Scale Model

1. A beach profile is given by the equation h = Ax^(2/3), where h is the height, x is the
horizontal distance, and A is a shape parameter. If the length scaling is Nx and the height
scaling is Nh, what is the scaling for A (Na) ?

2. Determine the scaling criterion to have kinematically similar wave motion for gravity
waves. Use kinematic similarity, and assume that the wavelength is large. How does the
scaling criterion change with geometrically distorted and undistorted models ?

3. In what type of coastal engineering problems does Cauchy criterion become important ?

4. Dimensional analysis is the broad term that refers to drawing up scaling factors (or
relationships) between various forces in a phenomenon. Other than fluid modeling, what
are the other areas where dimensional analysis had been used. Why do you think it finds
more usage in fluid modeling vs other areas.

5. Use Fruode scaling and geometric similarity criterion to derive the relationship between
length and time scaling. How does it change when you use kinematic similarity (use
scaling for specific weight here).

6. Repeat this for Reynold's criterion.

7. A ship with a propeller 20 ft in diameter is designed to move at a speed of 25 ft/s, when

the propeller turns at a speed of 2 rev/s. A 1/10 scale geometrically similar model of the
hull and propeller is to be tested in water, in order to determine the thrust force of the
propeller. Viscosity is deemed to have a minor effect. What is the speed at which the model
propeller must move ?

8. A model of rubble breakwater is constructed of rocks that weight 2 lb. The rocks have
the same specific gravity as those of the prototype. Appreciable damage to the model is
observed of the wave height exceeds 1 ft. What is the minimum weight of each rock to be
used in the prototype if the prototype is to withstand geometrically similar waves 20 ft high
?

9. Two smooth balls of equal weight but different diameters are dropped from a balloon.
The ratio of diameters is 3. What is the ratio of terminal velocities ? (The terminal velocity
if the velocity at which the air resistance balances the weight).

10. The outer surface o a model airplane wing is geometrically similar to the prototype. The
scale factors for length, mass, and stiffness are 1/10, 1/100, and 1/400. What is the ratio of
natural frequencies of corresponding modes of vibration of the model and prototype.

1. Let the signal x(t) = sinc(1000t) be sampled with a sampling frequency of 2000 samples
per second. Determine the most general class of reconstruction filters for perfect
reconstruction of the signal.

2. Calculate the Fourier transform of

-- cos(t)

-- sin(t)

3. Given Fourier transform of x(t), F(x(t)) = X(f), what is F(x(at)) ?

4. Determine the Fourier series expansion for the signal

-- x(t) = n=(1)n(tn)n=(1)n(tn), where (t)=1for0tT,and 0

otherwise(t)=1for0tT,and 0 otherwise
5. What is the difference between the Fourier series, transform, and the Fast Fourier
Transform ?
6. A signal is made up of a summation of signals at frequencies 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 300 Hz, and
310 Hz. Your boss asks you to design a data acquisition system that will record the signal,
and then implement the spectrum estimation for the signal. Answer the following

-- What is the minimum sampling frequency for the system ?

-- How long would you record the signal so that all the five frequencies can be resolved.

-- If the acquisition system uses 8 byte words, what would be data capacity for your
acquisition system be in total ?

-- Which algorithm would you prefer for spectrum estimation ? The Fourier series, Fourier
Transform, DFT, or the FFT ? Why ?

1. What is the need for pre and post calibration ?

2. Explain the difference between instrument precision vs accuracy.

3. Show that the sample mean has a standard deviation that is inversely proportional to the
square root of the number of samples.

4. List the properties of the normal distribution, and the uniform distribution.

5. What is a histogram ? How can it be useful in error/data analysis ?

6. A temperature sensor records the temperature (in celsius) of the water surface on 15
different days. Test the hypothesis that the mean temperature is 29.5 celsius. The data are
26, 24, 29, 33, 25, 26, 23, 30, 31, 30, 28, 27, 29, 26, and 28.

7. A sample of size 18 has a mean of 13.55 cmcm and a variance of 6.4152 cm2cm2.
(a) Calculate the 95 % confidence interval for the population mean.

(b) How large a sample would have to be taken from this population to estimate within 1
with a 95 % confidence interval.
(c) to within 2 cmcm with 95 % confidence.
(d) to within 2 cmcm with 99 % confidence