn a6 cof ba area ete le ‘Sasa matin Human sed a Cig ya Mines atl gious man yt irelion new ores scdmshpens's fe ahr ei is sere es oo usenet casi oemraccsue sheer ere SET fede rhea eat ean eaennms sheers est “pales tannin ie iran oh st ster wa Temas anin Soh ane a fc minds crise tn there deafening eek aae SEIN Ripeamct Warten ica anes aa oeledy Rewer Sore” hese lnc eaet seh es Aiton Stat count it aby Cran dee Tesct sot uae conte sa ts bles sea inn sunpopiar any warner and demos were * See sto el ates es may of es ‘inf ths ovge pen cn oe a ee ew Seger Savhartogemocucy ean rhes Had hake mara tee ‘Flos Sores wad ane reed the tom sac He snd theSooriysttsctiy fms Keath wa ements Set es Settee et dnb frat ana Snicket notes tne ana fe nat Sci EADS inc Sg Seal ce at ane ea yates Re te See Pa, ea oe ba sry ete Pope a toot nd Ate dfn SUSE i ae are esta nds as eat wee cen ee i ht nt ey ea a Se Sa he rs tin se Matera St pee camo aes mer ceome er incendie ean fag acc tedee te Robie a moratoria ere ab tania cereus ee sams ri i ig pec ry a ce ibaa teens cone te pinion enact Se i cae aed a Dot Per torre mere eee ae BO I a ol ct abel acca ee tea oan Gaara uk le apes cctecaus ih cl pret ory set eed sere mrcienmant eer een ea ane ce ascent ctr ote ceea aa See eee meretreg ee oc ‘cities rate ibe tts ola oe ain kane The sis arta i raat ca et ‘Chcvestumane cam ata inl porficaton sa deliverance cay fe death Al Paste ag Me ya act ‘eevee tn ech arg any ee es sce de grey ander ug erence Reeser ohne toe rere ree ce, a Sl er tenon theese Tacs he daa neon eee ee ue se er ace ate eee Siserareapts eral spect ee uc htace Sm See i aS RRS TSS Vay tba Ap at Fam mie or hue aor mic, te cot Ste can ati Sn ates ae ea ee cena aces rere ace nm 6 Mama ee eee ee ee eee “The Greek Faith a Reston i} ‘eau of Rei ans et do wtih apne Stpvoumaes in ft au orinugs neeniee aga cay Fem ance can een en uaa aes uN ey {te aceny mperecsns of pyc eer and ances ‘Phiounumeuat Huhtwhscanur'T) Secale seen, sa iu nos rea ag ihe acieo asim cata seamen andre -erifiable terms. Itis a secret, “something beyond truth and knowledge" Ta his Soar n wnicsone an te esta eden, Toe of his thought), he writes, ais Seater ot cin Su a pte ns tye een Hie Seti tia orate ‘come int being within the soul it provecds to nourish itself” * Ths icart fom sxcipcn of oye ae a ieGiindn ens adluon duns ales Css eee Pama ‘onal kapwiedg, was the key toi disse of seas tH anc Bacon, fume, and ockeaballenge the Paton concept of Truth issn to inion iss peed ously ep one ee Serie Fematie ce ae One nee a Seng Dore, Each new Gon neha ete atl ‘areas of ignorance. The more we find out about nature and felis” the tre {Rawat of what we do not Kaow Truth i or the vile peak of he mount nneihe Rial nore el dent. Arteole “nb exes he cape 0 before tir eyes. The Watonal ety sate yan doomed to ates aaa ‘i palitea Iredow and independcace: tr 398 pes Crease beney ine ‘the Macedonian monarchy, and in 146 0.0 it became a province rine estes Epic ciel tt hints eli oes Src ean rough eae ihe Monee In their eratury no. @ Omskspeahing commie wees So el ftom Spain ioladis cher along the nother. or outaernshotesof ae eden [stand ind ensymieeetna crac cen re eine ene, coast npg ao rs ndash are eci Saeco se ca nt nlf at Re tad So phy: appeal tothe ahvideal men rather than aa citizen Reflecting Ease ne seein es ee ‘Kationalfsclty como toll humanity, the Stokes argued, also implies the ‘Sotcim never ‘came deel ‘lott inthe mae, Deca iLembhaaed Giengetce nies oh era Sia ese cet erat cel Sa ‘he fama Stic deftonon af God “God mats helping of man reg ate Gtastopber or aced wt te ay of death nid eg 1 piliosophy of consolation, anda tint was uc ts own args Siri Sascha ange eben Shans byibeetay cctincwarindaerad ca mares race teeta etn dary ae SRoRe eh ttn rape oy Ste od et cele Wie rE ety Me ea ieee a wr cafe ped sos sen en Se ons earn hs Greco my wd swig EGS Aho esata a eee catameaesONe Theme AneNe wenaer ter ret tree“ “he Greck Faith in Reason ” of the Greeks. thas an eualy important philosophical mestage: Trot and tees Setcen mantGadorbetnen mun animate ste ae Uncertain and csive as umam fe ele Because rath as many ces cve8 ‘Suthritarin thinker ike Pato wed the Glopus I is ollowopny in public slur, 00, the Galogue take Ht proper nace i the tach for teuthand justice The Greek imvemion of goveramat by popular wsemiiies {Eeniac the fondant tat wut compo fd taki mre txrescng hmv, a alma bale dein mae, it [Sfadjsting human reltioes, amd ot despotic force If one fecognites the ‘Shlonophicl prince ha 20 ome person posses sfaibe th the one ‘Ris als rcugnine the implication tat be thought and fe speech sre ‘aly waysafelcning as many opinion as pssble. The Greeks held that “Shots very ame siapests, politics is a Greek discovery. The inventiveness of specne fothridishown th teny Shin pect. Ther beep ars ancien or modern, the Grek pla pscce covered a whole ange of Systane om the entree tvalerantay of Sparta tothe Hoeral demos @Eietiusem) seAhens Ponca hecries in Groat thought ranged fom he (eral democratic views of Democrter or Proagors tothe atonal author ‘onanism of Pte ic daminsnce of Greek over European thought ted uni! he seventoenth cesury. Two philosophies compete. Materia, whic was founded by the {reSovitcpllosophersctentis and devia, wine was founded by Pst. [tie svententh ad eighteenth Sonturen anc majerpitosopmisl school Sphophicl empiricism, founded by Loic and ium ened portance ‘eleven ths newett and cveenty mast alent shoo westera los Thihistory of Christy posers another istration of Greek dominance Int beaionings Chrisuatay nar wade the may sf Pat the Smot Chris ‘tthe papa ghlowopere a St Augutine aed him, ta the rect com fury Thomas guinea devote o€ Artal. suoculy ealenged the ‘Eminaat Poni Augustinian trend. Throws Si Augusto and St"Thomas ‘Nena the eno pests leaders of Christan tesiony ns ity, Plato snd ‘Aue continued isdominat the pilosophizalantctc ofthese the ‘Sacenth suntury am Aupisiman Monks Martin fates challenged tbe re

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