Lecture Review
Faradays law states that the line integral of an electric field around a closed loop C is
equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the surface S enclosed by the the
loop C. Expressed mathematically
I
~ d~l = B
E (Faradays Law) (1)
C t
| {z }
Vemf
where B is the magnetic flux through surface S (important quantity in Faradays law)
Z Z
B = ~ ~
B dS = ~ ~S| cos
|B||d (Magnetic flux) (2)
S S
The left hand side of Equation (1) is the electric field present in the loop, which can be
regarded as the electromotive force inside the loop, Vemf , capable of driving an electric
current in the loop.
Hence, according to Faradays law, to get a current flowing a closed loop, put the loop in
a magnetic field and let the magnetic flux through the surface enclosed by the loop change
with time. As can be seen from Equation (2), a change of magnetic flux can be achieved in
several different ways:
~ change).
Let the magnetic field change (increasing or decreasing) with time. (Let |B|
Let the surface enclosed by the loop change with time. (Let |d~S| change).
Let the orientation of the loop change with time. (Let change).
.
Faradays law is one on Maxwells equations. In a differential form, Faradayss law takes the
form
~
E ~ = B (3)
t
Whereas the integral form (Eq. (1)) provides a practical sense of Faradays law (a current
can be induced in a closed conducting loop), the differential form (Eq. (3)) carries a more
theoretically profound meaning. The latter says that
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Exercises
1. A coil consists of 100 turns of wire wrapped around a square frame of sides 0.25 m. The
coil is centered at the origin with each of its sides parallel to the x- or y-axis. Find the
induced emf across the open-circuited ends of the coil if the magnetic field is given by
(a) B~ = 10e3t az (T)
~ = 20 cos(x) cos(103 t) az (T)
(b) B
~ = 20 cos(x) sin(2y) cos(103 t) ax (T)
(c) B
2. The loop of 100 windings with radius a = 2 cm is in the x y plane with its center at
the origin, and connected to a resistor R = 2 , as shown in Fig. 1. In the presence of a
magnetic field
~ = 3(2 ax + 3 az ) sin(8t)
B (T),
calculate the current induced in the circuit at t = 3 s.
Figure 1: Figure 2:
3. The rectangular conducting loop shown in Fig. 2 is placed in a decreasing magnetic field
by
~ = 9
B (T)
t4
Determine the current induced in the loop at t = 4 s if its internal resistance is 0.5 .
What is the direction of the current?
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Figure 3:
5. The working principle of out electric generators is based on Faradays law. A closed
conducting loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field. To induced a Vemf in the loop,
the flux through the surface enclosed by the loop is changed by means of rotating the
loop with the help of an external force.
~ = B0 az ) and the axis of rotation of
(a) If the magnetic field is along the z-axis (B
the conducting loop is along the x-axis, as depicted in Fig. 3, show that the Vemf
induced in the loop is given by
where A is the area of the loop and is the angular velocity of the rotating loop.
(b) Find the Vemf if the loop has a length l = 5 m, has a width w = 4 m and rotates
with angular velocity = 5 rad/s. Assume B~ = 7 az T.
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