运用军队应对非传统安全威胁:“新瓶装旧酒”还是”新瓶装新酒”？

EMPLOYMENT OF THE MILITARY AGAINST NON-

TRADITIONAL SECURITY (NTS) THREATS:
AN ISOMORPHISM OR A METAMORPHISM OF ROLES?
Isomorphism Metamorphism

COL Ong Yulin

王毓麟 上校
Singapore (新加坡)
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Scope 内容
• Characteristics of Non-Traditional • 非传统安全威胁的特点
Security (NTS) threats
• Changing nature of conflict and • 冲突性质的变化与军队的
the military responses 处置
• Roles and capabilities the military • 军队应对非传统安全威胁
can bring to bear against NTS 的作用与能力
threats
• Conclusions • 结论
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全球化
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Threats undermine the security of … 威胁损害到的安全方面有 ...
Individual Society/ State Regional System International System
个人 社会/国家 地区体系 国际体系

Personal National Regional International

Security Security Security Security
人的安全 国家安全 地区安全 国际安全
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Characteristics of Non Traditional Security Threats
非传统安全威胁的特点
• Transnational and affect more • Often occur quietly and inconspicuously
than one state at the same time. as faint signals, that are masked and
跨国性，同时影响不止一个国家 hard to detect
往往悄然而至，因其迹象微弱而不被
NTS 人注意，并常被掩盖而难以发现
Threats
• Capable of acting against multiple • Interwoven with traditional security
vulnerabilities, military solutions threats and usually emanates from
alone seldom sufficient non-state actors
能够作用于多种问题，而单纯军 与传统安全威胁相互交织，主要由
队不足以解决问题 非国家行为体造成
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The Military 军队
• The Key National Institution
关键性国家机构
• Primary responsibility to
defend independence and
territorial integrity
首要职责是保卫国家独立与
领土完整
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New Security Paradigm 新安全范式

Non-traditional Security Threats

Likelihood 可能性
非传统安全威胁
•Transnational 跨国性 Non-traditional
• Extend beyond military threats Threats
超越军事威胁的范围
•Occur quietly and
非传统威胁
inconspicuously
Traditional Security Threats 悄然而至无人注意
• Emanates from non-state actors
传统安全威胁
•Inter-state Military Threats 由非国家行为体造成 Traditional Threats
国家间军事威胁 传统威胁
• Clear distinction between
combatants and non-combatants
战斗人员与非战斗人员泾渭分明
Past Present Future
Time 时间
过去 现在 未来
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Changing Nature of Conflict 冲突性质的改变

大规模军队
Krulak’s 3-Block War 三个街区内的战争
Full Scale Military Operations Peace Support Operations Humanitarian Relief
军事行动 和平支援行动 人道主义救助

精确性
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The Military Response 军队的应对

制敌机动

精确作
战

全频谱主导
聚焦后勤
护
全维防
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Effects of Application of Operational Art
运用作战艺术的效果
• Destruction of adversary’s power infrastructure • 摧毁对敌人民众具有重要影响的国家力
will have significant consequences on civil
量基础设施
population
• Future operations will have to be precise • 未来作战将是精确性的
• Both violent and non-violent application of • 军队力量运用包括暴力和非暴力手段
military power
• 我方与盟友之间多机构的合作
• Multiple agencies from own and coalition
partners
Own 我方 Coalition 盟友
Military Military
Govt NGO Govt NGO
Force Force
政府 非政府组织 政府 非政府组织
军队 军队
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Joint Force Transformation 联合部队转型
Seamless Integration of Service
Seamless Integration of Service,
Partial Integration of Capabilities across type and
Interagency and Coalition
Stitched Forces Service Capabilities 军 function
“缝合”的部队 军种力量在类型与功能上无缝融合 Capabilities
种力量部分融合 军种跨机构和联盟力量的无缝融合
Today’s Force 当今部队
Inter-Agency
跨机构
Air
Force
空 In progress
Coordination Inter-Agency Joint 联合 Inter-Agency
by Services 发展中 跨机构
跨机构
军种协作
Army Navy
陆 海
Coalition 联盟
Service-centric operations with Integrated but Service- Integrated, networked, cohesive, Multi-dimensional approach utilizing a
little support from other Services centric force synergistic & self-synchronous. whole-of-society approach.
行动以军种为中心，各军种很少彼此支援 一体化但仍以军种为中心的部队 一体化、网络化、内聚式与同步协作 总动员式的多维力量运用
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Trends and Issues of Military Employment Against NTS Threats
使用军队应对非传统安全威胁的主要趋势与问题
Trends 趋势
• Increasing as military is usually the most • 行动日益增多，因为军队往往是发展程度最
developed state instrument 高的国家机构。
• Growing realisation that civil agencies • 人们逐渐认识到，地方机构难以应对一些十
cannot cope with the magnitude of issues 分严重的问题
Issues 问题
• Not designed to combat NTS threats • 部队并不是被设计用来打击非传统安全威胁
• Will seriously jeopardize its main purpose of 的
defending national sovereignty and territorial • 这将严重会危及军队维护国家主权和领土完
integrity. 整的宗旨
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Military Force vs Transnational Crime 军事力量应对跨国犯罪

Civil Police as
Lead Agency
地方警察作为主
导机构

Illegal Migration
非法移民
Border Patrol Sea Patrol Drugs 毒品
边界巡逻 海上巡逻
Transnational Crime
跨国犯罪
Military as
supporting agency Arms 武器
军队作为支援机构
Surveillance Assets 监视装备
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Military Force vs Terrorism 军事力量应对恐怖主义

Whole-of-Nation PSI against WMD

CBRE Anti-terror Ops
(WON) Approach 化学、生物、放射性 针对WMD的防扩散安全
反恐行动
全民总动员方式 和爆炸性防护能力 倡议

Transnational
Terrorism
跨国恐怖主义 Military as part of
WON approach
军队作为国家力量的 Protection of KINS Surveillance for homeland defence
一部分 保护关键性设施 国土防御的监视
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Military Force vs Natural Disaster 军事力量应对自然灾害
Provide initial relief, stabilize situation, enable civil agencies and international
organization relief ops.
National Civil 提供最初的救助,稳定局势,辅助地方机构和国家组织的救助行动
Emergency Agencies
as Lead
国家地方应急机构作
为主导

Lift assets and Manpower for rescue and aid distribution

用于救援和物资分发的空运设备和人力
Natural Disaster
自然灾害
Military in HADR
efforts
军队参与人道主义
灾难救援 Engrg Equip’t Surveillance for damage assessment coordination
工程装备 用于灾害评估和协调的监视设备
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Military Force vs Environmental Degradation 军事力量应对环境退化

National
Environment
Agencies as Lead
Patrols 巡逻
国家环境机构主导

Environmental Degradation
环境退化
Military as
supporting agency
军队作为支援机构 Surveillance 监视 Consequence
Mgt 后果管理
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Military Force vs Medical Endemic 军事力量应对卫生疾病

National Health
Agencies as Lead
国家卫生机构主导

Manpower to conduct screening and contact tracing

进行筛查和接触调查的人员

Military Leadership
Medical Endemic & Management
卫生疾病 Skills
军队领导和管理技能 Conduct Quarantine 进行隔离
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Conclusions 结论 … (1/2)
• How and in what roles the military is • 军队如何用于应对非传统安全以
employed against NTS threats 及其发挥怎样的作用，取决于其
depends on state of development, Other State Agencies
他国家机构的发展状况、有效性
competency and capability other 其他国家机构
和能力大小。
Level of Involvement
national agencies
• The better developed these national • 这些国家机构发展的越好，军队
agencies Æ the military is likely to 参与程度 就越可能发挥辅助支援的作用。
be employed in supporting roles. • 这些国家机构发展程度越低，军
• The lesser developed the national Military
队就越可能发挥领导作用。
agencies are Æ the military is likely 军队

to play leading roles • 随着国家其他机构能力的发展，

• Need for the military to relinquish its Development of other State agencies 军队必须放弃在应对非传统安全
lead role and focus on its primary
其他国家机构的发展状况 上的领导作用，而专注于其主要
mission as the other agencies 使命。
develop their capacity and capability
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Conclusions 结论 … (2/2)
• NTS threats affect national security of different • 非传统安全威胁在不同程度上影响着不同国家
states such as the following unevenly, 的安全，其影响的程度取决于“国家安全的地
depending on the ‘geography of national 理”：
security’: – 大国
– Major powers – 稳定地区的国家
– States in stable region – 持续敌对地区的国家
– States in region of enduring rivalries
– 弱国和失败国家
– Weak and failed states
• States where sovereignty is the weakest, the • 主权最为薄弱的国家，其不安全感最强。
sense of insecurity is the greatest. – 往往是发展中国家
– Often the developing states – 这些国家中军队往往作为应对所有威胁的主要国
– It is also where the military is employed as the 家工具
main state instruments against all threats
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