FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 BASIC CONCEPT 2
3 PROCEDURES 3
4 ANALYSIS OF DATA 4
5 DISCUSSION 5
6 CONCLUSION 6
7 APPENDIX 7

FKA, UiTM SEP 2017 JAN 2018

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY REPORT

INTRODUCTION

In the presence of free oxygen, aerobic bacteria use the organic matter found in
wastewater as food. The BOD test is an estimate of the food available in the
sample. The more food present in the waste, the more Dissolved Oxygen (DO) will be
required. The BOD test measures the strength of the wastewater by measuring the
amount of oxygen used by the bacteria as they stabilize the organic matter under
controlled conditions of time and temperature.

OBJECTIVE

To measure the amount of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the water sample for
a specified period of time.

FKA, UiTM SEP 2017 JAN 2018

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY REPORT

BASIC CONCEPT

The BOD test is used to measure waste loads to treatment plants, determine
plant efficiency (in terms of BOD removal), and control plant processes. It is also used
to determine the effects of discharges on receiving waters. A major disadvantage of the
BOD test is the amount of time (5 days) required to obtain the results.

When a measurement is made of all oxygen consuming materials in a sample,

the result is termed Total Biochemical Oxygen Demand (TBOD), or often just simply
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Because the test is performed over a five day
period, it is often referred to as a Five Day BOD, or a BOD5.

In many biological treatment plants, the facility effluent contains large numbers of
nitrifying organisms which are developed during the treatment process. These
organisms can exert an oxygen demand as they convert nitrogenous compounds
(ammonia and organic nitrogen) to more stable forms (nitrites and nitrates). At least
part of this oxygen demand is normally measured in a five day BOD.

Sometimes it is advantageous to measure just the oxygen demand exerted by

organic (carbonaceous) compounds, excluding the oxygen demand exerted by the
nitrogenous compounds. To accomplish this, the nitrifying organisms can be inhibited
from using oxygen by the addition of a nitrification inhibitor to the samples

FKA, UiTM SEP 2017 JAN 2018

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY REPORT

APPARATUS

1. 5 mL of water sample.

2. BOD bottle.

3. Dilution water.

4. BOD Test System.

5. Refrigerator.

PROCEDURE

1. 5 mL of water sample was prepared and poured into a measuring cylinder.

2. BOD bottle that have been prepared was labelled.

3. 5 mL of water sample was added into BOD bottle.

4. Then, dilution water was added into BOD bottle until the neck of the bottle. The
bottle was closed and inverted several times.

5. The initial reading of BOD of the water sample have been taken by using BOD Test
System.

6. The BOD bottle was putted into the refrigerator for 5 days, in room temperature.

7. After 5 days, the BOD value was determine by using BOD Test System.

FKA, UiTM SEP 2017 JAN 2018

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY REPORT

RESULT ANALYSIS

Day Average reading DO Standard

(mg/L)
0 5.55 B (50)
5 8.07

CALCULATION

5
=
300

= 0.0167

0 5
5 =
0.0167

= -150.9

FKA, UiTM SEP 2017 JAN 2018

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY REPORT

DISCUSSION

Based on the experiment that we conducted in the lab, we found that the reading of
dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water is increasing after 5 days in the refrigerator. This is
because the experiment that we conducted in the lab has failed.

The Reading of dissolved oxygen (DO) at day which we place the water sample
+ dilution water in the refrigerator are 5.55 mg/L. This is because the microorganism just
started to react with the dilution water and when the water is placed in the refrigerator,
the microorganism react in the cool temperature. But after 5 days, the Reading of
dissolved oxygen is increasing to 8.07 mg/L.

There are some error happen when we conduct this experiment such as the tube
that we used to test the water sample didnt clean properly. This might affect our actual
data that supposedly the data after 5 days must be decreasing. Moreover, the bottle
didnt fill fully at the top of the bottles neck. There might has some air bubble exist in the
water that contain the oxygen. So the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water
increasing after 5 days in the refrigerator.

The way to overcome this problem is the water sample need to undergo water
treatment plant. For more specific, the water need to go aeration stage. At this stage,
the aeration tank will produce the oxygen and the microorganism will absorb the oxygen
and growth in size. So that the microorganism will become suspended in the water and
settled as a sludge after a few hours.

FKA, UiTM SEP 2017 JAN 2018

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY REPORT

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the objective of the experiment is not achieved. The experiment was
carried out to measure the amount of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the
water sample for specified period of time. The water sample that used in this experiment
is from the lake near to the UiTM Pasir Gudang.

In this experiment, BOD5 was used to determine the BOD level in the water
sample. Since the average BOD5 was obtained from the experiment is -150.9 mg/L, so
that it can be conclude there has some error during conducted the experiment. The
value from the result should get in positive value. Thus, it needs to compare with the
effluent of standard A and B. The higher the BOD5 reading will result in lower DO level.
Thus, the dissolved oxygen in the water sample was lower. When the DO level was
lower, this indicated that the water is unsuitable for living organisms.

Furthermore, microorganisms such as bacteria are responsible for decomposing

organic waste. When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings,
sewage or even food waste is present in the water supply, the bacteria will begin the
process of breaking down this waste. When this happens, much of the available
dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic bacteria, robbing other aquatic organisms of
the oxygen they need to live.

As a conclusion, the water source at the lake near to the UiTM Pasir Gudang can
not be determine either it polluted or not. If the water source was polluted, it may be due
to the incorrect handling of human activities. The recommendation to solve the problem
is to apply water treatment to the water source and to prevent incorrect handling of
human activities.

FKA, UiTM SEP 2017 JAN 2018

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY REPORT

APPENDIX

Parameter Unit Standard

A B
(1) (2) (3) (4)
oC
(i) Temperature 40 40
(ii) pH Value - 6.0-9.0 5.5-9.0
(iii) BOD at 20oC mg/L 20 50
(iv) Suspended Solids mg/L 50 100
(v) Mercury mg/L 0.005 0.05
(vi) Cadmium mg/L 0.01 0.02
(vii) Chromium, Hexavalent mg/L 0.05 0.05
(viii) Chromium, Trivalent mg/L 0.20 1.0
(ix) Arsenic mg/L 0.05 0.10
(x) Cyanide mg/L 0.05 0.10
(xi) Lead mg/L 0.10 0.5
(xii) Copper mg/L 0.20 1.0
(xiii) Manganese mg/L 0.20 1.0
(xiv) Nickel mg/L 0.20 1.0
(xv) Tin mg/L 0.20 1.0
(xvi) Zinc mg/L 2.0 2.0
(xvii) Boron mg/L 1.0 4.0
(xviii) Iron (Fe) mg/L 1.0 5.0
(xix) Silver mg/L 0.1 1.0
(xx) Aluminium mg/L 10 15
(xxi) Selenium mg/L 0.02 0.5
(xxii) Barium mg/L 1.0 2.0
(xxiii) Fluoride mg/L 2.0 5.0
(xxiv) Formaldehyde mg/L 1.0 2.0
(xxv) Phenol mg/L 0.001 1.0
(xxvi) Free Chlorine mg/L 1.0 2.0
(xxvii) Sulphide mg/L 0.50 0.50
(xxviii) Oil and Grease mg/L 1.0 10
(xxix) Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/L 10 20
(xxx) Colour ADMI* 100 200
*ADMI-American Dye Manufacturers Institute

Table 1 : Parameter Limits Of Effluent Of Standard A and B

FKA, UiTM SEP 2017 JAN 2018