48-Hour Chick Embryo: Whole Mount splitted into two via the

Changes in the 48-hour chick embryo: stomodeum

head fold of the amnion o maxillary process
o covers the cranial half of the embryo (anterior)
o formation of amniotic fold o mandibular
head fold + lateral amniotic fold process
(posterior)
caudal fold
o establishes the caudal boundary of the body
o separates the embryo from underlying
blastoderm via subcaudal pocket
o beginning of this fold: concavity facing the
anterior end
processes involved in the 48-hour chick:
o cephalization (rapid growth of anterior
portion)
o ventral flexion (bending)
makes the half of at the anterior end of the embryo
the embryo lie on formation of a pronounced cranial
its left side while flexure (level of midbrain)
the posterior half formation of an indicated cervical
remains at the flexure (near hindbrain and spinal
original position cord)
o dextral torsion (twisting)
at the anterior end of the embryo
involves all of the head, both cranial
and cervical flexures.
heart
o elongation and twisting
o ventricle becomes posterior to the atrium (in
terms of location)
both these chambers are located
outside of the embryo
three fetal membranes that are seen:
o amnion 48-Hour Chick Embryo: Transverse Section
encircles anterior portion of embryo
consists of inner layer of ectoderm Section through the mesencephalon
& outer layer of somatic mesoderm
o yolk sac Mesencephalon
double-membrane structure oval-shaped
on left side of embryo first cavity of the brain to be seen
contains blood vessels in posterior sections, the frontal section of the
derived from endoderm and mesencephalon has several divisions
splanchnic mesoderm o due to cranial flexure
o chorion
double-membrane structure Isthmus
on right side of the embryo constriction at the lengthened section of the brain
consists of outer layer of ectoderm partially separates the mesencephalon from the
and inner layer of somatic hindbrain
mesoderm
branchial grooves and visceral arches Myelencephalon
o branchial grooves opposite to mesencephalon
white lines that radiate out from the has a thin roof
heart toward the auditory vesicle
composed of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Metencephalon
branchial grooves underlined portion of the brain
o visceral arches
between myelencephalon and isthmus
masses of cells
composed of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
Mesenchyme
visceral arches
depending on its order, each loose connective tissues
visceral arch is located cranial to its between brain and epidermis
corresponding branchial groove
example: 1st visceral arch Fetal Membranes
will be cranial to the 1st refer to the whole mount descriptions
branchial groove.
1st visceral arch Extraembryonic Coelom
space bounded by mesoderm
1
 this space is between the chorion, yolk sac, and
amnion
Section through the diencephalon
Diencephalon
when the brain separates into two cavities, it is the
lower cavity
replaces the mesencephalon in the preceding section
Velum transversum
depression on the dorsal wall of the forebrain
functions as a demarcation between diencephalon and
telencephalon
Metencephalon
poorly defined
anteriorly delimited by isthmus
Myelencephalon
when the brain is divided into two cavities, this is the Optic cup
larger and upper cavity
has a thin roof
will give rise to the posterior choroid plexus
Semilunar ganglion
dark accumulation of cells on the sides of the
myelencephalon
ganglion of the trigeminal (V) cranial nerve
Jugular ganglion
mass of cells that is: lateral to the myelencephalon
and above the anterior cardinal veins
ganglion of the X cranial nerve
Anterior cardinal vein
space that is located on each side of the
myelencephalon
as the section moves posteriorly, this becomes long Optic stalk
spaces toward the diencephalon
further posteriorly, this becomes more dorsal and
becomes located ventrolateral to the myelencephalon
Notochord
vacuolated cells between the myelencephalon and the
diencephalon
tracing posterior, splits into two due to cranial flexure
in succeeding structures, will eventually unite back
into one, single structure
Section through the otic vesicle
Otic vesicle
paired vesicle on each side of the myelencephalon
formed as an invagination of the ectoderm Preoral gut
in older specimens, an invagination at the dorsal wall
of the otic vesicle is the forerunner of the
endolymphatic duct
Anterior cardinal vein
pair of blood vessels Carotid loop
located on ventro-lateral to the otic vesicles
Acoustico-facialis ganglion
dark accumulation of cells close to are sometimes Internal carotid arteries
attached to the otic vesicle and anterior cardinal vein
located lateral to the myelencephalon
ganglia of cranial nerve VII and VIII
Semilunar ganglion
dark accumulation of cells at the sides of the body
attached to the myelencephalon
observe: root of ganglion
o pink structure
o embedded in myelencephalon
o attached to the ganglion
Superior ganglion
acccumulation of cells on the sides of the
myelencephalon
can be observed when the otic vesicle is not present
anymore or it is immediately posterior to the auditory
vesicles
ganglion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve
Section through the optic cups
double-walled structures on the sides of the
diencephalon
formed via the invagination of the optic vesicles
fate: sensory retina (thick, inner layer) and pigmented
retina (thin, outer layer)
parts of the optic cup:
o presumptive retina
inner layer
o presumptive pigmented epithelium
outer layer
fate: pigmented layer of retina
Lens vesicle
sac-like cavity nestled within the optic cups
formed via invagination of the ectoderm
connects optic cup with the diencephalon
Pharynx
cavity below the notochord
triangular in shape
o middle portion = pharynx proper
o arms of triangle = 1st pharyngeal pouch (or
hyomandibular pouch)
1st pharyngeal pouch
o will invaginate to form the 1st branchial
groove
o the double layered membrane formed by the
invagination is called the 1st closing plate
or 1st branchial plate
anterior most part of the foregut
small circle or oval structure which is separated from
the pharynx via the oral plate
fingerlike diverticulum anterior to the future mouth
extensions of the 1st aortic arches
medial to the anterior cardinal veins
paired vessels
extensions of the carotid loops
2
 alongside forebrain even more posteriorly, ventral ends of the 2nd aortic
medial to the optic cups arch become continuous with the ventral aorta

Dorsal aorta 2nd pharyngeal pouch

blood vessels on the sides of the notochord outpocketing of the pharynx
above the 1st pharyngeal pouch can be seen when the otic vesicle is not seen or at the
posterior sections of the otic vesicle
First aortic arch
blood vessels below the 1st pharygneal pouch Ventral aorta
becomes located within the mandibular process blood vessels located beneath the pharynx
eventually becomes continuous with the ventral aorta the following vessels are continuous with this:
o bases of the first aortic arch
Visceral arches o ventral ends of the 2nd aortic arch
between two pharyngeal pouches o ventral ends of the 3rd aortic arches
lateral walls of the visceral arches:
o thickened
o filled with mesenchymal cells aortic ventral
arches aorta
Mandibular arch
more anterior of the rounded mesenchymal masses
between it lies the stomodeum
gives rise to the jaws
bears the first aortic arch
syn: 1st visceral arch
Section through the third aortic arch
Maxillary arch
3rd pharyngeal pouch
rounded or flattened masses
outpocketing of the pharynx
on the sides of the Rathkes pouch
pharynx + 3rd pharyngeal pouch = laterally oriented
Rathkes pouch oral cavity
small vesicle
3rd aortic arch
located between the infundibulum and the pharynx
beneath the 3rd pharyngeal pouch
arises as a dorsal evagination of the stomodeum
not well developed
fate is the hypohysis
another pair of downward extensions from the dorsal
aorta
Oral plate
ventral ends are continuous with the ventral aorta
thin line made of ectoderm and endoderm
separates the stomodeum and pharynx 3rd visceral arch
syn: pharyngeal membrane between 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal pouch
arches that are posterior to the hyoid arch are
Infundibulum
sometimes referred to as branchial arches
arises as an evagination from the diencephalon o this is because in lower vertebrates these
extends in the direction of the foregut arches will bear the gills
later evaginate to become the posterior (neural) lobe
of pharynx Bulbus cordis
first heart cavity to be observed
Diencephalon differentiated from the ventral aorta due to the
more elongated at this level presence of both an endocardium and a myocardium
Stomodeum Dorsal mesocardium
slit-like space where the Rathkes pouch opens mesodermal stalk
attaches the stalk to the dorsal wall of the coelom
Notochord
as previously described Nasal placode
thickened skin ectoderm
Section through the thyroid rudiment and the second
lateral to the telencephalon
aortic arch
1st somite
Thyroid rudiment
compact cell masses
depression on the floor of the pharynx
composed of:
2nd aortic arch o dermatome
darkly stained cells
blood vessels beneath the 2nd pharyngeal pouch
beneath skin ectoderm
located within the 2nd visceral arch (hyoid arch) future dermis of the skin
posteriorly, extend downward from the dorsal aorta
3
 o myotome Lung buds
lightly stained cells evagination on the ventro-lateral portions of the
medial to future dermatome foregut into the pleural cavity
future muscle
Pleural cavity
Anterior cardinal veins portion of coelom that is lateral to the developing lung
becomes more ventral buds
separates into two vessels: postcardinal vein (dorsal) it is continuous with the pericardial cavity
and common cardinal vein (ventral)
Transverse septum
Section through the atrium and ventricle mesenchyme surrounding the sinus venosus
from where the dorsal mesocardium connects the
Spinal cord heart to the dorsal body wall
replaces the myelencephalon at this level connected with the pleuropericardial membrane

Descending aorta Cranial liver diverticulum

fused dorsal aortae
Dorsal intersegmented arteries
small blood vessels
arising at intervals from the dorsal aorta
extends dorsally between spinal cord and somite
Caudal liver rudiment
Conus arteriosus
chamber of the heart at the right side of the embryo
endocardium and myocardium are widely separated
small mass of cells dorsal to the sinus venosus
lies in the transverse septum (ventral to foregut)
a diverticulum from the wall of the gut gives rise to
the liver
syn: dorsal diverticulum
branch or branches on ventral side of cranial liver
rudiment
syn: ventral diverticulum

Atrium Duodenum
at the left side of the embryo when the cranial liver rudiment becomes continuous
endocardium and myocardium are in close contact with the foregut
with each other
future auricles Section through the anterior intestinal portal

Ventricle Anterior intestinal portal

large looped chamber of the heart opening of foregut to the midgut
connects the conus arteriosus and the atrium floor of midgut is the yolk

Laryngotracheal groove Vitelline veins

V-shaped depression in the floor of the foregut
develops into: larynx, trachea, and lung buds
Future esophagus
dorsal portion of the gut
will later differentiate from part of the foregut (which
is dorsal to the laryngotracheal groove)
Cardinal Veins
paired precardinal veins (or anterior cardinal veins)
separates into two:
o postcardinal vein - dorsal
o common cardinal vein - ventral
Section through the sinus venosus
Sinus venosus
portion of the heart that is attached to the foregut via
the dorsal mesocardium
pair of blood vessels
extensions of the sinus venosus
located on each side of the anterior intestinal portal
the left vitelline vein passes out onto the yolk first
before the right vitelline vein
Peritoneal cavity
space where internal organs are located
Paired mesonephric duct
small tubules lateral to descending aorta
mesonephric tubule rudiments
o medial to the mesonephric duct
o will undergo cavitation to form mesonephric
tubules of the paired mesonephric kidneys
formed via delamination of the nephrogenic cord
(nephrotome)
Section through the lateral amniotic folds

Common cardinal vein Lateral amniotic folds

blood vessel to which the sinus venosus is attached
Pleuropericardial membrane
mesenchyme that encloses the common cardinal vein
separate pleural cavity from the pericardial region of
the coelom
elevated folds that are about to fuse
continuous with the lateral body walls
consists of somatopleure
o forms inner amnion and outer chorion
Vitelline blood vessels
small blood vessels within the splanchnic mesoderm
4
Paired dorsal aortae
large pair of blood vessels below the notochord
descending aorta has not formed at more caudal levels

Mesonephric tubule rudiments

round cavity medial to the mesonephric duct

Nephrostome
opening of mesonephric tubule to the coelom

Vitelline arteries
extension of dorsal aorta onto the yolk sac

Section through the tail bud

Tail bud
mass of mesenchymal cells at caudal end of the
embryo
covered by skin ectoderm
note: the tail bud is a mesoderm derived structure but it is
covered by ectoderm

Hindgut
posterior portion of the gut
now has a floor

Allantoic rudiment
endoderm lined cavity located below the tail bud

Caudal intestinal portal

space where the floor of the allantoic rudiment
disappears
opening of hindgut into the yolk