Classification Of Numbers

Class Symbol Description

Natural Numbers N 1, 2, 3, ...

Whole Numbers W 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

Integers Z {...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

Negative Integers {..., -5, -4,-3, -2, -1}

Positive Integers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...}

Non-Negative Integers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...}

Non-Positive Integers {..., -5, -4,-3, -2, -1, 0}

Rational Numbers Q Numbers in p/q form; where p, q are integers and q

zero.

Irrational numbers It cannot be represented as fractions. Example:

2, 3, , e, etc.

Real Numbers R All the rational numbers and all the irrational numbers
together form the real numbers.

0.45, 5/2, -0.726495 ..., 18, and -65, 1/4 are some
example of real numbers.
Prime Number It can be divided only by 1 and itself. Example:
2, 3, 5, 7, ...

Non-Prime Number The positive integers which are not prime (except 1) are
known as non prime numbers. It is also called
composite numbers. Example: 4, 6, 8, ...
Co- Prime Number A pair of numbers not having any common factors other
than 1 or -1.
Example: 15 and 28

Absolute Values:
The absolute value of A is denoted by |A|.
If a < 0, then |a| = - (a)
If a > 0, then |a| = a
If a = 0, then |a| = 0

For example: |-3| = 3, |4| = 4

Division:

Dividend = (Divisor X quotient) + Remainder

(Note: Remainder < Divisor)

Factors and Multiple:

If b divides A perfectly and the remainder is 0, then b is a factor of A

Factors can be positive and negative.

Positive factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15

15 is a multiple of 1, 3, 5, 15, -1, -3, -5, -15

GCD:

GCD (greatest common divisor) or HCF (highest common factor) of two non-zero integers, is the
largest positive integer that perfectly divides both numbers.

LCM:

LCM (least common multiple) of two integers a and b is the smallest positive integer that is a
multiple of both a and b.

Rules of Operation:

Addition and Subtraction:

Positive + Positive = Positive

5+4=9

Negative + Negative = Negative

(- 7) + (- 2) = - 9

Negative and a positive number:

Find the positive difference between the two numbers and use the sign of the larger number.
(- 7) + 4 = - (7 4) = -3
6 + (-9) = - (9 6) = - 3
6 + (-4) = + (6 4) = 2
Multiplication:

Positive x Positive = Positive

3x2=6

Negative x Negative = Positive

(-2) x (-8) = 16

Negative x Positive = Negative

(-3) x 4 = -12

Positive x Negative = Negative

3 x (-4) = -12

Division:

Positive Positive = Positive

12 3 = 4

Negative Negative = Positive

(-12) (-3) = 4

Negative Positive = Negative

(-12) 3 = -4

Positive Negative = Negative

12 (-3) = -4

Operations on Odd and Even Integers:

Odd + Odd = Even

Even + Even = Even
Odd + Even = Odd

Odd Odd = Even

Even Even = Even
Odd Even = Odd

Odd Odd = Odd

Even Even = Even
Even Odd = Even
 Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages

Convert fractions to decimals:

Divide the denominator (the bottom part) by the numerator (the top part):
1
= 1 4 = 0.25
4

Convert fractions to percentages:

Multiply the fraction by 100 and reduce the resulting fraction.
1 100
x 100 = 4 = 25%
4

Convert decimals to fractions:

Divide the decimal by powers of 10.
If there is one digit after the decimal point, divide by 101
If there are two digits after the decimal point, divide by 102
If there are n digits after the decimal point, divide by 10 n

25 1
0.25 = 100 = 4

Convert decimals to percentages:

Convert decimals to fractions and then covert the fraction to percentage.

25 25
0.25 = 100 = 100 100 = 25%
235 23.5 23.5
0.235 = 1000 = 100 = 100 = 23.5%
100

Convert percentages to decimals:

Move the decimal point two places to the left.
25
25% = 100 = 0.25

215
215% = 100 = 2.15

Convert percentages to fractions:

Divide the number by 100 and reduce the fraction.
25 1
25% = =
100 4

Converting mixed fractions to improper fractions:

+
=

Rules of Operations in Fractions:

Addition:
+
+ =

Subtraction:

=

Multiplication:

=

Division:

= =

Ratio and Proportions

Ratios:

If a : b = c : d, then a : b = c : d = (a + c) : (b + d)
If a < b, then for a positive quantity x,
+
> and <
+
If a > b, then for a positive quantity x,
+
< and >
+

Proportions:

If a : b : : c : d (or) = , then

=

=

+ +
=

+ +
=

+ + +
If = = = = , then + + + =
 Sequence

Arithmetic Progression (a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d ...)

nth term of the sequence = Tn = a + n 1 d

Sum of first n terms of the sequence = = 2 2 + 1
Where a is the first term and d is the common difference.

Geometric Progression (, , 2 , 3 ...)

Tn = ar n1
1
If r > 1, = 1

1
If r < 1, = 1

Sum important series:

Sum of first n natural numbers

( + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = 2

Sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers

+ 1 (2 + 1)
12 + 22 + + 2 =
6

Sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers

2
3 3 3
+1
1 +2 ++ =
2

Algebraic Expressions

Average (or) Mean/ Arithmetic Mean: Sum of elements/Number of elements

+ + +
1 2

Mathematical Formulae
(x +y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x y) 2= x2 2xy + y2
 (x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
(x y) 3 = x3 3x2 y + 3xy2 y3
x2 y2 = (x + y)(x y)
x3 y3 = (x y)(x2 + xy + y2)
x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 xy + y2)

Linear and Quadratic Equations

Linear equation:
General form
Ax + By + C = 0

Quadratic equation:
A general quadratic equation can be written in the form 2 + + = 0
2 4
And the roots are given by, x = 2

Linear Inequalities

Adding (or Subtracting) the same number to both sides of an inequality does not change the
order of the inequality sign (i.e., '>', or '<').

If a < b then a + c < b + c and a - c < b - c.

Similarly, if a > b then a + c > b + c and a - c > b - c for any three numbers a, b, and c.

Multiplying (or Dividing) both sides of an inequality by the same positive number does not
change the order of the inequality sign (i.e., '>', or '<').

For any three numbers a, b, and c where c > 0,

o if a < b then ac < bc and <

o if a > b then ac > bc and >
Multiplying (or Dividing) both sides of an Inequality by the same negative number reverses
the order of the inequality sign (i.e., '>' to '<' and '<' to '>').

For any three numbers a, b, and c where c < 0,

o if a < b then ac > bc and >

o if a > b then ac < bc and <

If a < b and b < c, then a < c , for any three numbers a, b, and c
 1 1 1 1
If a and b are of the same sign and a < b (a > b), then > ( < ).

Rules of Exponent

Law Example

= + 22 23 = 23 + 2 = 25

23
= = 23 2 = 21
22

= 23 2
= 23 2 = 26

= 23 6
= 26 36
6
2 26
= where b0 = 6
3 3
1 1
= where a 0 23 = 3
2
0 = 1 50 = 1

1 = 51 = 5

6 3 3
= 2 3 = 26 = 64 = 4
 Applied Mathematics
Profit and Loss

SP Selling price
CP Cost price
MP Marked Price

Percentage Change:

Percentage Change = 100

Interest:
Amount = Principal + Interest

Profit and Loss:

Profit = SP CP
Loss = CP SP

Percentage Profit = 100 = 100


Percentage Loss = 100 = 100

Discount:

Discount is usually expressed as a certain per cent of the MP

Discount = MP - SP

Rate of Discount = Discount% = 100

100 %
=
100
100
=
100 %

Simple and Compound Interest:

Simple Interest = =
100 100

Compound Interest = 1 + 100

Total Amount = Principal + CI (Compound Interest)

a. Formula for Interest Compounded Annually

Total Amount = +

b. Formula for Interest Compounded Half Yearly

Total Amount = +

c. Formulae for Interest Compounded Quarterly

Total Amount = +

d. Formulae for Interest Compounded Annually with fractional years (example: 2.5 years)

Total Amount = + + Where if year is 2.5 then a =2 and b=0.5

e. With different interest rates for different years, say x% for year 1, y% for year2, z% for year3

Total Amount = + + +

CI = Compound Interest, P = Principal or Sum of amount, R = % Rate per annum, n = Time Span in
years, here.

Mixture
Alligation Rule:

The ratio of the weights of the two items mixed will be inversely proportional to the deviation of
attributes of these two items from the average attribute of the resultant mixture.

1 2 1
=
2 1

Alligation Cross:
 Speed

Average Speed:

=

+ +
=
+ +

Some important formulas for Train Problem

Important Conversion:
5
a km/hr= (a 18 ) m/s
18
a m/s = (a 5 ) km/hr
Distance covered by a train to cross a pole/platform:

Distance covered by a train of length L to pass a pole or a standing man or a signal post is
equal to the length of the train L

Distance covered by a train of length L to pass a stationary object of length b is equal to

(Length of the train L + Length of the object b)

Relative Speed:

Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in opposite directions at speeds u and v, then
their relative speed is given by (u + v).

Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in the same direction at speeds u and v; where
u > v, then their relative speed is given by (u - v).

Time taken by two trains to cross each other:

If two trains of length a and b are moving in opposite directions at speeds u and v, respectively, then
+
the time taken by the trains to cross each other is given by +

Time taken by faster train to cross a slower train:

If two trains of length a and b are moving in the same direction at speeds u and v, respectively, then
+
the time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train is given by

Two trains 1 and 2 start at the same time from points A and B, respectively toward each other.
After crossing each other, if the time taken by the trains 1 and 2 to reach B and A is a and b
respectively, then

1 2 =

Some important formula for Boat and stream

In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream and, the direction against the stream
is called upstream.

If the speed of a boat in still water is u and the speed of the stream is v, then
Speed downstream = (u + v)
Speed upstream = (u - v)

If the speed downstream is a and the speed upstream is b, then

+
Speed in still water = 2

Rate of stream = 2

Age Problem

1. If the current age of a person is x, then n times the age is nx.

2. If the current age of a person is x, then age n years later/hence = x + n.
3. If the current age of a person is x, then age n years ago = x - n.
4. The ages in a ratio a: b will be ax and bx.

Venn diagram

The universal set U is usually represented by a rectangle.

Inside this rectangle, subsets of the universal set are represented by geometrical figures.
Venn diagrams help us identify some useful formulas in set operations.
To represent (AUB) C:

To represent (AC) U (BC):

(AUB) C = (A C ) U(B C)

Important Formulas:
n (A U B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A n B)
If A and B are independent sets, then n (A n B) = n (A) n (B)

Work and Efficiency

Work done = Time Taken to complete the work x Efficiency

Time and Work:

If the time taken to complete a work is d units of time, then Efficiency = Work completed in one unit
1
of time =

1
Time taken to complete the work =
 Data Analysis

Permutation and Combination

Factorial:

! = 1 2 3 1
! = 1 !

Permutations: If the order does matter it is a Permutation.

!
= !

Combinations: If the order doesn't matter, it is a Combination.

!
=! !

Where, n, r are non-negative integers and r n.

r is the size of each permutation.
n is the size of the set from which elements are permuted.
! is the factorial operator.

Permutation with and without repetition

Repetition Allowed:
Number of ways to choose r of them out of n number of things where repetition of things is allowed
and the order in which the things are chosen matters =

Repetition not allowed:

Number of ways to choose r of them out of n number of things where repetition of things is not
!
allowed and the order in which the things are chosen matters = !

Combination with and without repetition:

Repetition not allowed:

Number of ways to choose r of them out of n number of things where repetition of things is not
!
allowed and the order in which the things are chosen does not matter = ! !

Repetition allowed:
Number of ways to choose r of them out of n number of things where repetition of things is allowed
( + 1)!
and the order in which the things are chosen does not matters = ! 1 !
 Statistics

Mean Average value of a set

Mean:

= =


= =

Standard deviation:
2
= =
1

2
= =

Where n = Sample Size and N = Population Size

Mode Most frequently occurring value in a set

Median Midpoint between lowest and highest value of a set
Range Difference between largest and smallest value in a set
Range = Largest data value - smallest data value

Sample mean for a frequency distribution:

=

Sample standard deviation for a frequency distribution:

2
=
1

Sample coefficient of variation CV:

=

Probability

Probability of an Event =

Odds in favor of an Event =

Odds against an Event =

Probability of the complement of event A (Ac)

P (Ac) = 1 P (A)

General addition rule

P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A and B)

General multiplication rules

P (A and B) = P (A) P (B given A)
P (A and B) = P (B) P (A given B)

Independent events
P (A and B) = P (A) P (B)
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A) P(B)
P(B given A) = P(B)
P(A given B) = P(A)

Mutually Exclusive Events:

P (A and B) = 0
P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B)
P (B given A) = 0
P (A given B) = 0

Probability Distribution

A random variable is a variable (typically represented by x) that has a single numerical value that is
determined by chance.

A probability distribution is a graph, table, or formula that gives the probability for each value of the
random variable.

If x is a random variable then denote by P(x) to be the probability that x occurs. It must be the case
that 0 P(x) 1 for each value of x and P(x) = 1(the sum of all the probabilities is 1)
Normal Distribution:

The Normal Distribution is also called the Gaussian distribution. It is defined by two parameters
mean ('average' m) and standard deviation (). A theoretical frequency distribution for a set of
variable data, usually represented by a bell-shaped curve is symmetrical about the mean.

Formula:
X < mean = 0.5 - Z
X > mean = 0.5 + Z
X = mean = 0.5

=

Where,
m = Mean
= Standard Deviation
X = Normal Random Variable

Binomial Distribution:

Let X be a random variable. If X follows binomial probability distribution, then

!
= =
! !
Where r = number of successes;
p = probability of success; q = 1 - p

Mean of a binomial distribution

= np

Standard deviation of a binomial distribution

=
 Basic Geometry

Line:
Has no starting or ending point. A line is often designated by a single variable. For example, given
below is a line m
m

Line Segment:
Has a starting and ending point. A line segment is designated by its end points. For example, given
below is a line segment AB

A B

Types of Lines Definition Figure

Intersecting lines Two or more line or line
segments that meet at a point Intersecting
are called intersecting lines. Point

Parallel lines
Parallel lines are lines that
never meet. The distance
between the lines at any point
of time is a constant c.

Perpendicular lines Lines intersect to form right (90

degrees) angles.

90

Lines that lie on the same plane

Coplanar Lines
 A line that intersect two other
Transversal Line coplanar lines Transversal
line

Types of Angles Definition Figure

Acute angle An acute angle is greater than
0o and less than 90o.
45

Obtuse angle An obtuse angle is greater than

90o and less than 180o.
125

Right angle A right angle equals 90o.

90

Straight angle A straight angle is an angle of a

180
straight line which equals 180o

Reflex angle A reflex angle is greater than

180o and less than 360o. In the x
figure, reflex angle of x is 180 -
x 360 - x

Angle Relationship Definition Figure

Adjacent Angles Angles with a common vertex
and a common side
x and y are adjacent angles x y

Complementary Angles Two angles whose measure

sum up to 90 degree. x
x + y = 90 y
Supplementary Angles Two angles whose measure
sum up to 180 degree x
x + y = 180 y

Vertical Angles Pair of opposite angles formed

by two intersecting lines
x y
x=y

When a transversal cuts two or more parallel lines, the following angles are formed.

Alternate interior angles

Pairs of interior angles on opposite sides of the transversal

Alternate exterior angles

Pairs of exterior angles on opposite sides of the transversal

Corresponding angles
When two lines are crossed by another line (which is called the Transversal), the angles in similar
positions are called corresponding angles.
 Triangle

Properties of Triangles
Triangles have the following properties:
All triangles have 3 straight sides, 3 corners (vertices), and 3 angles.
All triangles have angles adding up to 180.

Types of Triangle:
Equilateral Triangles
Isosceles Triangles
Scalene Triangles
Right angled Triangles

TRIANGLE DEFINITION PROPERTIES FIGURE

NAME

Equilateral All the three angles
and side lengths are
equal
All the angles are equal
to 60 degree.
Median, Bisectors and
Altitude are the same.

Isosceles At least two angles All equilateral triangles

and length of the
sides opposite to
these angles are
equal.
are isosceles but the
converse is not true.
Median, Bisectors and
Altitude drawn through
the vertex to the
unequal side are the
 same.

Scalene None of the angles

and sides are equal

Right Angled One of the angles in The other two angle

Triangle the triangle is 90 measures less than 90
degree. degree.

AC is the The other two angles

hypotenuse. AB and are a pair of
BC are the legs of complementary angles.
the triangle.
Pythagorean Theorem:
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
45-45-90 A right angled It is an isosceles
triangle triangle in which triangle.
the remaining two
angles are 45 The ratio of length of
degree the sides of this
triangle is 1 : 1 : 2

30-60-90 A right angled It is a scalene triangle

triangle triangle in which
the remaining two The ratio of length of
angles are 30 and the sides of this
60 degrees triangle is 1 : 3 : 2
 Polygon
Types of Polygons:

Regular - all angles are equal and all sides are of the same length. Regular polygons are both
equiangular and equilateral.

Equiangular - all angles are equal.

Equilateral - all sides are of the same length.

Convex - a straight line drawn through a convex polygon crosses at most two sides. Every interior
angle is less than 180.

Concave - you can draw at least one straight line through a concave polygon that crosses more than
two sides. At least one interior angle is more than 180.

()
Number of diagonals in an n-sided polygon =

Points to remember:
Polygon is a closed figure. It starts with 3 sides and it can have n sides.
There are two types of angles in a polygon. Internal or Interior angle; External or Exterior
angle.
Interior angle + Exterior angle = 180
Sum of the Interior or internal angle of an n sided polygon = (n-2) 180
Sum of the exterior angles of an n-sided polygon is 360

Coordinate Geometry

Equation of a straight line:

y = mx + c where m is the slope.

o The slopes of two parallel lines, m1 and m2 are equal if the lines are parallel. If the two lines
are perpendicular, m1 m2 = -1.

o Finding the y-intercept: Put x = 0 in the above equation. c is the y-intercept.

o Finding the x-intercept: Put y=0 in the above equation. is the x-intercept.

The equation of a straight line which cuts off intercepts a and b on the x-axis and y-axis is

+ =

 The equation of a straight line passing through the origin (0, 0) is y = mx.

o The equation of a straight line passing through the origin and making an angle 45 degree with
the positive x-axis is y = x

o The equation of a straight line passing through the origin and making an angle 45 degree with
the negative x-axis is y = -x

Equation of a straight line parallel to the y-axis at a distance 'a' from it is x = a.

Equation of a straight line parallel to the x-axis at a distance 'b' from it is y = b.

Equation of a line parallel to the x-axis and passing through the point (a, b) is y = b.

Equation of a line perpendicular to x-axis and passing through (a, b) is x = a.

Equation of a line parallel to the y-axis and passing through (a, b) is x = a.

Equation of a line perpendicular to the y-axis and passing through (a, b) is y = b.

Equation of x-axis is y = 0 and equation of y-axis is x = 0.

Slope intercept Form: y = mx + b

Point Slope form: y - y1 = m(x - x1)

1 1
Two point form: =
2 1 2 1

Intercept Form: + =1

Quadratic equation:

It is an equation of the form, = 2 + +

Where a, b, and c are constant
If a 0, then the graph of the equation will be a parabola.
If a > 0, then parabola opens upward
If a < 0, then parabola opens downward
Ways to find the vertex of the parabola:

x coordinate of vertex = 2
y coordinate of vertex can obtained by substituting the above x value in the equation.
Hence the coordinate of the vertex is given by (x, y).

Standard form of equation of a Circle:

2 2
The graph of an equation of the form + = 2 is a circle with its center at the
point (a, b) and with radius r.

Solid Geometry and Shaded area

Two-dimension:

Rectangle:
Area of Rectangle = length breadth
Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (length + breadth)

Square:
Area of square = (side)2
Perimeter of square = 4 side

Triangle:
1
Area of triangle = 2
3 2
Area of equilateral triangle =
4

Parallelogram:
Area of parallelogram =

Trapezium:
1
Area of trapezium = 2 ( + )
Where, a and b are length of the parallel sides, h is distance between them.

Rhombus:
1
Area of rhombus = 2 1 2
Where, d1 and d2 are length of the diagonals of rhombus

Circle:
Circumference of circle = 2 r
Area of circle = r 2
Where, r is the radius and d is the diameter of the circle.
Sector:

Length of the arc = 360 2

Area of a sector of a circle = 360 2
Where is the degree measure of sectors arc.

Three Dimension:

Cuboid:
Volume of cuboid =
Surface area cuboid = 2 + + )
Body Diagonal = 2 + 2 + 2
Where, , , are the length, breadth, and height of the cuboid.

Cube:
Volume of cube = 3
Surface area = 62
Body diagonal = 3
Where, is the length of the edge of the cube.

Sphere:
4
Volume of Sphere = 3
3
Surface area of Sphere = 4 2
Where, is the radius.

Cylinder:
Volume of Cylinder = 2
Curved surface area of cylinder = 2
Total surface area of cylinder = 2r ( h + r)
Where, are the height and the radius of the cylinder.

Cone:
1
Volume of cone = 3 2
Slant height of cone = 2 + 2
Curved surface area of cone =
Total surface area of cone = ( + )
Where, , , are the length, height, and radius of the cone.
 Data Interpretation

Generally for any DI question, it is important to analyze the graph first and then check the
question.
In the graph, you need to check,

What is the graph talking

about?

What is given in the x-axis and what is given in the y-axis?

Is the values given in numbers or percentages? If the values are percentages, then
definitely a total value will be given somewhere. So, find the total value.

In case, there is more than one graph, the additional thing that you should find is the relation
between the different graphs given.

After finding all these, you check the question and solve it.