Natural and Man-Made Disaster and Their Impact On Environment

12/4/2016 NaturalandManMadeDisasterandtheirImpactonEnvironment
BiologyDiscussion
NaturalandMan
MadeDisasterand
theirImpacton
Environment
ArticleSharedby
Earthquakes,floodsandlandslides,etc.are
naturalenvironmentalhazardsofdisastrous
consequences.
Inrecentyearsthesehazardstooktollof
thousandsoflivesandcausedmassive
destructionofproperty.
Thesehaveadverselyaffectedthevital
sectorsofourdevelopmentasagriculture,
communication,irrigation,powerprojects
andruralandurbansettlements.
Thetimeandcostoverruninsomecases
havebeenenormousbuttheirindirect
impactonoureconomyhasneverbeen
calculated.Indiaisamongtheworldsmost
disasterproneareasandalargepartofthe
countryisexposedtonaturalhazards,which
oftenturnintodisasterscausinglossoflife
andproperty.Theuniquegeoclimatic
conditionshaveexposedthiscountryto
naturalcatastrophes.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/essay/naturalandmanmadedisasterandtheirimpactonenvironment/7134 1/36
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Disasterscanbedefinedasasudden,
accidentaleventofgreatmagnitudethat
causesconsiderabledamagetolifeand
property.Theyaresudden,drasticand
normallyoccurwithoutanyalarmor
warning.Somedisastersmaybeshortlived
suchasearthquakesandsomeothermaybe
oflongduration,suchasfloods.
However,irrespectiveofthedurationofa
disaster,thedamageintheformofdeaths,
injuriesandlossesofpropertyisimmense.
Themagnitudeofthedisasterscanbe
judgedbythefactthatonlyduringthepast
twodecades,occurrencesoffloods,
earthquakes,landslides,cyclones,etc.have
killedseveralmillionpeople.
Mostofthedisastershaveanatural
origin,however,somedisastersare
manmadeaswell.Onthisbasis,
disasterscanbebroadlyclassified
intotwogroups:
Naturaldisasters:
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Whendisastersoccurduetonaturalforces
theyarecallednaturaldisasters,overwhich
manhashardlyanycontrol.Somecommon
naturaldisastersareearthquakes,landslides
floods,droughts,cyclones,etc.Tsunamis,
volcaniceruptionsandwildfiresarealso
includedundernaturaldisasters.These
disasterscauseenormouslosstolifeand
property.
Manmadedisasters:
Whenthedisastersareduetocarelessness
ofhumanormishandlingofdangerous
equipmentstheyarecalledmanmade
disasters.Commonexamplesofthese
disastersaretrainaccidents,aeroplane
crashes,collapseofbuildings,bridges,
mines,tunnels,etc.
NaturalDisasters:
Someofthecommonnatural
disasters,theirimpacton
environment,andtheirprevention,
controlandmitigationarediscussed
below:
Earthquakes:
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Anearthquakeistheshakingoftheearths
surfacecausedbyrapidmovementofthe
earthscrustorouterlayer.Eversinceit
cameintoexistence4.6billionyearsago,the
earthhasbeenadynamic,evolvingsystem.
Thepositionofthedifferentcontinentsand
oceansthatweseetoday,haschangeda
numberoftimesintheearthshistory.
Theearthisprimarilycomposedof
threelayers:
1.Theoutercrust,
2.Themiddlemantle,and
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3.Theinnercore
TheEarthsouterlayerorcrustismadeup
ofanumberofzigsawpieceslikestructures
thatinterlockintooneanother.Thesepieces
arecalledtectonicplates.Theseplatesarein
continuousmotionoverthemantle,whichis
knownastectonicmovements.These
tectonicprocessesarealsoresponsiblefor
themountainbuildingprocesses.
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Theplatesthataremovingpastoverone
anotherareslowedbyfrictionalongtheir
boundaries.Duetothis,therocksareunder
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
strain.Whenthestressontherocksexceeds
feverwas tofile&manage
diagnosedas yourreturns
certainlimits,therocksruptureandforma
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faultalongwhichtherocksaredisplaced
duringtectonicmovements.Thissudden
ruptureoftherocksreleasesenergyinthe
Protectyour Homeiswhere
formofearthquakewaves(Fig.18.1).
financialservices yourheartis.
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ElementsofEarthquake
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Thusearthquakeisaformofenergy,which
istransmittedtothesurfaceoftheearthin
theformofwavescalledseismicwaves.The
studyofearthquakesandthewavesthey
createiscalledseismology(fromtheGreek
seismos,toshake).Scientistswhostudy
earthquakesarecalledseismologists.The
instrumentthatrecordstheseismicwavesis
calledseismograph.
Theexactspotundertheearthsurfaceat
whichanearthquakeoriginatesiscalledthe
focusorhypocenter.Thepointontheearth
surfaceabovethefocusiscalledthe
epicenter.TheRichterscaleisusedto
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measuretheintensityofearthquakes.The
intensityismeasuredonascaleof0to8
andabove(Table18.1).
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ImpactofEarthquakeonthe
Environment:
Thedestruction,anearthquakecauses,
dependsonitsmagnitudeanddurationor
theamountofshakingthatoccurs.Inthe
last500years,earthquakesaroundthe
worldhavekilledseveralmillionpeople.
Earthquakeisoneofthemostcatastrophic
naturaldisasters.Massivelossoflifeand
propertyoccursduetocollapseofbuildings.
Besides,roads,bridges,canals,electric
poles,etc.areseverelydamaged.Certain
regionsoftheeartharemoreproneto
earthquakes.
Theseareplaceslocatedintheunstable
regionsoftheearthcrust,whichare
subjectedtotectonicactivities.Countries
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likeJapan,partsofSoutheastAsia,Turkey,
Iran,Mexico,etc.areaffectedbysevere
earthquakes.InIndia,theentireHimalayan
region,partsoftheGangeticPlain,Kutch
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andAndamanandNicobarislandsareinthe
earthquakehazardzone(Table18.2).
Themajorimpactsofearthquakesare
asfollows:
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Shakingofthegroundandsurface
rupture:
Thisisthemaincauseofdestructionin
whichbuildings,bridges,roads,canalsand
otherstructuresaredamaged.
Liquefaction:
Earthquakesmakesandsandsiltsto
transformfromasolidtoliquidstate.This
alsoresultsinbuildingcollapse.
Landslides:
Earthquakesofhighintensityoftentrigger
manylandslidesinthehillyregions.
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Fires:
Itisamajorhazardassociatedwith
earthquakes.Theshakingsoftheground
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andbuildingdamageoftenbreakthegas
pipesandelectriclinesthatcausefires.
Changesinthelandelevation:
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Thesurfacetopographyofaregionand
groundwaterconditionsarealteredafteran
earthquake.
Tsunami:
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ItisaJapanesetermmeaningharbour
waves.Tsunamisaremassiveseawavesthat
aremainlycausedduetoearthquakesinthe
oceanfloororpossiblyduetoanundersea
landslideorvolcaniceruption.Whenthe
oceanflooristiltedoroffsetduringan
earthquakeasetofwavesiscreatedsimilar
totheconcentricwavesgeneratedbyan
objectdroppedintothewater.
Thesewavesaremassiveinsizeandgain
heightastheyapproachtheseashore.
Tsunamisuptotheheightof30mare
recorded(Fig.18.2).Tsunamisarethemost
catastrophicamongnaturaldisastersasthey
affectaverywidegeographicalarea.The
tsunamiof26December,2004killed
aroundthreelakhpeopleandaffectedparts
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ofIndonesia,AndamanandNicobarIslands
inIndia,SriLankaandevenSomalia.
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PreventionandMitigation:
Despitetheadvancesmadebymodem
science,theexacttimeandplacewherean
earthquakemaystrikecannotbepredicted.
Hence,theoccurrenceofanearthquake
cannotbeprevented.However,thereare
certainregionsthatareearthquakesprone
andsotheadministrationmustworkbefore
handtominimizethedamagesdueto
occurrenceofearthquakesinsuchareas.
Thecontrolandmitigationmeasuresin
earthquakeproneregionsincludehazard
reductionprogrammes,developmentof
criticalfacilitiesandproperlanduse
planning.
Hazardreductionprogrammes:
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Theseincludethefollowing:
i.Earthquakeeducationandevacuation
plans.
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ii.Useofproperconstructionmaterialthat
isnotinjuriousevenifthestructures
collapse.
iii.Constructionofquakeresistantbuildings
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havingproperstructuraldesign.
Developmentofcriticalfacilities:
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i.Establishmentofearthquakeregulatory
agenciesforfastrelief.
ii.Establishmentofspecifichealthcareunits
fortreatingearthquakeinjuriesProperland
useplanning.
iii.Mappingoffaultsandweakzonesin
earthquakeproneareas.
iv.Buildingssuchasschools,hospitals,
offices,etc.shouldbeinareasawayfrom
activefaults.
Floods:
Floodsrefertotheinundationoflargeparts
oflandwhichotherwiseremaindrybywater
forsomedurationoftime.Floodsareoneof
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themostcommonnaturaldisasters
occurringinmanypartsoftheworldevery
year.Floodsoccurduetoheavyrainfall
withinashortdurationoftimeina
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particularregionwhichcausestherivers
andstreamstooverflow.
Sincemostoftheprecipitationoccurswithin
spanoftwotothreemonthsduringtherainy
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season,mostfloodsoccurduringthattime.
Thefloodsinthemountainousregionsdue
tocloudburstsordammingofstreamsare
referredtoasflashfloods.Inflashfloods,
thewaterdrainsawayquicklybutonlyafter
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causingextensivedamage.Theplainareas
ofaregionwhicharedrainedbyanumber
ofrivers,aretheplacesmostaffectedby
floods.
InIndia,stateslikeAssam,Biharandparts
ofGangeticUttarPradesharequiteproneto
floodsduringtherainyseason(Fig.18.3).
TheGangaandBrahmaputrariversand
theirtributariesaremostsusceptibleto
floods.However,heavyrainscause
occasionalfloodsinpartsofGujarat,
Maharashtra,KarnatakaandTamilNadu.
Flooding,inIndia,isamajorproblemand
somepartortheotherisaffectedbythefury
offloodsusuallyduringthemonthsfrom
JulytoSeptember.
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Floodscauseuntoldmiseriestotheaffected
regionsintheformofhugelossesoflifeand
property.Thereisgreatdamageto
agricultureandlivestock.Floodaffected
areasfaceacuteshortagesoffoodand
drinkingwater.Besides,floodscausea
numberofwaterbornediseasessuchas
diarrhea,gastroenteritis,jaundice,malaria,
etc.
ImpactontheEnvironment:
Thoughtheliveslostinfloodsmaynotbeas
highasincaseofearthquakesorcyclones,
thedamagetotheenvironmentisimmense.
Theproblemisfurtheraggravatedifthe
floodslastforalongerdurationoftime.
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Floodsnotonlydamagepropertyand
endangeriflivesofhumansand
animals,buthaveothereffectsas
well,suchas:
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1.Floodscausethespreadofmanyepidemic
diseases.
2.Rapidrunoffcausessoilerosion.
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3.Wildlifehabitatandforestsareoften
destroyed.
4.Manmadestructureslikebuildings,
bridges,roads,sewerlines,powerlines,etc.
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5.Floodscausewidespreaddamagetothe
standingcropsanddegradetheagricultural
land.
6.Floodaffectedareasarefacedwithacute
shortageoffoodanddrinkingwater.
Prevention,ControlandMitigation:
Thoughfloodsareanaturalhazard,itis
sometimesintensifiedduetoundesirable
humanactivities.Themeasuresthatcanbe
takentocontroltheextentofflooddamage
includelanduseplanning,buildingof
physicalbarriers,preventinghuman
encroachmentanduseoftechnologyfor
relief.
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Landuseplanning:
Properlanduseplanninginflood
proneareasincludes:
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1.Demarcationofthefloodproneareasthat
arefirstinundatedduringfloods.
2.Constructionworkandconcentrationof
humanpopulationshouldbeavoidedinthe
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floodplains.
3.Afforestationontheupperreachesofthe
river(catchmentareas)tocontrolsoil
erosionandexcessiverunoff.
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Buildingofphysicalbarriers:
Floodcanbepreventedbybuilding
certainstructures,suchas:
1.Embankmentsalongthebanksofriversin
denselypopulatedareas.
2.Buildingofreservoirstocollectexcess
waterduringfloods.
3.Theconstructionofchannelsthatdivert
floodwater.
Preventinghumanencroachment:
Humanencroachmentshouldbe
avoidedinthefollowingareas:
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1.Floodplainsandcatchmentareas.
2.Thiswouldcontroldeforestationandsoil
erosionwhichwouldpreventexcessive
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runoff.
Useoftechnologyforrelief:
Advancedtechnologycanbeusedin
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thefollowingways:
1.Advancedcommunicationtechniquesfor
floodforecastingandwarning.
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2.Fastevacuationofpeople.
3.Toprovidereliefintemporaryshelters.
4.Immediatesupplyofmedicines,drinking
water,foodandclothes.
5.Epidemicdiseasesmustbecontrolled
throughspraying,vaccination,etc.
Drought:
Droughtisaconditionofabnormallydry
weatherwithinageographicregion.
Droughtreferstothelackorinsufficiencyof
rainforanextendedperiodoftimeina
specificregion.Duringdroughts,rainfallis
lessthannormalcausingawaterimbalance
andresultantwatershortage.Itoccurswhen
therateofevaporationandtranspiration
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exceedsprecipitationforaconsiderable
period.Droughtshouldnotbeconfusedwith
dryclimate,asintheSaharaorTharDesert.
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Itismarkedbyanunusualscarcityofwater
andfoodforthehumansaswellasanimals.
Certainregionsoftheworld,suchaspartsof
CentralAfrica,arecharacterizedbylow
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amountofrainfallresultinginperennial
droughtlikeconditions.SomepartofIndia
isoftenaffectedbydroughtevenduringthe
rainyseason.AsIndiaisprimarilyan
agriculturalcountry,droughtscauseuntold
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miseriestothecommonpeople.
ManyIndianfarmersarestilltotally
dependentonrainfallforirrigationand
becauseofabnormallydryspellsthereis
extensivecropdamage.Themaindrought
proneareasofthecountryarepartsof
Rajasthan,Maharashtra,Karnataka,Orissa,
TamilNaduandChhattisgarh.However,
sometimesdroughtlikeconditionsalso
prevailintheGangeticPlainalso.
Theseverityofthedroughtisgaugedbythe
degreeofmoisturedeficiency,itsduration,
andthesizeoftheareaaffected.Ifthe
droughtisbrief,itisknownasadryspellor
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partialdrought.
Droughtcausesserious
environmentalimbalances,whichare
summarizedbelow:
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1.Watersupplyreservoirsbecomeempty,
wellsdryupandthereisacutewater
shortage.
2.Groundwaterlevelisalsodepleted
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becauseoflessrecharge.
3.Soildegradationanderosionoccurs.Soil
cracksbecauseofshrinkageduring
desiccation(Fig.18.4).
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4.Thereisextensivecropdamage.
5.Peoplebecomeimpoverishedandthere
arediseasesduetomalnutrition.
6.Widespreaddamagetofloraandfaunaair
includingdomesticanimals.
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Prevention,controlandmitigation:
Rainsarecausedbyanumberofnatural
factorslikeaircurrents,winddirection,etc.
Thus,droughtsareanaturalphenomenon,
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beyondhumancontrolandprevention.
Though,globalwarmingmayhavechanged
thepatternofrainfallintherecenttimes.In
modemtimes,bytheuseofsatellites,wecan
predicttheweatherpatternoveraparticular
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area.Droughtlikeconditionscanbe
overcomebybetterwaterharvesting
techniques.Certainprecautionscanbe
takenindroughtproneareas,whichrelate
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tomanagementofwaterresources,proper
agriculturaltechniquesandreliefby
differentagencies.
Managementofwaterresources:
1.Conservationofwaterthroughrainwater
harvesting,buildingcheckdams,bunds,etc.
2.Constructionofreservoirstohold
emergencywatersupplies.
Properagriculturaltechniques:
1.Increaseduseofdroughtresistantcrops.
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2.Properirrigationtechniques,suchasdrip
andtrickleirrigationthatminimizetheuse
ofwater.
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3.Overcroppingandovergrazingshouldbe
avoided.
Reliefmeasures:
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Immediaterelieftothedrought
affectedpeopleshouldbeprovidedin
theformof:
1.Employmentgenerationprogrammes,like
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foodforworkinthedroughtaffectedareas.
2.Toprovidefodderfordomesticanimals.
Cyclones:
Cycloneisanareaoflowatmospheric
pressuresurroundedbyawindsystem
blowinginanticlockwisedirection,formed
inthenorthernhemisphere.Incommon
terms,cyclonecanbedescribedasagiant
circularstormsystem.Inacyclone,thewind
speedmustbemorethan119km/hr.
Cyclonesgenerateintheseasandoceans
andmovewithaveryhighspeedtowards
theland.
Cyclonesformwhenmoistureevaporates
fromthewarmoceansduringthehot
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season.Theairrises,condensesandgathers
momentumasitmovesovertheocean.Due
totheextremelowpressureinthecentre,
moreandmoreairrushesinwardsandit
growstoaconsiderablesizeandintensity.
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Itstrikesthelandwithadevastatingforce
andgraduallywithersoffonlandwhenthey
arecutfromtheirsourceofoceanmoisture.
Cyclonesarenamedvariouslydependingon
theirsourceoforigin.Theyarecalled
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hurricanesintheAtlantic,typhoonsinthe
Pacific,cyclonesintheIndianOceanand
willywilliesaroimdAustralia.
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CyclonesarequitecommonintheBayof
Bengalandoftencausemuchdamagein
BangladeshandcoastalareasofWest
Bengal,Orissa,AndhraPradeshandTamil
Nadu.Bangladeshhasbeendevastatedby
cyclonesanumberoftimes.InNovember
1970,aseverecyclonecauseda6mrisein
sealevelandtheconsequentfloodingkilled
approximatelythreelakhpeople.
Anothercyclonein1971killedmorethan
onelakhpeople.ThecyclonethathitOrissa
in1999,istheworstrecordednatural
disasterinIndia.Evenanadvancedcountry
likeAmericarecordedmorethan10,000
deathsandhugefinanciallosseswhenNew
Orleanswashitbyahurricanenamed
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Katrina,duringAugust2005.Cyclones
causedevastationwhentheyhitthe
landmassintheformofverystrongwinds,
heavyrainsandstormtides.
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Theimpactontheenvironmentis
severe,someofwhichareasunder
(Fig.18.5):
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1.Thecoastallowlyingareasaremost
affected.
2.Theaffectedareasareinundatedboth
withrainfallandthesurgeofseawater.
3.Devastationisalsoincreasedduetothe
accompanyinghighvelocitywinds.
4.Widespreaddamageintheformof
uprootedtrees,blownoffrooftops,
standingcrops,injuriesanddeathto
humansandanimals.
5.Manyshipwrecksoccurduringcyclonic
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storms.
6.Theaffectedareasareimpoverishedand
arefollowedbyspreadofepidemicand
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diseases.
Theoccurrenceofcyclonesisanatural
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phenomenon,overwhichhumanshaveno
control,henceitcannotbeprevented.
However,somescientistshavespeculated
thatriseinglobalwarmingmaycausean
increasedoccurrencesofcyclones.The
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devastatingeffectsofcyclonescanonlybe
controlledandmitigatedthroughsome
effectivepoliciessuchasuseofadvanced
technology,hazardreductioninitiativesand
reliefmeasures.
UseofAdvancedTechnology:
1.Satellitescaneasilyforecasttheoriginof
cyclonesinadvance.
2.Satelliteimagescantrackthemovement
andintensityofcyclones.
3.Installationofearlywarningsystemsin
thecoastalareas.
Hazardreductioninitiatives:
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1.Increasingpublicawarenessregarding
cyclones.
2.Increasingthepublicresponsetocyclone
warningsthroughtraining.
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3.Developmentofundergroundshelter
beltsinthecycloneproneareas.
Reliefmeasures:
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1.Rushingrelieftotheaffectedareasinthe
formofmedicines,food,clothes,etc.
2.Checkingthespreadofepidemicwater
bornediseasesascyclonesaregenerally
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accompaniedbyflooding.
Landslides:
Landslidesrefertoarapiddownslope
movementofrocksorsoilmassunderthe
forceofgravity.Itisalsoknownasslope
failureandmasswasting.Landslidesmaybe
typedasmudflowwherethereisdownslope
movementofsoilanddebrisflow,whichis
thedownslopemovementofcoarse
materialandrocks.Landslidesmayoccur
whenwaterfromrainandmeltingsnow,
seepsthroughtheearthonasloppysurface
andencountersalayerofloose,unstable
materialsuchasclay.
Landslidesmostlyoccuronunstable
hillsidesbytheactionofrainorsnowthat
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seepthroughthesoilsandrocks(Figs.18.6
and18.7).Thisresultsintheslidingofearth
androckmassesdownthehillslopes.These
arefurthertriggeredduetodeforestation
andhumanencroachmentonunstable
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slopes.Allthehillyregionsofourcountry
arepronetolandslides.
Landslide
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MalpaLandslide
Theimportantfactorsresponsiblefor
landslideoccurrenceareasfollows:
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1.Stabilityofslopes
2.Thetypeofearthandrockmaterial
3.Thetypeofvegetation
4.Theroleofgroundwaterconditionsand
precipitation
5.Presenceofstreams,etc.
Avalanche:
Itisatypeoflandslideinvolvingalarge
massofsnow,iceandrockdebristhatslides
andfallrapidlydownamountainside.
Avalanchesareinitiatedwhenamassof
snowandicebeginstorapidlymove
downhillbecauseoftheoverloadcauseddue
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toalargevolumeofnewsnowfall.This
resultininternalchangesofthesnowpack,
producingzonesofweaknessalongwhich
fissureoccurs.
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Landslides,thoughlocalinnature,occur
quiteofteninmanypartsoftheworld.
Landslidesoccurinthehillyregionsthe
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HimalayanregioninIndiaisparticularly
pronetolandslides.Everyyearlandslides
occur,especiallyduringthemonsoonseason
andcausemuchdamagetolifeand
property.Forexample,Malpalandslidein
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1999intheKumaonhills,tookthelivesof
manypilgrimswhoweregoingto
MansarovarinTibet.
Theimpactontheenvironmentis
manifestedintheformof:
1.Uprootedtreesanddegradedsoil
2.Buriedbuildingandsettlements
3.Damagetocropsandplantation
4.Frequentroadblocksinthehillyareas
5.Injuriesanddeathtohumansandanimals
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Thoughlandslidesareanatural
phenomenonandmayoccurwithouthuman
interference,incertaincaseshuman
activitieslikedeforestation,mining,etc.can
alsoinducelandslides.Landslidescanbe
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controlled,tosomeextent,byadopting
initiatives,suchasprovidingslopesupport
andminimizinghumanencroachment.
Providingslopesupport:
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i.Bybuildingretainingwallsmadeof
concrete,gabions(stonefilledwireblocks)
andwoodenandsteelbeams,etc.
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ii.Byprovidingdrainagecontrolmeasures
sothatwatermaynotinfiltrateintothe
slope
Minimizinghumanencroachment:
i.Miningactivitiesshouldbemonitoredin
thehilly,unstableregions.
ii.Plantationoftreesshouldbeundertaken
ontheunstablehillyslopes.
iii.Bypreventinghumanencroachmentin
theformofbuildings,roads,agriculture,
grazing,etc.onunstableslopes.
ManMadeDisasters:
Manmadedisastersaretheresultof
carelessnessorhumanerrorsduring
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technologicalandindustrialuse.The
disastersareintheformofaccidents,which
occurallofasuddenandtakeahugetollon
lifeandproperty.Mostlysuchdisasters
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causeinjuries,diseasesandcasualtieswhere
theyoccur.
Manmadedisastersaremainlyoftwo
types:
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Localdisasters:
Thesearesmallscaledisasterssuchastrain
accidents,planecrashesandshipwrecks.
Wecanhelp! off
Industrialandtechnological
disasters:
Thesearemuchlargerinscaleandarethe
resultoftechnologyfailuresorindustrial
accidents.Suchdisastersaffectbothlocal
populationandmayevencoveramuch
largerarea.Industrialdisastersresultdueto
accidentalleakageofwaterorairpollutants.
Manyofthechemicalsareextremelytoxic
andcarcinogenicwhichaffectthehuman
populationinanadverseway.Somepeople
dieinstantlywhileothersarecrippledfor
wholelifeintheformofblindness,paralysis
andmanyotherchronicdiseases.
Impactontheenvironment:
MoreFromWeb
Leakageoftoxicchemicalsfromthe
industriesandaccidentsinthenuclear
reactorshasshorttermandlongterm
effectsontheenvironmentandhuman
health.Shorttermeffectsonhumanhealth
cancer
Milaap Sinewave
Milaap Sinewave
relatetocasualtiesanddiseaseslike
blindness,cancer,paralysis,hearttrouble,
gastricandrespiratoryabnormalities.Long
termeffectsincludegeneticimbalancesin
humansanditsimpactonthefuture
attack
CISCO ICICILombard
generations.Soilandwatersourcesalso
remainpollutedforlongdurationsoftime.
Prevention,controlandmitigation:
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Manmadedisasterscanbe
minimizedtoalargeextentby
adoptingthefollowingmeasures:
1.Propertrainingofpersonnelworkingin
thehazardousindustries.
2.Propermaintenanceandcareofsafety
measures.
3.Removinghumanencroachmentsaround
hazardousindustries.
4.Makingthepeopleawareaboutthefirst
aidmethodsincaseofaccidents.
5.Applyingwetclothoverthemouthand
noseincaseofgasleakagesminimizesthe
healthhazards.
MoreFromWeb
6.Remainingindoorsincaseofradioactive
accidents.
cancer
Milaap Sinewave
Milaap Sinewave
7.Providingthepeoplewithpropermedical
care,insomecasesthroughouttheirlife.
8.Providingadequatecompensationtothe
affectedpeoplebywayofmoneyand
attack
CISCO ICICILombard
employment.
BhopalGasTragedy(BGT):
Themostseriousindustrialdisaster
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occurredonDecember3,1984atBhopal,
India,whichisknownastheBhopalGas
Tragedy(BGT).TheBhopalgastragedy
occurredduetoleakageofmethyl
isocyanide(MIC)gasfromthefactoryof
UnionCarbideofIndiaLtd.MICgasisused
asaningredientinpesticides.
Itleakedfromthefactoryandformedthe
deadlycloudoverBhopal.Peoplelivingin
slumsinthevicinityofthefactorywerethe
mostaffectedandmorethan5000people
werekilled,halfofthemduetodirect
exposureandotherhalfduetoafteraffects.
MICisacolourlessgaswhichcausessevere
irritation,violentcoughing,swellingofthe
lungs,bleedinganddeathduetodirect
inhalation.Italsocausedlossofeyesightin
morethan1000people.Morethan50,000
MoreFromWeb
peoplewereaffectedwithrespiratory,eye,
gastric,neurologicalandgynaecological
problems(Figs.18.8and18.9).
cancer
Milaap Sinewave
Milaap Sinewave
Peoplewithdamagedeyes
duetoBGT
EffectsofBGT
attack
CISCO ICICILombard
Anothertechnologicaldisasterisduetothe
potentialdamagesofnuclearfallout.An
exampleistheChernobylNuclearDisaster.
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ChernobylNuclearDisaster:
Thisnucleardisasteroccurredatthe
ChernobylNuclearPowerPlant,whichwas
oneofthelargestpowerplantsinthe
UkrainianRepublicoferstwhileUSSR,on
April26,1986.Itistheworstnuclear
disasterrecordedinanuclearpowerplant.
Thisnuclearpowerplanthadfourreactors
of1000megawatteachforelectricity
generation.Asuddenpowersurgeresulted
intwoexplosions,whichdestroyedthe
reactorcoreandblastedalargeholeinthe
roofofthereactorbuilding.
TheRadioactivedebrismovedupthrough
thatholetoheightsof1km.Approximately
100to150millioncuriesofradiation
(radioactiveisotopesofiodineandcaesium)
MoreFromWeb
escapedintotheatmosphere.Toreduce
emissions,therescueteambombardedthe
reactorwith5,000metrictonnesof
shieldingmaterialconsistingoflead,boron,
cancer
Milaap Sinewave
Milaap Sinewave
sandandclay.Sovietofficialsplacedthetoll
ofhumanlivesto31.
However,accordingtowesternestimates,
2000peoplewerekilled.Largeareasofthe
attack
CISCO ICICILombard
Ukrainian,ByelorussiaRepublicsofthe
USSRandevenpartsofPoland,Denmark
andSwedenwerecontaminated.Around
200,000peoplehadtobeevacuatedand
resettled.Theafteraffectslastedformany
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yearsandariseintheincidenceofthyroid
andbloodcancerhasbeenobservedina
widegroupofpeople.Otheraffectsonthe
humanhealthincludedskindiseases,hair
loss,nausea,anemia,respiratoryand
reproductivediseases.
Home
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