Voltage Transformers

Initiative for Spreading Power System Education (ISPSE)
Instrument (Voltage)Transformers
Dr. A. Kumar
EA Training,Siemens AG
Power Transmission and Distribution ISPSE
Methods used for Voltage Measurements
Voltage
Inductive
Ohmic
Capacitive
Optical (Future)
Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Energy Automation : Voltage Transformers
PTD-EA/TCE_IN_2.3/ITRANS / 2
Measuring System; AC/DC Application

Principle of Voltage Measurement Using Pockels Effect
Pockels crystal
E
Electric Field
~ Voltage
E<0 E=0 E>0
Ey
Fibre Output
Elliptical Polarization
Ex
Fibre Input
Circular Polarization

Fiber Optic Voltage Transformer (FOVT) for GIS

Field of Application of Different Voltage Measuring Methods
Type of Voltage Field of Application Comments

Measurement
Inductive MV, HV and EHV AC Systems Most commonly used method in AC
Systems
Ohmic MV-AC Systems, HV DC Indoor AIS or GIS Substations (Short

distances)
Capacitive HV and EHV AC Systems More economical than inductive

measuring systems for HV and EHV
Optical For measuring AC-or DC Electrostatic field produced by the voltages

Voltages inluences the plane of Polarisation of
polarised light (uses Pockel Cells) :
Still in the experimental stage

Measuring-Voltage-Coefficients acc. IEC 60044-2
measuring-voltage-coefficients
1.5 x Un / 30s for effective grounded three phase power systems
for effective grounded electricity networks according

e.g. 1.9 x Un / 30s to customer's specification
for isolated or by earth connection coil grounded

1.9 x Un / 8h or 4h networks
2.2 x Un / 4h For single-phase networks (traction power)
The measuring-voltage-coefficients characterize the multiple of the measuring-voltage with that a

unipolar voltage-transformer in the earth connection-case concerning its heating can be claimed in
a temporal limit. Thereby the temperature may, according to its insulating-class, not be exceeded
for more than 10 Celsius.

Measuring-Voltage-Coefficients acc IEEE/ANSI and CSA
measuring-voltage-coefficients
1.73 x Un / 60s for networks up to 161 kV
1.4 x Un / 60s for networks over 161 kV
The measuring-voltage-coefficients are neither mentioned on the data sheet nor on the
power rating plate.

Equivalent circuit diagram Source of Errors
n=1
The errors in a voltage transformer are caused by
the magnetizing current I0 and the load current IL
U I0 x
I0 causes a voltage drop across the primary

R1 X1 R2 X2
impedance (open circuit operation error F0)
Ra
U1 R0 X0 U2 IL causes a voltage drop across the primary
and secondary impedance ( burden-error FL)
Xa IL
Depending upon the power factor of the burden,

the error can be resolved into voltage- and angle
X x
error
I (R ? X )
F0 ? 0 1 1 ? 100%
U1
I L(R1? X1 ? R2 ? X2)
?
FL F0 ? ? 100 %
U1

Measuring- and Protection coil
Measuring windings can even be used for protective relays. VT dimensioning for only protection
tasks are not usual.
Permitted voltage ranges with required class accuracy for measuring- and protection
tasks (burden 25 100% Pn):
- 80 to 120% Un (measuring winding)
- 5% x Un (During system faults, voltage collapses) (protection windings)
Justification: Voltage dependent protective relays (e.g. distance protection) must

operate correctly even with errors in measurement. The voltage can reduce to very small values
with close-in faults.

Definition of the error margins acc. VDE/IEC 44-2
Permitted error margins for voltage transformers for measuring tasks
Magnitude error of
voltage-
accuracy-class Angle-error at rated voltage
measurement at
rated voltage
Zentiradians
% minutes (10 3 radians)
0.1 0.1 5 0.15
0.2 0.2 10 0.29
0.5 0.5 20 0.58
1 1 40 1.16
3 3 not defined not defined

Definition of the error margin acc. VDE/IEC 44-2

error margins for voltage transformers for protection-assignments
error of voltage-
measurement between
accuracy-class angle-error at 5% und measuring coefficient x U
5% and
measuring
range x U
% minutes Zentiradiant
3P 3 120 3.5
6P 6 240 7
For one coil , two error ranges can be defined :
e.g. 100 VA cl.1 / 3P i.e. for measuring range 0.8 < U < 1.2 class 1 and
for measuring range 0.05 < U < 1.5 (effective grounded network) class 3P.
This means following :

In the measuring range 0.05 < U < 0.8 class 3P
In the measuring range 0.8 < U < 1.2 class 1 (Measuring and Metering)
In the measuring range 1.2 < U < 1.5 class 3P

Thermal power-limit
The thermal power-limit is the max. allowed continuous power, that can be taken
from a secondary winding, without exceeding the allowed temperature limit according
to the isolating material-class.
This power has to be indicated for every secondary winding, besides the open delta
winding provided for the measurement of displacement voltage.
e.g. with Plimit = 3000 VA , the sec. therm. limit current at U2 = 100V/v 3 : Ith = 51.7 A
On multiple coils, each coil has its own thermal power-limit . The total power
is the sum of the powers of the single coils (without open delta-winding)

Power rating - dimensioning
Rated outputs of voltage transformers are usually between 10 300 VA

(burden of electromechanical relays: upto 120 VA, electronic/numerical <1VA)
On burdening till rated value, the transformer error margin should be according to the
accuracy class.
For dimensioning, the total-capacity (sum of the capacities of the single measuring
coils, without the open delta winding, because this is not delivering any voltage during
non faulty operation) is the deciding factor.
The accuracy class has to be maintained for each coil separately. An increase of
the burden above the rated value reduces the accuracy class as a
consequence.

Winding for Measurement of Displacement Voltage
The open delta winding is provided for measuring the displacement-voltage UE.
under earth fault conditions. : UE,max = 3 x Un/ 3 .
The transformation ratio of the open delta winding is 1/ 3 higher

than normal measuring coils.
example:
measuring coil: 110000/ 3 : 110/ 3
opendelta winding: 110000/ 3 : 110/3 output voltage with maximum
displacement: 110V
During normal conditions (no faults) error < 3%
The windings are designed to withstand a voltage of 1,9 x Un for a period of 4 or 8 h,

without exceeding the allowed temperature limit by more than 10 Celsius,
during earth fault conditions

Conductor Discharge (1)
network configuration
Station A Cable Station B
E E
L C L
SS V V SS
The cable in station A is separated form the bus bar, but is further capacitively
charged from station B. Disconnection at station B occurs at current- zero .
At this moment the voltage has its maximum. Until the closing of the grounding
isolator (several seconds later) the cable discharges over the voltage transformers.
capacitance of the Cable 0.2 - 0.5 F/km ; overhead line 7.0 13 nF/km
stored energy: W = x C x U2
The voltage transformers are thereby mechanically and thermally stressed and can be
damaged.
Dynamic Behaviour
IL voltage-time-area up to
I0 U transformer saturation
RV
ZP ZS
U Arcing time
Za Zb
Ck
The voltage U at the instant of breaker opening, appears as a direct voltage and saturates the
voltage transformer core .
The resonant circuit consisting of Ccable , RV, Zp and Za becomes low ohmic. Ccable discharges over
Za (transformer core). Thereby currents upto 1000x transformer rated current can flow for a
short time.
The magnitude of the discharge current depends on the capacity to be discharged, the peak value of
the charging voltage and the primary voltage transformer resistance.


Dynamic loading: the high discharge current through the transformer primary winding
results in an axial force component that may result in a displacement of the winding
on the iron core.
Thermal loading: the stored energy (W = x C x U2 ) is converted during the
discharging into the transformer primary winding to heat. The discharging ability
depends upon the temperature difference between pre-heating and highest
allowed winding temperature.
For voltage transformers without special arrangements:
measuring voltage cable overhead line
145 kV in general no limitation in general no limitation

at O-C-O every 5h at O-C-O every 5h
245 kV 20 km 400 km
420 kV 10 km 200 km
With several reclosures within a few hours or high frequency of switching of cables in industrial
networks the tabular values reduce accordingly.

Ferroresonance
Ferroresonance: capacities (conductor capacitances, capacitances of circuit breakers

etc.,) form a parallel resonant circuit with the nonlinear inductance of the voltage
transformers.
CS
Network configuration
UN
Ck
VT
Oscillating frequency is < 50 Hz and voltage amplitudes > operating rated frequency voltages
VT core can get saturated. Due to high iron losses (Eddy currents and hysterisis), the core of the transformer
gets overheated and may get damaged

Methods for preventing Ferroresonance
Additional damping equipments

Limiting the voltage across the secondary winding of the VT using Varistors
The voltage is limited to 140% Un/ 3 and the subsynchronous oscillations decays.
No effect during normal operation. Only applicable to solidly grounded systems.
Damping resistance in open delta winding

No effect during normal operation. Resistance values: 5 80 Ohm.
Power rating of the winding should not be exceeded. e.g. 1002V/10 ? = 1 kW (10s)
Modification of the transformer core

Insertion of an air gap
The magnetizing inductance tends to be constant. Hence resonance is prevented.
Disadvantages : 1 ) For the same VA capacity, the transformer becomes bigger.

Hence only applicable in AIS-installations.
2) Due to the increase in magnetizing current, higher ratio and angle errors

Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVTs) (1)
For EHV systems (>220 kV) cheaper than inductive VTs and permit the coupling
of PLC-Terminal equipment. Specification of the accuracy class same as with
inductive VTs. The essential difference is in the transient behavior.
When switched off, ferroresonance conditions may appear

(ferroresonance-filter is generally used to suppress this condition)
Equivalent network
400 kV
3 CE=C1+C2
C1=5nF L0
RE RF R'B
20kV RF 100V U1* ? UP ?
C1 LF
CF C ?C CT LT U*2
C2=95nF 3
LF
3
ZN 1 2
RT L'B
CF
Typical values based on 20/ 3 kV : CE = 100 nF RF = 40 k? U*1= 20/ 3 kV

RE = 2 k ? CF = 17 nF
Capacit. comp. Interme ferro burden Lo = 105 H LF = 590 H
diate resonance LT = 4000 H
divider choke
Transf. damping CT= 600 pF ZB = (20 / 0.1)2 x ZB = 40000 x ZB

capacitive transformers contain a series of energy storage elements

During primary voltage changes, transient oscillations and
parasitic frequencies occur on the secondary side (<25Hz and >250Hz)
on short circuit, for fault voltages >4% Un/ 3, these oscillations may usually be
neglected, i.e. for SIR = Z Q/Z L< 25
Transient oscillations for faults at voltage maximum
Discharge of CT over L0
damped oscillation
of 500 to 2000 Hz,
time constant approximately 20 ms
with increasing burden the damping

is faster
Can be filtered out in numerical protection

(e.g. distance protection)

Transients with fault at voltage zero (protection device burden < 1VA)
Discharge of LT over CE with damped oscillation of 5 to 10 Hz, amplitudes upto 20% Umax, damping
time constant about 100 ms, can be filtered out in numerical-protection (e.g. distance protection)
? Transients with fault at voltage zero (protection device burden < 100 ? resistive )
burden)
discharge of CE over RB
damping time constant
about 40 ms, amplitude 8% Un/ 3
Due to filters in numerical protection (e.g.

distance protection) , errors are kept low
ferroresonance-filter amplifies the transients during faults: compromise

necessary!

Transient oscillations for faults between voltage zero and

voltage maximum

Dimensioning of capacitive transformers by digital protection

Transients with frequencies <25Hz and >250Hz can be ignored, because of good filtering in
numerical protection
Resonance frequencies between 25 and 250 Hz have to be avoided, because frequencies near
the rated frequency (50Hz or 60Hz) are difficult to filter out.
Large inductive burdens have to be avoided
IEC 60044-2 specifies, that the instantaneous value of the

transient oscillation shall decay to less than 10% of the
IEC 186, section 20:
u(20m s)
U <10% for t>1 period power frequency fault voltage amplitude in < 20ms after the
(20ms at fN=50Hz) on a
Ph-E short circuit directly fault occurrence..
at the voltage transformer
for numerical distance protection with

data windows less than 20ms, the above mentioned
restriction for frequencies between 25 and 250Hz is valid.
Under above mentioned conditions, the distance relays

7SA 5**/6 can be used with CVTs for SIR<25 without any
further limitations

Definition of Accuracy acc. to VDE 0414
Usec nn ? Uprim
Definition of voltage error: FU ? 100 ?
Uprim
Definition of angle error:
Definition of total error: Not defined
No differences are made between measuring and

protection VTs

Extended Ranges
Necessary extended ranges for different system neutral connections:

? Systems with solidly grounded neutral
The displacement voltage will not exceed 150%, and the fault will be
1.5 Un , 30s cleared in less than 30s
? Systems with high resistance earthing, compensated or isolated neutral
1.9 Un , 30s The phase to ground voltage of the non faulty phases may be up to 1.7 times Un.
The earth fault must be cleared by earth fault protection in less than 30s
? Systems with compensated or isolated neutral
1.9 Un , 8h The earth fault must be cleared within 8h.


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Initiative for Spreading Power System Education (ISPSE)

Methods used for Voltage Measurements

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Measuring System; AC/DC Application

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Principle of Voltage Measurement Using Pockels Effect

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Fiber Optic Voltage Transformer (FOVT) for GIS

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Field of Application of Different Voltage Measuring Methods

Type of Voltage Field of Application Comments

Ohmic MV-AC Systems, HV DC Indoor AIS or GIS Substations (Short

Capacitive HV and EHV AC Systems More economical than inductive

Optical For measuring AC-or DC Electrostatic field produced by the voltages

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Measuring-Voltage-Coefficients acc. IEC 60044-2

1.5 x Un / 30s for effective grounded three phase power systems

for effective grounded electricity networks according

for isolated or by earth connection coil grounded

2.2 x Un / 4h For single-phase networks (traction power)

The measuring-voltage-coefficients characterize the multiple of the measuring-voltage with that a

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Measuring-Voltage-Coefficients acc IEEE/ANSI and CSA

1.73 x Un / 60s for networks up to 161 kV

1.4 x Un / 60s for networks over 161 kV

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Equivalent circuit diagram Source of Errors

I0 causes a voltage drop across the primary

Depending upon the power factor of the burden,

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Measuring- and Protection coil

- 80 to 120% Un (measuring winding)

- 5% x Un (During system faults, voltage collapses) (protection windings)

Justification: Voltage dependent protective relays (e.g. distance protection) must

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Definition of the error margins acc. VDE/IEC 44-2

Permitted error margins for voltage transformers for measuring tasks

0.2 0.2 10 0.29

0.5 0.5 20 0.58

3 3 not defined not defined

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Definition of the error margin acc. VDE/IEC 44-2

For one coil , two error ranges can be defined :

This means following :

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Power rating - dimensioning

Rated outputs of voltage transformers are usually between 10 300 VA

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Winding for Measurement of Displacement Voltage

The transformation ratio of the open delta winding is 1/ 3 higher

During normal conditions (no faults) error < 3%

The windings are designed to withstand a voltage of 1,9 x Un for a period of 4 or 8 h,

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Conductor Discharge (1)

Station A Cable Station B

Conductor Discharge (2)

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Conductor Discharge (3)

measuring voltage cable overhead line

145 kV in general no limitation in general no limitation

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.

Ferroresonance: capacities (conductor capacitances, capacitances of circuit breakers

Copyright SIEMENS AG PTD EA 2007. All rights reserved.